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북한 언론매체에 실린 천문 기사 연구 a Study of Articles Related on Astronomy Published in North Korea Media

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북한 언론매체에 실린 천문 기사 연구 a Study of Articles Related on Astronomy Published in North Korea Media PUBLICATIONS OF THE KOREAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY pISSN 1225-1534 35: 019 ~ 027, 2020 August eISSN 2287-6936 ⓒ 2020. The Korean Astronomical Society. All Rights Reserved. https://doi.org/10.5303/PKAS.2020.35.2.019 북한 언론매체에 실린 천문 기사 연구 A STUDY OF ARTICLES RELATED ON ASTRONOMY PUBLISHED IN NORTH KOREA MEDIA 양홍진1, 김시은1,2†, 임인성1, 홍정유1,2, 최현규3, 강호제4,5 1한국천문연구원, 2과학기술연합대학원대학교, 3한국과학기술정보연구원, 4베를린자유대학교, 5북한과학기술연구센터 † HONG-JIN YANG1, SYEUN KIM1,2 , INSUNG YIM1, JEONGYOO HONG1,2, HYUN-KYOO CHOI3, AND HOJYE KANG4,5 1Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea 2University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea 3Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Seoul 02456, Korea 4Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5Research Center for North Korea Science and Technology, Seoul 08766, Korea E-mail: [email protected] (Received June 10, 2020; Revised July 14, 2020; Accepted July 15, 2020) ABSTRACT We have investigated the North Korean astronomical articles published in five media such as the Rodong Sinmun (노동신문), Minju Choson (민주조선), Tongil Sinbo (통일신보), Munhak Sinmun (문학신 문), and Choson Sinbo (조선신보) for 15 years from 2005 to 2019. The astronomical articles were classi- fied by subject to study the astronomical activity in North Korea. We have examined the perceptions of astronomy in North Korean society through the temporal variation of astronomical articles according to four subjects. As a result, we have found that there are many articles in the subject of Historical Astronomy and Astronomical News in the media. In the era of Kim Jong-un, the articles on the Historical Astronomy decreased while the Astronomy news tended to increase. We have also summarized the specific issues and topics including the change of the standard meridian, launch of satellites, astronomical news, and so forth. The North Korean astronomical article is a valuable resource to examine the current status of North Korea's astronomy and astronomical education. We expect the results of this study to be a useful resource in preparing for inter-Korean astronomical cooperation. Key words: North Korean Astronomy, astronomical article. Rodong Sinmun, Minju Chosun, Chosun Sinbo, Tongil Sinbo, Munhak Sinmun 1. 서론 전시켜왔다. 북한은 천문학자의 국제 연구 활동이 적고 북한 내부의 천문 소식도 잘 알려져 있지 않다 따라서 우리 민족은 청동기시대 이전부터 조선시대까지 오랜 . 남한에서 북한의 천문학 현황을 알기는 매우 어려운 실 시간 하늘을 관측하며 많은 천문유산을 남겼다. 사서에 정이다. 다행히 최근 남북 교류가 활성화되면서 남북 기록된 천문관측 기록과 첨성대(瞻星臺) 그리고 다양한 협력 연구를 위한 기획 연구와 학술 교류가 다양한 분 별그림과 천문관측 의기(義器) 등은 우리 역사의 대표 야에서 진행되고 있다. 천문자산이다. 분단 이후 대한민국과 조선민주주의인민 남한의 천문학계에서는 1990년대 초반 한국과학단체 공화국(이하, 남한과 북한)은 정치적 상황에 따라 오랜 총연합회 이하 과총 의 남북과학기술 기초조사 연구 시간 학문적 교류가 끊어진 채 독자적으로 천문학을 발 ( , ) ‘ ’ 를 기점으로 북한의 천문학과 천문학사에 대한 연구가 † 교신저자 http://pkas.kas.org 19 20 YANG ET AL. 