Seventeenth-Century Japanese Early Sankai ibutsu: An
Manuscript Illustrated
Nakagawa Masako
University Villanova
I-]-l• • • !-!-i jing and the Shan-hai The Sankai ibutsu
volumes) Seas, (Mythical and of the Mountains The Sankai ibutsu Creatures two
,•, •,• y• cm.), illustrated book from •
(22.0 Japanese large ehon is
30.2 Nara
a cm. x
a
York Public Spencer of the the Collection New is housed in seventeenth the It
century.
purchase (1870-1912) the fund Library. Augustus Spencer established William
trust to a
language. procured and in from books that could be finest illustrated
country
any any
belong collection, Japanese Among Spencer Collection. them the the items Over 8000
to
representative illustrated
books and numbering of all varieties 600, than
covers more
The manuscripts end of the nineteenth Japan from the twelfth the of century. century
to
of Catalogue Japanese title, catalogue available is under the Japanese of collection the
of Spencer York Pub#c Manuscripts Collection the New Books the Illustrated and in
catalogue • •. Shigeo his Sorimachi • Library by •J- the foreword Sorimachi In to
equal only both this in Japan, collections there in
"Even
two states, to
one
are one or
quantity" (p. 18). quality and in
read, English first of the Sankai ibutsu notations the back of the volume in The
Seas) Depictions (Pictorial Mountains and the of of the ibutsu the "Sankai Monsters
17th-century. painted by • early His /v, the Presented Naka in ha In
© t,• to
no
Collection, Majesty Meiji Spencer Imperial for The 1880," the and "Purchased in Great
Spring Library Shigeo Tokyo Sorimachi, Japan, Public from 1940." The York The New
Tokyo August while the International ibutsu exhibition in in Sankai 1979
was on
Books being Conference Picture held. Nara
on was
exquisite mythical Sankai introduces ibutsu from ancient China. This 47 creatures
mythical beings, hybrid forms, fish. animals consist of and The These strange
creatures
settings gold landscape illustrations with full colors and elaborate of each in creature
paint complemented by explanatory
short of derived the
Most
texts. creatures are are
• _•__Jjf [] beings San-ts t'u-hui from the sections and animals birds found in the 'ai
or on
• (1565-1614) (Tripartite compiled by Assembly) Wang qZ Ch'i in Picture which
was
t'u-hui, Nanking indebted the in about These of San-ts sections the 1610. 'ai turn,
to
are
Seas). ching (The ching Shan-hai Classic of the Mountains and The is the Shah-hal
parallel bestiaries and Chinese literature the medieval Latin in books closest
to on
thing eighteen of Shan-hai volumes in marvels and The the
present
monsters. text
was
•g •
chapters by (276-324). first five believed been have edited The P'o Kuo to
are
eight B.C.E., it is said have reached B.C.E, written before the before and 20 250 next to
ching is considered have been the its before The Shah-hal C.E. 250 present
to state once
geographical geographical illustrated classified for work until and
text
map an was as a
depicted dynasty. mythical
T'ang had the
said been the that
It creatures map on was
which lost. was 24
•,
founder the work of traditionally be ching considered
Y• is Shan-hai The
to
a
•,
•:, preceding Shun ruler
minister of the and B.C.E., dynasty in of I Hsia 2205 the a
a
well
animals
ruler, said be
legendary B.C.E. 2255-2205 It expert
to
as on as on an was
the flood-controlling efforts, traveled and
initial I Yt• their of fire. In the
across
use
their they in
and record, encountered produced log, of what empire of
and
sort
saw
a or
guide travelers served ching. this book
Later, which became the Shah-hal travels, to
a
as
animals, informing holy of the them sites, visiting mountains and other creatures, strange
wanderings. informed the also hybrids, spirits, might their they in It and that
encounter
meeting of might wield, of the such of travelers the that
creatures
consequences
power
Although wearing sacrificial fur, rites. consuming of
their and them, flesh, their
or
• • • ,1• •]• (Records rejected of the Shih-chi by the in unsound Ch'ien Ssu-ma
as
traditional ching combined with the Historian), Shah-hal Grand the of the contents
mythological world. authorship antiquity imply its the ancient in of roots may
Mythology Sankai and ibutsu
hybrid
the ancient form. Sankai ibutsu in In Many of the of the
47
creatures are a
eighth regarded admiration affection until the animals with world and century
were
development potential largely of they the due B.C.E. when became man's
to
enemy
hybrids occupation. agriculture primary Especially, volume in found of the
2
many as a
partially shen belong the of of the Sankai human form and ibutsu
category
.to one are a
:•I, following particular holy spirits points the attached localities. Michael Loewe out to
principals hybrids: formation for of such two
Identification Tribal traced of with the animal world.
