Metadata on the Exchange rate statistics

Last updated 26 February 2021

Capital Central 's website http://www.centralbank.gov.af/ Afghani ISO currency code AFN Subunits 100 puls Currency circulation Afghanistan Legacy currency Afghani Legacy currency's ISO currency AFA code Conversion rate 1,000 afghani (old) = 1 afghani (new); with effect from 7 October 2002 Currency history 7 October 2002: Introduction of the new afghani (AFN); conversion rate: 1,000 afghani (old) = 1 afghani (new) IMF membership Since 14 July 1955 Exchange rate arrangement 22 March 1963 - 1973: Pegged to the US according to the IMF 1973 - 1981: Independently floating classification ( of end-April 1981 - 31 December 2001: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 1 January 2002 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 5 September 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 6 September 2010 - 31 March 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 April 2011 - 4 April 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 5 April 2017 - 3 May 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 4 May 2018: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AFN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.AFN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.AFN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.AFN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AFN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.AFN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.AFN.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Central bank Central bank's website http://www.bankofalbania.org/ Currency ISO currency code ALL Subunits 100 qindarka Currency circulation Albania Legacy currency Albanian lek Conversion rate 10 Albanian lek (old) = 1 Albanian lek (new); with effect from 16 August 1965 Currency history 16 August 1965: Introduction of the new Albanian lek (ALL); conversion rate: 10 Albanian lek (old) = 1 Albanian lek (new) IMF membership Since 15 October 1991 Exchange rate arrangement 10 September 1991 - 30 June 1992: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 1 July 1992 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 30 April 2008 - 14 February 2009: Free floating (market-determined 2019) with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 15 February 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.ALL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ALL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ALL.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.ALL.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ALL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ALL.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Algiers Central bank Banque d'Algerie Central bank's website http://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/ Currency Algerian ISO currency code DZD Subunits 100 Currency circulation Algeria Legacy currency Algerian new Conversion rate 1 Algerian new franc = 1 ; with effect from 10. April 1964 Currency history 1 January 1960: Introduction of the Algerian new franc; conversion rate: 100 Algerian franc = 1 Algerian new franc 10 April 1964: Introduction of the Algerian dinar (DZD); conversion rate: 1 Algerian new franc = 1 Algerian dinar IMF membership Since 26 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 September 1997 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 January 1974 - 30 September 1994: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 1 October 1994 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2008: Floating (market-determined 2019) with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 January 2009 - 14 June 2018: Other managed arrangement (oriented to a currency basket) Since 15 June 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Algeria maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.DZD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DZD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DZD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.DZD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DZD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DZD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.DZD.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.DZD.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.DZD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.DZD.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.DZD.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.DZD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.DZD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DZD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DZD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DZD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DZD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DZD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Angola

Capital Luanda Central bank Banco Nacional de Angola Central bank's website https://www.bna.ao/ Currency Kwanza ISO currency code AOA Subunits 100 cêntimos Currency circulation Angola Legacy currency Readjusted kwanza Legacy currency's ISO currency AOR code Conversion rate 1,000,000 readjusted kwanza = 1 kwanza; with effect from 13 December 1999 Currency history 20 January 1954: Introduction of the ; conversion rate: 1 Angolar = 1 Angolan escudo 8 January 1977: Introduction of the kwanza (AOK); conversion rate: 1 Angolan escudo = 1 kwanza 1 October 1990: Introduction of the new kwanza (AON); conversion rate: 1 kwanza = 1 new kwanza 3 July 1995: Introduction of the readjusted kwanza (AOR); conversion rate: 1,000 new kwanza = 1 readjusted kwanza 13 December 1999: Introduction of the kwanza (AOA); conversion rate: 1,000,000 readjusted kwanza = 1 kwanza IMF membership Since 19 September 1989 Exchange rate arrangement 8 January 1977 - 24 April 1994: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 25 April 1994 - 30 June 1996: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 July 1996 - 29 September 1998: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 30 September 1998 - 24 January 1999: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 25 January 1999 - 30 March 2001: Independently floating 31 March 2001 - 31 May 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 June 2005 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 1 October 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 2 October 2009 - 31 October 2010: Other managed arrangement 1 November 2010 - 16 September 2014: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 17 September 2014 - 4 June 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 5 June 2015 - 14 April 2016: Other managed arrangement 15 April 2016 - 8 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 9 January 2018: Other managed arrangement Comment Independent (from Portugal) since 11 November 1975 Time series BBEX3.A.AOA.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AOA.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.AOA.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AOA.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital St John's Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Antigua and Barbuda, , , , , , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and (since 17 July 1968) Legacy currency dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 6 October 1965 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar IMF membership Since 25 February 1982 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 November 1983 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean ) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Antigua and Barbuda participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Independent since 1 November 1981 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Argentina