시작되었다(Nha, 1992; Jeon, 1992). 1992년 12월에는 과 MNRAS에 발표하였다(Kim & Kim, 2020). 이렇듯 근래 총 주최로 천문학을 포함한 12개 분야의 연구 성과를 에 들어 북한 천문학자들의 국제 연구 활동이 다소 활 발표하는 ‘북한의 과학기술과 남북한 교류전망 워크숍’ 발해지는 경향을 보인다. 이 개최되었다. 그리고 Min(1993)은 ‘북한의 천문학교육 한편, 북한 내부의 천문학 활동이나 현황을 알기 위 및 연구현황 조사’를 통해 북한의 천문시설, 인력 및 하여 본 연구에서는 북한 매체와 일본에서 발간하는 북 천문학 교육에 대해 조사하고 남북한의 용어를 비교하 한 관련 매체에 수록된 천문 관련 기사를 조사하였다. 였다. 이후, 20여 년 동안 북한의 천문 현황에 대한 조 이를 통해 북한 내부의 천문학 현황과 북한 사회에서 사나 남북 천문 협력에 관한 논의는 남북한의 정치적 천문학의 인식과 변화 양상을 살펴보았다. 연구 조사 상황으로 진행되지 못했다. 매체는 북한에서 발간하는 로동신문(이하, 노동신문), 최근 들어 남북한 천문협력을 위한 연구가 다시 시 민주조선, 통일신보, 문학신문과 재일본조선인총연합회 작되었다. 한국천문연구원에서는 2015년 ‘남북 천문분 (이하, 조총련)가 발간하는 조선신보이며, 2005년부터 야 활성화 및 협력 방안 연구’ 과제를 수행하였으며 관 2019년까지 15년 동안 이들 매체에 실린 천문 관련 기 련해서 토론회와 포럼을 개최하였다(Yim et al., 2016). 사를 찾아 분석하였다. 2018년과 2019년 춘계한국천문학회 학술대회에서는 남 노동신문은 북한의 대표적인 일간지로서 조선노동당 북 특별 세션을 마련하여 남북한 천문협력 및 교류 활 중앙위원회에서 발간하는 당 기관지이다. 현재 6면으로 성화에 대한 연구 현황을 발표하고 향후 계획에 대해서 발행되는 노동신문은 과학문화부와 국제부 등의 편집위 토론하였다. 최근 발표된 남북 천문협력 관련 연구로는 원회에서 천문관련 소식과 기사를 작성하는 것으로 보 ‘남북 천문분야 협력 방안 기초연구’(Yang at al., 2016) 인다. 민주조선은 북한 최고인민회의 상임위원회 및 내 와 ‘남북한 천문역서 비교 연구’(Yang et al., 2018), 그 각기관지로 4면으로 발행되는 일간지이다. 통일신보는 리고 ‘남북한 천문용어 비교 분석’(Yang et al., 2019) 등 북한에서 발행하는 무소속대변지로서 해외동포와 독자 이 있다. 들을 대상으로 평양 통일신보사에서 발행하는 주간지이 북한의 천문학 현황은 2012년 북경에서 개최된 국제 다. 현재 6면으로 발행되고 있다. 문학신문은 북한에서 천문연맹총회(IAU GA, International Astronomical Union 발행하는 조선작가동맹 중앙위원회기관지로서 4면으로 General Assembly)에서 평양천문대 정석 대장이 발표한 발행하는 주간지이다. 조선신보는 조총련 중앙상임위원 북한의 천문학 연구 시설과 주요 연구 분야 등에 대한 회 기관지로서 일본 조총련에서 북한의 소식을 주로 소 내용을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다(Jong, 2015). 정석 대장이 개하는 일간지이다. 본 연구에서는 조선신보 평양지국 소개한 평양천문대의 현황을 보면 천문교수 6명과 박사 기사만을 조사하였다. 11명을 포함해 전체 40명으로 구성되어 있다. 연구 분 북한 천문 관련 자료는 ‘천문’으로 검색된 기사를 야는 태양우주환경, 전파, 측성-지구물리, 천문기기, 이 찾아 이들을 다시 내용에 따라 분야별로 나누고 시기별 론, 역서와 전통천문 등으로 이루어져 있다. 순안 지자 내용의 변화를 살펴보았다. 2장에서는 북한 천문 기사 기 관측소와 제산 태양전파 관측소가 있으며 관측 장비 의 시기별 키워드 변화와 내용을 살펴보고 각 매체에 로는 13 cm 광학굴절망원경과 두 대의 전파망원경(723 실린 천문 기사의 종류와 내용을 분석하였다. 3장에서 & 600 MHz) 그리고 다채널 분광기가 있다(Jong, 2015). 는 표준자오선 변환문제, 지구관측 인공위성 그리고 평 북한은 2012년 IAU 회원국으로 재가입한 이후, 양천문대 등 북한의 천문관련 특정 이슈에 대한 기사를 2015년 하와이에서 열린 IAU GA에서 포스터 발표를 정리하였다. 통해 두 편의 연구 결과를 소개하였다, 논문 제목은 ‘고인돌 덮개돌에 새겨진 별자리 홈에 대한 연구’와 ‘태 2. 북한 천문 기사 분석 양계 초기 행성의 배치에 대한 이론 연구’이다. 최근 북한의 천문학 SCI 발표 논문을 살펴보면 강진우와 신 2.1. 주제별 기사 분포 순애(추정)는 2007년부터 2014년까지 Physical Review D 본 연구에서는 북한 천문자료 DB 검색이 가능한 2005 (Kang, Vanchurin & Winitzki, 2007), Advances in Space 년 1월부터 2019년 12월까지 전체 15년 동안의 노동신 Research (Liang, Sin & Ma, 2008) 그리고 Journal of 문과 민주조선, 조선신보, 통일신보 그리고 문학신문의 Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (Kang et al., 2007; 천문 기사를 조사 대상으로 하였다. 해당기간 동안에 Kallosh, Kang et al., 2008) 등에 연구 결과를 발표하였 다섯 매체에 실린 천문 기사는 모두 167건이다. 천문 다. 그리고 최근 김일성대학 김철준 교수와 평양천문대 기사의 시대적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 김정일과 김정 김직수 교수는 역사서에 기록된 흑점 기록을 이용해 태 은 집권 교체기를 중심으로 천문 기사의 주제별 분포를 양의 약 200년 주기 활동을 찾았고 그들의 연구결과를 조사하였다. 