CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL in RUSSIA: the Novgorod Model

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL in RUSSIA: the Novgorod Model CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN RUSSIA: The Novgorod Model Nicolai N . Petro University of Rhode Island The National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h 910 17th Street, N .W. Suite 300 Washington, D .C. 2000 6 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Contractor: University of Rhode Island Principal Investigator : Nicolai N . Petro Council Contract Number : 814-10g Date : October 18, 199 9 Copyright Informatio n Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funde d through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicat e and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER's own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United State s Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of thi s Report may use it for commercial sale . The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by th e National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available b y the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Trainin g Act of 1983, as amended) . The analysis and interpretations contained herein are those of the author . Executive Summary Many studies indicate a high correlation between social capital, trust in government, an d economic performance . This study finds a similar correlation m the Novgorod region of Russia, an d suggests that the high level of social capital in the region is the result of local government activel y promoting a cultural framework that sets Novgorod's ancient heritage of mercantilism and democracy i n opposition to Moscow's heritage of political and economic centralization . Taking advantage of a consensus among the local elite regarding these liberal "Novgorod" values, the regional government ha s successfully tackled one of the most serious problems facing societies in transition—cultura l discontinuity. Defining reforms as a return to the values of a more prosperous past has eased the anxietie s that inevitably accompany abrupt changes . The Novgorod region's success shows that . even in the absence of a national consensus, loca l governments and elites can forge common values and priorities for their communities . The key to success is minimizing the disruption of old institutions where they continue to serve public needs, whil e simultaneously embracing new institutions and values but placing them firmly within the context o f traditional cultural values . Two Approaches to Social Capital There are two main approaches to the role of social capital in economic and politica l development. One view. which I term "non-statist." holds that voluntary association among members of a polity produces habits of cooperation that lead to social trust, civic engagement and democratic stability . The state's role in generating social capital is viewed as trivial or even destructive, hence the level o f social capital in a society can be directly correlated with the ability of groups to pursue agendas distinc t from and opposed to those of the state (Putnam 1993a; Fukuyama 1995) . One reason frequently given for drawing such a sharp distinction between the state and civil society has been the experience of communist societies . As Tom Nichols puts it. "the hallmark of the Soviet system was the purposeful destruction of what is now understood as 'social capital — (Nichols 1996. p . 631). This was accomplished by rupturing previous social bonds and replacing them wit h ideologically based new ones . Since non-statists believe that trust and social capital can only be generated outside of the government sphere . if it arises within or with the support of government, then, b y definition, it cannot be social capital (Lehning 1998, p . 240) . Opponents of this view, whom I will call "statists. " counter that it is historically inaccurate . In fact, the state usually plays a symbiotic role, either in promoting or destroying civil society, but neve r separate from it. According to Michael Walzer, "civil society requires political agency . And the state i s an indispensable agent — even if the associational networks also, always, resist the organizing impulses o f state bureaucrats." (Foley and Edwards 1998a, p . 9) The example of many East-Asian and Nordic countries, with their dense networks of interactio n between the state and civil society, illustrates to the proponents of the "statist" view of social capita l formation how public/private interaction can encourage mutual interaction and trust (Paraskevopoulo s 1998, p . 161 ; Kenworthy 1997, p . 647). The government should not merely remove obstacles t o voluntary association, but help social actors recognize their mutual dependence and encourage the proces s of collective interest formation (Paraskevopoulos 1998, p . 