Holding China Together Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era Edited by Barry J

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83730-9 - Holding China Together Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era Edited by Barry J. Naughton and Dali L. Yang Index More information

Index

administrative systems, 8 bandwagoners, 86 bureaucratization, 81 banking system, 17, 126–127, 267 cadres and. See cadre system bureaucratism, 81 centralized. See centralized government Burns, J., 52–53 elites and. See elites, system of hierarchies and, 11, 13, 71–73 cadre system, 81, 101, 116 institutionalization of, 14 appointment/promotion in, 82 national unity and, 11 cadres, defined, 109 personnel systems and. See personnel Central Committees and, 102–103 systems evaluation for, 101–103, 106 vertical, 17 exchange regulations, 62 See also specific organizations experimental basis for, 102–103 agriculture, 108–109 Interim Regulations, 77–78 arable acreage, 163 local level and, 106 dams, 264 movement within, 85 drought vs. flood, 264 Organization Department, 104 famines and, 194 performance criteria for, 106 farmers, 149, 151 policy implementation and, 112 food processing, 284 principle-agent theory, 101 grain, 273, 289–290 reform of, 102 grasslands, 273 Shanghai and, 106 Three Gorges Dam, 270 Cantonese separatists, 65 See also environment Cao Jianming, 41 Anti-Japanese War, 34 Cao Zhi, 51–52 Asian financial crisis, 4, 17, 149 CCA. See China Consumer’s Association fiscal policies and, 260–261 Central Committees, 31–32, 38, 75 Guangzhou and, 153, 166, 177–178 evaluation system for, 102–103 regulation/supervision and, 129–130 Organization Department, 51 Shenyang and, 153, 166 quota for, 59 autocracy, 8 representation in, 36–38, 59 avoidance rule, 15 Shanghai Gang and, 45 interest-conflicts and, 84–85 Chen Liangyu, 34–35 origins of, 49 Chen Xitong, 97 provincial heads and, 62 Chen Zhili, 40, 59, 66–67 reform era and, 49–50 Cheng Li, ix, 11–13

297

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83730-9 - Holding China Together Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era Edited by Barry J. Naughton and Dali L. Yang Index More information

298 Index

Cheung, Peter T.Y., 86 Propaganda Department, 40–41 China Construction Bank, 133 Secretariat of, 33 China Consumer’s Association (CCA), 142 16th Party Congress, 288 China Deconstructs (Goodman and Segal), tongxiang and, 30 3 trends during 1990s, 8 China Directory, 55 See speciﬁc groups, policies, persons China Securities Regulatory Commission Chinese Communist Youth League, 45 (CSRC), 132, 134 Chinese People’s Political Consultative China-threat literature, 7 Conference (CPPCC), 98 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) coal industry, 226 autocratic nature of, 8 decentralization and, 250 cadre management, 99, 116. See cadre diversiﬁcation program, 236 system four modernizations and, 231 Central Committees. See Central industrialization and, 231, 248 Committees inspection and, 246–247 Central Party School, 62, 68 land reform and, 250 changes in, 25 Law of Coal, 237 checks/balances and, 15, 62 liberalization and, 235 Constitution of, 75 Ministry of, 238 control of, 83 oil crisis and, 231 decentralization and, 99. See peasant workers and, 240 decentralization safety and, 138 democratization and, 24. See shortages and, 232–233 democratization coastal regions, 257, 279, 287–288. See also dominance by, 15, 99 Western Development Program durability of, 101, 116 coercion, state, 193 economic reform and, 10 collectives elections and, 15–16 decollectivization and, 215–216 favoritism and, 31 leadership of, 69, 110 15th Congress, 32, 77, 149–150, 156, 158, rural, 215–216 160, 165, 171, 180 conservatism, 86 hierarchical systems and, 11, 13, 71–73 Constitution, of PRC, 72, 85 institutionalization of, 70, 99. See corruption, 97–98, 129–130 institutionalization CPPCC. See Chinese People’s Political leaders of, 39 Consultative Conference Mao era, 39. See also Mao Zedong credentials, revolution of, 34 mass line, 218–219 CSRC. See China Securities Regulatory national unity and, 23 Commission nepotism and, 31 Cultural Revolution, 104, 195 nomenklatura, 12 Organization Department of, 40, 51, 59, Dali Yang, i, x, 15, 17, 19 62, 71–73, 75, 83, 104 decentralization, 1 origins of, 39 authoritative state and, 1–2 paradox of rule, 101 banking system and, 126–127 party goals, 16 CCP and, 99 People’s Congresses, 13–14, 73–74, 76, 81 coal industry and, 250 personnel appointments, 10, 51, 76 disintegration thesis and, 3 Politburo, 33, 38 excessive, 1–2 political commitment in, 117 incentives for, 121 principal-agent models, 7–8 political tensions and, 35