전체 조사 기간 중 김정일 집권 시기는 북한 언론매체에 실린 천문 기사 연구 21 Table 1. Number of Astronomical articles classified by four subjects published in five media Number of Media Subject articles Rodong Historical Astronomy 21 Astronomy News 29 65 Sinmun World Astro. News 14 (38.9%) 로동신문 ( ) World Astro. Knowledge 1 Minju Historical Astronomy 33 Astronomy News 13 59 Choson World Astro. News 12 (35.3%) 민주조선 ( ) World Astro. Knowledge 1 Choson Historical Astro. 2 23 Sinbo Astronomy News 20 Figure 1. Distribution of the North Korean (13.8%) (조선신보) World Astro. News 1 astronomical articles classified by subject Tongil Historical Astronomy 11 during 2005-2019 17 Sinbo Astronomy News 5 (10.2%) (통일신보) World Astro. News 1 2011년 12월 17일까지로 2542일에 해당하며 이후, 김정 Munhak Historical Astronomy 1 3 은 시기는 이보다 13개월 정도 긴 2937일에 해당한다. Sinmun Astronomy News 1 (1.8%) 조사 기간 중에서 김정일 집권 시기 동안의 기사는 91 (문학신문) World Astro. News 1 건이며 김정은 시기의 기사는 67건으로 연평균 천문 기 Total number of articles 167 사는 김정일 집권 시기에 더 많다. 천문 기사는 주제에 따라 고천문, 천문소식, 세계천 문소식과 세계천문상식의 네 가지로 분류하였다. 고천 인도, 칠레의 최근 천문소식도 1~2건씩 게재되어 있다. 문 키워드로는 고조선, 발해, 신라, 고려 등의 역사시대 세계천문상식의 경우에는 글로벌 천문학상과 해외 일식 와 역사천문 관련 유물이나 역법에 대한 기사들이 포함 관측 역사에 관한 기사가 1건씩 있다. 되어 있다. 천문소식 키워드는 천문현상이나 절기, 북한 각 매체별 주제에 따른 기사의 개수는 표 1에 정리 의 인공위성에 대한 소개, 그리고 천문 관련 강의 소개 하였다. 전체 매체의 천문 기사 중에서 74% 해당하는 나 박물관 소식 등이 포함된다. 세계천문소식 키워드는 124건이 노동신문과 민주조선에 수록되어 있는데 이들 외계행성의 발견, 최근 천문학계에서 화두가 되는 소식, 은 각각 북한 노동당 기관지와 내각기관지로서 북한에 그리고 국외 인공위성 발사 소식 등이 포함되어 있다. 서 가장 영향력 있는 신문매체이다. 조선신보와 통일신 마지막으로 세계천문상식 키워드로는 국제천문연맹의 보에는 23건과 17건의 천문 기사가 실려 있다. 문학신 글로벌 천문학상 발표 등의 기사가 포함된다. 그림 1은 문의 경우는 문학 작품 속에 언급된 천문 관련 3건이 북한 관련 다섯 매체에 게재된 주제별 기사의 개수 분 전부이다. 포를 보여준다. 노동신문에 게재된 천문 기사를 살펴보면 천문소식 천문 기사의 주제별 키워드 분포를 살펴보면, 고천 과 고천문 기사가 75% 이상을 차지한다. 민주조선의 문에서 가장 많은 것은 고구려와 조선시대 기사로 각각 경우에는 고천문 56%, 천문소식과 세계천문소식 기사 16건과 15건이다. 다음으로 고려시대 10건, 청동기와 신 가 각각 20% 정도씩 차지한다. 두 매체 모두 세계천문 라시대 기사가 9건씩 있다. 이 외에 발해 2건과 고조선 상식 기사는 1건씩만 있다. 노동신문과 민주조선을 비 1건이 있으며 기타 분류 기사로는 역법과 별자리 이야 롯해 대부분 매체에서 고천문 기사가 가장 많이 다루어 기 내용도 1건씩 있다. 고천문 기사의 내용을 살펴보면 지고 있는데, 이는 북한 주민들에게 전통 과학기술의 관천대(觀天臺)와 별그림이 각각 25% 정도이며 천문역 우월성과 민족적 자긍심을 높이기 위한 목적이라고 생 법과 의기 그리고 관측기록이 약 10% 정도씩 차지한 각된다. 표 1에서 나타나듯 조선신보에는 천문소식 기 다. 천문소식의 경우, 천문 교육과 홍보 관련 기사가 31 사가 87%로 가장 많다.
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    North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Larry A. Niksch Specialist in Asian Affairs January 5, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33590 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Summary Since August 2003, negotiations over North Korea’s nuclear weapons programs have involved six governments: the United States, North Korea, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia. Since the talks began, North Korea has operated nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and apparently has produced weapons-grade plutonium estimated as sufficient for five to eight atomic weapons. North Korea tested a plutonium nuclear device