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The Relations of Istanbul and Ankara Within the Press of Turkish National Struggle (1918-1922)

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The Relations of Istanbul and Ankara Within the Press of Turkish National Struggle (1918-1922) THE RELATIONS OF İSTANBUL AND ANKARA WITHIN THE PRESS OF TURKISH NATIONAL STRUGGLE (1918-1922) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALİ DEMİREL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY JULY 2018 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. (Title and Name) Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Mustafa Yılmaz (Hacettepe Uni., AİT) Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan (METU, HIST) Assist. Prof. Dr. Akile Zorlu Durukan (METU, HIST) Appendix D. Sample Plagiarism Page I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Ali Demirel Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE RELATIONS OF İSTANBUL AND ANKARA WITHIN THE PRESS OF TURKISH NATIONAL STRUGGLE (1918-1922) Demirel, Ali M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan July 2018, 305 Pages The basic goal of this thesis is to analyze the relations of the Turkish Nationalists with the İstanbul Governments, the Allied powers and also Soviet Russia during the Turkish National Struggle with a special focus on the religious-judicial and military- political legitimacy of the National movement as reflected in the newspapers published in İstanbul and Anatolia. Except for three anti-nationalist newspapers, Türkçe İstanbul, Alemdar and Peyam-ı Sabah, the most influential nationalist newspapers, İkdam, İfham, Tasvir-i Efkar, Vakit, İleri, Yeni Gün, Akşam, Hadisat, Öğüt, Albayrak, Açıksöz, İrade-i Milliye, İzmir’e Doğru and Hakimiyet-i Milliye, published in İstanbul and Anatolia supported the National movement in spite of heavy censorship of the İstanbul Government and the Allied powers. These newspapers defended that the Nationalists achieved the religious and legal legitimacy by establishing the society for the defense of rights, organizing national congresses, publishing a fatwa against İstanbul, opening the Grand National Assembly, and enacting laws in Ankara. iv In addition, according to the publications of the nationalist press in İstanbul and Anatolia, the National Government in Ankara proved its diplomatic-political legitimacy in the international arena thanks to the great military victories, such as Battles of İnönü, Sakarya and the Great Offensive. The political agreements of the Ankara Government, like the Ankara Treaty, signed with France, the Moscow Treaty of Friendship signed with Soviet Russia, and finally, the Mudanya Armistice Treaty signed with representatives of the Allied powers prepared the ground the Ankara Government for being sole representative of the Turkish people in the international arena. Keywords: The National Struggle, the Relations of İstanbul-Ankara, the Press, Legitimacy v ÖZ TÜRK MİLLİ MÜCADELE BASININDA İSTANBUL VE ANKARA ARASI İLİŞKİLER (1918-1922) Demirel, Ali Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Temmuz 2018, 305 Sayfa Bu tezin temel amacı Millî Mücadele döneminde Türk Milliyetçilerinin hem İstanbul Hükümetleri hem de İtilaf Devletleri ve Sovyet Rusya ile kurduğu ve dönemin İstanbul ve Anadolu’da yayınlanan gazetelerine yansıyan ilişkilerini analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda, Milli Mücadelenin dini-hukuki ve diplomatik-askeri meşruiyeti özel olarak ele alınmıştır. Türkçe İstanbul, Alemdar ve Peyam-ı Sabah, gibi üç milliyetçi karşıtı gazete istisna, İkdam, İfham, Tasvir-i Efkar, Vakit, İleri, Yeni Gün, Akşam, Hadisat, Öğüt, Albayrak, Açıksöz, İrade-i Milliye, İzmir’e Doğru ve Hakimiyet-i Milliye gibi hem İstanbul hem de Anadolu’da yayınlanan en etkili milliyetçi gazeteler, İstanbul hükümetlerinin ve İtilaf güçlerinin yoğun sansürüne rağmen Milli hareketi desteklemişlerdir. Bu gazeteler Milliyetçilerin, müdafaa-i hukuk cemiyetleri kurarak, milli kongreler düzenleyerek, İstanbul Hükümeti’ne karşı fetva yayımlayarak, Ankara’da Büyük Millet Meclisi’ni açıp kanunlar koyarak dini ve hukuki meşruiyetlerini sağladıklarını savunmuşlardır. vi Ayrıca, İstanbul ve Anadolu’daki milliyetçi basının yayınlarına göre, Ankara’daki Milli Hükümet, İnönü, Sakarya ve Büyük Taarruz gibi büyük askeri zaferleri sayesinde uluslararası alanda diplomatik-siyasi meşruiyetini ispat etmiştir. Ankara Hükümeti’nin Fransa ile imzaladığı Ankara İtilafnamesi, Sovyet Rusya ile imzaladığı Moskova Dostluk Antlaşması ve İtilaf güçlerinin temsilcileri ile imzaladığı Mudanya Mütarekesi gibi siyasi antlaşmalar, Ankara