Identifikasi Kolektif Dan Ideologisasi Jihad: Studi Kualitatif Teroris Di Indonesia

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Identifikasi Kolektif Dan Ideologisasi Jihad: Studi Kualitatif Teroris Di Indonesia TOPIK IDENTIFIKASI KOLEKTIF DAN IDEOLOGISASI JIHAD: STUDI KUALITATIF TERORIS DI INDONESIA G A Z I S A L O O M*) ABSTRAK Artikel ini menggambarkan bahwa para teroris setidaknya di Indonesia adalah kumpulan orang normal yang memiliki pikiran yang sehat dan memiliki tujuan jangka panjang untuk menegakkan sistem pemerintahan Islam yang berdasarkan ajaran Al-Qur’an dan Hadis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data yang dilakukan melalui wawancara, telaah dokumen, dan informasi media tentang teroris dan terorisme. Satu orang mantan teroris yang pernah terlibat dalam kasus Bom Bali 1 dipilih untuk menjadi responden penelitian. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen dianalisa dengan teori identitas sosial dan teori kognisi sosial mengenai ideologisasi jihad. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa proses perubahan orang biasa menjadi teroris sangat berkaitan dengan ideologisasi jihad dan pencarian identitas. KATA KUNCI: Psikopat, Gangguan Mental, Normal, Islam ABSTRACT This article articulates that the terrorists in Indonesia are basically a group of normal people who have sound minds and a long-term goal to establish an Islamic government system based on the teachings of the Quran and Hadith. This study employed qualitative approach by acquiring the data through interviews, document analysis and media information covering terrorists and terrorism. A former terrorist involved in Bali bombing I served as the research informant. Data from in-depth interviews and document analysis were analyzed by utilizing social identity and social cognition theory about ideology of jihad. The article concludes that the changing process from the ordinary people into the terrorist strongly relates to jihad ideology and search for identity. KEY WORDS: Psychopath, Mental Disorder, Normal, Islam A. PENDAHULUAN melakukan tindakan dengan penuh kesadaran Keterlibatan seseorang dalam kelompok dan dan perhitungan. Misalnya, Lasch (1979), Cryton aksi teror dikaji secara mendalam dari perspektif (1983), Haynal et.al (1983), dan Pearlstein (1991) ilmu psikologi oleh para peneliti dan akademisi menganut pandangan bahwa teroris itu tidak di bidang psikologi. Terjadi perdebatan panjang normal dan mengidap gangguan. Sedangkan tentang apakah para teroris adalah kaum peneliti mutakhir seperti Moghaddam (2009) dan abnormal yang mengalami psikopati atau justru Kruglanski dkk (2011) berpandangan bahwa para sebaliknya, kumpulan orang-orang normal yang teroris adalah kaum normal dan rasional1. *Gazi Saloom: Dosen Fakultas Psikologi UIN Jakarta. Fakultas Psikologi UIN Jakarta, Jl. Kertamukti 5 Cirendeu, Jakarta 1 Lihat, Fathalli M. Moghaddam, “The staircase to terrorism: Selatan 15419. Email: [email protected]. A psychological exploration.” (American Psychologist, 2005): **Naskah diterima Februari 2015, direvisi April 2015, disetujui 161-169. Lihat Juga Arie W. Kruglanski, Michele J. Gelfand, dan untuk diterbitkan Mei 2015. Dialog Vol. 38, No.1, Juni 2015 1 Artikel ini memihak pandangan kedua yaitu anak terhadap ayahnya. Dalam berbagai literatur bahwa para teroris adalah orang-orang normal psikologi terutama literatur psikoanalisis, hal yang melakukan tindakan dan aksi mereka tersebut berkaitan dengan fenomena kegenerasian dengan penuh kesadaran dan didorong oleh cita- yang berakar pada “Kompleks Oedipus”, dan cita dan ideologi untuk menegakkan sistem karenanya sangat erat kaitannya dengan dunia pemerintahan yang berbasis Islam. Bagaimana laki-laki atau dunia yang didominasi sesungguhnya psikologi terutama psikologi maskulinitas.4 sosial melihat persoalan terorisme ini? Masih dari kalangan generasi pertama Penelitian psikologi terorisme memiliki akar ilmuwan di bidang psikologi, Cryton (1983) sejarah yang cukup panjang: mulai dari mengemukakan terdapat banyak tokoh yang pendekatan psikoanalisis, pendekatan narsisme, berusaha memahami dan menjelaskan terorisme sampai dengan pendekatan tipologi. Pendekatan- dalam kerangka konseptual psikodinamika yang pendekatan ini lebih menekankan pada memberikan perhatian khusus kepada trait pandangan bahwa teroris adalah kumpulan narsisisme sebagai suatu faktor yang menentukan manusia abnormal dan mengalami gangguan dan mendorong perilaku terorisme pada psikologis, terutama psikopati2. Dalam bahasa seseorang. Menurut Cryton, ada dua dinamika yang umum, psikopati sering disebut dengan utama narsisistik, yaitu perasaan yang berlebihan istilah orang gila. Dengan kata lain, para teroris terhadap diri sendiri dan imago bapak yang ideal. adalah kumpulan orang-orang gila. Kemungkinan adanya hubungan antara Pertanyaannya, benarkah para teroris adalah narsisisme dan terorisme pertama kali kumpulan orang gila? dikembangkan oleh