Capital Buenos Aires Central bank Banco Central de la República Argentina Central bank's website https://www.bcra.gob.ar/default.asp Currency Argentine ISO currency code ARS Subunits 100 Currency circulation Argentina Legacy currency Austral Legacy currency's ISO currency ARA code Conversion rate 10 000 austral = 1 ; with effect from 1 January 1992 Currency history 1 January 1970: Currency changeover from the Argentine peso (peso moneda nacional) to the Argentine peso (peso; ISO code ARP) at the rate of 100:1 1 June 1983: Currency changeover from the Argentine peso (peso) to the Argentine peso (peso argentino; ISO code ARP) at the rate of 10,000:1 14 June 1985: Introduction of the austral (ARA); conversion rate: 1,000 Argentine peso = 1 austral 1 January 1992: Introduction of the Argentine peso (ARS); conversion rate: 10,000 austral = 1 Argentine peso IMF membership Since 20 September 1956 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 14 May 1968 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 July 1975 - 30 January 1976: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 31 January 1976 - 11 May 1978: Adjusted according to a set of classification (as of end-April indicators 2019) 12 May 1978 - 5 July 1982: Independently floating 6 July 1982 - 10 December 1989: Other managed floating 11 December 1989 - 18 March 1991: Independently floating 19 March 1991 - 10 February 2002: Pegged to the US dollar 11 February 2002 - 31 May 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 June 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 30 September 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 October 2008 - 31 December 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 January 2010 - 16 December 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 17 December 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.ARS.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ARS.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ARS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ARS.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ARS.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ARS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ARS.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.ARS.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.ARS.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.ARS.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.ARS.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.ARS.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.ARS.EUR.CA.AC.A02 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.ARS.USD.CA.AC.A02 Armenia

Capital Yerevan Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cba.am Currency ISO currency code AMD Subunits 100 luma Currency circulation Armenia Legacy currency Russian rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency RUR code Conversion rate 200 Russian rouble = 1 Armenian dram; with effect from 22. November 1993 Currency history 22 November 1993: Introduction of the Armenian dram (AMD); conversion rate: 200 Russian rouble (RUR) = 1 Armenian dram IMF membership Since 28 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 May 1997 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 28 May 1992 - 21 November 1993: Use of the Soviet/Russian rouble according to the IMF as classification (as of end-April 22 November 1993 - 31 May 2006: Independently floating 2019) 1 June 2006 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 30 June 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 July 2008 - 2 March 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 3 March 2009 - 11 March 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 12 March 2013 - 3 November 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 4 November 2014 - 1 January 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 2 January 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Armenia maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.AMD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AMD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AMD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.AMD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AMD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AMD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Aruba

Capital Oranjestad Central bank Centrale Bank van Aruba Central bank's website https://www.cbaruba.org/cba/home.do Currency Aruban ISO currency code AWG Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Aruba Legacy currency Netherlands Antillean Legacy currency's ISO currency ANG code Conversion rate 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder = 1 ; with effect from 1 January 1986 Currency history 1 January 1986: Introduction of the Aruban florin (AWG); conversion rate: 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder = 1 Aruban florin IMF membership Since 15 February 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since June 1940: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment On 1 January 1986, Aruba obtained its status as an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Prior to this period, Aruba formed part of the Netherlands Antilles. Time series BBEX3.A.AWG.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AWG.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AWG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AWG.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.AWG.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.AWG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.AWG.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.AWG.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.AWG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AWG.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.AWG.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.AWG.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Canberra Central bank Reserve Bank of Australia Central bank's website http://www.rba.gov.au/ Currency ISO currency code AUD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Australia, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, , , , Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 Australian pound = 2 Australian ; with effect from 14 February 1966 Currency history 14 February 1966: Introduction of the Australian dollar (AUD); conversion rate: 1 Australian pound = 2 Australian dollars IMF membership Since 5 August 1947 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 1965 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 September 1974 - 28 November 1976: Pegged to a currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 29 November 1976 - 11 December 1983: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis a 2019) currency basket Since 12 December 1983: Independently floating Time series BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.USD.CM.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A02