162) . By emphasizing the cumulativ e 1 character of social capital formation. statists argue for a symbiotic view of relations between civil societ y and the state . This essay looks at the role that social capital plays in one of Russia's most economicall y developed and politically stable regions — Novgorod. Because Novgorod has done so much better than it s neighbors at implementing economic and governmental reforms (Petro 1999 : Ruble and Popson 1998), a closer examination should reveal which approach , the statist or non-statist, more accurately explains th e unusually high level of social capital in the region . and perhaps suggest further insights into the factor s that encourage social capital formation in transition societies . The key to measuring social capital is finding tangible measurements of trust . One of the first t o discern a linkage between trust and social capital was James S . Coleman. who argued that social capital was very much like other forms of capital : .. social capital is productive . making possible the achievement of certain ends tha t would not be attainable in its absence . Like physical capital and human capital, social capital i s not completely fungible, but is fungible with respect to certain activities . Social capital .. is created when the relations among persons change in ways tha t facilitate action ... it is embodied in the relations among persons. Physical capital and human capital facilitate productive activity, and social capital does so as well . For example, a group whose members manifest trustworthiness and place extensive trust in one another will be able t o accomplish much more than a comparable group lacking that trustworthiness and trust" (Colema n 1990, pp. 302, 304) . Social capital should thus be expected to have tangible economic and political benefits . Trust i s especially good for economic activity because it enhances the flow of information essential fo r entrepreneurial activity, making long-term investments in projects and fixed assets more attractiv e (Wilson 1997, p. 745). Some even go so far as to say that such trust is "a precondition for economi c success" (Paraskevopoulos 1998, p . 159) . To these economic benefits Robert Putnam has added another — efficiency . Social capital "improves the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated action" (Widner and Mundt 1998, p. 2) . This sort of efficiency also generates trust, which can be measured in two ways : first, by looking at norms of reciprocity sustained by socialization and sanction — trust in institutions; second, from dense 2 networks of civic engagement that result in "generalized trust ." While Putnam does not specificall y equate interpersonal trust with trust in government, others have argued that high levels of trust i n government reflect a high level of social capital (Foley and Edwards 1998b . p. 133; Levi 1996, p. 46). In sum, the performance of both government and the economy should be expected to match the levels of social capital, and several studies seem to support this finding (Paraskevopoulos 1998 ; Stolle and Rochon 1998; Fox 1996; Putnam 1993a) . Another measure of social capital particularly favored by non-statists is associational activity . But while there is widespread agreement that dense networks of active local organizations indicate a high level of social capital, there is little consensus on how to measure density, or whether all types of social networks have an equal impact on the formation of social capital . Putnam, perhaps the best known advocate of the non-statist position, argues that almost any kin d of associational activity (bowling leagues, birding societies, choirs) generates generalized trust. He therefore puts great store in measuring aggregate associational activity, equating it with the very "flesh and bones" of civil society . His critics, however, question whether trust among members of one grou p automatically extends to members of other groups . They suggest that different types of association s create different types of social capital ( Stolle and Rochon, 1998, pp . 57, 61). Moreover, there can also be what Elinor Ostrom calls a "dark side" to social capital, when intens e allegiance to one group undermines trust for other groups in society (Levi 1996, p . 52). When generalized trust extends only to immediate family and relations, "an excess of community occurs" tha t can thwart innovation (Woolcock 1998, p . 171 : Levi 1996, p . 51). In his well known study of social patterns in southern Italy, Edward Banfield terms this type of negative or unproductive social capita l "amoral familism" (Banfield 1958) . Some of the recent literature on the Russian economy provides a fascinating description of ho w negative social capital is formed.
Recommended publications
  • Russian Museums Visit More Than 80 Million Visitors, 1/3 of Who Are Visitors Under 18
    Moscow 4 There are more than 3000 museums (and about 72 000 museum workers) in Russian Moscow region 92 Federation, not including school and company museums. Every year Russian museums visit more than 80 million visitors, 1/3 of who are visitors under 18 There are about 650 individual and institutional members in ICOM Russia. During two last St. Petersburg 117 years ICOM Russia membership was rapidly increasing more than 20% (or about 100 new members) a year Northwestern region 160 You will find the information aboutICOM Russia members in this book. All members (individual and institutional) are divided in two big groups – Museums which are institutional members of ICOM or are represented by individual members and Organizations. All the museums in this book are distributed by regional principle. Organizations are structured in profile groups Central region 192 Volga river region 224 Many thanks to all the museums who offered their help and assistance in the making of this collection South of Russia 258 Special thanks to Urals 270 Museum creation and consulting Culture heritage security in Russia with 3M(tm)Novec(tm)1230 Siberia and Far East 284 © ICOM Russia, 2012 Organizations 322 © K. Novokhatko, A. Gnedovsky, N. Kazantseva, O. Guzewska – compiling, translation, editing, 2012 [email protected] www.icom.org.ru © Leo Tolstoy museum-estate “Yasnaya Polyana”, design, 2012 Moscow MOSCOW A. N. SCRiAbiN MEMORiAl Capital of Russia. Major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation center of Russia and the continent MUSEUM Highlights: First reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Moscow was already a pretty big town.
