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MARAS EN CENTROAMÉRICA. Informe 2012 www.cear.es OFICINAS CENTRALES General Perón 32, 2º drcha 28020 MADRID Tel: 91.598.0535 Fax: 91.597.2361 DELEGACIONES Cataluña Valencia Euskadi Canarias Madrid Andalucía Maras en Centroamérica y México (COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, PANAMÁ, EL SALVADOR) Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado Rebeca García Bravo Madrid, 28 de enero de 2013 www.cear.es Servicios Centrales: Avda. de General Perón 32, 2˚ derecha 28020 Madrid Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado. CEAR. Declarada de Utilidad Pública 28651529 ÍNDICE. PARTE 1. SITUACIÓN GENERAL DE CENTROAMÉRICA. ............................................. 4 1.1 COSTA RICA. ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 EL SALVADOR. ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 GUATEMALA. .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 HONDURAS. .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 MÉXICO. .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 NICARAGUA. ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.7 PANAMÁ. ...................................................................................................................................... 10 PARTE 2. A FONDO: LA PROBLEMÁTICA DE LAS MARAS. ...................................... 11 1. DEFINICIÓN DE MARAS Y ÁMBITO DE ESTUDIO. ..................................................................... 11 1.1 CONCEPTO. ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DISTINTIVAS. ................................................................................................... 13 1.3 ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZATIVA. ...................................................................................................... 13 1.4 CAPTACIÓN E INTEGRACIÓN EN LA MARA. .................................................................................. 15 1.5 LENGUAJE DISTINTIVO.................................................................................................................. 16 1.6 GRAFFITIS, GESTICULACIONES Y TATUAJES SIMBÓLICOS. ............................................................ 16 2. ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS MARAS. ................................................................................... 17 2.1 PRIMERAS PANDILLAS EN EEUU. .................................................................................................. 17 2.2 EIGHTEEN STREET GANG O PANDILLA DE LA CALLE 18. ............................................................... 19 2.3 MARA SALVATRUCHA O MS-13. ................................................................................................... 19 2.4 IMPLANTACIÓN EN CENTROAMÉRICA. ........................................................................................ 20 2.5 EVOLUCIÓN. ................................................................................................................................. 22 2.6 MOVIMIENTOS MIGRATORIOS Y TRASNACIONALIZACIÓN DE MARAS Y PANDILLAS. .................. 24 2.7 FINANCIACIÓN DE LAS MARAS. .................................................................................................... 25 3. ACTUACIÓN DE GOBIERNOS Y FUERZAS DE SEGURIDAD: INICIATIVAS FRENTE A LAS MARAS. 28 3.1 ENCUENTROS GUBERNAMENTALES. ............................................................................................ 28 3.2 LEGISLACIÓN Y MEDIDAS ADOPTADAS. ....................................................................................... 32 4. SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DE LAS MARAS. ....................................................................................... 39 4.1 TREGUA O PROCESO DE PAZ. ....................................................................................................... 39 4.2 LA REINSERCIÓN DE EX MAREROS Y PANDILLEROS. ..................................................................... 41 5. RELACIÓN DE LAS MARAS CON OTRAS VIOLACIONES DE DERECHOS HUMANOS. ................... 43 5.1 FEMINICIDIO. ................................................................................................................................ 43 5.2 LIMPIEZA SOCIAL. ......................................................................................................................... 48 5.3 MENORES COMO GRUPO DE RIESGO. .......................................................................................... 49 BIBLIOGRAFÍA. ..................................................................................................................... 52 ANEXOS. .................................................................................................................................. 56 ANEXO I. EXPERIENCIAS DE EX PANDILLEROS. ..................................................................................... 56 2 ANEXO II. REGLAS DE LA MARA SALVATRUCHA (similares en Mara de la Calle 18.) ............................. 59 ANEXO III. DICCIONARIO DEL ARGOT DE LOS MAREROS Y PANDILLEROS’’. .......................................... 60 ANEXO IV. CIFRADO. ............................................................................................................................ 67 ANEXO V. LA GESTICULACIÓN Y LENGUAJE CORPORAL COMO MEDIO DE COMUNICACIÓN EN LAS MARAS: EJEMPLOS PRÁCTICOS. ........................................................................................................... 69 ANEXO VI. INTERPRETACIÓN DE TATUAJES EN EL CONTEXTO DE MARAS Y PANDILLAS. ...................... 71 ANEXO VII. LEGISLACIÓN. .................................................................................................................... 75 (I) PRINCIPALES TRATADOS INTERNACIONES SUSCRITOS................................................................. 75 (II) PRINCIPALES TRATADOS REGIONALES FIRMADOS. ...................................................................... 77 (III) LEGISLACIONES NACIONALES ESPECÍFICAS SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE LA MUJER FRENTE A LA VIOLENCIA. ................................................................................................................................... 79 (IV) POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS, PROGRAMAS Y OTRAS MEDIDAS ESPECÍFICAS RELACIONADAS CON LA PROTECCIÓN DE LAS MUJERES FRENTE A LA VIOLENCIA. ............................................................ 81 (V) LEGISLACIÓN Y OTROS INSTRUMENTOS SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE MENORES. ............................. 84 ANEXO VIII. PERFILES SOCIO-ECONÓMICOS DE LOS PAÍSES. ................................................................ 88 (I) COSTA RICA. ................................................................................................................................. 88 (II) EL SALVADOR. ............................................................................................................................... 89 (III) GUATEMALA. ................................................................................................................................ 91 (IV) HONDURAS. .................................................................................................................................. 92 (V) MÉXICO. ........................................................................................................................................ 93 (VI) NICARAGUA. ................................................................................................................................. 94 (VII) PANAMÁ. ...................................................................................................................................... 96 ANEXO IX. DATOS Y ESTADÍSTICAS. ...................................................................................................... 98 (I) TASA DE HOMICIDIOS POR CADA 100.000 HABITANTES. ............................................................. 98 (II) INTEGRANTES MARAS. ................................................................................................................. 98 (III) HOMICIDIOS EN EL SALVADOR ANTES Y DESPUÉS DEL INICIO DE LA TREGUA. ............................ 99 (IV) SUPERPOBLACIÓN DE LAS PRISIONES. ....................................................................................... 100 3 PARTE 1. SITUACIÓN GENERAL DE CENTROAMÉRICA. Cuando hablamos de Centroamérica, abarcamos seis países: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá. Dado el que tema en que se centra el informe son las maras, parece pertinente incluir asimismo a México, como consecuencia de la relación de las maras con el narcotráfico, tan presente en dicho país. Si hemos de elegir un problema como preponderante en la región, ese sería sin duda la violencia. Dicha violencia tiene numerosas manifestaciones, pero son los homicidios relacionados con las maras o pandillas y el feminicidio las más alarmantes. El triángulo norte 1, o lo que es lo mismo, El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala, concentra la mayor parte de las violaciones de derechos humanos. Mujeres y niñas son consideradas mercancía de trata, impuestos de guerra, transportistas de droga o instrumentos
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