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Capítulo I Delincuencia Organizada UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE DEREC HO SEMINARIO DE DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL Y DE AMPARO RECONOCIMIENTO CONSTITUCIONAL DEL USO DE INTELIGENCIA COMO PARADIGMA EN EL COMBATE A LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA. EL CASO DEL NARCOTRÁFICO EN MÉXICO. (PROPUESTA DE REFORMA AL ARTÍCULO 16 CONSTITUCIONAL). T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADA EN DERECHO PRESENTA: SARAI PONCE AVELINO. ASESOR: DR. TITO ARMANDO GRANADOS CARRIÓN. CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA - 2013. GGG RRR AAA CCC III AAA S… A DiosDios, por amarme tanto, por darme la oportunidad en el día a día de crecer como ser humano, de corregir y aprender de mis errores, por hacer de mi vida una experiencia extraordinaria a lado de mis seres amados. Gracias por los triunfos y las derrotas, por permitirme cumplir cada uno de mis sueños y por cada una de las experiencias vividas. Porque sin ti mi vida no tendría sentido. A mi padre, el Sr. Daniel Ponce Piñas, de admirable fortaleza, quien con amor, paciencia, confianza y entrega ha sido mi ejemplo de vida y soporte en momentos de dificultad. Gracias por creer en mí a pesar de los miedos. Gracias, porque las palabras jamás serán suficientes para expresarte mi amor y agradecimiento. A mi madre, la Sra. María Elena Carina Avelino Ramos, de un corazón inmenso y temple admirable, por su amor incondicional y apoyo constante. Gracias por darme tu vida entera, por estar conmigo en los triunfos y en las derrotas, y por creer en mí de una forma sobre humana y con un amor infinito hasta el final. Para ti mi amor y cariño sinceros. A mi segunda madre, la Sra. Elia Avelino Ramos, de un corazón indescriptible, por su amor infinito, confianza y entrega. Gracias porque, con un amor incomprensible para muchos, dejaste tus sueños para ser parte de los míos. Gracias por ser mi cómplice y amiga. Gracias, porque jamás mis palabras serán suficientes para expresarte mi cariño. A mi alma mater, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, y a la Facultad de Derecho, templos de conocimiento y sabiduría, por la noble misión de forjar profesionistas comprometidos. A mi asesor de tesis, el Dr. Tito Armando Granados Carrión, con respeto y admiración infinitos, por ser mi guía y ejemplo a seguir en esta etapa de mi vida. G R A C I A S… A mis abuelos¸ el Sr. Celerino Avelino y la Sr. Agripina Ramos, de dulzura inmensa, por ser sus consejos y amor fortaleza a lo largo de mi vida. Gracias por ser mis ángeles en la Tierra y por amarme de la manera en la que lo hicieron. Con agradecimiento en donde estén. A mis Tíos, por tener siempre para mí palabras de aliento, por las charlas alegres y las bromas constantes. Gracias por su confianza y amor. A mis primos, de incomparable alegría, por ser mis hermanos, por su dulzura, complicidad, cariño, consejos y vitalidad. Gracias por su amor y estima, esperando que el futuro sea la proyección exponencial de nuestro presente. A mis hermanos, por cada uno de los momentos compartidos. Gracias por su amor y cariño. A mis amigos, compañeros inigualables en esta aventura, por las risas, pláticas, lágrimas y abrazos compartidos. Gracias por su confianza, amor y cariño. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN . 1 CAPÍTULO I.- DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA: EL NARCOTRÁFICO EN MÉXICO, SU TRATAMIENTO JURÍDICO Y SUS EFECTOS . 5 I.1.- Delincuencia Organizada.. 7 I.1.1.- Definición... 7 I.1.2.- Antecedentes Internacionales de la Delincuencia 11 Organizada I.1.3.- Diferencia con otros tipos penales 18 I.1.3.a.- Asociación Delictuosa......... 18 I.1.3.b.- Pandilla... 21 I.1.4.- Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. 22 I.1.5.- Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia Organizada 27 I.2.- El Narcotráfico en México. 33 I.2.1.- Evolución Histórica del Narcotráfico en México. 33 I.2.2.- Principales cárteles mexicanos........ 36 I.2.3.- Tipos penales en materia de tráfico de drogas (Código Penal Federal)..... 42 I.2.4.- Relación con la Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia Organizada... 48 I.2.5.- Efectos.. 49 I.2.5.a.- Seguridad Nacional. 49 I.2.5.b.- Seguridad Pública 57 I.3.- Aspectos Criminológicos... 63 I.3.1.- Perfil Criminológico: Características de la Delincuencia Organizada.. 63 CAPÍTULO II.- USO DE ESQUEMAS DE INTELIGENCIA EN MÉXICO. EL COMBATE A LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA EN MATERIA DE NARCOTRÁFICO . 71 II.1.- Inteligencia. Concepción General 73 II.1.1.- Definición........ 73 II.1.2.- Antecedentes. Evolución... 77 II.1.3.- Sistemas de Inteligencia en el mundo 80 II.1.4.- El Ciclo de Inteligencia.. 95 II.1.5.- Diferencia entre Inteligencia y Espionaje.. 101 II.2.- Inteligencia en México 103 II.2.1.- Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012........ 103 II.2.2.- Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia Organizada. Algunos aspectos de inteligencia........ 110 II.2.3.- Centro Nacional de Planeación, Análisis e Información para el Combate a la Delincuencia (CENAPI). Objetivos y Área de acción... 