    [Show full text]
  • February 14Th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS
    February 14th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS) Principal outcomes of the excavation of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche near Novgorod in 2016-2017: archeology and architecture The paper presents the main results of the extensive architectural and archaeological excavation of the stone church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche, built in 1103 by Prince Mstislav the Great and rebuilt in 1342-1343. This latter church, having survived in part, was conserved, and the current plans for the museumification of the 1103 church allowed for its complete excavation, which provided an opportunity to assess the architecture of this second oldest stone church building of Novgorod (the Sophia of Novgorod being the earliest). We now see this monument as a transitive point in local architectural history. Its large size, common type and architectural details firmly link it to the south Russian tradition of Kiev. At the same time, it stands at the very beginning of the Novgorod architectural tradition. The paper also covers some of the most vivid details of the monument and the traces of its rebuilding, as well as information on the pre- church layers unearthed during the excavation. Gippius Alexey Alexeevich (Moscow, HSE, ISS RAS), Mikheev Savva Mikhailovich (Moscow, ISS RAS) Complex of the Glagolitic graffiti of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche The paper discusses ten 12th- century Glagolitic graffiti, one of them being the longest old Russian Glagolitic text. The inscriptions are of interest both in terms of their content and of their paleography, which has allowed us to presume the existence of a specific Novgorod school of Glagolitic writing in the 11th and 12th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Post Workshop Tour Round the Golden Ring of Russia
    The Post Workshop Tour round the Golden Ring of Russia The Golden Ring is a symbolic ring of ancient Russian towns situated to the North- West from Moscow and is keeping unique monuments of the Ancient Russian architecture of the 12-17th centuries: Sergiev Posad and Alexandrov, Kostroma and Pereaslavl-Zalessky, Uglich and Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great, Suzdal and Vladimir, each of these towns is a real pearl of Russia. Nowadays they are often called "museums in the open air". Cathedral and churches, convents and fine art museums strike by their beauty. A tour of the Golden Ring will give you a wonderful possibility to make the acquaintance of the history of ancient Russians towns, their culture and their traditions. The duration of the Tour: 5 days/ 4 nights Golden Ring Towns, which played the great role in the Russian ancient history: Vladimir – Suzdal – Kostroma – Yaroslavl - Rostov Veliky (Rostov the Great) - Pereslavl Zalessky - Sergiev Posad I Vladimir Vladimir is referred to as the gates to "Russian Golden Ring". The city came about at the end of the X century and is named after the Kiev-born prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the baptizer of Russia. The city was in its prime and achieved historical significance in the middle of the XII and beginning of the XIII centuries when the fundaments of a new government was forming. International trade and cultural relations were actively developing and the city opened its own architectural school. The defensive walls, the main city gates, the Golden gates, the gold-topped Uspensky Cathedral with frescoes by Andrei Rublev, and the Dmitrievsky cathedral are still preserved in Vladimir as proof of the past beauty and power of the former capital of Ancient Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia and Siberia: the Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People Into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and It’S Consequences