1. ancestors to
were man
spirits by animals; of another world made make with the animal attempts contact to were
physical of assimilation.
means
being transforming image mighty animal Euhemerisation: his of from 2.
man was
beings forms; myths gods origin into transformed into and of earlier human the
were an
history) of authentic
examination of Sankai close ibutsu reveals that fourteen of the the A
sources
(30%, below) of
the items asterisked derived from the last four the creatures
pages are
"Beings," u-hui, San-ts Section 14. 'ai t
Sankai ibutsu
Volume Volume 1 2
•_• YO-•rh* 25 1.
•j• Feng-t'ai* 2. 26
)•J• Ju-shou* 3. 27
•j• Chiao-ch'ung* 4. 28
•:•: T'ien-wu* 5. 29
J•: • Ch'iang-liang* 30 6.
;• Shen-pa 7. 31
Cambridge of eds., China, History 1, Loewe, Twitchett and vol. 658. 1
p.
of Life andDeath, Michael Chinese ldeas Loewe, 71. 2 p.
Beast," Loewe, Michael "Man and 100. 3 p. 25
She-shih* 8.
Chu-yin* 9.
Ti-chiang* 10.
Hsiang-i shih* 11.
Fei-yi 12.
Ku* 13.
Shen-lu* 14.
Ch't•eh-shen* 15.
Han-fang bird 16.
HsOan-ho 17.
Luan 18.
Pi-yi bird 19.
Yo-tsu 20.
Tzu-shu 21.
Shu-ssu 22.
Fu-chi 23.
T'o-chi 24.
belong second first and mostly the humanoid fourteen Twelve of these to monsters
the classification, older than others: believed be categories which of Heinz Mode's to are
markedly body body animal in with with human
1. Monsters
a or an a
origin.
head, of animal other features animal with
human
posture,
some or an
earliest of all. The
unmistakably animal, animal in with
2. Monsters posture,
or an
purely chest, feature. other head, human human combined with human
or a a
head) (body different taken from of and made Monsters 3. parts up
species animal features added. with other animal
or
reduplication figures deliberate combinations with and Monstrous 4.
or
simplification, one-legged, long-eared,
etc.
given objects phenomena human animal man-made Natural
5.
are or or
symbolic
changes. small, only entities, with often features and turned into 4 new
ibutsu Mode in Sankai twelve humanoid
the Three category types
creatures among
are
accompanying following .is
and its The the and associated with snakes. text one
illustrations of those three creatures:
Ju-shou 3.
wrapped left gold spirit around its is snake
Ju-shou is the of the There West.
green ear. a
holds halberd dragons, face and and
rides thick around hair its Ju-shou has
two eyes,
a on
tiger claws. its in
Ch'iang-liang 6.
Mode, Demons, Fabulous and Beasts 18 Heinz 4 p. 26
• 7k• Pei-chi ) is called Beyond (Ta Huang the mountain Great in central
The
body,
four
head, human tiger's spirit
has its mouth. snake
in It with
There lives
a a
a a
Ch'iang-liang. long and is called hoofs, horse arms,
Hei-jen
42.
•_ tiger's 1-[1. head and holds •
has Hei-jen
I-chu being It called Mt.
is There a a on a
chewing them. hand each while in snake
Shamans light these three interpretation shed
shamanistic A creatures.
are
may on
accompanied by
they shown hybrid be form;
portrayed animal in sometimes
may or
Hsien)
(the Shaman Hsien land of ching the in Wu that Shah-hal The snakes. 5 states
right in red snakes hand and their snakes
in
blue brandish
who there those green
or
are
of shamans
whole host
where Teng-pao,
This is their let't hands. Mount up move a on
and down.
6
of China. beyond boundaries spread the certainly well tradition shamanistic A
unlike hands, the both Hei-jen snakes in holds above ibutsu, posture 42, not Sankai
no.
significance of snake Although goddess. the Asiatic
Qudeshet, of the
that Western
a
might
cultures, representations
from other religious shamanistic and differ, there
are
similarity, degree of which exhibit some
Myths Creation and ibutsu Sankai
above-mentioned Ti-chiang included-in the
form, is Although humanoid not a
beings. The reads: fourteen text
and back is red of its sack. The leather spirit T'ien. looks like lives It top
Mt. A
a
on
wings. chaos with It is and four body glows has six feet yellow, like fire. It and its
no
Ti-chiang. sing called dance, and is and face. It can
Shah-hal "Beings," Section t'u-hui, and the from 14
San-ts is derived the 'ai This
text
• •'•: Ti-chiang, called mythical being, also Hun-tun ching. is ching, Hsi-shan This
B.C.E.), the Chuang-tzu (a third According Taoist from (Chaos).
