Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Hitler’S Brudervolk

Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Hitler’s Brudervolk This is the fi rst academic book on Dutch colonial aspirations and initiatives during WWII. Between the summers of 1941 and 1944, some 5,500 Dutch men and women left their occupied homeland to fi nd employment in the so-called German Occupied Eastern Territories: Belarus, the Baltic coun- tries and parts of Ukraine. This was the area designated for colonization by Germanic people. It was also the stage of the “Holocaust by Bullets,” a centrally coordinated policy of exploitation and oppression and a ruthless anti-partisan war. This book seeks to answer why the Dutch decided to go there, how their recruitment, transfer and stay were organized, and how they reacted to this scene of genocidal violence. It is a close-up study of racial monomania, of empire-building on the old continent and of collabo- ration in Nazi-occupied Europe. Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel is Assistant Professor of History at Utrecht University. Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Routledge Studies in Modern European History 1 Facing Fascism 8 From Slave Trade to Empire The Conservative Party and the European Colonisation of Black European dictators 1935–1940 Africa 1780s–1880s Nick Crowson Edited by Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau 2 French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940 9 The Russian Revolution The Decline and Fall of a Great of 1905 Power Centenary Perspectives Edited by Robert Boyce Edited by Anthony Heywood and Jonathan D. Smele 3 Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament 10 Weimar Cities 1919–1934 The Challenge of Urban Carolyn Kitching Modernity in Germany John Bingham 4 British Foreign Policy 1874–1914 The Role of India 11 The Nazi Party and Sneh Mahajan the German Foreign Offi ce 5 Racial Theories in Fascist Italy Hans-Adolf Jacobsen Aaron Gilette and Arthur L. Smith, Jr. 6 Stormtroopers and Crisis 12 The Politics of Culture in in the Nazi Movement Liberal Italy Activism, Ideology and Dissolution From Unifi cation to Fascism Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Thomas D. Grant Axel Körner 7 Trials of Irish History 13 German Colonialism, Genesis and Evolution of a Visual Culture and Reappraisal 1938–2000 Modern Memory Evi Gkotzaridis Edited by Volker M. Langbehn 14 German Colonialism and 22 The Red Brigades and the National Identity Discourse of Violence Edited by Michael Perraudin Revolution and Restoration and Jürgen Zimmerer Marco Briziarelli 15 Landscapes of the Western Front 23 History, Memory, and Materiality during the Great War Trans-European Identity Ross J. Wilson Unifying Divisions Aline Sierp 16 West Germans and the Nazi Legacy 24 Constructing a German Caroline Sharples Diaspora The “Greater German 17 Alan S. Milward and a Century Empire,” 1871–1914 of European Change Stefan Manz Edited by Fernando Guirao, Frances M. B. Lynch, and 25 Violence, Memory, and History Sigfrido M. Ramírez Pérez Western Perceptions of Kristallnacht 18 War, Agriculture, and Food Edited by Colin McCullough Rural Europe from the and Nathan Wilson 1930s to the 1950s Edited by Paul Brassley, Yves 26 Turkey and the Rescue Segers and Leen Van Molle of European Jews 19 Totalitarian Dictatorship I. Izzet Bahar New Histories Edited by Daniela Baratieri, 27 Antifascism After Hitler Mark Edele and Giuseppe Finaldi East German Youth and Socialist Memory, 1949–1989 20 Nurses and Midwives in Catherine Plum Nazi Germany The “Euthanasia Programs” 28 Fascism and Ideology Edited by Susan Benedict and Italy, Britain, and Norway Linda Shields Salvatore Garau Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 21 European Border Regions in 29 Hitler’s Brudervolk Comparison The Dutch and the Colonization Overcoming Nationalistic of Occupied Eastern Europe, Aspects or Re-Nationalization? 1939–1945 Edited by Katarzyna Stokłosa Geraldien von Frijtag and Gerhard Besier Drabbe Künzel This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Hitler’s Brudervolk The Dutch and the Colonization of Occupied Eastern Europe, 1939–1945 Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 First published 2015 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Taylor & Francis The right of Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hitler’s Brudervolk : the Dutch and the colonization of occupied Eastern Europe, 1939–1945 / edited by Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel. — 1st edition. pages cm. — (Routledge studies in modern European history ; 29) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. World War, 1939–1945—Occupied territories. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Europe, Eastern. 3. Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging der Nederlanden. 4. Farmers—Netherlands. 5. Colonists—Europe, Eastern— History—20th century. 6. Europe, Eastern—Colonization—History— 20th century. I. Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, G. G. von, author editor of compilation. D802.E92H58 2015 940.53'470893931—dc23 2015011518 ISBN: 978-1-138-80315-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-75389-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 To Claudia and Luukje Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Contents List of Abbreviations xi Note on Privacy and Place Names xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Hunger for Land 12 2 Pure-Blooded Germanics 25 3 Embarking on a Great Adventure 55 4 Towards Absolute Monopoly 86 5 The Benefi ts of Crime 112 6 Fragments of Colonial Dreams 137 7 The Final Act 170 8 Imperium Neerlandicum 185 Selected Bibliography 191 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Index 203 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Abbreviations APA Aussenpolitische Amt der NSDAP BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BfS Beauftrager für Sonderfragen CULANO Commissie tot Uitzending van Landarbeiders naar Oost-Europa DVA Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland EuL Ernährung und Landwirtschaft Heidemij Nederlandse Heidemaatschappij LBGO Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft Ostland LBGU Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft Ukraine LO Ostdeutsche Landbewirtschaftungsgesellschaft NOB Nederlandse Oost Bouw NOC Nederlandse Oost Compagnie NOHM Nederlandse Oost Handel Maatschappij NOI Nederlands Oost Instituut NOR Nederlandse Oost Rederij NOV Nederlandse Oost Visserij NSB Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei OT Organisation Todt Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 RKF Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums RuSHA Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt SLN Stichting Landverhuizing Nederland SS-FAU SS Frontarbeiter Unternehmen SS-WVHA SS-Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt VNV Vlaams Nationaal Verbond VOC Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie xii Abbreviations WA Weerbaarheidsafdelingen ZAST Zentralauftragstelle ZHO Zentral-Handelsgesellschaft Ost für landwirtschaftlichen Absatz und Bedarf Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Note on Privacy and Place Names For this book hundreds of personal fi les of the Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction (CABR) in The Hague have been studied. In the inter- est of privacy, I have exercised discretion in cases concerning suspects who may be still alive. Therefore, in accordance to CABR policy, I have anony- mized the names of individuals who are born in 1915 or after. This concerns twelve men and women. In the text and in the notes they are referred to by their fi rst names and the initials of their surnames. Between 1850 and 1950, names of towns and regions in this part of Eastern Europe were frequently subject to change, largely corresponding with the nationality of rulers. To complicate things, during the war years German and Dutch authorities re-introduced old Germanic indications of places, invented new names for towns and regions and used ‘Germanized’ transliterations, often inconsistently. For purpose of clarity, the names of places and regions in this book are according to present day spellings. An alternative name is added between brackets when archival research would be severely complicated without knowledge of this second name. Diacritics are omitted. Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:42 01 October 2016 Acknowledgments The research is done, the book is written—the exciting journey that lasted for fi ve years is over. I owe a great debt to all whom I have met along the way and who have supported me, professionally, fi nancially, mentally, or emotionally. The journey began in the summer of 2010, when I was attend- ing a summer workshop on grassroots perspectives on the Holocaust at Yad Vashem’s International Institute for Holocaust Research, Jerusalem. It was my fi rst presentation on the topic and the reactions from the public inspired me to go ahead. Thanks to research fellowships of this institute and the Gerda Henkel Foundation, I was able to fi nd the time to travel, to study, and to write. I am grateful to Eliot Nidam Orvieto, Dan Michman, and David Silberklang for making my three months stay in Jerusalem such a pleasure.

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