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Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals RT1806 C00.Qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page Ii RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page i encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page ii ROUTLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF RELIGION AND SOCIETY David Levinson, Series Editor The Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements Richard A. Landes, Editor The Encyclopedia of African and African-American Religions Stephen D. Glazier, Editor The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism Brenda E. Brasher, Editor The Encyclopedia of Religious Freedom Catharine Cookson, Editor The Encyclopedia of Religion and War Gabriel Palmer-Fernandez, Editor The Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals Frank A. Salamone, Editor RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page iii encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals Frank A. Salamone, Editor Religion & Society A Berkshire Reference Work ROUTLEDGE New York London RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page iv Published in 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE www.routledge.uk.co A Berkshire Reference Work. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group. Copyright © 2004 by Berkshire Publishing Group Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals / Frank A. Salamone, editor. p. cm. – (Routledge encyclopedias of religion and society) “A Berkshire Reference work”. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-94180-6 1. Religions—Encyclopedias. 2. Rites and ceremonies— Encyclopedias. I. Salamone, Frank A. II. Series. BL31.E47 2004 2039.8903—dc22 2003020389 RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page v Contents Editorial Advisory Board vii List of Entries ix Introduction xi Entries A to Z 1 List of Contributors 459 Index 463 v RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page vi RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page vii Editorial Advisory Board General Editor Frank A. Salamone Department of Anthropology, Iona College Associate Editors Nikki Bado-Fralick Department of Religious Studies, Iowa State University Sabina Magliocco Department of Anthropology, California State University, Northridge Dan Smith Department of History, Iona College Berkshire Publishing Group Staff David Levinson Series Editor Elizabeth Eno Project Coordinator Marcy Ross Associate Editor Francesca Forrest Mike Nichols Stephen Sanborn Mark Siemens Copy Editors RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page viii RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page ix List of Entries Academic Rituals 1 Evil Eye 131 Africa, Central 5 Exorcism 132 Africa, West 9 Food and Rituals 139 African-American Churches 13 Gender Rituals 145 Afro-Brazilian 18 Glossolalia 150 Afro-Caribbean 22 Greco-Roman 151 Agricultural Rituals 26 Haircutting Rituals 157 Altered States of Consciousness 30 Hajj 159 Asceticism 35 Hanukkah 161 Australian Aboriginal 39 Hawai’i 163 Azande 42 Healing and Rituals 167 Baha’i 47 Hinduism 170 Birth Rituals 48 Humor and Rituals 176 Blood Rituals 53 Hunting Rituals 179 Body and Rituals 57 Iban 185 Buddhism 61 Identity Rituals 187 Calendrical Rituals 67 Inversion, Rites of 192 Camp Meetings 70 Islam 195 Cannibalism 72 Jainism 199 Catholicism 74 Javanese 201 China: Popular Religion 80 Judaism 203 Christmas 85 Kwanzaa 209 Clothing and Rituals 88 Language, Literacy, and Ritual 213 Commemorative Rituals 93 Liminoid 217 Communitas 96 Madagascar 221 Communitas, Rites of 97 Magic 223 Crisis Rituals 101 Mardi Gras 228 Day of the Dead 105 Marriage Rituals 230 Death Rituals 107 Martial Arts 236 Divali 112 Melanesia 237 Divination 114 Micronesia 241 Easter 119 Millennialism 245 Ecstatic Worship 122 Misrecognition and Rituals 249 Epiphany 126 Monastic Communities 252 Eucharistic Rituals 129 Mormons 256 ix RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page x List of Entries Music 262 Rituals of Rebellion 371 Naming Rituals 269 Sacred Places 375 Native Americans: Arctic 273 Sacrifice and Offerings 379 Native Americans: Northeast 276 Santeria 380 Native Americans: Northwest Coast 278 Satanic Rituals 383 Native Americans: Plains 281 Scatological Rituals 387 Native Americans: Pueblo 284 Scientific Skepticism and Religious Rituals 388 Nature Worship 289 Shakers 392 Naven Ceremony 290 Shamanism 394 New Year’s Celebrations 292 Shinto 398 Oaths and Ordeals 297 Sikhism 402 Online Rites 300 Snake Handling 405 Orthodoxy 302 Sorcery 406 Paganism and Neo-Paganism 307 South America: Highland 411 Passage, Rites of 311 South America: Savanna and Tropical Forest 414 Passover 314 Sport and Ritual 416 Pentecostalism 317 Star Trek Conventions 419 Performance, Ritual of 321 Sufism 421 Personal Rituals 324 Symbol and Ritual 424 Pilgrimage 327 Taboo 427 Possession and Trance 331 Taoism 430 Prayer 336 Television and Ritual 431 Protestantism 