in October 2006 and apparently a second device in May 2009. North Korea admitted in June 2009 that it has a program to enrich uranium; the United States had cited evidence of such a program since 2002. There also is substantial information that North Korea has engaged in collaborative programs with Iran and Syria aimed at producing nuclear weapons. On May 25, 2009, North Korea announced that it had conducted a second nuclear test. On April 14, 2009, North Korea terminated its participation in six party talks and said it would not be bound by agreements between it and the Bush Administration, ratified by the six parties, which would have disabled the Yongbyon facilities. North Korea also announced that it would reverse the ongoing disablement process under these agreements and restart the Yongbyon nuclear facilities. Three developments
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    Martyn Williams H R N K Attack Mirae Wi-Fi Family Medicine Healthy Food Korean Basics Handbook Medicinal Recipes Picture Memory I Can Be My Travel Weather 2.0 Matching Competition Gifted Too Companion ! Agricultural Stone Magnolia Escpe from Mount Baekdu Weather Remover ERRORTelevision the Labyrinth Series 1.25 Foreign apps not permitted. Report to your nearest inminban leader. Business Number Practical App Store E-Bookstore Apps Tower Beauty Skills 2.0 Chosun Great Chosun Global News KCNA Battle of Cuisine Dictionary of Wisdom Terms DIGITAL TRENCHES North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive DIGITAL TRENCHES North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive Copyright © 2019 Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior permission of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 435 Washington, DC 20036 P: (202) 499-7970 www.hrnk.org Print ISBN: 978-0-9995358-7-5 Digital ISBN: 978-0-9995358-8-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019919723 Cover translations by Julie Kim, HRNK Research Intern. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Gordon Flake, Co-Chair Katrina Lantos Swett, Co-Chair John Despres,
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  • University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Faculty of Philosophy and Arts
    University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Faculty of Philosophy and Arts Dissertation Thesis Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in International Politics Analysis of the Changes of North Korean Foreign Policy between 1994 and 2015 Using the Role Theoretic Approach Plzeň 2016 Lenka Caisová University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Faculty of Philosophy and Arts Department of Politics and International Relations Study Programme Political Science Field of Study International Relations Dissertation Thesis Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in International Politics Analysis of the Changes of North Korean Foreign Policy between 1994 and 2015 