Capital Central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank Central bank's website https://www.oenb.at/ Currency ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, , , Greece, Ireland, , Latvia, Lithuania, , , Netherlands, Portugal, , , Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, , , Mayotte, Monaco, , Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), , Legacy currency Schilling Legacy currency's ISO currency ATS code Conversion rate 13.7603 schilling = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 13.7603 schilling = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 August 1948 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 August 1962 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 29 March 1973 - 12 March 1979: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF (European common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 March 1979 - 8 January 1995: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) () 9 January 1995 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Azerbaijan

Capital Baku Central bank Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan Central bank's website http://www.cbar.az Currency Azerbaijan manat ISO currency code AZN Subunits 100 qapik Currency circulation Azerbaijan Legacy currency Azerbaijan manat Legacy currency's ISO currency AZM code Conversion rate 5,000 Azerbaijan manat (old) = 1 Azerbaijan manat (new); with effect from 1 January 2006 Currency history August 1992: Introduction of the Azerbaijan manat (AZM) in parallel to the Soviet rouble (SUR) at the rate of 10 Soviet rouble = 1 Azerbaijan manat Since 15 December 1993: Currency conversion from Russian rouble (RUR) to Azerbaijan manat at the rate of 10:1 1 January 1994: The Azerbaijan manat becomes the sole legal tender 1 January 2006: Introduction of the new Azerbaijan manat (AZN); conversion rate: 5,000 Azerbaijan manat (old) = 1 Azerbaijan manat (new) IMF membership Since 18 September 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 November 2004 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 18 October 1992 - 23 May 1994: Pegged to the Soviet/Russian according to the IMF rouble classification (as of end-April 24 May 1994 - 29 September 1998: Independently floating 2019) 30 September 1998 - 31 January 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 February 2005 - 31 December 2005: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 January 2006 - 10 March 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 11 March 2008 - 29 April 2008: Exchange rates within a crawling band 30 April 2008 - 31 May 2008: Other managed arrangement 1 June 2008 - 20 December 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 21 December 2015 - 13 April 2017: Other managed arrangement Since 14 April 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Azerbaijan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.AZN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AZN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AZN.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.AZN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AZN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AZN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Bahamas

Capital Nassau Central bank Central Bank of Central bank's website https://www.centralbankbahamas.com/ Currency ISO currency code BSD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Bahamas Legacy currency Bahamas pound; 1 Bahamas pound = 20 = 240 pence Conversion rate 7 shillings = 1 Bahamian dollar; with effect from 25 May 1966 Currency history 25 May 1966: Introduction of the Bahamian dollar (BSD); conversion rate: 7 shillings = 1 Bahamian dollar IMF membership Since 21 August 1973 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 December 1973 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 May 1966 - 1 February 1970: Pegged to the British according to the IMF Since 2 February 1970: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 10 July 1973 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.BSD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BSD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BSD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BSD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BSD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BSD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BSD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BSD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BSD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BSD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BSD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BSD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Manama Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbb.gov.bh/ Currency ISO currency code BHD Subunits 1,000 fils Currency circulation Bahrain Legacy currency Gulf (parity in relation to the the ) Conversion rate 10 Gulf = 1 Bahraini dinar; with effect from 16 October 1965 Currency history 16 October 1965: Introduction of the Bahraini dinar (BHD); conversion rate: 10 Gulf rupees = 1 Bahraini dinar IMF membership Since 7 September 1972 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 March 1973 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 March 1973 - 25 January 1978: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 26 January 1978 - 14 August 1978: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 15 August 1978 - 30 March 1999: Pegged exchange rate within 2019) horizontal bands Since 31 March 1999: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Comment Independent since 14 Time series BBEX3.A.BHD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BHD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BHD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BHD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Dhaka Central bank Bangladesh Bank Central bank's website https://www.bb.org.bd/index.php Currency Taka ISO currency code BDT Subunits 100 poisha Currency circulation Bangladesh Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency PKR code Conversion rate 1 Pakistani rupee = 1 taka; with effect from 1 January 1972 Currency history 1 January 1972: Introduction of the taka (BDT); conversion rate: 1 Pakistani rupee = 1 taka IMF membership Since 17 August 1972 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 11 April 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 January 1972 - 12 August 1979: Pegged to the British pound according to the IMF sterling classification (as of end-April 13 August 1979 - 30 May 2003: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 31 May 2003 - 31 December 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2007 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 3 October 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 4 October 2010 - 18 December 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 19 December 2011 - 6 February 2013: Other managed arrangement 7 February 2013 - 9 January 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 10 January 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Bangladesh maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent (from Pakistan) since 26 March 1971. Time series BBEX3.A.BDT.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BDT.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BDT.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BDT.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BDT.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BDT.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BDT.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BDT.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BDT.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BDT.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BDT.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BDT.USD.CA.AC.A01 Barbados