the century, text to
•,
,•,, used Sea, South of the Hu and the Sea, the North of Hu to meet emperor emperor
Domain, order Central In of the Hun-tun. residence of the sometimes the to
at emperor
nostrils, (eyes,
hospitality,
orifices bored for him and Hu Hun-tun's Hu
ears, seven repay
however, day, died day.
seventh mouth) the Hun-tun of orifice On and the
rate
at
a one
regarding Mythological the primordial Hun-tun, beings). (the of sacrifice
accounts
dog long-haired dog. depicted
The primal being, also all in is
He agreement. not
as a are
is viscera. five is without hear; Hun-tun and he but
7 has but
cannot
cannot ears, see; eyes,
•/•.
(fourth according the Tso chuan Emperor Yellow himself said the also be to to or,
early ruler.
B.C.E.), the of he is evil
century,
sage an son
Chftgoku • kamigami: • • kodai densetsu •- Kodai
in his Mitarai Masaru
no no
from the Ti-chiang (Hun-tun) wild speculates be
kenky•
that
goose may a swan or
of China, Cambridge 672. 1, History vol. eds., Loewe, and Twitchett 5
p.
andDeath, of Life 104. Ideas Loewe, Michael Chinese 6 p.
Mythology, 274. Grimal, World Larousse Pierre 7 p. 27
•'• •_ hung the bird iconographic similarity Ti- chiang .8 also that between and He notes
sometimes China shamans chiang shamanistic ancient is related dance.
In
to
were a
ibutsu, Ti- wearing during stated in Sankai depicted the feathers their ritual dance. As
dancing ecstatic dance sing chiang reflect the shaman's
and dance. His
may
can
preceding spirit. meeting with the his 9
mythology Indian Brahma myths cultures. in other In
Creation recorded
many are
myth golden by Japanese that emerged of chaos. from the created the
states waters
egg
(Ti- separated. connection with only and Earth Hun-tun there chaos until In Heaven
was
mythology chiang), myth interest. Much of is of however,
the of creation Norse
our more
Scandinavia, through Germany, religion and knowledge which Teutonic extended the of
compiled by Icelandic England Younger Edda the Edda and/he from/he Elder
stems
during Ages. (1173-1241) Middle The Eddas Iceland the Snorri Sturluson in historian
light;
Muspell, south, fire places: all and and the in
that there
state two
one was were one
emptiness
atmospheres Niflheim, in icy north, and dark. The
in the met two
an was
Ginnungagap. mixed and caused and the cold called There the hot between them
similarity giant
begin, Ymir. its evil moisture form and life first the frost Here 10 to to as
Chuang-tzu be noted. the of the should in Hun-tun
account
to
(the flaming dragon) Chu-yin considered be related in Sankai is also ibutsu to to
Ti-chiang:
Chung beyond Chu-yin spirit the Northem Sea. is the of the which lives Mt.
name on
night softly, day breaks. falls, when it breathes When it its When it
opens eyes, weeps,
begins. spring hard, neither drinks into and when it blows the winter It
turns summer,
Chu-yin dragon body with makes the wind. is breath red Its
eats. over a a one nor
long li hundred and the face of
a man.
Ti-chiang Certainly, Chu-yin, primordial beings, and both of which relate the suggest
to
episodic Chinese myth. myths of China's ancient that
the Derk Bodde
argues are
homogeneous incomplete creations, amalgams, rather still but the time of their
not at
ethnically recordings, they regionally and he that derive from and diversified suspects
myths place, materials. ancient Chinese culture individual took their but In 11
no
integrated systematic mythology body being. form of material in the of into
12
an came
disregard descriptions mythical Centuries of Confucian of tradition China tended in
to
imagination;
production having of
those admitted the if
texts creatures
to
are as a even
its
evidence, existed, including ching version, the Japanese the Shah-hal and later
once
implies mythological ibutsu, of the Sankai the existence tradition of diverse in nature a
ancient China.
Chftgoku kamigami: kenk•, Masaru, Mitarai 715, Kodai kodai densetsu 716. 8
pp. no no
Ch•tgoku Seiji, shinwa, It6 Nihon shinwa 9 201. to
p.
of Leeming, Myths, Dictionary David Adams Creation 134. A 10 p.
Essays his Chinese Civilization. 11 In
on
Cambridge History of China, Loewe, eds., Twitchett and I, vol. 12 657. p. 28
Abbreviations:
from Ming Goodall, and Earth: Album Leaves John A. Heaven 120 HE:
a
Humphries, Encyclopedia: 'u-huL London: Lund San-ts 1979. 'ait 1610.