Using the Role Theoretic Approach Lenka Caisová Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Šárka Cabadová-Waisová, Ph.D. Department of Politics and International Relations University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Sworn Statement I hereby claim I made this dissertation thesis (topic: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in International Politics ; subtopic: Analysis of the Changes of North Korean Foreign Policy between 1994 and 2015 Using the Role Theoretic Approach ) together with enclosed codebook by myself whereas I used the sources as stated in the Bibliography only. In certain parts of this thesis I use extracts of articles I published before. In Chapter 1 and 2, I use selected parts of my article named “ Severní Korea v mezinárodních vztazích: jak uchopovat severokorejskou zahraniční politiku? ” which was published in Acta FF 7, no. 3 in 2014. In Chapter 4, I use my article named “Analysis of the U.S. Foreign Policy towards North Korea: Comparison of the Post-Cold War Presidents” which was published in Acta FF no. 3, 2014 and article named “ Poskytovatelé humanitární a rozvojové pomoci do Korejské lidově demokratické republiky ” published in journal Mezinárodní vztahy 49, no.
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  • North Korea-South Korea Relations: Back to Belligerence
    Comparative Connections A Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations North Korea-South Korea Relations: Back to Belligerence Aidan Foster-Carter Leeds University, UK For almost the whole of the first quarter of 2008, official inter-Korean relations were largely suspended in an uneasy limbo. As of late March, that void was the story. Up to a point this was only to be expected. A new conservative leader in Seoul – albeit a pragmatist, or so he tells us – was bound to arouse suspicion in Pyongyang at first. Also, Lee Myung-bak needed some time to settle into office and find his feet. Still, it was remarkable that this limbo lasted so long. More than three months after Lee’s landslide victory in the ROK presidential elections on Dec. 19, DPRK media – which in the past had no qualms in dubbing Lee’s Grand National Party (GNP) as a bunch of pro- U.S. flunkeys and national traitors – had made no direct comment whatsoever on the man Pyongyang has to deal with in Seoul for the next five years. Almost the sole harbinger of what was to come – a tocsin, in retrospect – was a warning snarl in mid-March against raising North Korean human rights issues. One tried to derive some small comfort from this near-silence; at least the North did not condemn Lee a priori and out of hand. In limbo Yet the hiatus already had consequences. Perhaps predictably, most of the big inter- Korean projects that Lee’s predecessor, the center-left Roh Moo-hyun, had rushed to initiate in his final months in office after his summit last October with the North’s leader, Kim Jong-il, barely got off the ground.