Index 299

Soviet Union and, 9 price stability, 122, 129 tax policies and, 125 protectionism, 121, 135–136 decision-making procedures, 81 rebuilding and, 120 democratization, 14, 24, 79 reforms, 10, 86, 129, 229, 253, 264 media and, 79–80 regional, 150, 255 reforms and, 8, 13 rent-seeking and, 117, 240 Tiananmen crisis and, 1–2, 121 stabilization and, 122 Deng Xiaoping sunset industries, 171 economic liberalization and, 255–257 textiles sector, 180–181 elite-management system, 71 WDP and, 21, 253, 264, 272 Jiang and, 29. See also Jiang Zemin See also specific organizations, topics political reform and, 13, 69 education population growth and, 196 birth control and, 211 post-Deng era and, 77, 130 cadre-evaluation system and, 108 direct foreign investment, 150, 162, 264, provincial leadership requirements and, 271, 285 82 disintegration/fragmentation thesis, 2–7 skilled labor and, 274 Du Qinglin, 63 Eggertsson, S., 112–113 elites, system of East-West pipeline, 270–271 candidates for, 81–82, 84 Eastern provinces, 68 demotion procedures, 98 economics, 229 disciplinary problems, 40 agricultural output, 108 geographical distribution, 68–69 Asian financial crisis. See Asian financial institutionalization of, 70, 77, 83–84, 99 crisis Jiang era, 29 balanced growth, 255 localism and, 53 banking, 17, 126–127, 267 mobility and, 83 coal. See coal industry no-permits policies, 82–83 competitiveness, 152, 167 nomination process, 78 domestic firms, 272 promotion and, 53, 68 financial system, 17, 126–127. See also recruitment of, 29, 68 banking energy fiscal system, 122, 286 coal. See coal industry foreign exchange reserve, 129 consumption of, 230 foreign investment, 150, 162, 264, 271, electrical, 270, 284 285 global comparisons, 230 GDP, 160, 258, 280, 282 industrialization and, 231 global economy, 151, 162, 257 oil, 229–231, 264, 270–271 IMF and, 4 projects for, 270 industrial output, 106, 110, 113, 160, resources. See natural resources 283–284. See also industries supply of, 229–230 institutions and, 8 thermal, 270 Keynesian theory, 153, 167, 171, 175, 190 WDP and, 264 labor markets. See labor markets See also environment liberalization, 1, 142, 235–236, 283–284 environment, 17, 263 marketization, 149 deforestation, 264 multinational corporations, 226 desertification, 279 municipal economies, 160 forests, 273 Party and, 10 protection of, 139 performance and, 111 WDP and, 264