Cheng Cheng, Lawrence, Kenneth Hsiao-Chieh Hui-Chen Pai and SHC: trans.,
Ching. Compilation Examination of the Series Taiwan: for and Shah The Committee Hal
Classics, Chinese of
1985.
•', -:• [] 2•, Shanghai: Hsin- Wang vols. Ch'i :qz STTH: San-ts t'u-hui 'ai 3
shu-tien, hua 1988.
Seas) (Mysterious Sankai ibutsu Mountains Creatures of the and
Volume I
[Source: 869] STTH, YO-•rh 1.
p.
climbing. deity [fiver] YO-erh, of mountain Han-erh lives the of the In water
yellow Wearing holding long ruler, rides horse. red clothes and he
crown, a a a
13
of Ch'i. The likes fide. Y0-•rh the time of Duke Huan He
to at
was seen
t•__• by Chung [written B.C.E.] that the in seventh Kuan Tzu Kuan century says
Ya-erh is when the ruler victorious. appears
Feng-t'ai Ching, Chung [SHC, 870] STTH, Shan 94; 2.
p. p.
•[l
IJ-I deep jade (ts'ang ,vii) There
Mt. Ho An
stones
many green are on
auspicious spirit Feng-t'ai spirit called This resides there. which rules
over
happiness tiger's prefers and virtue of resembles with tail.
It
matters person a a
• •. live the south side of Pei Wherever it there is brilliance.
Mt.
to
goes,
on
TM 15 •, spirit Feng-t'ai [vital power] the .The of heaven and earth and excites ch 'i
Feng-t'ai Spring is able clouds form and rain. in and
the
to
appears cause
¢•:ff• (Ch ) by 'un-ch Annals Autumn Confucius. 'iu
Ching, [SHC, Ju-shou 870] Hai Wai Hsi 157; STTH, 3. HE, 42;
p. p. p.
gold Ju-shou, spirit wrapped the is
of the There snake around its West. green a
dragons, left Ju-shou has rides its face and thick hair around
two eyes, ear. on
tiger's and halberd holds its in claws. a
Chiao-ch'ung Chung Ching, [SHC, 872] Shan STTH, 4. 105;
p. p.
• spirit [• I_1_1
Yang-hsO The which resides has human form and Mr.
two
on a
Chiao-ch'ung. heads. is called It
Ching, [SHC, T'ien-wu Tung 869] STTH, Wai 172; 5. p. p.
Duke died B.C.E. Huan 13 in 643 chiet'mins. celebrated the five
He
most
among was
•I• T'ai-feng Ching). (Shan SHC Hai in 14
•is
spiritually principle. active Ch'i 15 a 29
g•j [•
• is the Valley called T'ien-wu. spirit He Chao Yang is in the There
a
16 heads, eight face, tiger body
and human has of the T'ien-wu lord
waters.
a a
yellow. eight tails, eight of them feet, and all and green
871] STTH, Ching, Ch'iang-liang 247; [SHC, 246, Huang Pei Ta 6.
p. pp.
Huang) Beyond (Ta is Pei-chi. There called in the Great central mountain The
tiger's body, head, four spirit human in its mouth. has with snake
lives
It
a a a a
17 Ch'iang-liang. long called hoofs, and is horse arms,
2237] Ching, STTH,
Shen-pa [SHC, 40; Hsi Shan
7.
p. p.
a8
hobgoblin, I_1_1 drought. I•lJ spirit is of spirit Kang is this of It ofMt. The type
a
only foot. body hand and Shen-pa
human face and animal but
has
one one a an
resides, is rain. Where it there no
Ching, 871] [SHC, STTH, Hai Tung .Wai 171; She-shih 8. p. p.
spirit. Land of lives the north of the is the
Pi's of this The She It to
corpse name
large face, body,
Big People. head and and
has human
animal It
ears an a
19 • •
is called Yti's around which snakes twisted.
It Kan two corpse. green are
Ching, 870] Chu-yin [SHC, STTH, Hai Wai Pei 163; 9.
p. p.
•
I_l_l beyond Chu-yin spirit Chung the is the of the which lives Mt.
name on
:°
night day falls. it its breaks. When it Northern Sea. When
opens eyes, weeps,
softly, spring hard, into When it breathes and when it blows the
turns summer
Chu-yin
begins. the wind. winter drinks neither breath makes is It Its
eats.
nor
:a
dragon body [about miles] long with hundred the li and red 33
a over one a
of face
a man.
Ti-chiang [SHC, 871] STTH, 34; 10.
p. p.