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  • Prace Orientalistyczne I Afrykanistyczne 2 Papers in Oriental and African Studies
    PRACE ORIENTALISTYCZNE I AFRYKANISTYCZNE N. Levi Korea Północna Zarys ewolucji systemu politycznego 2 PAPERS IN ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES 1 PRACE ORIENTALISTYCZNE I AFRYKANISTYCZNE 2 PAPERS IN ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES 2 Nicolas Levi Korea Północna zarys ewolucji systemu politycznego Warszawa 2016 3 PRACE ORIENTALISTYCZNE I AFRYKANISTYCZNE 2 Wydawnictwo Instytutu Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Nowy Świat 72, Pałac Staszica, 00-330 Warszawa tel.: +4822 657 27 91, [email protected]; www.iksiopan.pl Recenzenci: dr hab. Anna Antczak-Barzan dr hab Grażyna Strnad Copyright by Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN and Nicolas Levi Redakcja techniczna i korekta językowa: Dorota Dobrzyńska Fotografie: Nicolas Levi Opracowanie graficzne, skład i łamanie DTP: MOYO - Teresa Witkowska ISBN: 978-83-943570-2-3 Druk i oprawa: Oficyna Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna i Reklamowo-Handlowa ADAM. ul. Rolna 191/193; 02-729 Warszawa 4 Spis treści Wstęp 7 Transkrypcja słów koreańskich 11 Słowniczek podstawowych pojęć i terminów 11 Wykaz najważniejszych skrótów 12 1. Rozwój ruchu komunistycznego na Półwyspie Koreańskim 13 1.1. Narodziny Partii Pracy Korei Północnej 13 1.1.1. Powstanie północnokoreańskiego ruchu komunistycznego 13 1.1.2. Frakcje i komunizm na Półwyspie Koreańskim 14 1.1.3. Czystki w koreańskich frakcjach komunistycznych 19 1.2. Organizacja polityczna społeczeństwa 24 1.2.1. System kimirsenowski 24 1.2.2. Ideologia Dżucze 31 1.2.3. Koncept „dynastii” północnokoreańskiej i kult jednostki 37 2. Północnokoreańskie organizacje polityczne i wojskowe 49 2.1. Analiza struktury organizacji politycznych w Korei 49 Północnej 2.1.1. Demokratyczny Front Na Rzecz Zjednoczenia Ojczyzny 49 2.1.2.
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  • Comparative Connections a Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations
    Comparative Connections A Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations North Korea-South Korea Relations: Squeezing the Border Aidan Foster-Carter Leeds University, UK Looking back, it was a hostage to fortune to title our last quarterly review: “Things can only get better?” Even with that equivocating final question mark, this was too optimistic a take on relations between the two Koreas – which, as it turned out, not only failed to improve but deteriorated further in the first months of 2009. Nor was that an isolated trend. This was a quarter when a single event – or more exactly, the expectation of an event – dominated the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia more widely. Suspected since January, announced in February and awaited throughout March, despite all efforts to dissuade it North Korea’s long-anticipated Taepodong launched on April 5. This too evoked a broader context, and a seeming shift in Pyongyang. Even by the DPRK’s unfathomable logic, firing a big rocket – satellite or no – seemed a rude and perverse way to greet a new U.S. president avowedly committed to engagement with Washington’s foes. Yet, no fewer than four separate senior private U.S. delegations, visiting Pyongyang in unusually swift succession during the past quarter, heard the same uncompromising message. Even veteran visitors who fancied they had good contacts found the usual access denied and their hosts tough-minded: apparently just not interested in an opportunity for a fresh start offered by a radically different incumbent of the White House. Not mending but building fences Speculation on the reasons for this newly negative stance – paralleled by a reversion to hardline policies on the home front also, as in efforts to rein in markets (with mixed success) – is beyond the scope of this article.