300 Index

factionalism, 12 national unity and, 11 favoritism, 12, 29, 31, 53, 67–68 political institutions and, 71 federalist system, 10, 123 horizontal/vertical dimensions, 8–9, 17, fiscal contracting system, 114 124–126, 138–139, 141 Foucault, Michel, 203, 211 Hu Angang, 59–61 Four modernizations, 231 Hu Jintao, 25, 29, 34 Fourth Generation leaders, 25 Hu Yaobang, 13, 231 Fubing Su, x, 20 Hua Guofeng, 102, 121 Huang Huahua, 34–35 gaming, of system, 112–113 Huang Ju, 33–35, 40 geography, of provinces, 276 Huang Liman, 66 globalization, 151, 162, 257 Hubei province, 39, 164 Goldstone, Jack, 3–4 Hui Liangyu, 33 Gong Xueping, 46 Hunan province, 39 grass-roots leadership, 63 grass-roots organizations, 214 identification cards, 179 Guangdong province incentive systems, 9 Central Committees and, 38, 59, 68 decentralization and, 121 International Trust & Investment Corp., high-powered, 109 131–133 property rights and, 238 labor markets and, 164 Indonesia, 4 officials from, 39 industries outside leadership and, 53 coal industry. See coal industry performance criteria and, 24–25 composition of, 283 separatist movement and, 65 economics and. See economics unemployment in, 178 energy supply for, 231 Guangzhou municipality, 19, 157–158, 168, industrialization process, 120, 231 180 liberalization and, 283–284 Asian crisis and, 153, 166, 177–178 output of, 283 exports from, 162 ownership of, 282 foreign enterprises and, 177 policies for, 234 imports to, 162 profits from, 106, 111, 114 international competition and, 166 restructuring of, 226 marketist bias in, 177 state-ownership of, 282 reemployment, 168–169 structure of, 284 Shenyang and, 159–160 See also specific groups, topics surplus rural labor, 185 institutionalization, 8, 14, 31, 71, 201 Thatcherism and, 176 administrative systems, 14 unemployment in, 159, 163, Chinese Communist Party, 70 168–170 Deng Xiaoping and, 71 Wuhan and, 174–175 elite-management. See Guizhou province, 250 elite-management systems hierarchical systems and, 71 Han Zheng, 57, 59 horizontal/vertical dimensions, 8–9, 17, Han Zhubin, 40 124–126, 138–139, 141 He Guoqiang, 33–35 ideology and, 71 hierarchical systems institutional restraints, 29 adaptation of, 8, 22 Jiang Zemin and, 71 congressional system and, 72 localism and, 29 measurement of, 10 Mao Zedong and, 71

Index 301

intellectual property rights, 17 localism, 15, 49–50, 68 Islam, 205 avoidance rule and, 49 Italy, 262 central domination and, 31 deﬁned, 29 Jia Qinglin, 32–35 elite promotion and, 53 Jiading county, 107, 118 favoritism/nepotism and, 53 Jiang Zemin, 12, 16, 25, 39–40, hometowns and, 84 77, 121, 220, 226–227, 253, 261, institutional restraints, 29 288 inter-provincial transfers, 90 Deng Xiaoping and, 29, 40 non-native leaders, 52 elite recruitment and, 30 political, 29 era of, 29, 35–38, 69 provincial leaders, 35 institutionalization and, 71 restraint on, 34, 53 promotions by, 41 Shanghai Gang and, 30–31 WDP and, 288 WDP and, 21 Jiangsu province, 35–38, 40, 68 Long March, 34 judicial systems, 71–72 Lu Zhangong, 57

Kenichi Ohmae, 3 Mao Zedong, 39, 69, 71, 81, 197 Marxism, 81 labor markets, 19, 274 mechanization, 120 building of, 186 media central policy toward, 154 democracy and, 79–80 deregulation of, 286 Ministry of Communications, 138 employment and, 152 propaganda and, 40–41 Food-for-Work programs, 259, 291 Meng Jianzhu, 45 formation of, 155 Meng Xuenong, 35, 59 labor force composition, 278 metallurgy, 284 migration. See migration migration, 164, 285 policies for, 19 peasants and, 151–152, 176 productivity and, 152 poverty and, 291 Reemployment Project, 155–156, restrictions on, 275 168–169, 171–172 rural-to-urban migration, 19 rural workers, 154–155, 164 WDP and, 286 urban workers, 154–155 military, 71–72 land reform, 250 Ming Xia, 74 leadership. See provincial leaders minority populations, 57, 212, 265 Leninism, 81 mishu system, 45, 67–68 Li Changchun, 33, 52–53 moral hazard, 112–113 Li Cheng, 12–13 Li Keqiang, 35 national government, 120 Li Lanqing, 39–40 administrative system and, 11 Li Yuanchao, 35, 45, 57 checks and balances within, 72 Liaoning province, 162–164, 172, Communist Party and, 23 181 decentralization and, 1, 15, 31 Liaowang journal, 52 nomenklatura system and, 9 Lindblom, Charles, 22 rebuilding and, 7 Liu Changgui, 250 regional autonomy and, 31 Liu Qi, 34–35 stepped-up, 17 Liu Yunshan, 33 WDP and, 21