114 II.2.4.- Secretaría de Seguridad Pública Federal.. 117 II.2.4.1.- Subsecretaría de Planeación y Protección Institucional.. 118 II.2.4.2.- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Participación Ciudadana........ 119 II.2.4.3.- Subsecretaría de Tecnologías de la Información.. 120 II.2.4.3.a.- Coordinación General de la Plataforma México. 121 II.2.4.4.- Policía Federal.. 124 II.2.4.4.a.- División de Inteligencia.. 126 II.2.4.4.b.- División de Investigación... 128 II.2.4.4.c.- División de Seguridad Regional 129 II.2.4.4.d.- División Científica 130 II.2.4.4.e.- División Antidrogas........ 131 II.2.4.4.f.- División de Fuerzas Federales.. 133 II.2.4.4.g.- Centro de Inteligencia de la Policía 133 Federal........ II.2.4.4.h.- Retos de la Policía Federal en materia de Inteligencia......... 135 II.2.5.- Fuerzas Armadas... 137 II.2.5.1.- Ejército. 139 II.2.5.1.a.- Inteligencia Militar. 140 II.2.5.1.b.- Logros en materia de Narcotráfico. Casuística.. 141 II.2.5.2.- Marina, Armada de México.. 143 II.2.5.2.a.- Áreas de Inteligencia 145 II.2.5.2.b.- Logros en materia de Narcotráfico Casuística... 146 II.2.6.- Procuradurías Estatales (locales). Unidades de Inteligencia... 148 II.2.7.- Secretarías de Seguridad Locales. Unidades de Inteligencia... 155 II.2.8.- Reglamento del Estado Mayor Presidencial. Aspectos de Inteligencia.. 158 II.2.9.- Inteligencia Financiera. Un acercamiento........ 159 II.3.- Alcances y límites de la inteligencia en el Combate a la Delincuencia Organizada en materia de Narcotráfico: La Protección a los Derechos Humanos.. 169 II.4.- Logros y Retos. Una visión crítica 174 CAPÍTULO III.- CISEN: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y SEGURIDAD NACIONAL 179 III.1.- Antecedentes. 181 III.2.- CISEN: Aciertos y errores (1989-2006). 192 III.3.- Objetivo... 199 III.4.- Atribuciones 200 III.5.- Estructura Orgánica.. 203 III.6.- Control Legislativo. 209 III.7.- ESISEN: Escuela de Inteligencia para la Seguridad Nacional del Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional.. 213 III.8.- Interacción con otros organismos con labores de Inteligencia......... 215 III.9.- Logros en materia Narcotráfico... 221 III.10.- Retos del CISEN en un contexto de combate a la Delincuencia Organizada.. 224 CAPÍTULO IV.- RECONOCIMIENTO CONSTITUCIONAL DEL USO DE INTELIGENCIA COMO PARADIGMA EN EL COMBATE A LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA. EL CASO DEL NARCOTRÁFICO EN MÉXICO . 231 IV.1.- Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos... 233 IV.1.1.- Defensa Social. Antecedentes. 233 IV.1.2.- Efectos colaterales de actuar sin inteligencia. Una crítica al Estado de Excepción. Artículo 29 Constitucional. 237 IV.2.- Críticas a la actual estrategia de combate a la Delincuencia Organizada. El Narcotráfico en México................ 245 IV.2.1.- Medios de Comunicación. 245 IV.2.2.- La Academia... 248 IV.2. 3.- Reclamo Social..... 252 IV.3.- Reconocimiento Constitucional del Uso de Inteligencia como paradigma en el combate a la Delincuencia Organizada (narcotráfico). Argumentación 257 IV.4.- Artículo 16 Constitucional: contenido actual........ 263 IV.5.- Propuesta de Reforma al Artículo 16 Constitucional. Texto reformado y algunas precisiones.. 266 IV.6.- Prevención. 278 IV.6.1.- Definición........ 278 IV.6.2.- Tipos de Prevención.. 280 IV.7.- Estrategias de Prevención respecto al Narcotráfico en México........ 282 IV.7.1.- Prevención del consumo de drogas 282 IV.7.2.- Educación 286 IV.7.3.- Combate a la Pobreza...... 289 IV.7.4.- Participación Ciudadana...... 293 IV.8.- Inteligencia: El Inicio de una Estrategia de Prevención. 297 CONCLUSIONES . 301 PROPUESTA 325 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................ 331 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 349 INTRODUCCIÓN Actualmente, México enfrenta una de las crisis más severas en materia de seguridad. Es noticia constante el incremento de los índices de violencia en el país, del número de personas vinculadas a la delincuencia organizada y muertas en manos o a razón del actuar de los miembros del crimen organizado, el crecimiento del mercado consumidor de narcóticos, de la impunidad y corrupción establecidas por la delincuencia organizada. La crisis de seguridad que enfrentamos se debe en gran medida a la potencialidad, desarrollo, perfeccionamiento en sus actividades y multiplicación que diversos grupos criminales organizados han adquirido con el paso del tiempo. Una de las expresiones más violentas y peligrosas de la delincuencia organizada, sin duda, es el tráfico de narcóticos, debido a la rentabilidad que representa para sus operadores, a los niveles de violencia que emplea y al grado de impunidad y corrupción que ha logrado generar a su alrededor para no ser sancionada. La delincuencia organizada en México, en especial a través del narcotráfico, es actualmente un problema que pareciera incontrolable, cuyo nivel de actuación ha rebasado por mucho la capacidad Estatal no sólo de controlarlo, sino también de prevenirlo, colocando en jaque a las autoridades encargadas de hacerle frente.
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