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Exploring the Mental Health Experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black Youth in London, Ontario

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Exploring the Mental Health Experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black Youth in London, Ontario Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 3-3-2021 2:00 PM Exploring the Mental Health Experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black Youth in London, Ontario Lily Yosieph, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Orchard, Treena, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Master of Science degree in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences © Lily Yosieph 2021 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Community Health Commons, Health Services Research Commons, Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons, Other Public Health Commons, Other Rehabilitation and Therapy Commons, and the Public Health Education and Promotion Commons Recommended Citation Yosieph, Lily, "Exploring the Mental Health Experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black Youth in London, Ontario" (2021). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7682. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7682 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This qualitative study explores the mental health experiences of African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) youth in London, Ontario, investigating how the factors of race, gender, culture, and place have shaped their perceptions and experiences of mental health. The data collection and analysis were conducted using a phenomenological approach and a critical lens informed by feminist, intersectionality, and critical race theories. These data illuminate the ways in which these young people’s attitudes toward mental health and help-seeking strategies are impacted by broader social constructs and community expectations, which they navigate and often resist in their everyday lives. Their insights can provide assurance to ACB youth in other Canadian cities that they are not isolated in their experiences. These data also contribute new knowledge to the emerging literature on Black youth across the African and Caribbean diaspora and may be used to inform future mental health policies and programs in Canada. Keywords Mental health; youth; African; Caribbean; Black; Canada; qualitative; help-seeking. ii Summary for Lay Audience This thesis explores how the mental health of African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) youth in London, Ontario has been understood and affected by their identities. Interviews were carried out with thirteen young women and two young men (n=15) between the ages of seventeen and twenty-one. Field notes were also recorded to capture additional data related to the participants’ study experiences and personal reflections of the researcher as the project unfolded. The data reveal an array of meanings and experiences related to mental health in the lives of ACB youth. The participants spoke about feeling pressured to adhere to restrictive sociocultural norms regarding gender and health, the informal and formal strategies they used to seek help, and the barriers related to the uptake of mental health services. They expressed frustration with their own mental health experiences and the level of associated stigma in their communities and recommended increased representation of ACB counsellors, professionals, and resources. This study reveals how ACB youth navigate their racialized and gendered identities and understand mental health in a predominantly white, small-medium sized Canadian city. Given the little research available on the barriers and experiences faced by Black youth, the findings of this study will contribute to the literature, especially in a Canadian context and of youth in cities with smaller ACB populations. Their insights can provide a sense of assurance to ACB youth in London and other Canadian cities that there is potential in addressing the stigma, encouraging one another to seek help, and changing the cultural narrative of mental health in the younger generations of ACB people. iii Acknowledgments Completing my thesis during a pandemic has been one of the most challenging, rewarding, and emotional experiences of my life. There aren’t enough words to express my gratitude for everyone who helped make this accomplishment possible, but I will try my best. I entered my program feeling very anxious about being a “good enough” graduate student and constantly wondering if others will see the value of my project. To my supervisor Dr. Treena Orchard, thank you for teaching me that trusting and believing in my work is what’s most important. Your insights, feedback, and overall support helped me achieve more than I could ever imagine, and I will forever cherish our conversations. Thank you to my committee members Dr. Jason Brown, Dr. Elysée Nouvet, and Dr. Shannon Stewart for your constructive revisions and words of encouragement to my thesis drafts over the years. I especially would like to thank Dr. Nouvet for providing me with the opportunity to guest lecture my work in your course. It truly was a big step in building my research confidence. Thank you to my family for your unconditional support, prayers over the phone, and curiosity of my work. Mom and Dad, thank you for putting up with me through my all nighters and emotional roller coasters. I would not be where I am today if it was not for your occasional tough love, comforting car rides home from campus, and constant check-ins making sure I’ve eaten something. I hope I’ve made you proud. Thank you to my friends, coworkers, and Grad Club student crew. You all have encouraged me to be more inquisitive, challenge my critical thinking, and accept the highs and lows in academia. I’m privileged to be around so many brilliant people who embody the skills I strive to develop as a researcher despite the obstacles they have faced. Finally, thank you to the youth in this study, whose participation made my project possible. Sharing your experiences with me was something I did not take lightly, and I hope my analysis accurately represents your perspectives. Your interviews will always hold a special place in my heart. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Summary for Lay Audience ............................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Appendices ............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Terminology ............................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Race............................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 Gender ......................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Culture, Cultural Competence and Cultural Safety .................................... 5 1.1.4 Oppression, Anti-Oppression and Anti-Racism ......................................... 7 1.2 Research Rationale, Aims and Questions ............................................................... 9 1.3 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 11 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Race....................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Culture................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Gender ................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Stigma ................................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Service Utilization ................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 21 3 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 21 v 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 21 3.3 Participants and Recruitment ...............................................................................
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