302 Index

National People’s Congress, 13–14, 30, population growth policies, 211 38–39, 73, 76, 81 de-control of, 286 chairmanship of, 76–77 Deng Xiaoping and, 196 favoritism/nepotism and, 31 evolution of, 194 15th Congress, 149–150, 156, 158, 160, Family Planning Commission, 194–195, 165, 171, 180 201–202 Party congresses and, 77 GDP per capita and, 19 retirement transfers, 98 implementation of, 197 16th Congress, 288 natural rate of, 199 Standing Committee of, 72–73, 98 persistence of, 219–220 See specific congress, groups state coercion and, 20, 193 National Statistical Bureau, 218 urbanization and, 157 natural resources, 238 western migration and, 275 coal. See coal industry women’s quality of life and, 194 industry and. See industrialization poverty, 289 mineral rights, 272 migration and, 291 Ministry of, 138 poverty alleviation program, 290–291 natural gas, 229–230 WDP and, 290–291 oil. See oil princelings, 16, 30, 65–67 Naughton, Barry, i, ix, 18, 21 principal-agent models, 7, 20, 101, Nee-Lian model, 117–118 113 neo-conservatives, 2 Product Quality Law, 141 nepotism, 12, 29, 31, 53, 67–68 professionalization, 12 network building, 74 promotion/transfer patterns, 35, 54–55, 61, Nixon, Richard, 197 63–64, 87–96 nomenklatura system, 9, 12, 51, 68 property rights, 17, 238 Northwest provinces, 277, 279, 285 provincial leaders, 33 ages of, 57–58 O’Brien, Kevin, 74 avoidance rule, 49–50, 62 oil, 229–231, 264, 270–271 CPPCC and, 98 opportunism, commitment vs., 117–118 favoritism/nepotism and, 67–68 Organic Law, 73, 75 fourth generation leadership, 63 full/alternative memberships, 60 Peng Zhen, 72, 74 generational change and, 58 People Daily website, 79–80 importance of, 34, 67–68 People’s Bank of China, 41, 126–133 laggards, 86 performance criteria, 106 localism and, 35, 84 government leaders and, 105 mobility/reshuffling of, 34, 62 local party leaders and, 105 national political system and, 12 multi-tasking and, 115 natives/non-natives, 50, 62–63, 84 township executives and, 107 NPC and, 98 personnel systems, 11, 14, 79. See also pioneers and, 86 elites, system of Politburo members and, 32 Polanyi, Karl, 142 previous service of, 65 policy implementation, 201 promotion/transfer patterns, 35, 54–55, cadre system and, 112 61, 63–64, 87–96 case studies of, 18 qualifications for, 34 grassroots level and, 101 retirement of, 57 principle-agent models, 113 rise of, 34 Politburo, 32, 38 role of, 32 provincial leaders in, 32, 39 term limits, 54–55 representation in, 38 types of, 86

