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A Comparison of North Korea with Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia Focused on Economic Reforms in Both Countries
A COMPARISON OF NORTH KOREA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC REFORMS IN BOTH COUNTRIES By Radim Vaculovic THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 A COMPARISON OF NORTH KOREA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC REFORMS IN BOTH COUNTRIES By Radim Vaculovic THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 Professor Jin Park 2 ABSTRACT A COMPARISON OF NORTH KOREA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC REFORMS IN BOTH COUNTRIES By Radim Vaculovic North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and Czech Republic or Czechoslovakia - is it possible to compare these two countries? Is there anything what is common for both countries? Many people will answer to this question probably „NOT“. Czech Republic is the country in the middle of Europe, (the Capital – Prague is very often called „the heart of Europe“), which quite successfully transferred social planned economy to market economy. North Korea is on the other hand a country with very central planned economy in North East Asia, where to talk about market economy is something not really possible. So two countries – no geographical connection, (the geographical distance between the two countries is about 8.000 km), no economic connection, each of the state is really in total different pole. Well if a person is satisfied with this explanation it is true there is probably not so much common and these two countries are not really comparable. -
Monetary and Fiscal Policies of Brazil, 1953-1963
MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES OF BRAZIL 1953-1963 By JAMES HENDERSON DUKES A DISSEHTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNH'ERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1968 Copyright by James Oaxidarson Dukes 1966 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Aa most of the nacessax*y Information for this dissertation perfoz*oe comes from a foreign country, 1 find that there are several persons or organizations that should be thanked for their assistance. Without the aid x»ecelved, much of the resesu*ch material used would have been neither primary nor current. First, I would like to thank the Library of Congress for the extensive use of their facilities. Also very im- portant were the assistance of the staffs of the Brazilian Qnbassies in v/ashlngton, D. C., and in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and the use of the library of the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D. C. I am indeed thankful for the assistance given me by Gertrude Heare of the TJhited States Department of Commerce in allowing me to borrow ’’the only available copy" of the 1964*’1966 development plan, which was replete with pertinent statistics and projections. And finally, I must show more than appreciation for the tremendous amount of assistance from my wife in the fora of preliminary and final typing, editing, and en- couragement throughout the whole period, from research to completion of the work. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE Chapter 1. THE BANKING SYSTEM I 5 2. THE TAX SYSTEM 3 . -
Silicomanganese from Brazil, the People's Republic of China, Ukraine, and Venezuela
Silicomanganese from Brazil, the People's Republic of China, Ukraine, and Venezuela Investigations Nos. 731-TA-671-67 4 (Final) Publication 2836 December 1994 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Peter S. Watson, Chairman Janet A. Nuzum, Vice Chairman David B. Rohr Don E. Newquist Carol T. Crawford Lynn M. Bragg Robert A. Rogowsky Director of Operations Staff assigned: Douglas Corkran, Investigator Charles Yost, Industry Analyst Cindy Cohen, Economist John Ascienzo, Accountant Shara Aranoff, Attorney George Deyman, Supervisory Investigator Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 Silicomanganese from Brazil, the People's Republic of China, Ukraine, and Venezuela Publication 2836 December 1994 CONTENTS Part I: Determinations and views of the Commission . 1-1 Determinations . 1-3 Views of Commissioner David B. Rohr and Commissioner Don E. Newquist. 1-5 Views of Chairman Peter S. Watson, Vice Chairman Janet A. Nuzum, Commissioner Carol T. Crawford and Commissioner Lynn M. Bragg . 1-19 Views of Chairman Peter S. Watson, Commissioner Carol T. Crawford and Commissioner Lynn M. Bragg on cumulation . 1-29 Views of Chairman Peter S. Watson, Commissioner Carol T. Crawford and Commissioner Lynn M. Bragg regarding no material injury by reason of LTFV imports from Brazil, China, and Ukraine . 1-37 Views of Chairman Peter S. Watson, Commissioner Carol T. Crawford and Commissioner Lynn M. Bragg on no material injury by reason of L TFV imports from Venezuela . 1-47 Views of Chairman Peter S. -
2015 Financials
CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT 2015 AND 2014 6 CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY 11 DIRECTORS 12 INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE 17 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR INVESTMENTS 31 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 5 MONEDA CHILE FUND LIMITED INVESTMENT FUND CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT Dear Investors: I would like to report on the results of Moneda Chile Fund in the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015. In 2015, the external setting was again adverse for Latin America: growth continued to shift from emerging countries to developed countries; fears about the Chinese economy were on the rise; there was an excess supply on the oil and other commodities markets; and there was a real possibility of the Fed putting an end to its monetary stimulus. This led to a crash in the prices of the raw materials exported by the region. The region’s economies also faced a decline in important external financial conditions. So, the growth of Latin America in 2015 was estimated to be -0.3%. In Chile, the economy grew 2.1% in 2015, similar to the growth in 2014 (1.9%). The worsening outlook abroad contributed to the slow growth, with a drop in the price of copper from US$3.11/lb in 2014 to US$2.50/lb in 2015. Also adversely impacting were the rise in taxes under the tax reform passed the previous year and the great uncertainty associated with the proposed labor reforms and new constitution. This prolonged the low level of confidence seen in the private sector that prevented a recovery in domestic demand and braked the export effort driven by the strong real devaluation in the peso (14.4%). -