Capital Bridgetown Central bank Central Bank of Barbados Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.org.bb/ Currency Barbados dollar ISO currency code BBD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Barbados Legacy currency East Caribbean dollar Legacy currency's ISO currency XCD code Conversion rate 1 East Caribbean dollar = 1 Barbados dollar; with effect from 3 December 1973 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar 3 December 1973: Introduction of the Barbados dollar (BBD); conversion rate: 1 East Caribbean dollar = 1 Barbados dollar IMF membership Since 29 December 1970 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 3 November 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1949 - 4 July 1975: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF Since 5 July 1975: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 30 November 1966 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.BBD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BBD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BBD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BBD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BBD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BBD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BBD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BBD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BBD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BBD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BBD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BBD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Belarus

Capital Minsk Central bank National Bank of the Republic of Belarus Central bank's website http://www.nbrb.by Currency Belarusian rouble ISO currency code BYN Subunits 100 kopecks Currency circulation Belarus Legacy currency Belarusian rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency BYR code Conversion rate 10,000 Belarusian rouble (old) = 1 Belarusian rouble (new); with effect from 1 July 2016 Currency history 25 May 1992: Introduction of the Belarusian rouble (in the form of so- called zaichik coupons) in parallel to the Soviet rouble 20 August 1994: Introduction of the Belarusian rouble (BYB); conversion rate: 10 Belarusian rouble (zaichik coupons) = 1 Belarusian rouble 1 January 2000: Introduction of the new Belarusian rouble (BYR); conversion rate: 1,000 Belarusian rouble (old) = 1 Belarusian rouble (new) 1 July 2016: Introduction of the new Belarusian rouble (BYN); conversion rate: 10,000 Belarusian rouble (old) = 1 Belarusian rouble (new) IMF membership Since 10 July 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 05 November 2001 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 May 1992 - 30 December 1993: Pegged to the Soviet/Russian according to the IMF rouble classification (as of end-April 31 December 1993 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 2019) 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2000: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2001 - 31 December 2004: Exchange rates within a crawling band 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 1 January 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 2 January 2009 - 6 May 2010: Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands 7 May 2010 - 23 May 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 24 May 2011 - 18 September 2012: Other managed arrangement 19 September 2012 - 8 January 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 9 January 2015 - 31 July 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 1 August 2018: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.BYN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BYN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BYN.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.BYN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BYN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BYN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Belgium

Capital Central bank National Bank of Belgium Central bank's website http://www.nbb.be Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency BEF code Conversion rate 40.3399 Belgian = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 40.3399 Belgian franc = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 12 March 1979: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement 2019) (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Belize (until the end of May 1973: )

Capital Belmopan Central bank Central Bank of Belize Central bank's website https://www.centralbank.org.bz/ Currency ISO currency code BZD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Belize Legacy currency British Honduran dollar Conversion rate 1 British Honduran dollar = 1 Belize dollar; with effect from 1 June 1973 Currency history 1 June 1973: Introduction of the Belize dollar (BZD); conversion rate: 1 British Honduran dollar = 1 Belize dollar IMF membership Since 16 March 1982 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 14 June 1983 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 June 1973 - 13 May 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF Since 14 May 1976: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 21 September 1981 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.BZD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BZD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BZD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BZD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BZD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BZD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BZD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BZD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BZD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BZD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BZD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BZD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Benin (until 29 November 1975: Dahomey)