339 Vision Quest 435 Puberty Rites 345 Vodun 437 Purity and Pollution 350 Wicca 441 Ramadan 355 Witchcraft 444 Rastafari 357 Yom Kippur 451 Ritual as Communication 361 Yoruba 453 Ritual Control 362 Zulu 455 Ritual Specialists 366 x RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page xi Introduction Scholars of religion have yet to agree on just what rit- goals. Authors provide insight into world and local ual is. They also have yet to agree on the boundary (if religions and examine the major theories that help such a boundary exists) between religious ritual and explain religion and ritual. secular ritual. To some extent ritual is one of those phenomena that falls under the heading of “you Anthropology and the Study of Religion and know it when you see it.” Despite the absence of a Rituals definition—or perhaps because of the absence—ritual has drawn much attention from religious studies Although many scholarly approaches contribute to scholars, anthropologists, historians, sociologists, this encyclopedia, anthropology is in the forefront psychologists, and other experts. Perhaps this is because it has had a profound influence on the man- because ritual is often the most visible manifestation ner in which other scholars view religion and ritual. of religion and the one that first comes to the attention Anthropology has its roots deep in the field of reli- of outside observers. gion, its rituals, and its performances. Its earliest Ritual is an enormously large and complex topic. scholars, such as E. B. Tylor, Sir Henry Maine, Fustel Ritual is not static; it has varied enormously over the de Colanges, and Lewis Henry Morgan, sought the course of human history and across cultures. The origins of religion and along the way discovered a anthropological literature is filled with detailed great deal about religion and its relationship to cul- descriptions and analyses of rituals of several thousand ture. E. B. Tylor (1832–1917) is generally regarded as cultures around the world. This means that no refer- the father of the anthropology of religion. Tylor is best ence work on rituals can be truly encyclopedic because known for his evolutionary theory of religion, pro- there is simply too much to cover. Nonetheless, we posing stages of religious development that corre- have chosen to be broad and inclusive in our coverage spond to stages of material development. Other in this encyclopedia, not only covering a broad range of scholars proposed other evolutionary theories, and topics but also providing summaries of the knowledge along the way these scholars also left their marks on on rituals developed by scholars from a broad range of the field of the anthropology of religion and religious disciplines. These scholars include anthropologists, studies in general. Sir James Frazer’s (1854–1941) sociologists, theologians, religious studies specialists, comparative mythologies still inspire work today, as historians, folklorists, popular culture experts, and does the stimulating work of R. R. Marett (1866–1943). philosophers. This inclusiveness provides a number of Although these scholars inspired a formidable perspectives that enable the reader to profit from body of work, the general foundation of the modern diverse views on religion and ritual. The encyclopedia study of ritual in anthropology, history, sociology, reli- examines the relationship between secular ritual and gious studies, and related fields rests on the work of religious ritual, between rituals and beliefs, and the the grand thinkers of the nineteenth century—the manner in which rituals are used to attain practical French sociologist Emile Durkheim, the German xi RT1806_C00.qxd 4/23/2004 2:13 PM Page xii Introduction sociologist Max Weber, the German political philoso- pologist A. A. Radcliffe-Brown (1881–1955) added to pher Karl Marx, and the Austrian neurologist the work of his time in understanding the role of Sigmund Freud. Durkheim (1858–1917) stressed the religion in society by establishing the connection importance of understanding religion as being com- between myth and the maintenance of the natural prised of “social facts” that support the maintenance order of things. In a direct line with Boas, Malinowski, of social solidarity; that is, they hold society together. and Radcliffe-Brown, the British anthropologist His nephew and successor, Marcel Mauss, and his E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902–1973) struggled against student Lucien Levy-Bruhl added important concepts the dichotomy between “primitive” and modern reli- to the study of religion. Mauss put forward the idea of gions. The old distinctions between concepts such as gift giving, an important component of many rituals, monogamy and promiscuity, white and brown, and and its role in building reciprocal relationships in animists and monotheists made no sense in light of society. Levy-Bruhl focused on so-called primitive the data coming from fieldwork.
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