Morf pada tahun 1970-an, Salah satu tokoh penting dalam bidang dan selanjutkan didiskusikan secara serius oleh psikologi, Sigmund Freud menyebutkan bahwa beberapa tokoh psikologi terorisme seperti Lasch di tengah realitas sosial terdapat sejumlah orang (1979), Cryton (1983), Haynal et.al (1983), dan yang sejak masa kanak-kanak memiliki Pearlstein (1991). Mereka adalah para ilmuwan kecenderungan destruktif, sikap anti sosial, dan dan peneliti yang menganggap bahwa para anti budaya. Jumlah mereka terbilang cukup teroris adalah kumpulan orang-orang yang banyak di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Dalam hal mengalami psikopati atau setidaknya secara klinis ini, ada dua rumusan penting tentang terorisme mengidap gangguan abnormalitas5. dalam pandangan Freud, yaitu: Pertama, motif Namun harus dikatakan bahwa rumusan terorisme bersifat ketidaksadaran dan bersumber pendekatan narsisisme tidak banyak memberikan dari permusuhan terhadap orang tua, dalam hal pengaruh terhadap penelitian psikologi terorisme ini, bapak. Kedua, terorisme adalah produk dari kontemporer. Penyebab utama dari hal itu adalah kekerasan yang dialami seseorang di masa kanak- karena tidak banyak data atau fakta empirik yang kanak dan pola asuh yang salah3. mendukung hipotesis atau asumsi psikopati dan Feur (1966) yang mengusung teori konflik gangguan mental pada para teroris seperti yang generasi (conflict of generations theory) sangat dikembangkan oleh psikoanalisis termasuk dipengaruhi oleh gagasan-gagasan Freud. Teori pendekatan narsisisme6. Feur didasarkan atas penafsiran Kaum Freudian Dengan demikian, sampai pada titik ini, para tentang terorisme sebagai suatu reaksi psikologis peneliti di bidang psikologi terorisme, termasuk Rohan Gunaratna, “Aspects of deradicalisation.” Dalam Terrorist “The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration.” Rehabilitation and Counter Terrorism: New Approaches to Counter American Psychologist, 2005: 161-169. 4 Terrorism, oleh Rohan Gunaratna, Jolene Jerard dan Lawrence Randy Borum, Psychology of terrorism (Florida: University Rubin ( New York: Routledge, 2011) , 135-145. of Florida Press, 2008), 15-40. 5 2 Randy Borum, Psychology of terrorism (Florida: University John Horgan, “Individual disengagement: a psychological of Florida Press, 2008), 15-40; lihat juga John Horgan,. “Individual analysis.” Dalam Leaving Terrorist Behind: Individual and Collective disengagement: a psychological analysis.” Dalam Leaving Disengagement, oleh Tore Bjorgo dan John Horgan (New York: Terrorist Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement, oleh Routledge, 2009), 17-29. 6 Tore Bjorgo dan John Horgan (New York: Routledge, 2009), Randy Borum, Psychology of terrorism (Florida: University 17-29. of Florida Press, 2008), 15-40; lihat juga John Horgan, “Individual 3 Randy Borum, Psychology of terrorism (Florida: University disengagement: a psychological analysis.” Dalam Leaving of Florida Press, 2008), 15-40; lihat juga Fathalli M. Moghaddam, Terrorist Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement, oleh 2 Identifikasi Kolektif dan Ideologisasi ... penulis menolak keras dugaan bahwa para teroris setia terhadap sang ayah8. Pendekatan tipologi adalah kumpulan orang gila yang tidak waras dan frofiling teroris dianggap gagal karena tidak atau dalam bahasa psikologi disebut psikopat. mendapatkan pembenaran secara empirik dari Hal itu karena kesimpulan tersebut tidak temuan-temuan lapangan.9 didukung oleh temuan empirik di lapangan. Dugaan-dugaan yang menyebutkan bahwa Perkembangan berikutnya, bersandar pada para teroris adalah kumpulan orang gila atau asumsi tentang keragaman motivasi terorisme, kumpulan orang yang mengalami psikopati atau Frederick Hecker, seorang psikiater, kumpulan orang yang tidak rasional tidak bisa mengemukakan gagasan tentang tipologi dibenarkan.10 Kesimpulan yang sama dalam psikologis kaum teroris. Dia mengemukakan kaitannya dengan teroris di Indonesia bahwa ada tiga tipologi teroris, yaitu tipologi dikemukakan oleh beberapa peneliti terorisme krusader (teroris yang diilhami oleh suatu cita- seperti Sarlito Wirawan Sarwono, Hamdi Muluk cita yang tinggi), tipologi penjahat (orang yang dan Mirra Noor Milla. Tulisan ini hendak melakukan terorisme untuk tujuan personal), menegaskan bahwa keterlibatan seseorang dalam dan tipologi gila (orang yang melakukan aksi kelompok dan aksi teror adalah pilihan sadar terorisme karena dimotivasi oleh keyakinan dan yang digerakkan oleh kesadaran akan identitas persepsi yang salah akibat gangguan mental).7 kolektif dan ideologi tertentu.11 Tokoh lain yang mengenalkan tipologi Tulisan ini difokuskan untuk membuktikan teroris adalah Jerrold Post (1984). Menurutnya, bahwa motivasi terorisme adalah identitas sosial ada dua pola perilaku teroris, yaitu: Pertama, tipe dan narasi ideologi yang mengalami dinamika dan anarkis-ideolog. Individu-individu
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