• kLI. spirit that lives T'ien looks like leather sack. The of its Mt. A It
top
on a
2: yellow, body glows and six feet four back is red and its like fire. has and It
wings sing Ti-chiang. dance, and face. is called and and It
no can
Ching, Hsiang-i [SHC, STTH, Hai Wai Pei and shih 164; HE, 81; 11. 73 p. p. p.
871]
p.
J•moutains Hsiang-
of K'un-lun and the lives the north the of Ju-li To
to east
.23
•zl•-V shih, yellow ofKung Hsiang-i Kung minister
and the shih has green a
body, snake's but its heads faces. all human dares head for the nine have He not
(8- Pai 16
personified devouring by the Bodde, (Derk of dancers Great One the in Exocism the 17 creatures
China, Festivals 88). Classical in
p.
•1•. China, Ch'ih Mei See Classical 102. 18 Festivals in
p.
impersonates Shih, is
sacrifice. who the dead 19
at corpse, one a a
reads "its SHC close." 20
eyes
(SHC)I long One thousand li 21
•5•f; •b "seik6 spirit. reads "Sei" 9 animal The ari ." is 22 text
occupied Kung Kung said have the Nine Divisions of China. 23 to was 3O
Of
Kung with three platform Kung strongly fears the he north because
:4 Hsiang-i shih
When serpentine-tiger four forms each of
ventures corners. on
south. nine heads it heads with all erect, out
2250] Fei-yi Ching, STTH, [SHC, Shan Pei 50; 12.
p.
p.
Fei-yi snake resembles spirit and is called Yang.
snake that resides It Mt. A
a
on
glimpse
of Fei- wings. bodies, catches legs, If
six four with and
two
a someone
reign During of throughout
yi, nation. the drought the there will be
great
a
,:5
drought
nine-year appeared spirit •t• and T'ang snake Emperor the a
followed.
869] Ching, [SHC, HE, 42; STTH. 30; Hsi Shan
13. Ku
p. p. p.
26 body spirit Chung. of human and the has the face The resides
It Ku Mt. a on
dragon. of a
Ching, 869] [SHC, STTI-I, Hsi 188; Shen-lu Hai Nei 14.
p. p.
•) • Heavenly (T'ien Shen-lu. serving spirit called Ruler Ti It There is the
a
!•-•=. tiger body nine by of with has the is called the Chien-wu also
It a
name
regions. heads with nine human faces. rules the It
870] Ching, [SHC, HE, STTH, Ch'iaeh-shen Shan 8; 42; 15. Nan
p. p. p.
spirit body Ch'tieh-shen, Ch'0eh, head of
the of has the of bird and the
Mr.
a a
27 • • dragon. jade chang pointed demi-seeptre] times, [a and ancient pi In
a
disk] [an sacrificial animal annular when offered it the in used
to
were a was
temple ceremonies.
Hao-fang Ching, 2171] [SHC, STTH, Hsi Shan 33; 16.
p. p.
•j•_• LL!. I-chang bird lives with There is looks
that like red Mt. It
on a crane a
It markings
Hao-fang bill, only it has and white foot. is called the but
one a
bird. this bird will If
there be natural disaster. The
strange
someone sees a
• • Shang of [in History] of and Shun" the that "Canons shu Book
Yao
says
or
during presented reign the Dynasty, Emperor of of the Wu Han
a man a crane
Emperor's people foot with Tung all the
awestruck. The
court. to
one were
• jy :8 • Fang-shuo Emperor Hao;fang bird from then told that the it the
was
Ching. Indeed, the Shah it this Hai
was one.
[STTH, 2158] Hsiaan-ho 17.
p.
-•" LLI, lacquer. black lives its color dark black Lei A
When it Mt.
crane on as as
old, lives be appeared it black. This black
360
to turns years pure crane once
According
Earth, serpentine-tiger Goodall's they John A. 24 three forms and Heaven to
are
whose heads all face south.
Shang T'ang dynasty, the founder is of the B.C.E 25 1766
According SHC, Chung. is the Ku of 26 Mt.
to son
chang symbol placed. The South which of the 27 mountain the in
quarters
was a was
Tung Fang-shuo Emperor B.C.E.) (r. Dynasty. served 28 Wu of the 140-85 He Han
was
supernatural
being punishment. believed be into this world
to sent a as 31
held when the monarch music Another time several of the black birds concert.
a
Tibet] [in flew the Koulkun Emperor Yellow mountains when the
took
over a
29 music lesson.
Ching, [SHC, STTH, 2156] Hsi Shan 24; HE, 51; 18. Luan
p. p. p.
