Bolivia Public Finances, 1882-2007
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2015 Financials
CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT 2015 AND 2014 6 CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY 11 DIRECTORS 12 INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE 17 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR INVESTMENTS 31 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5 MONEDA CHILE FUND LIMITED INVESTMENT FUND CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT Dear Investors: I would like to report on the results of Moneda Chile Fund in the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015. In 2015, the external setting was again adverse for Latin America: growth continued to shift from emerging countries to developed countries; fears about the Chinese economy were on the rise; there was an excess supply on the oil and other commodities markets; and there was a real possibility of the Fed putting an end to its monetary stimulus. This led to a crash in the prices of the raw materials exported by the region. The region’s economies also faced a decline in important external financial conditions. So, the growth of Latin America in 2015 was estimated to be -0.3%. In Chile, the economy grew 2.1% in 2015, similar to the growth in 2014 (1.9%). The worsening outlook abroad contributed to the slow growth, with a drop in the price of copper from US$3.11/lb in 2014 to US$2.50/lb in 2015. Also adversely impacting were the rise in taxes under the tax reform passed the previous year and the great uncertainty associated with the proposed labor reforms and new constitution. This prolonged the low level of confidence seen in the private sector that prevented a recovery in domestic demand and braked the export effort driven by the strong real devaluation in the peso (14.4%). -
Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. and Subsidiaries
Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. y subsidiarias (Cifras expresadas en miles de pesos chilenos) COMPAÑÍA CERVECERÍAS UNIDAS S.A. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Figures expressed in thousands of Chilean pesos) As of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and shareholders of Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December, 31, 2018 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. -
The Monetary and Fiscal History of Bolivia: 1960–2015
WORKING PAPER · NO. 2018-67 The Monetary and Fiscal History of Bolivia: 1960–2015 Timothy J. Kehoe, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, and José Peres Cajías AUGUST 2018 1126 E. 59th St, Chicago, IL 60637 Main: 773.702.5599 bfi.uchicago.edu Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis August 2018 First version: August 2010 The Monetary and Fiscal History of Bolivia, 1960–2015* Timothy J. Kehoe University of Minnesota, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, and National Bureau of Economic Research Carlos Gustavo Machicado Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Desarrollo (INESAD) José Peres-Cajías Escuela de la Producción y la Competitividad, Universidad Católica Boliviana “San Pablo” ABSTRACT___________________________________________________________________ After the economic reforms that followed the National Revolution of the 1950s, Bolivia seemed positioned for sustained growth. Indeed, it achieved unprecedented growth during 1960–1977. Mistakes in economic policies, especially the rapid accumulation of debt and a fixed exchange rate policy during the 1970s, led to a debt crisis that began in 1977. From 1977 to 1986, Bolivia lost almost all the gains in GDP per capita that it had achieved since 1960. In 1986, Bolivia started to grow again, interrupted only by the financial crisis of 1998–2002, which was the result of a drop in the availability of external financing. Bolivia has grown since 2002, but government policies since 2006 are reminiscent of the policies of the 1970s that led to the debt crisis, in particular, the accumulation of external debt and the -
Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico Established a Period of Tension and Conflict with U.S
The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States Fidel Pérez Flores IREL/UnB [email protected] Clayton M. Cunha Filho UFC [email protected] 9o Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política ¿Democracias en Recesión? Montevideo, 26-28 de julio de 2017 2 The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States I. Introduction Between 1937 and 1942, oil nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico established a period of tension and conflict with U.S. companies and government. While in both cases foreign companies were finally expelled from host countries in what can be seen as a starting point for the purpose of building a national oil industry, a closer look at political processes reveal that the Bolivian government was less successful than the Mexican in maintaining its initial stand in face of the pressure of both the foreign company and the U.S. Government. Why, despite similar contextual conditions, was it more difficult for Bolivian than for Mexican officials to deal with the external pressures to end their respective oil nationalization controversy? The purpose of this study is to explore, in light of the Mexican and Bolivian oil nationalizations of the 1930’s, how important domestic politics is in less developed countries to maintain divergent preferences against more powerful international actors. This paper focuses on the political options of actors from peripheral countries in making room for their own interests in an international system marked by deep asymmetries. We assume that these options are in part the product of processes unfolding inside national political arenas. -
Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Morales, Juan Antonio Working Paper Bolivian trade and development , 1952 - 1987 Documento de Trabajo, No. 02/88 Provided in Cooperation with: Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), Universidad Católica Boliviana Suggested Citation: Morales, Juan Antonio (1988) : Bolivian trade and development , 1952 - 1987, Documento de Trabajo, No. 02/88, Universidad Católica Boliviana, Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), La Paz This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/72932 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Documento de Trabajo No. 02/88 Mayo 1988 Bolivian Trade and Development, 1952-1987 by Juan Antonio Morales Bolivian Trade and Development, 1952-1987 by Juan Antonio Morales Universidad Católica Boliviana The most extreme example of the Latin American crisis of the 1980s is given by the Bolivian case. -
Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Morales, Juan Antonio Working Paper The end of the Bolivian hyperinflation Documento de Trabajo, No. 03/88 Provided in Cooperation with: Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), Universidad Católica Boliviana Suggested Citation: Morales, Juan Antonio (1988) : The end of the Bolivian hyperinflation, Documento de Trabajo, No. 03/88, Universidad Católica Boliviana, Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), La Paz This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/72876 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Documento de Trabajo No. 03/88 Agosto 1988 The End of the Bolivian Hyperinflation by Juan Antonio Morales The End of the Bolivian Hyperinflation by Juan Antonio Morales Universidad Católica Boliviana I. -
Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean
2007-2008 Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean Macroeconomic policy and volatility 2007-2008 Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean Macroeconomic policy and volatility Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Laura López Secretary of the Commission Osvaldo Kacef Director of the Economic Development Division Diane Frishman Offi cer in Charge Documents and Publications Division www.cepal.org/de The Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean is issued annually by the Economic Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). This 2007-2008 edition was prepared under the supervision of Osvaldo Kacef, Director of the Division; Jürgen Weller was responsible for its overall coordination. In the preparation of this edition, the Economic Development Division was assisted by the Statistics and Economic Projections Division, the Latin American and Caribbean Institute for Economic and Social Planning (ILPES), the Division of International Trade and Integration, the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City and Port of Spain and the country offi ces of the Commission in Bogota, Brasilia, Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Washington, D.C. Chapter I, “Regional overview” was prepared by Osvaldo Kacef, with input from Omar Bello, Rodrigo Cárcamo, Filipa Correia, Rodrigo Heresi, Juan Pablo Jiménez, Sandra Manuelito, Alejandro Ramos and Jürgen Weller. The Economic Projections Centre provided data on economic growth prospects in 2008 and 2009. The chapters “Why does real volatility matter -
Conscript Nation: Negotiating Authority and Belonging in the Bolivian Barracks, 1900-1950 by Elizabeth Shesko Department of Hist
Conscript Nation: Negotiating Authority and Belonging in the Bolivian Barracks, 1900-1950 by Elizabeth Shesko Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ John D. French, Supervisor ___________________________ Jocelyn H. Olcott ___________________________ Peter Sigal ___________________________ Orin Starn ___________________________ Dirk Bönker Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 ABSTRACT Conscript Nation: Negotiating Authority and Belonging in the Bolivian Barracks, 1900-1950 by Elizabeth Shesko Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ John D. French, Supervisor ___________________________ Jocelyn H. Olcott ___________________________ Peter Sigal ___________________________ Orin Starn ___________________________ Dirk Bönker An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Elizabeth Shesko 2012 Abstract This dissertation examines the trajectory of military conscription in Bolivia from Liberals’ imposition of this obligation after coming to power in 1899 to the eve of revolution in 1952. Conscription is an ideal fulcrum for understanding the changing balance between state and society because it was central to their relationship during this period. The lens of military service thus alters our understandings of methods of rule, practices of authority, and ideas about citizenship in and belonging to the Bolivian nation. In eliminating the possibility of purchasing replacements and exemptions for tribute-paying Indians, Liberals brought into the barracks both literate men who were formal citizens and the non-citizens who made up the vast majority of the population. -
THE CREATION and SUSTAINABILITY of AUTONOMOUS OVERSIGHT AGENCIES in a POLITICIZED BUREAUCRACY the Case of Bolivia
TESI DOCTORAL FRAGILE MIRACLES: THE CREATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF AUTONOMOUS OVERSIGHT AGENCIES IN A POLITICIZED BUREAUCRACY The case of Bolivia Suzanne Dove Director: Dr. Ricard Gomà Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències Polítiques i de l’Administració 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation, I started doing a lot of bicycling as a way to get out of the house and refresh my brain and my body. A lot of people describe writing a dissertation as an endurance test; I think of it as similar to a long-distance bike ride. There is the long process of finding a topic, which in my case was a difficult uphill battle. The excitement of doing original research in the field is incomparable, but it reminds me a little bit of how much I enjoy exploring new routes on my bike, never sure what I will find ahead. The writing process has its ups and downs, like the rolling hills of the countryside where I enjoy biking. Sometimes I wondered when, or indeed if, I would ever complete this project. The will to finish came from within, but it would not have survived without nourishment from several groups of people in different parts of the world. In Barcelona, where I began this long ride, I received the initial push from my dissertation adviser, Ricard Gomà. Ricard agreed to direct my thesis even though I was not able to tell him exactly what I wanted to study. When I moved to Washington, DC in the early stages of my work, Ricard continued to provide guidance via e-mail, reading the chapters I sent him and providing rapid and supportive responses. -
Could the United States Experience Hyperinflation?