Capital Porto-Novo; Seat of Government: Cotonou Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de 'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo IMF membership Since 10 July 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 1 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Hamilton Central bank Bermuda Monetary Authority Central bank's website https://www.bma.bm/ Currency ISO currency code BMD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Bermuda Legacy currency Bermuda pound Conversion rate 1 Bermuda pound = 2.40 Bermudian dollar; with effect from 6 February 1970 Currency history 6 February 1970: Introduction of the Bermudian dollar (BMD); conversion rate: 1 Bermuda pound = 2.40 Bermudian dollar IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment British Overseas Territory Time series BBEX3.A.BMD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BMD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BMD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BMD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BMD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BMD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BMD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BMD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BMD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BMD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BMD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BMD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Bhutan

Capital Thimphu Central bank Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Central bank's website http://www.rma.org.bt/ Currency Ngultrum ISO currency code BTN Subunits 100 chhetrum Currency circulation Bhutan Legacy currency Indian rupee Conversion rate 1 Indian rupee = 1 ngultrum; with effect from 1 June 1974 Currency history 1 June 1974: Introduction of the ngultrum (BTN); conversion rate: 1 Indian rupee = 1 ngultrum IMF membership Since 28 September 1981 Exchange rate arrangement Since 1 June 1974: Pegged to the Indian rupee according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment The Indian rupee is likewise legal tender alongside the ngultrum. Time series BBEX3.A.BTN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BTN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BTN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BTN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BTN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BTN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BTN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BTN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BTN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BTN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BTN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BTN.USD.CA.AC.A01 , Plurinational State of

Capital Sucre; seat of government: La Paz Central bank Banco Central de Bolivia Central bank's website https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ Currency Boliviano ISO currency code BOB Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Bolivia, Plurinational State of Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency BOP code Conversion rate 1,000,000 Bolivian = 1 boliviano; with effect from 1 January 1987 Currency history 1 January 1963: Introduction of the Bolivian peso (BOP); conversion rate: 1,000 bolivianos = 1 Bolivian peso 1 January 1987: Introduction of the boliviano (BOB); conversion rate: 1,000,000 Bolivian pesos = 1 boliviano IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 October 1972 - 29 November 1979: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 30 November 1979 - 4 February 1982: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 5 February 1982 - 7 November 1982: Other managed floating 2019) 8 November 1982 - 28 August 1985: Pegged to the US dollar 29 August 1985 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating 31 December 1997 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2005: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 January 2006 - 30 November 2007: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 1 December 2007 - 5 October 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 6 October 2008 - 28 November 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 29 November 2010 - 1 November 2011: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) Since 2 November 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Bolivia maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.BOB.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BOB.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BOB.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BOB.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BOB.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BOB.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BOB.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.BOB.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.BOB.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.BOB.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.BOB.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.BOB.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BOB.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BOB.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BOB.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BOB.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BOB.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BOB.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Sarajevo Central bank Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina Central bank's website http://www.cbbh.ba Currency Convertible marka ISO currency code BAM Subunits 100 feninga Currency circulation Bosnia and Herzegovina Legacy currency Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar Legacy currency's ISO currency BAD code Conversion rate 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar = 1 convertible marka; with effect from 11 August 1997 Currency history 17 August 1992: Introduction of the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar; conversion rate: 1 = 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar 15 July 1994: Introduction of the new Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar (BAD); conversion rate: 10,000 Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar (old) = 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar (new) 11 August 1997: Introduction of the convertible marka (BAM); conversion rate: 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar = 1 convertible marka IMF membership Since 14 December 1992 (end of membership of predecessor state ) Exchange rate arrangement 1 August 1994 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the Deutsche according to the IMF Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.BAM.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BAM.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BAM.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BAM.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BAM.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BAM.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BAM.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BAM.USD.CA.AC.A01 Botswana