• 2•" ILl. bird pheasant different of A lives looks like Nti-ma Mt.
It
type
a on a
colorings long with beautiful tail and of is called the
and its It Luan
gems. a
•-,z• During reign King Ching of is of world
the of
appearance peace. an omen
3°
by presented Dynasty, the the the Chou frontier Luan
to court westem was
tribes.
Ching, Pi-yi [SHC, Ching, Hai Wai bird STTH, 147/Hsi Shan 19. 29; Nan p. p.
2157]
p.
31 ,• Pi-yi J]f• []. wings] [united Hsiung There the Chieh birds the in Land of
are
32
•f: • Pi-yi Pi-yi
Erh birds that there unite the south. The in
must says ya are
wings
fly. their is order in This bird called Chien. The Chien resemble wild to a
wing, duck with and in
combine and red colors. of them
Two
eye green one one
wings fly. king insightful, their and then When the is virtuous and these birds
appear.
[STTH, 2191] Yo-tsu 20. p.
a3P4hoenix, 33
The lives similar Jan-hsOeh. is Yo-tsu multi-colored Mt. It
to
on
and
• purple, [] actually spirit but it is bird. that when the
Kuo Ya Yo-
says a
I_1_1, •
cried Ch'i of the home of Chou, the the Mt.
it
tsu ancestors
on was an
beginning of Dynasty. of the the Chou omen
Ching, [SHC, 2194] Tung STTH, Shan Tzu-shu 69; 21.
p. p.
•)• • I_1_1
bird that lives and Chfi-fu A resembles chicken with Mt. tail.
rat
on a a
[Tzu Tzu-shu rat]. is called the drought. It
Its great appearance presages a
Ching, [SHC, Hsi STTH, Shu-ssu 2191] Shan 19; 22. p. p.
with resembles is human feet called Shu-ssu. is and It
It
eaten to a crow cure
goiter.
Ching, [SHC, Fu-chi 2195] Hsi Shan 24, STTI-I, 23. 25;
pp. p.
•g
;• IJ-I
bird that lives
Lu-t'ai A similar is Mt.
has but It
to rooster on a a
face. human is its named Fu-chi after it call. When it It
appears, army means an
coming. is
legendary Empror The high antiquity. Yellow is 29 of monarch
a
•',_q•or Ching King be either 30
may
appeared The Ching. birds 31 Man-man in Hsi Shan
same
as
lexicographical by Hsi, A Liu about work 32 C.E. 200
red, blue, Black, yellow. white, and 33
(Narratives by States) Ch'iu-ming, Kuo Yu dynasty, of the 34 Chou Tso contains conversations
intrigues. political related to 32
T'o-chi 24.
kl_l. • body from head Hsi lives feet its bird that Mt. It A
to on measures seven
35
long like named the chicken with neck. and is T'o-chi. looks
It a a
Volume II
Ching, [SHC, 2191] STTH, 6; Chu Shan 25. Nan
p. p.
• :• k[-I. body Ch'ang-she
like owl with bird bird lives looks A It
Mt.
an a on
hands. The bird is called human human and feet resemble head and face. Its a
country's
Chu. the ruler and those calls its It Its
out
appearance name. means
neglected officials be banished. will
Ching, 2193] [SHC, STTH, Shan Hsi 34, 35; I-t'u 26.
pp. p.
I_1_1. •, •_• and I-wang lives resembles bird with three heads A Mt. It
on a crow
body, laughs tails. six is called is both male and female and well. in I- It It
one
36
waist, dozing wearing off. it it from If it the If t'u. prevents eaten, at
one
danger. wards off
[STTH, 2223] 27. Po-tse
p.
• • I_1_1. Tung-wang lives is named The Marsh Beast Po-tse. It Mt. It
on
speaks bright insightful, well. When the monarch is and it the Once
appears.
hunting expedition, Emperor, Yellow his arrived the Sea the where Eastern at
on
appeared spoke and him. Sometimes it harms. Po-tse prevents to
Ching, [SHC, 2203] STTH, Nei Pei 196; Tsou-wu Han 28.
p. p.
•j• L:• [] beyond is the Ma-shih Land beast located the benevolent in A
area sea.
tiger long living lives there. with resembles tail. carries and It It
creatures a a
[about does them. is called ride it thousand
li It Tsou-wu. One
not
eat
can on a
37 '•
miles] day. [by single Dynasty] in Wang, Chou T'ao Liu 333 Lu
states
a
•qz king] King imprisoned [the by [the that after Chou Chou last first Wen
was
presented Shang king], Chou. the hunted down and Tsou-wu He
to
so was was
pleased King he released that Wen.