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  • Double-Sidedness of North Korea
    Double-sidedness of North Korea Chang Yong-seok (Senior‌ Researcher, Institute for Peace and Unification Studies of Seoul National University) Jeong Eun-mee (Humanities Korea Research Professor, Institute for Peace and Unification Studies of Seoul National University) CHAPTER 1: WHY DOUBLE- SIdedneSS? 5 CHAPTER 2: DOUBLE-SIdedneSS IN POLITICS·MILItarY 1. People’s democracy and hereditary dictatorship 10 2. A powerful and prosperous country and backwardness 24 3. Independence line and dependency on foreign countries 40 4. National cooperation and provocations against South Korea 52 CHAPTER 3: DOUBLE-SIdedneSS IN ECONOMY·SOCIetY 1. Planned economy and private economic activity 66 2. Distribution system and the market 80 3. Egalitarian‌ society and discrimination by Songbun (North Korea’s social classification system) 91 4. Pyongyang, the “capital of the revolution,” and the provinces 102 CHAPTER 4: DOUBLE-SIdedneSS IN PEOPLE’S LIVES·VaLUES 1. Collectivism and individualism 118 2. Official media and informal information 126 3. Social control and aberrations 137 4. Socialism‌ centered on the popular masses and human rights violations 146 CHAPTER 5: COntINUatION and ChanGE OF DOUBLE-SIdedneSS OF NOrth KOrea 157 WHY DOUBLE- SIDEDNESS? CHAPTER 1 WHY DOUBLE- SIDEDNESS? In any society, there is an official or dominating value, ideology and system that serve as a mechanism to integrate the society. At the same time, however, there is a reality that is different from such an official or dominating value and ideology. As the reality changes rapidly, the official or dominating value, ideology and system face pressure to change and in fact must change according to the relationships between a variety of groups and powerful forces in the society.
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  • In Search of Diaspora Connections: North Korea's Policy Towards Korean Americans, 1973-1979*
    International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 27, No. 2, 2018, 113-141. In Search of Diaspora Connections: North Korea’s Policy towards Korean Americans, 1973-1979* Kelly Un Kyong Hur Since the 1950s, North Korea considered the “overseas compatriot” or haeoe dongpo** issue an important policy agenda under the perception that they could provide political and ideological support and legitimacy for the regime. From the early 1970s, North Korea began to expand the diaspora policy that went beyond the Koreans in Japan to the United States to promote a “worldwide movement of overseas compatriots.” Concomitantly, North Korea launched a public diplomacy campaign toward the U.S. to gain American public support for its political and diplomatic agendas during this period. This public diplomacy towards Americans intersected with the development of a policy towards Koreans residing in the United States. This study explores the development of North Korean policy towards Korean Americans that began to evolve in the 1970s. The historical background behind the evolution of this policy as well as specific policy objectives and strategies are depicted. Ultimately, this policy was focused on engaging with Korean Americans who could act as a link between the two countries with the aspiration that they convey North Korea’s policies to the United States, improve its international image and increase global support for Korean reunification on North Korean terms. I argue that the efforts in the 1970s laid the groundwork that contributed to a formulation of a more tangible policy starting in the late 1980s and early 1990s that included hosting family reunions, group tours to North Korea, cultural and religious exchanges and promoting the establishment of pro-North Korea associations in the United States.
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  • Musikpädagogik in Nordkorea
    Musikpädagogik in Nordkorea Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Humanwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln nach der Promotionsordnung vom 10.05.2010 vorgelegt von Mi-Kyung, Chang aus Seoul (Südkorea) Dezember/2014 Diese Dissertation wurde von der Humanwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln im April 2015 angenommen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.1 Forschungsinteresse und Zielsetzung--------------------------------------------4 1.2 Ausblick: Eine positive Rolle der Musikpädagogik für den Wiederverei- nigungsprozess-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 1.3 Zur Forschungs- und Quellenlage------------------------------------------------10 2. Zum historischen Hintergrund: Der Koreakrieg und die endgültige Landesteilung-----------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.1. Unabhängigkeit und erste Teilung ----------------------------------------------14 2.2. Die Entstehung des Teilungssystems-------------------------------------------18 2.2.1 Regierungsbildung in der Republik Korea------------------------------18 2.2.2 Regierungsgründung im Norden Koreas--------------------------------20 2.2.3 Der Weg zum Koreakrieg---------------------------------------------------22 2.3. Die Situation vor dem Koreakrieg -----------------------------------------------23 2.3.1 Die Lage im Süden-----------------------------------------------------------23 2.3.2
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  • Japan's Korean Residents Caught in the Japan-North Korea Crossfire
    Volume 5 | Issue 1 | Article ID 2327 | Jan 02, 2007 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Japan's Korean Residents Caught in the Japan-North Korea Crossfire H Matsubara, John Feffer, M Tokita Japan’s Korean Residents Caught in the support. Japan-North Korea Crossfire By Matsubara Hiroshi and Tokita Mayuko Introduction by John Feffer The Asahi Shinbun and the International Herald Tribune recently published a five-part series on Korean residents in Japan. Many of these zainichi – the word literally means “residing in Japan” – have lived in the country for two, three and even four generations. Having been deprived of the Japanese citizenship that they obtained under colonial rule in the years 1910-1945, the 600,000zainichi are those Korean residents who have not become naturalized Japanese citizens. The series shows that they now find themselves in a crossfire between the North Korean and Japanese governments. The zainichi are the largest ethnic minority in a country that often prides itself, mistakenly, on being homogenous. The Asahi series, which uses as a news peg the impact of North Korea’s nuclear test on the Korean community, is fascinating as much for what it reveals as for what it leaves out. It does bravely delve into some sensitive historical questions: the repatriation of zainichi to North Korea beginning in 1959, including the Japanese government role in promoting repatriation, the role of the North Korea-affiliated organization Chosen Soren (Chongryon) in Japan, and the oft- ignored tale of Korean atom bomb victims, including hundreds who returned to North or South Korea and have been ineligible for Japanese government health care and other 1 5 | 1 | 0 APJ | JF had required changing their Korean name to a Japanese one, not only face discrimination but lack citizenship rights despite having been born and educated in Japan and speaking fluent Japanese.