    The Aoyama Journal of International Politics, Economics and Communication, No. 106, May 2021 CCCCCCCCC Article CCCCCCCCC Russia and Siberia: The Beginning of the Penetration of Russian People into Siberia, the Campaign of Ataman Yermak and it’s Consequences Aleksandr A. Brodnikov* Petr E. Podalko** The penetration of the Russian people into Siberia probably began more than a thousand years ago. Old Russian chronicles mention that already in the 11th century, the northwestern part of Siberia, then known as Yugra1), was a “volost”2) of the Novgorod Land3). The Novgorod ush- * Associate Professor, Novosibirsk State University ** Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University 1) Initially, Yugra was the name of the territory between the mouth of the river Pechora and the Ural Mountains, where the Finno-Ugric tribes historically lived. Gradually, with the advancement of the Russian people to the East, this territorial name spread across the north of Western Siberia to the river Taz. Since 2003, Yugra has been part of the offi cial name of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug—Yugra. 2) Volost—from the Old Russian “power, country, district”—means here the territo- rial-administrative unit of the aboriginal population with the most authoritative leader, the chief, from whom a certain amount of furs was collected. 3) Novgorod Land (literally “New City”) refers to a land, also known as “Gospodin (Lord) Veliky (Great) Novgorod”, or “Novgorod Republic”, with its administrative center in Veliky Novgorod, which had from the 10th century a tendency towards autonomy from Kiev, the capital of Ancient Kievan Rus. From the end of the 11th century, Novgorod de-facto became an independent city-state that subdued the entire north of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Canterbury Sister City Com Collection
    McLean County Museum of History Vladimir/Canterbury Sister City Committee Processed by Ann B. White April 2017 Collection Information VOLUME OF COLLECTION: 7 Boxes COLLECTION DATES: 1986-2016 RESTRICTIONS: None REPRODUCTION RIGHTS: Permission to reproduce or publish material in this collection must be obtained in writing from the McLean County Museum of History ALTERNATIVE FORMATS: None OTHER FINDING AIDS: None LOCATION: Archives NOTES: 2 Brief History Citizen visits to the Soviet Union, the Portland-based Ground Zero Pairing Project and the Northwestern University 1986 conference on U.S.-Soviet Relations provided the impetus to form a group of citizens to initiate a sister city relationship with a Soviet city. A group of 22 local citizens organized a trip to the Soviet Union to meet with officials in three cities – Chernigov, Orel, and Vladimir. Vladimir was chosen, and the citizens approached the Mc Lean County Board and the city councils of Bloomington and Normal for official support. Scope The collection was compiled by the Vladimir/Canterbury Sister City Association Historian, Ann B. White. The scrapbooks contain news articles, photographs of events, event publicity, annual reports, and newsletters that cover the history of establishing the relationships, association events, and exchange of visitors. Additional folders provide more in-depth material on the establishment of educational and medical exchanges, association newsletters, meeting minutes, committee reports, grant programs, and miscellaneous projects from 1986 – 2016. Box 6 contains books, magazines, pamphlets, and media items (DVDs, VHS tapes) related to Vladimir, Canterbury, or Bloomington-Normal. Box and Folder Inventory Box 1 Scrapbook Volume 1: September 1986 – July 1989 Listed below are some of the events covered.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Viking and Royal Ancestry
    GRANHOLM GENEALOGY RUSSIAN/VIKING ANCESTRY Direct Lineage from: Rurik Ruler of Kievan Rus to: Lars Erik Granholm 1 Rurik Ruler of Kievan Rus b. 830 d. 879 m. Efenda (Edvina) Novgorod m. ABT 876 b. ABT 850 2 Igor Grand Prince of Kiev b. ABT 835 Kiev,Ukraine,Russia d. 945 Kiev,Ukraine,Russia m. Olga Prekrasa of Kiev b. ABT 890 d. 11 Jul 969 Kiev 3 Sviatoslav I Grand Prince of Kiev b. ABT 942 d. MAR 972 m. Malusha of Lybeck b. ABT 944 4 Vladimir I the Great Grand Prince of Kiev b. 960 Kiev, Ukraine d. 15 Jul 1015 Berestovo, Kiev m. Rogneda Princess of Polotsk b. 962 Polotsk, Byelorussia d. 1002 [daughter of Ragnvald Olafsson Count of Polatsk] m. Kunosdotter Countess of Oehningen [Child of Vladimir I the Great Grand Prince of Kiev and Rogneda Princess of Polotsk] 5 Yaroslav I the Wise Grand Duke of Kiew b. 978 Kiev d. 20 Feb 1054 Kiev m. Ingegerd Olofsdotter Princess of Sweden m. 1019 Russia b. 1001 Sigtuna, Sweden d. 10 Feb 1050 [daughter of Olof Skötkonung King of Sweden and Estrid (Ingerid) Princess of Sweden] 6 Vsevolod I Yaroslavich Grand Prince of Kiev b. 1030 d. 13 Apr 1093 m. Irene Maria Princess of Byzantium b. ABT 1032 Konstantinopel, Turkey d. NOV 1067 [daughter of Constantine IX Emperor of Byzantium and Sclerina Empress of Byzantium] 7 Vladimir II "Monomach" Grand Duke of Kiev b. 1053 d. 19 May 1125 m. Gytha Haraldsdotter Princess of England m. 1074 b. ABT 1053 d. 1 May 1107 [daughter of Harold II Godwinson King of England and Ealdgyth Swan-neck] m.