Ch'iung-ch'i Ching, Ching, [SHC, Hsi STTH, Shan 41/Hai Nei 196; 29. p. p. p.
2224]
3s • I-[I braying beast Kuei sounds like of that lives A the Mt. It It
an ass. on
fight When breaks resembles it the The beast is
out, to cow. a a comes rescue.
straightforward in It eats not nature. men.
[HE, 2223] STTH, 103, 30. Mo
p. p.
south, trunk, elephant's the mountains the the of there lives beast. has In
It
a an
yellow rhinoceros, tail, tiger's body and of
is and ox's Its
paws. eyes a a an
J• T'o camel. 35
means a
color-blindness). ;•FI• "pu-mei" (prevent sTrI-I reads 36
military (Six Scabbards) is book 37 Liu science. T'ao
a on
l•j• •e;
bristling (the hair). wei-mao" and Sqq'I-I reads "lo-wei tail of mule 38 a 33
[tapir]. sleeping pelt black, ward off By and is called the its
Mo
one can on
39 protected
pestilence. sketch of the order be in should make A Mo
to a man
nothing but else. from evil. and iron It eats copper
2234] [STTH, Pi-chien beast 31.
p.
• ]i•. Ch'iung-chi•eh Pi-chien, in also The There is beast the called west,
a
body [or rat], back of rabbit. front of of its is that the that Erh
part
ya a a mouse
Ch'iung-hsti. eating North, licorice feeds of leaves calls it the Sea in It It
root.
feeding. Ch'iung-hsO liquorice it
of the end of When
root at comes, one some
carrying Ch'iung-hs0. This when the monarch
while another beast appears
runs
insightful. is benevolent and
2216] [HE, STTH, Lung-ma and 62; 32. 58
p. p. p.
•. ff7 Meng is benevolent
horse. Lung-ma The from the River It It
emerges a
wings eight (ch 'ih), long (ts'un) and its is feet inches five tall with neck at a
hangs walk without hair side. Beside these which down.
It
water
grow can on
4°
sinking. employed ordinary does is then If
Heaven
not
person sage, an as a
Therefore, precious. Lung- Way heed the the Earth does value the the and not
from the
river. emerges ma
[STTI-I, 2202] Hsieh-ch'ih 33.
p.
appeared Tung-wang, called Hsieh-ch'ih. divine beast that lives Mt. A It
on
•
during regin (2357-55 B.C.). wards off evil. resembles the of It Yao It a
successful the of in lamb with hom and four feet. When ruler is
matter
one a
litigation, According is the old it it Censorate.
story,
to to
comes a censor an
41 • sheep. king Hsieh-ch'ih, ritualist, :q:: and also called divine The of Ch'u
a
captured Hsieh-ch'ih. the
Ma-ch'ang Chung Ching, [SHC, 2225] STTH, Shan 91; HE, 83; 34.
p. p. p.
Ma-ch'ang. Man-chu, face of beast that lives called has the Mt. A It
on a man
42
tiger,s baby people. body. and makes sound like and It
eats a a a
[SHC, 2234] STTH, Hsiao 42; 35.
p.
• I• 1_13. body Hsiao lives has the face of the of The
Yen-tzu
Mt. It
man, on a a
43 large wings. drought. bear, with If there will
be
seen, a severe
Ching, Liang-ch'u Chung 2238] [SHC, STTH, Shan 136; 36.
p. p.
• :• ILl. Liang-ch'u wildcat, lives with Mo-shih like The looks It
Mt.
a on a
tiger's and white head claws. be of battle the
in
Its
appearance may a an omen a
state.
Baku) Japan (Jap. believed dreams. "'Mo" is devour bad 39 In to
employs people." reads, "Ifa 40 HE sage
B.C.E. feudal A 740 330 41
state,
some by man-eating tiger imagining, also, manticore, bestiaries, The the of the is 42 strange
(HE, 91). human head with shown
p. a
tail
dog." of SHC here reads "the 43 a 34
Ching, [SHC, 2216] Huang K'uei STTH, Tung 218; 37. Ta
p. p.
body, deep is beast in There the is like with
Sea.
East It
green
cow, no a a a
always horns, foot. and voice it and there When is Its
storm.
goes, one a comes
During reign and Emperor, is like thunder Yellow it called is K'uei. the of the a
caught
and when the drum drum of its skin. Later,
made
out
was was a was
44 500//away. bone, thunder, beaten with it its like heard sounded could and be
Hsing-hsing Shang Ching, Ching, [SHC, 1/Hai Nei 180/Hai 38. Nan Nan
p. p.