Hükümeti’nin uluslararası camiada Türk milletinin tek temsilcisi konumuna gelmesinin zeminini hazırlamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Milli Mücadele, İstanbul-Ankara İlişkileri, Basın, Meşruiyet AppendixG: Sample Dedication Page vii To My Family viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I am very grateful to my supervisor Ömer Turan for his continuous support, invaluable guidence and patience during my study. He has been a very good and helpful instructor throughout the process. Also, I would like to thank to Mustafa Yılmaz and Akile Zorlu Durukan for their participation to my thesis committee and their engaged reading, critics and comments which undoubtedly improved this thesis. I owe special thanks to the staff of the section of periodicals of the Turkish National Library in Ankara and the staff of the Hakkı Tarık Us Library in İstanbul. I would also like to express special thanks to Atatürk Research Center (Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, ATAM) for its valuable financial support during the first two years of my graduate study. Also, I thank for the priceless encouragement, help and care of the faculty members of my Department and my friends. Last but not least, I am very grateful to my parents and my whole family for their love and support through my entire life, decisions and ambitions. ix PREFACE In this research, it was tried to examine in detail the religious-legal and diplomatic- military legitimacy of the Turkish National Struggle according to the İstanbul and Anatolian press, on the basis of the relations of the Nationalists with both the İstanbul Governments and the Allied Powers and the Soviet Russia. When looked at the work done up to this point, the press in the period of National Struggle was not reviwed collectively. According to the literature survey, a newspaper published during this period was selected and presented in general terms, and events of the period were analyzed only from the point of view of that journal. The main ones of these works are as follows: I.İnönü Zaferi’nden İzmir’in Kurtuluşuna Kadar Açıksöz Gazetesi’nde Hârici Haberler, İkdam Gazetesi 1918 Yılı (İnceleme ve Seçilmiş Metinler), Tasvir-i Efkar Gazetesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme (1- 451. Sayılar), Peyam-Sabah Gazetesinde Milli Mücadele, I.İnönü Zaferi’nden İzmir’in Kurtuluşuna Kadar Açıksöz Gazetesinde Batı Cephesi Haberleri, Hâkimiyet- i Milliye Gazetesine Göre Milli Mücadele Döneminde Türk–İngiliz İlişkileri. These studies in general have not been able to go beyond the understanding of the journalism and also they are limited to information obtained from a one-sided viewpoint. For this reason, it can be said that it is necessary to carry out a detailed study covering the press of the period of Turkish National Struggle as a whole. In this study, among the resources to be used in the studies on the press of the Turkish War of Independence, the most popular opposing and nationalist newspapers were scanned and the news and comments related to the study were translated from Ottoman Turkish to English. In addition, articles from different newspapers on the same topic were compared and examined with an integrated and critical approach. Also, the newspapers in İstanbul made relatively limited publications due to censorship. In this case, the topics were analyzed with the news published in the Anatolian press. x Another feature that makes this study important is that it is possible to learn thoughts of Western public opinion about the Turkish War of Independence through external news published in İstanbul and Anatolian press. The news from the British, French, Italian, Greek and Armenian press are extremely important in terms of reflecting the attitude of the world public on the legitimacy of the National Struggle. The newspapers provided information and made evaluations according to their attitudes towards the National Struggle; for or against it. The newspapers were also used as propaganda tools. For this reason, in order to reflect the truth in the subjects examined, the memories of the people who played important roles during the National Struggle period and other scientific publications were also benefited in the study. Objective information about the topics has been primarily investigated from scientific studies and then all topics have been interpreted according to the publications in the press. Ali DEMİREL Ankara, 2018 xi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM............................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iv
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