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  • Current Status of North Korean Teaching Method Following the Changes in Content Deployment Method in Textbooks
    S/N Korean Humanities, Volume 3 Issue 2 (September 2017) https://doi.org/10.17783/IHU.2017.3.2.101 pp.101~117∣ISSN 2384-0668 / E-ISSN 2384-0692 ⓒ 2017 IHU S/N Korean Humanities Volume3 Issue2 Current Status of North Korean Teaching Method Following the Changes in Content Deployment Method in Textbooks 33) Oum, Hyun Suk Center for Korean Unification Education in Seoul Abstract This article examines the current status of North Korean teaching method according to the changes in the content deployment in textbooks which were published after Kim Jong-un assumed power. The author examined changes in the content deployment of first-year textbooks for elementary, middle and high schools which were published after Kim Jong-un took power and analyzed how such changes affected the teaching method. For this, the article reviewed periodical publications on North Korean education which were published around 2012 to examine the evaluation of the teacher's group which is directly affected the supplementation of the teaching method. The study focused on the changes in content deployment in textbooks as such changes require assessment on whether they require direct changes to the teaching method. The outcome of the study can be summarized as the following. Firstly, changes in the content deployment methods of textbooks are made in various forms and approaches. Secondly, the way of describing contents has deviated from historical narrative. The change of the teaching method is inevitable as the content deployment methods are transformed to enhance readability and to shift focus from knowledge transfer to activity-oriented manner.
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  • Handbook for Korean Studies Librarianship Outside of Korea Published by the National Library of Korea
    2014 Editorial Board Members: Copy Editors: Erica S. Chang Philip Melzer Mikyung Kang Nancy Sack Miree Ku Yunah Sung Hyokyoung Yi Handbook for Korean Studies Librarianship Outside of Korea Published by the National Library of Korea The National Library of Korea 201, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea, 137-702 Tel: 82-2-590-6325 Fax: 82-2-590-6329 www.nl.go.kr © 2014 Committee on Korean Materials, CEAL retains copyright for all written materials that are original with this volume. ISBN 979-11-5687-075-3 93020 Handbook for Korean Studies Librarianship Outside of Korea Table of Contents Foreword Ellen Hammond ······················· 1 Preface Miree Ku ································ 3 Chapter 1. Introduction Yunah Sung ···························· 5 Chapter 2. Acquisitions and Collection Development 2.1. Introduction Mikyung Kang·························· 7 2.2. Collection Development Hana Kim ······························· 9 2.2.1 Korean Studies ······································································· 9 2.2.2 Introduction: Area Studies and Korean Studies ································· 9 2.2.3 East Asian Collections in North America: the Historical Overview ········ 10 2.2.4 Collection Development and Management ···································· 11 2.2.4.1 Collection Development Policy ··········································· 12 2.2.4.2 Developing Collections ···················································· 13 2.2.4.3 Selection Criteria ···························································· 13 2.2.4.4
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