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Eu-Russia Regional Cooperation and Energy Networks in the Russian Northwestern and Southern Regions: Implications for Democratic Governance

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Eu-Russia Regional Cooperation and Energy Networks in the Russian Northwestern and Southern Regions: Implications for Democratic Governance EU-RUSSIA REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY NETWORKS IN THE RUSSIAN NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE by Ekaterina Turkina BA, Ryazan State University, 2002 MPIA, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS This dissertation was presented by Ekaterina Turkina It was defended on April 21, 2009 and approved by Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Martin Staniland, Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Co-Chair: Dr. Louise Comfort, Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Alberta Sbragia, Professor and Jean Monnet Chair ad personam, Political Science, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Louis Picard, Professor, GSPIA, University of Pittsburgh ii EU-RUSSIA REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY NETWORKS IN THE RUSSIAN NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE Ekaterina Turkina, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 This dissertation seeks to explain variation in democratic governance in the Russian Federation, in particular, difference in the levels of democratic governance between the northwestern and the southern regions of Russia that are included in the regional dimensions of the European Union foreign policy: the Northern Dimension and the Black Sea Synergy, respectively. Emphasizing a dynamic relationship among regional governance patterns in the EU-Russia regional cooperation and energy domains, regional ethno-cultural, historical, geopolitical, and economic contexts, and regional decision-making processes, it develops a model of sub-national democratic development and sub-national regionalism that links regional sustainable development and democratic governance to the multi-dimensionality of the external and internal pressures that shape and influence the behavior and strategic actions of regional actors and predetermine the configuration of relationships among them. The propositions of the model are tested empirically using both quantitative (econometric analysis of longitudinal data and longitudinal network analysis) and qualitative (interview data) methods. The findings of the analyses have implications for our understanding of sub-national regionalism in the Wider Europe and for the study of democratization and regional development more generally. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................1 A. EUROPEANIZATION, DEMOCRATIZATION AND EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD ........................1 B. BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .........................................................................4 C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES ..........................................................................................8 II. EU-RUSSIA SUB-NATIONAL INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK.................................................................12 A. OVERVIEW OF EU-RUSSIA RELATIONS ................................................................................................12 B. NORTHERN DIMENSION AND BLACK SEA SYNERGY REGIONAL COOPERATION INITIATIVES .......................................................................................................................................................17 C. COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS, NETWORK GOVERNANCE, EU EXTERNAL GOVERNANCE AND RUSSIA ........................................................................................................................................................24 1. Complex Adaptive Systems and Network Governance.................................................................................24 2. EU External Governance and Russia...........................................................................................................35 3. Sub-national Integration Analytical Framework.........................................................................................40 D. RESEARCH DESIGN .....................................................................................................................................41 III. DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONS ................................................................44 A. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN REGIONS ................................................................44 B. THE PROBLEM OF ‘RESOURCE CURSE’ ................................................................................................54 C. ETHNO-CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS.......................................................................................................................................57 D. LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONS...70 1. Research Questions and Hypotheses............................................................................................................71 2. External and Internal Factors Affecting the Level of Democratic Governance.........................................71 3. The Model and the Method of Analysis........................................................................................................76 4. Longitudinal Analysis ...................................................................................................................................77 E. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................84 IV. EU-RUSSIA REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY STRUCTURES ............................................85 A. NETWORK PERSPECTIVE..........................................................................................................................85 B. NETWORK METHODOLOGY: PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS, TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND ADVANTAGES ....................................................................................................................................................94 C. NETWORKS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, CULTURE, NORMS, VALUES AND TRUST ...............................102 D. NETWORKS AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE ..............................................................................113 E. REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY NETWORKS..................................................................118 F. NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY STRUCTURES.....121 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Network Analysis as a Method .....................................................121 2. Hypotheses...................................................................................................................................................124 3. Modeling Regional Cooperation and Energy Networks ............................................................................127 4. Regional Cooperation Networks: Analysis.................................................................................................133 5. Energy Networks: Analysis.........................................................................................................................190 G. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS...........................................................................................................................221 V. DIFFERENCES IN THE REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ENERGY STRUCTURES IN THE NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS: REGIONAL SPECIFICS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE .........................................................................................................................224 iv A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................224 B. ETHNO-CULTURAL COMPOSITION AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY .................................226 C. HISTORICAL PATH-DEPENDENCE........................................................................................................246 D. GEOPOLITICAL FACTOR.........................................................................................................................253 E. ECONOMIC FACTOR..................................................................................................................................265 F. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ..........................................................................................................................271 VI. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE EU-RUSSIA SUB- NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONS .......274 VII. CONTRIBUTIONS .........................................................................................................................................279 A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EU STUDIES ................................................................................................279 B. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDIES OF REGIONALISM ..................................................................281 C. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK STUDIES..............................282 APPENDIXES..........................................................................................................................................................285 APPENDIX A......................................................................................................................................................285
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