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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-18,253 THE LATIN AMERICAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Conklin, John G., 1939- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 11:00:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289370 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. If is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-18,253 CONKLIN, John Gordon, 1939- THE LATIN AMERICAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1976 Political Science, general ! i Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 @ 1976 JOHN GORDON CONKLIN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE LATIN AMERICAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE by John Gordon Conklin Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of th DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1976 Copyright 1976 John Gordon Conklin THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by John Gordon Conklin entitled THE LATIN AMERICAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy -> *jj*fj £ Dissertation Director Date// After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:'-'' This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The Uni­ versity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: TO MY MOTHER AND FATHER TABLE OF CONTENTS Paige LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii ABSTRACT xv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Outline 1 Data and Coding 5 2. THE LATIN AMERICAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE: PRESIDENTIAL ISM AND POWER 15 Types of Executives in Latin America 17 Monarchs and Life Consuls. 18 Parliamentary and Collegial 20 Failure of Non-Presidential Systems 24 Informal Influences on Power 30 Cultural Influence 30 Practical Influences 32 Historical Influences 36 Institutional Influence 39 Formal Bases of Power 44 Chapter Summary 50 3. PRESIDENTIAL RECRUITMENT: FORMAL AND INFORMAL REQUIREMENTS 51 Formal-Legal Qualifications 52 Age, Religious, and Other Requirements ... 52 Other Special Qualifications 58 Special Disqualifications 59 Informal Prerequisites 60 Age 60 Birthplace 62 Education 70 Civilian Occupations 76 Chapter Summary 79 4. PRESIDENTIAL RECRUITMENT: SOCIAL CLASS AND MILITARY OCCUPATIONS 80 Social Class 80 Social Class: Trend Analysis ... 82 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Social Class: Theoretical Considerations. 85 Socio-Racial Theory 85 European Countries 87 Mulatto Countries 89 Mestizo Countries 92 Indian Countries 93 The Emergence of the Middle Sectors ... 98 Summary: Social Class and Executive Recruitment 100 Military Occupations 103 Military Occupations: An Overview .... 104 Militarism: Trend Analysis 107 Rise of Militarism: Independence to 1870 107 Decline of Military: 1870-1920 .... 114 Stabilization and Increase of Military: 1920-1970 115 Militarism: Theoretical Considerations. 116 Socio-Racial Types 117 Militarism: Literacy 121 Militarism: Socio-Economic Complexity. 126 Militarism: Political Parties 132 Militarism: Summary 142 5. PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION: OVERVIEW AND ELECTIONS. 14 5 Studies of Executive Succession 146 Executive Succession: Overview 147 Executive Successions: Elections 156 Theories of Democracy 156 Democracy in Latin America: Hypotheses. 162 Socio-Economic Contexts 162 Communications Systems 162 Socio-Political Structures 163 Military and Democracy 163 Independent and Dependent Variables. 164 Socio-Economic Development and Democracy. 164 Communications and Democracy 168 Socio-Political Structures and Democracy. 171 Military 175 Political Parties 175 Labor 179 Chapter Summary 179 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 6. PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION: VIOLENCIAS 182 Theories of Instability 182 Instability in Latin America: Hypotheses . 187 Cultural Bases 188 Economic Bases . 190 Psychological Urbanization Bases 191 Socio-Structural Bases 192 Executive Succession: Violencias and Instability 192 Culture and Instability 193 Socio-Racial Type and Instability .... 197 Economic Opportunities and Instability. 200 Alienation, Urbanization and Instability. 203 Socio-Political Structures and Ins tab i 1 i ty 211 Militarism 213 Political Parties 215 Labor 2 22 Chapter Summary. 225 7. PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION: IMPOSICIONES AND TENURE PATTERNS 229 Imposicion 230 Tenure 236 Tenure Patterns: Overview 238 The Institutionalization of the Chief Executive 242 Occupations and Tenure 248 Party Systems and Tenure 252 Successions and Tenure 2 56 Chapter Summary 2 58 8. CONCLUSION: FINDINGS AND SIGNIFICANCE 260 Presidential Backgrounds 260 Presidential Successions 267 The Significance of the Study for Under­ standing and Predicting Trends in Latin American Politics 269 Constitutionalism and Executive Power . 270 Executive Recruitment and Power: Soldiers vs. Civilians 273 Executive Succession and Power 279 vii . TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page APPENDIX I: PRESIDENT: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 285 APPENDIX II: PRESIDENTS: TERM OF OFFICE, SUCCESSION, DEPARTURE 328 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 374 LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1.1 Number of Unknown Data in Appendix I By Country and Category 7 2.1 Types of Executives in Latin America Independence to 1970 (By Country). ... 29 3.1 Constitutional Qualifications for Latin American Presidents 5 3 3.2 Age of Latin American Executives Upon Eirst Achieving Office (By Number and Percentage 61 3.3 Birthplace of Latin American Presidents (By Si ze) 6 3 3.4 Percentage of Urban Dwellers and Urban Born Executives in Latin America .... 64 3.5 Percentage of Latin American Presidents Born in National and State Capitals 66 3.6 Formal Education of tlie Presidents of Latin America (By Number and Percentage) 71 3.7 Civilian Occupations of Latin American Chief Executives (Bv Country) 77 4.1 Class Origins of Presidents of Latin America By Country and Socio- Racial Type (Number and Percentage). 88 4.2 Class Origin of Presidents in Revolu­ tionary and Traditional Indian Countries 95 4.3 Class Origin of Presidents in Revolu­ tionary Indian Countries Before and After Revolution 96 4.4 Presidents Born in Middle Class in Middle Sector and Non-Middle Sector Countries 99 v i i i ix LIST OF TABLES--Continued Table Page 4.5 Civilian, Professional Military and Insurgent Military Presidents: By Country (Number and Percent­ age 105 4.6 Rank Order and Percentage of Profes­ sional, Insurgent and Total Military Presidents 106 4.7 Percentage of Military and Civilian Executives Born in the Unper , Middle and Lower Classes Ill 4.8 Percentage of Executives Born in the Upper, Middle and Lower
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