    [Show full text]
  • International Quilt Festival Suzdal City Russia
    International Quilt Festival Suzdal city Russia This is your chance to attend the largest Quilt event in Russia. This fully escorted Russian Quilt Festival Tour package includes 6-days admission to the Festival, lodging and sightseeing around Suzdal plus 3 nights lodging and sightseeing in Moscow and much more ! 9 days: August 08th – 17th , 2017 Do you want to experience authentic Russian culture? Suzdal is one of the best-preserved and prettiest towns in Russia and the most celebrated medieval city on Russia’s Golden Ring. Tour Highlights Opening Night mixer with Russian Quilters The City Day Quilt Carnival in Suzdal Russian Vareniki cooking class Music, crafts, food vendors and workshops by Russian artisans Quilt show of the best Quilters Quilted Field Art-Project From : 929 USD p/p tax included Days : 9 Nights / 10 Days Welcome to the Suzdal International Quilt Festival where you will meet the quilters from different countries! www.QuiltShow.ru Send your booking request to [email protected] Russian Quilt Festival Tours Suzdal Tour to Russia Tour Overview With our fully escorted Russian Quilt Festival Tour, you will be surrounded by impressive collections of quilts, music, craft, food vendors, workshops, quilt shows, exhibitions and fellow quilters. Our Russian Quilt Tour travels from Moscow through Vladimir to Suzdal. To fully experience your trip to Russia, we have included major sightseeing sights such as the Red Squire and the Kremlin in Moscow, Suzdal's amazing sights such as monasteries, churches, cathedrals, and the Kremlin listed by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre as the masterworks of architectural genius, white-stone Suzdal's area, unique experience of nature and traditional Russian village life.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Russia
    Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Department of Social Psychology and Humanities A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina HISTORY OF RUSSIA Study guide Irkutsk ISMU 2019 1 УДК 94(470)(075.8)=111 ББК 63.3(2)я73 Z 39 Recommended by the CCMС of FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia as a study guide for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine for mastering the discipline “History” (Protocol № 4 of 11.06.2019) Authors: A. V. Zavialov – Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Senior teacher, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia O. V. Antipina – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages with Latin and “Russian for Foreigners” Programs, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia Reviewers: P. A. Novikov – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Philosophy, FSBEI HE INRTU R. V. Ivanov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of State and Municipal Administration, FSBEI HE ISU Zavialov, A. V. Z 39 History of Russia : study guide / A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina ; FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities. – Irkutsk : ISMU, 2019. – 148 p. The study guide covers the key concepts and events of Russian history, beginning from the times of Rus’ up to the present days, and helps a student develop his/her reading and presentation skills. The educational material is presented as texts of four main sections of the course, where the term in English is accompanied with its Russian equivalent, while the explanation is given in English.
    [Show full text]
  • HGR37 24-29 Muromtsevo
    Andrey Solodilov. Andrey Saving Muromtsevo By Olga Minochkina Translated by Sophie Seifalian Opposite page: An early 20th-century postcard showing the cascade as seen from the house. Above: Vladimir Khrapovitsky. Right: The main house Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. Nationalmuseum, photographed in 2014. designer was Pyotr Boytsov (1849 to after 1918), a talented extraordinary. In letters to Khrapovitsky, visitors wrote and eclectic Russian architect, who specialised in the use of enthusiastically in praise of Muromtsevo, and neo-Gothic motifs. He built homes and mansion and park contemporaries called it the Tsarskaya or royal estate because complexes in Moscow, Tambov, Kiev and Nizhny Novgorod, of its beauty and size, and also because of the unusual as well as in Vladimir province. architecture. After years of neglect, the prospects are looking brighter for a future One of the first buildings to be erected at Muromtsevo Medieval European architectural styles were employed for star of Russia’s Golden Ring. was a new mansion, the west wing of which was based on the construction of the other estate buildings, namely châteaux in the Loire Valley. Built a few years later, the houses, administrative buildings, commercial buildings, a eastern part resembled the British royal residence at school, a theatre and the railway station. he visitor to Vladimir, the ancient capital of the of his prosperity came from the vast coniferous forests Balmoral, Scotland. Why Balmoral was chosen as a model But the greatest attraction of the estate was the large and
    [Show full text]
  • Just Peace Diplomacy Journal International Peace Studies Centre (IPSC) ISSN 2043-9016 (Print) ISSN 2043-9024 (Online)
    Number 6, Spring 2012 Just Peace Diplomacy Journal International Peace Studies Centre (IPSC) www.peace-ipsc.org ISSN 2043-9016 (Print) ISSN 2043-9024 (Online) English Articles 1-78 Persian Articles 79-254 Editor in Chief Just Peace Diplomacy Journal is a peer Dr Seyed G Safavi, IPSC, UK reviewed journal published by the International Peace Studies Centre (IPSC). Editorial Board The journal aims to create constructive dialogue and offer in-depth analysis on the Dr Talal Atrissi, Lebanese University, political and security situation in the Middle Lebanon East and Central Asia, with the objective of furthering ‘just peace’ in the region. The Prof Judith Blau, University of North journal contains articles in English and Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA Persian. Contributions to Just Peace Diplomacy Journal do not necessarily reflect Prof Peter Fosl, Transylvania University, the views of the editorial board or the USA International Peace Studies Centre. Just Peace Diplomacy Journal’s primary areas Dr Shireen Hunter, CSIS, USA of interest are peace, security and stability, militarism, energy and international presence Prof Israr Ahmad Khan, International in the Middle East and Central Asia. Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia Contributors are invited to submit papers to the Journal by emailing a digital version of Dr Oleg V. Kuznetsov, Chita State their paper to the Executive Manager University, Russia ([email protected]). Prof S. Kazem Sajjadpour, School of International Relations, Iran The Mailing Address of the journal: 121 Royal Langford, 2 Greville Rd, Prof Yoginder Singh Sikand, National London, NW6 5HT, Law School, Bangalore, India. UK Prof Peter Slinn, SOAS, UK Email: [email protected] Executive Manager and Assistant Subscription: Editor of English section Individual subscription is £20 per issue Seyed Sadreddin Safavi Organisational Subscription is £60 per issue.