Index 303

Qian Yunlu, 63 imports to, 162 Quality Administration, 137–138, 141 investment in, 160–161 quality standards, 136 Japanese investment in, 159 labor market in, 186 Reemployment Project (REP), 155–156, labor markets and, 159, 162–164, 168–169, 171–172 170–173, 175, 180 reforms, 130 population of, 157 avoidance rule and, 49–50 Reemployment Project and, 171–172 cadre evaluation system and, 102 Soviet aid to, 159 coastal cities and, 287–288 Thatcherism and, 176 democratization and, 13 welfare policies, 19 era of, 49–50 Wuhan and, 174–175 process of, 258–259, 287–288 Shirk, Susan, 112 regional policy, 258–259 Sichuan province, 38, 68 WDP and, 287–288 socialism, 22, 81, 117 See also specific institutions Solinger, Dorothy J., ix–x, 19, 77 regionalism, 2–3 Song Fatang, 64–65 autonomy and, 31 Songjiang county, 114–115 definition of, 131 Southwest provinces, 277–279, 281, 285 leadership and. See provincial leaders Soviet Union, 9, 121, 194 reform and, 258–259 Suharto regime, 130 tongxiang and, 30 Sun Weiben, 76 regulatory institutions, 134, 137–138, 141 system, 101 REP. See Reemployment Project resignation, 98 taizi system, 30 responsibility system, 247 taxation, 114–115, 122–124 retirement, 57, 98 decentralization and, 125 revenue collection, 17 rates of, 286 revolutionary credentials, 34 reforms and, 18 Rousseau, J.-J., 218 State Bureaus, 124–125 Ruan Chongwu, 97 WDP and, 286 term limits, 53–55 SARS epidemic, 24, 35 Thatcher, Margaret, 153, 175, 190 screening, 80 Third Front projects, 257 Securities Law, 134 Tian Jiyun, 141 separatist movements, 65 Tiananmen crisis, 1–2, 121 Shandong province, 35–38, 59, 68 Tibet, 57, 59 Shanghai Gang, 30–31, 40, 42–45, 67–68 tongxiang, 30, 68 Shanghai municipality, 46 township and village enterprises (TVEs), cadre evaluation system and, 106 290 Jiading County, 107 township government, 107 leaders from, 49 transfers. See promotion/transfer patterns reemployment and, 156 transportation systems, 281–282 suburban counties of, 106 TVEs. See township and village enterprises top officials in, 47–48 Shanxi province, 241, 243 U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA), 215 Shenyang municipality, 158 unemployment, 156, 167 Asian crisis and, 153, 166 Guangzhou and, 163, 168–170 employment problems in, 171 hiring policies and, 179 exports from, 162 REP. See Reemployment Project foreign investment in, 159–160 Shenyang and, 162–163, 170–171, 175 Guangzhou and, 159–160 Wuhan and, 162–163, 174–175

304 Index

United States, 3, 120, 128 reforms and, 264, 287–288 urban centers, 278 size of, 267 migrant labor in, 182 taxation and, 286 population, 157 Western provinces, 276 residence permits, 275 Whiting, Susan, x, 16–17 rural workers in, 154–155 Wiebe, Robert H., 120 unemployment in, 154, 180. See women’s rights, 194, 211 unemployment World Bank, 4, 211 urbanization process, 120, 277 Wu Bangguo, 40, 237 See also specific urban areas Wuhan municipality, 19, 157–158, 161, 167, 186 village leaders, 110–111 exports from, 162 income, 110 flexibility toward outsiders, 183 incomes of, 112 Guangzhou and, 174–175 remuneration, 111 imports to, 162 voting procedures, 81 investment in, 160–161 labor market in, 187–188 Walder, Andrew, 117 outside labor, 182 Wang Hai, 141 reemployment policies, 174–175 Wang Huning, 41 Shenyang and, 174–175 Wang Sanyun, 34–35 study of, 49 Wang Xiaofeng, 63 Thatcherism and, 176 Wang Xuebing, 133 unemployment, 162–163, 174–175 water supplies, 264 Weberian instruments, 23 Xiang Nan, 76 welfare objectives, 19 Xinjiang, 59 Wen Jiabao, 34, 288 Xu Guangchun, 40–41 Western Development Program (WDP), Xu Jiatun, 76 18, 21, 253 areas of, 256 Yang Xiaodu, 46 central government, 21 Yanzhong Huang, ix, 19 domestic firms, 272 Ye Xuanping, 65, 97–98 economics and, 21, 253, 281 Yellow River, 263–264 emergence of, 255 Ying-mao Kau, 49 emigration, 291 You Xigui, 66 energy policy, 264 Yunnan, 59 environmental needs, 264 evaluation of, 289 Zeng Peiyan, 288 geography and, 275 Zeng Qinghong, 34, 40, 67 infrastructure projects, 269 Zhang Dejiang, 33–34 Leadership Small Group, 288 Zhang Quanjing, 72 local government officials, 21 Zhang Xuezhong, 35 main provisions of, 266 Zhang Yixiang, 249 migration and, 286 Zhao Ziyang, 13, 232 minorities and, 265 Zhiyue Bo, ix, 13 national unity and, 21 Zhou Mingwei, 41 negative aspects of, 293 ZhouYongkang, 33 politics and, 287 Zhu Rongji, 17, 41, 226–227, 234, 262, 288 poverty and, 290–291 Zhu Xiaohua, 41