Capital Gaborone Central bank Bank of Botswana Central bank's website http://www.bankofbotswana.bw/ Currency Pula ISO currency code BWP Subunits 100 thebe Currency circulation Botswana Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 South African rand = 1 pula; with effect from 23 August 1976 Currency history 23 August 1976: Introduction of the pula (BWP); conversion rate: 1 South African rand = 1 pula IMF membership Since 24 July 1968 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 17 November 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 23 September 1976 - 30 November 1976: Pegged to the South according to the IMF African rand classification (as of end-April 1 December 1976 - 1 June 1980: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 2 June 1980 - 30 May 2005: Pegged to a currency basket Since 31 May 2005: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) Time series BBEX3.A.BWP.EUR.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BWP.EUR.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BWP.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BWP.USD.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BWP.USD.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BWP.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BWP.EUR.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BWP.EUR.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BWP.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BWP.USD.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BWP.USD.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BWP.USD.CM.AC.A01 Brazil

Capital Brasília Central bank Banco Central do Brasil Central bank's website https://www.bcb.gov.br/ Currency ISO currency code BRL Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Brazil Legacy currency Cruzeiro real Legacy currency's ISO currency BRR code Conversion rate 2,750 cruzeiro real = 1 Brazilian real; with effect from 1 July 1994 Currency history 1 November 1942: Introduction of the cruzeiro; conversion rate: 1,000 réis = 1 cruzeiro 13 February 1967: Introduction of the new cruzeiro; conversion rate: 1,000 cruzeiro = 1 new cruzeiro 15 May 1970: Change of currency name from the new cruzeiro to the cruzeiro (BRB) 28 February 1986: Introduction of the cruzado (BRC); conversion rate: 1,000 cruzeiro = 1 cruzado 16 January 1989: Introduction of the new cruzado (BRN); conversion rate: 1,000 cruzado = 1 new cruzado 16 March 1990: Introduction of the cruzeiro (BRE); conversion rate: 1 new cruzado = 1 cruzeiro 1 August 1993: Introduction of the cruzeiro real (BRR); conversion rate: 1,000 cruzeiro = 1 cruzeiro real 1 July 1994: Introduction of the Brazilian real (BRL); conversion rate: 2,750 cruzeiro real= 1 Brazilian real IMF membership Since 14 January 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 November 1999 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement August 1968 - 15 March 1990: Adjusted according to a set of according to the IMF indicators classification (as of end-April 16 March 1990 - 30 June 1994: Independently floating 2019) 1 July 1994 - 14 January 1999: Other managed floating 15 January 1999 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Multiple exchange rate system until 31 January 1999 Time series BBEX3.A.BRL.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BRL.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BRL.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.BRL.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BRL.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BRL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BRL.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BRL.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BRL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BRL.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.BRL.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.BRL.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BRL.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.BRL.USD.CA.AC.A02 Darussalam

Capital Bandar Seri Begawan Currency ISO currency code BND Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Brunei Darussalam, Singapore Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Brunei dollar; with effect from 12 June 1967 Currency history 12 June 1967: Introduction of the Brunei dollar (BND); conversion rate: 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Brunei dollar IMF membership Since 10 October 1995 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 October 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 21 June 1973: Pegged to the according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Under an agreement between Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, the Singapore dollar (convertible at par) is also accepted as customary tender.

Independent since 1 January 1984. Time series BBEX3.A.BND.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BND.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BND.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BND.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BND.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BND.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BND.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BND.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BND.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BND.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BND.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BND.USD.CA.AC.A01 Bulgaria

Capital Sofia Central bank Bulgarian National Bank Central bank's website http://www.bnb.bg/ Currency ISO currency code BGN Subunits 100 stotinkas Currency circulation Bulgaria Legacy currency Bulgarian lev Legacy currency's ISO currency BGL code Conversion rate 1,000 Bulgarian levs (old) = 1 Bulgarian lev (new) Currency history 12 May 1952: Introduction of the (new) lev; conversion rate for exchange: 100 levs (old) = 1 lev (new), for prices and for mutual claims and liabilities between individuals: 100:4. For bank balances, various conversion rates apply. 1 January 1962: Introduction of the (new) lev (BGL); currency conversion took place at the rate of 10 levs(old) = 1 lev (new) 5 July 1999: Introduction of the (new) lev (BGN); currency conversion took place at the rate of 1,000 levs (old) = 1 lev (new) IMF membership Since 25 September 1990 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 September 1998 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 2 May 1990 - 17 February 1991: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 18 February 1991 - 30 June 1997: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1 July 1997 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro Comment Participant in Exchange Rate Mechanism II since 13 July 2020. Time series BBEX3.A.BGN.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BGN.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BGN.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BGN.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.BGN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BGN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.BGN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.BGN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BGN.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BGN.USD.CA.AC.A02 Burkina Faso (until 3 August 1984: Upper Volta)