    [Show full text]
  • A Private, Historical and Cultural Tour Golden Ring
    A Private, Historical and Cultural Tour Golden Ring Itinerary at a glance: Day 1 Arrive in Moscow Day 2 To Yaroslav via Rostov Day 3 To Ploys via Kostroma Day 4 Ploys Day 5 Ploys Day 6 To Suzdal Day 7 Kovrov Day 8 Yuriev Polskiy Day 9 Drive to Moscow Day 10 Depart Moscow DAY 1 Arrive in Moscow Upon arrival in Moscow you will be met and transferred to your hotel. Afternoon is at leisure to get acclimated. If you wish, you can take a short stroll to Red Square. Once a large open-air market, Red Square is now the heart of Russian political life. G.U.M. (the largest Russian department store) has come back to life and is once again one of the leading retail centers of the city. Exeter Services Arrival transfer (one included) Hotel Four Seasons Moscow DAY 2 Moscow - Yaroslavl This morning you will leave Moscow behind and depart to the magnificent cities of the “Golden Ring”- the “Mesopotamia” of Russian civilization. Your first stop today will be Sergeiev Posad (formerly Zagorsk): the capital of the Russian Orthodox Church. This fortress is the foundation of the Russian Orthodox Church and contains some of the most beautiful churches and buildings in Russia. It is a working monastery that houses the oldest and most prestigious schools for priests and icon painting. You will have the opportunity to see how Russians live outside of the city as you travel through typical Russian villages on the way to Sergeiev Posad, approximately 1.5 hour’s drive from Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Ring
    The Golden Ring The Golden Ring 7 days | Starts/Ends: Moscow PRIVATE TOUR: Russian history What's Included This afternoon explore the grounds of the mighty Kremlin - Russia’s powerhouse, visit and architecture, famous old cities • Airport arrival transfer on day 1 and its gold domed cathedrals, Ivan the Great and towns. The Golden Ring is departure transfer and day 7 Bell Tower and the Armoury, where you can one of the oldest Russian trade • Entrance fees to the museums as per the see incredible jewels and ancient artifacts. itinerary routes. It heads to the north- Overnight - Moscow (B) • east of Moscow and forms a Professional English speaking guide • Breakfast daily circle, exploring Vladimir, Suzdal, Day 3 : Vladimir and Suzdal • Guided sightseeing to all sights listed Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Rostov • 6 nights standard, superior or deluxe Velikiy before returning full circle to hotel Moscow. What's Not Included HIGHLIGHTS AND INCLUSIONS • International flights and visa • Tip for your tour guide. We recommend Trip Highlights you allow USD$5 - 10 per day, per traveller. Tipping your guide is an entirely • Moscow - UNESCO-listed Red Square, personal gesture. Kremlin and Lenin’s Mausoleum and St Moscow - Vladimir - Suzdal. Driving onward to Basil’s Cathedral Vladimir, the city which gave way to Moscow • ITINERARY Vladimir - ancient golden ring town as Russia’s capital. Tour the impressive - Golden Gate, Fort and Assumption Day 1 : Moscow defensive fort built in 1108, the beautiful Cathedral Assumption Cathedral with frescoes by the • Welcome to Russia’s famed historical Suzdal - 11th century village - kremlin, greatest of old Russian painters, Andrei heartland! Airport UNESCO-listed cathedrals, wood houses Rubliov and the famous Golden Gate.
    [Show full text]