COULD THE UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE HYPERINFLATION? A question being asked more often these days is “Are we and much of the rest of the world headed for increasing inflation rates and possibly hyperinflation as experienced in recent years by Zimbabwe and in the 1920s in Germany”? The answer is that increasing inflation is an almost certainty considering the rising government expenditures for defense, infrastructure and social services accompanied by an insufficient tax revenue base to pay for these services. The fact that money is no longer backed by material things such as gold has given the central government and especially the Federal Reserve in the United States an almost carte blanche opportunity to create money out of thin air in order to pay for mandated government needs. This trend has been on the increase and has recently reached a dangerous level due mainly to the recent actions by Fed Chairman Ben (“Just print more Dollars and drop them from Helicopters”) Bernanke. His attempts to stimulate a flagging economy with several quantitative easing efforts involving the creation of trillion of un-backed dollars of paper currency have raised the specter of increasing (and possibly uncontrollable) inflation in coming years. To demonstrate the seriousness of this situation, I show you a graph of the United States Adjusted Monetary Base over the past 25 years as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis- Note the sharp jump in the monetary base starting with quantitative easing QE1 and followed by QE2. This increase in dollars floating around the economy here and in the rest of the world needs only the spark of increasing velocity of money exchange to trigger a major inflation period. -
Metadata on the Exchange Rate Statistics
Metadata on the Exchange rate statistics Last updated 26 February 2021 Afghanistan Capital Kabul Central bank Da Afghanistan Bank Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.gov.af/ Currency Afghani ISO currency code AFN Subunits 100 puls Currency circulation Afghanistan Legacy currency Afghani Legacy currency's ISO currency AFA code Conversion rate 1,000 afghani (old) = 1 afghani (new); with effect from 7 October 2002 Currency history 7 October 2002: Introduction of the new afghani (AFN); conversion rate: 1,000 afghani (old) = 1 afghani (new) IMF membership Since 14 July 1955 Exchange rate arrangement 22 March 1963 - 1973: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1973 - 1981: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1981 - 31 December 2001: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 1 January 2002 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 5 September 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 6 September 2010 - 31 March 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 April 2011 - 4 April 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 5 April 2017 - 3 May 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 4 May 2018: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.AFN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 -
Hyperinflation in Venezuela: How to Address the Problem
Hyperinflation in Venezuela: How to Address the Problem Sean Gregory Reilly HMN 679HA/B Special Honors in the Department of Humanities The University of Texas at Austin May 2020 Brian Roberts Department of Government Supervising Professor Kenneth Greene Department of Government Second Reader Abstract Hyperinflation in Venezuela: How to Address the Problem Sean Gregory Reilly, BA in Humanties & Economics The University of Texas at Austin, 2020 Supervisor: Brian Roberts Massive amounts of hyperinflation have been ravaging Venezuela for years. Forbes reported that the annual inflation rate for Venezuela in 2018 was 80,000%. To put this in perspective, an inflation rate this high doubles prices nearly every two weeks. Inflation rates this high haven’t been seen since Zimbabwe in the 2000s and Germany in the 1920s. Venezuela’s high inflation levels are due to the sum total effect of relying too heavily on imports for basic goods, depending on oil as its main export, inefficient government industries, and governmental corruption. While this would have been enough to warrent a thesis on its own, there is more to the story of hyperinflation in Venezuela. Beneath the current economic crisis is a political power struggle. On one side is the current President Nicolas Maduro, head of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Challenging him is the interim President of the National Assembly Juan Guaido, from the Popular Will party. To complicate matters further, the United States officially recognized Guaido as the legitimate president of Venezuela. The intersectionality of econoimcs and politics is what intrigued me about Venezuela’s situation. As I started research, I learned that the easiest method for fighting hyperinflation, dollarization, is politically unavailable to President Maduro.