Relevant Market/ Region Commercial Transaction Rates
Last Updated: 31, May 2021 You can find details about changes to our rates and fees and when they will apply on our Policy Updates Page. You can also view these changes by clicking ‘Legal’ at the bottom of any web-page and then selecting ‘Policy Updates’. Domestic: A transaction occurring when both the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of the same market. International: A transaction occurring when the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of different markets. Certain markets are grouped together when calculating international transaction rates. For a listing of our groupings, please access our Market/Region Grouping Table. Market Code Table: We may refer to two-letter market codes throughout our fee pages. For a complete listing of PayPal market codes, please access our Market Code Table. Relevant Market/ Region Rates published below apply to PayPal accounts of residents of the following market/region: Market/Region list Taiwan (TW) Commercial Transaction Rates When you buy or sell goods or services, make any other commercial type of transaction, send or receive a charity donation or receive a payment when you “request money” using PayPal, we call that a “commercial transaction”. Receiving international transactions Where sender’s market/region is Rate Outside of Taiwan (TW) Commercial Transactions 4.40% + fixed fee Fixed fee for commercial transactions (based on currency received) Currency Fee Australian dollar 0.30 AUD Brazilian real 0.60 BRL Canadian -
Palestinian Territories MIDDLE EAST UNITARY COUNTRY and WEST ASIA
Palestinian territories MIDDLE EAST UNITARY COUNTRY AND WEST ASIA Basic socio-economic indicators Income group - LOWER MIDDLE INCOME Local currency - Israeli new shekel (ILS) Population and geography Economic data AREA: 6 020 km2 GDP: 19.4 billion (current PPP international dollars) i.e. 4 509 dollars per inhabitant (2014) POPULATION: million inhabitants (2014), an increase 4.295 REAL GDP GROWTH: -1.5% (2014 vs 2013) of 3% per year (2010-2014) UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: 26.9% (2014) 2 DENSITY: 713 inhabitants/km FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, NET INFLOWS (FDI): 127 (BoP, current USD millions, 2014) URBAN POPULATION: 75.3% of national population GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF): 18.6% of GDP (2014) CAPITAL CITY: Ramallah (2% of national population) HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: 0.677 (medium), rank 113 Sources: World Bank; UNDP-HDR, ILO Territorial organisation and subnational government RESPONSIBILITIES MUNICIPAL LEVEL INTERMEDIATE LEVEL REGIONAL OR STATE LEVEL TOTAL NUMBER OF SNGs 483 - - 483 Local governments - Municipalities (baladiyeh) Average municipal size: 8 892 inhabitantS Main features of territorial organisation. The Palestinian Authority was born from the Oslo Agreements. Palestine is divided into two main geographical units: the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It is still an ongoing State construction. The official government of Cisjordania is governed by a President, while the Gaza area is governed by the Hamas. Up to now, most governmental functions are ensured by the State of Israel. In 1994, and upon the establishment of the Palestinian Ministry of Local Government (MoLG), 483 local government units were created, encompassing 103 municipalities and village councils and small clusters. Besides, 16 governorates are also established as deconcentrated level of government. -
Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. and Subsidiaries
Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. y subsidiarias (Cifras expresadas en miles de pesos chilenos) COMPAÑÍA CERVECERÍAS UNIDAS S.A. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Figures expressed in thousands of Chilean pesos) As of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and shareholders of Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Compañía Cervecerías Unidas S.A. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December, 31, 2018 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. -
1 ENTER the GHOST Cashless Payments in the Early Modern Low
ENTER THE GHOST Cashless payments in the Early Modern Low Countries, 1500-18001 Oscar Gelderbloma and Joost Jonkera, b Abstract We analyze the evolution of payments in the Low Countries during the period 1500-1800 to argue for the historical importance of money of account or ghost money. Aided by the adoption of new bookkeeping practices such as ledgers with current accounts, this convention spread throughout the entire area from the 14th century onwards. Ghost money eliminated most of the problems associated with paying cash by enabling people to settle transactions in a fictional currency accepted by everyone. As a result two functions of money, standard of value and means of settlement, penetrated easily, leaving the third one, store of wealth, to whatever gold and silver coins available. When merchants used ghost money to record credit granted to counterparts, they in effect created a form of money which in modern terms might count as M1. Since this happened on a very large scale, we should reconsider our notions about the volume of money in circulation during the Early Modern Era. 1 a Utrecht University, b University of Amsterdam. The research for this paper was made possible by generous fellowships at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) in Wassenaar. The Meertens Institute and Hester Dibbits kindly allowed us to use their probate inventory database, which Heidi Deneweth’s incomparable efforts reorganized so we could analyze the data. We thank participants at seminars in Utrecht and at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, and at the Silver in World History conference, VU Amsterdam, December 2014, for their valuable suggestions. -