Ching, 2240] Nei STTH, 256;
p. p.
body pig, beasts live A of Ch(ieh. has human face with the
Mt. It
on a a
resembling long speaks laughs. Hsing- with hair. well
but The
It
ape, never an
hsing People place play sandals, likes wine road and tie
in
to
group. on a a
45
awaiting Hsing-hsing they The it. it drink
does him try trap
to not says so
first, finally people wine it but later becomes resist and drunk. Then
at cannot
pull why Hsing-hsing shoes the and that him. That is it the knows capture
says
going coming. but not
Ch'ih-pao [STTH, 2219] 39.
p.
• gj• Ch'ih-pao leopard] I_1_1. [red The Lung-t'ai is beast has red Mt.
It
on a a
body yellow hoofs, with Ch'ih-pao. mottles and deer and is called The section
46 King • of of the in king Odes Hstian Book [a that the lord ofHan
had
says a
state] feudal small king
chase and the beast. The
lord the capture
gave a
northern leopard's presented lord The Earl skins. the
These
state.
as an were
leopard yellow the red bear. and
[STTH, 2217] Wo-wa 40.
p.
dragon emerged A
from the Wei river and lives in of the Chou the in the water
47 West, where live holds its tail Horses. Water under its It and is
many arms,
•
]-• called Chou-li Wo-wa. that it is mottled fourth black. in the In
says year
reign of the Yiaan-fu Emperor of
the emerged the Han, of the Wu from Wo-wa
is
Tun-huang. the in
particularly good be believed Its
water to appearance a
omen.
[SHC, Ching, T'u-lou Hsi 41. STTH, Shan 31; 2232]
p. p.
lives beast the hills, in A called
K'un-lun ghost resembles T'u-lou. with It
a
four sharp horns. The horns
hit. hard horns
When the in yet to contact are
come
object,
with the T'u-lou
fallen
eats an man. a
reads, SHC Emperor caught 'q'he Yellow 44
made dram of its skin
and beat it with the
one, a
-• • bone (thunder
of shou lei animals) (p. 218). Derk In Classical Bodde's Festivals
in a
China,
K'uei destroyed is of the (pp. that the
107). in 106, Exorcism creatures
one are
chung reads, hsing-hsing chih 45 Nan '•When valley the the of mountain wine sandals, and
see
they
know who the and
They know the his of
the trap call
set
ancestors.
out even
names
names
them, saying:
Trying and Slave! (SHC, me." 183). trap
to
curse p.
ching, Shih compiled 46 by have been said Confucius.
to
•z:•.• "wen-pi ST17-I reads
47 (striped niu-wei" the tail of cow). and arms 35
Ching, 81] Hei-jen [SHC, 257; HE, Hai Nei 42.
p. p.
tiger's being Hei-jen and holds I-chu. has head called
There is Mt. It
a on a
a
chewing them. each hand while snake in
[STTH, 2229] Ch0eh-tuan 43. p.
•-• the Shu in Han called Yin I
in ChOeh-tuan. the is beast There Tartar
area, a
• Han] • by the [History of Dynasty, Later the of Pan Ku Han Former says
into bow. be made horn should Chtieh-tuan resembles
that the Its
a a cow.
2250] Ching, STTH, [SHC, 180; Pa-she Nei Hai Nan 44.
p. p.
eight [python] place beyond is hundred South lives in the Sea. It Pa-she The
a
yellow, red, hsin] long black in color. and It hundred [one and feet
eats
green,
•
expels snake elephant, also
the bones. The Jan then after three
years an
48
digested, fully twists itself the snake the is swallows deer. When
meat a
belly through expels
mashing its bones its in it and the
around out tree, up, a
the Pa-she. is the scales. The
Jan type as same
Ching, 2267] STTH, [SHC, 57; fish Pei Shan
45. Jen
p. p.
• • ILl Wang-chieh Lung-hou flows the the the river In Mt. From east. to
beast, with four feet. fish resembles live lot of the fish. The It
Jen
Jen
water a a
49
epidemics. it sound like small child. If makes
eaten, cures a a
Ch'ang-she Ching, 2250] [SHC, STTH, Pei 48; Shan
46.
p. p.
• •
I_1_1 eight Ta-ch'eng Ch'ang-she [long snake] is lives It The Mt.
on
5° long. [one hsin] makes sound like drums. hundred feet hundred It a
Chung Ching, 2266] [SHC, STTH, Fei fish Shan 93;
47.
p. p.
• pig, IJ-I. with ofMt. in resembles small Many Fei river fish live the K'uei It
a
waist, striped body. legs Ifwom the it red has three and horn It
prevents
at
a a
lightning. offweapons. Also, of thunder and it wards fear
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