A De Facto Asian-Currency Unit Bloc in East Asia: It Has Been There but We Did Not Look for It
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Girardin, Eric Working Paper A de facto Asian-currency unit bloc in East Asia: It has been there but we did not look for It ADBI Working Paper, No. 262 Provided in Cooperation with: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo Suggested Citation: Girardin, Eric (2011) : A de facto Asian-currency unit bloc in East Asia: It has been there but we did not look for It, ADBI Working Paper, No. 262, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/53741 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ADBI Working Paper Series A De Facto Asian-Currency Unit Bloc in East Asia: It Has Been There but We Did Not Look for It Eric Girardin No. -
European Union (EU) Map and Euro Currency
Eurozone Map and Euro Currency http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro Eurozone Map and the Status of the Surrounding Countries and Territories Member States of the European Union http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_member_states 13 October 2007 The Euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemb ourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.[3][4] The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans as of 2015.[5] Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 210 million people worldwide as of 2013—including 182 million people in Africa—use currencies pegged to the euro. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[6][7][8] As of August 2014, with more than €995 billion in circulation, the euro has the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.[note 17] Based on International Monetary Fund estimates of 2008GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.[9] 1 28 Member States of the European Union – List and Date Joined http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_member_states#List 2 Euro Banknotes as of 2014 евро ( ), ευρώ ( ) Cyrillic Greek ISO 4217 code EUR (num. -
Black Market Peso Exchange As a Mechanism to Place Substantial Amounts of Currency from U.S
United States Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network FinCEN Advisory Subject: This advisory is provided to alert banks and other depository institutions Colombian to a large-scale, complex money laundering system being used extensively by Black Market Colombian drug cartels to launder the proceeds of narcotics sales. This Peso Exchange system is affecting both U.S. financial depository institutions and many U.S. businesses. The information contained in this advisory is intended to help explain how this money laundering system works so that U.S. financial institutions and businesses can take steps to help law enforcement counter it. Overview Date: November Drug sales in the United States are estimated by the Office of National 1997 Drug Control Policy to generate $57.3 billion annually, and most of these transactions are in cash. Through concerted efforts by the Congress and the Executive branch, laws and regulatory actions have made the movement of this cash a significant problem for the drug cartels. America’s banks have effective systems to report large cash transactions and report suspicious or Advisory: unusual activity to appropriate authorities. As a result of these successes, the Issue 9 placement of large amounts of cash into U.S. financial institutions has created vulnerabilities for the drug organizations and cartels. Efforts to avoid report- ing requirements by structuring transactions at levels well below the $10,000 limit or camouflage the proceeds in otherwise legitimate activity are continu- ing. Drug cartels are also being forced to devise creative ways to smuggle the cash out of the country. This advisory discusses a primary money laundering system used by Colombian drug cartels. -
View Currency List
Currency List business.westernunion.com.au CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING Africa Asia continued Middle East Algerian Dinar – DZD Laos Kip – LAK Bahrain Dinar – BHD Angola Kwanza – AOA Macau Pataca – MOP Israeli Shekel – ILS Botswana Pula – BWP Malaysian Ringgit – MYR Jordanian Dinar – JOD Burundi Franc – BIF Maldives Rufiyaa – MVR Kuwaiti Dinar – KWD Cape Verde Escudo – CVE Nepal Rupee – NPR Lebanese Pound – LBP Central African States – XOF Pakistan Rupee – PKR Omani Rial – OMR Central African States – XAF Philippine Peso – PHP Qatari Rial – QAR Comoros Franc – KMF Singapore Dollar – SGD Saudi Arabian Riyal – SAR Djibouti Franc – DJF Sri Lanka Rupee – LKR Turkish Lira – TRY Egyptian Pound – EGP Taiwanese Dollar – TWD UAE Dirham – AED Eritrea Nakfa – ERN Thai Baht – THB Yemeni Rial – YER Ethiopia Birr – ETB Uzbekistan Sum – UZS North America Gambian Dalasi – GMD Vietnamese Dong – VND Canadian Dollar – CAD Ghanian Cedi – GHS Oceania Mexican Peso – MXN Guinea Republic Franc – GNF Australian Dollar – AUD United States Dollar – USD Kenyan Shilling – KES Fiji Dollar – FJD South and Central America, The Caribbean Lesotho Malati – LSL New Zealand Dollar – NZD Argentine Peso – ARS Madagascar Ariary – MGA Papua New Guinea Kina – PGK Bahamian Dollar – BSD Malawi Kwacha – MWK Samoan Tala – WST Barbados Dollar – BBD Mauritanian Ouguiya – MRO Solomon Islands Dollar –