Capital Ouagadougou Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Burkina Faso, Benin,Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo IMF membership Since 02 May 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 5 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Burundi

Capital Gitega (until December 2018: Bujumbura) Central bank Bank of the Republic of Burundi Central bank's website http://www.brb.bi Currency Burundi franc ISO currency code BIF Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Burundi Legacy currency Rwanda and Burundi franc Conversion rate 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc = 1 Burundi franc; with effect from 19 May 1964 Currency history 2 September 1960: Introduction of the Rwanda and Burundi franc; conversion rate: 1 Congo franc = 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc 19 May 1964: Introduction of the Burundi franc (BIF); conversion rate: 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc = 1 Burundi franc IMF membership Since 28 September 1963 Exchange rate arrangement April 1970 - 22 November 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 23 November 1983 - 13 May 1992: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 14 May 1992 - 29 June 1999: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 30 June 1999 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 6 May 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 7 May 2009 - 25 July 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 26 July 2011 - 5 March 2013: Other managed arrangement 6 March 2013 - 21 June 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 22 June 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Burundi maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent (from Belgium) since 1 July 1962 Time series BBEX3.A.BIF.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BIF.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BIF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.BIF.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.BIF.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.BIF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.BIF.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BIF.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BIF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.BIF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.BIF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.BIF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Cabo Verde

Capital Praia Central bank Banco de Cabo Verde Central bank's website https://www.bcv.cv/pt/Paginas/Homepage.aspx Currency Cabo Verde escudo ISO currency code CVE Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Cabo Verde IMF membership Since 20 November 1978 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 2004 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Until 28 February 1977: Parity in relation to the according to the IMF 1 March 1977 - 31 March 1998: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 1 April 1998 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the Portuguese escudo 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro Comment Independent since 5 July 1975 (formerly: Portuguese colony) Time series BBEX3.A.CVE.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CVE.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CVE.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.CVE.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.CVE.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CVE.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CVE.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CVE.USD.CA.AC.A01 Cambodia

Capital Phnom Penh Central bank National Bank of Cambodia Central bank's website http://www.nbc.org.kh/english/index.php Currency Riel ISO currency code KHR Subunits 100 sen Currency circulation Cambodia Legacy currency Indochinese piastre Conversion rate 1 Indochinese piastre = 1 riel; with effect from 1 January 1955 Currency history 1 January 1955: Introduction of the riel (KHR); conversion rate: 1 Indochinese piastre = 1 riel IMF membership Since 31 December 1969 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 January 2002 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 30 June 1993 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no according to the IMF predetermined path for the exchange rate classification (as of end-April 30 April 2008 - 31 August 2009: Floating (market-determined with 2019) more frequent modes of intervention) 1 September 2009 - 30 June 2013: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 July 2013 - 31 December 2013: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2014 - 10 March 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 11 March 2015: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.KHR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KHR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KHR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KHR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KHR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KHR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KHR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KHR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Cameroon

Capital Yaoundé Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon IMF membership Since 10 July 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, Central African Monetary Community; as of 1994, Central classification (as of end-April African Economic and Monetary Community) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Treaty of Versailles (1919) partitions Cameroon into an eastern sector (French-mandated territory) and a western sector (British-mandated territory). Independence: East Cameroon gains independence from France as the Republic of Cameroon on 1 January 1960. West Cameroon: on 1 October 1961, the southern part of the British territory joins with the Republic of Cameroon while the northern part unifies with Nigeria. Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Ottawa Central bank Bank of Canada Central bank's website https://www.bankofcanada.ca/ Currency ISO currency code CAD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Canada IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 25 March 1952 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 October 1950 - 1 May 1962: Independently floating according to the IMF 2 May 1962 - 31 May 1970: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April Since 1 June 1970: Independently floating 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.CAD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CAD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CAD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CAD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.CAD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CAD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CAD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CAD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CAD.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CAD.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital George Town Central bank Cayman Islands Monetary Authority Central bank's website https://www.cima.ky/ Currency ISO currency code KYD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Cayman Islands Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency JMD code Conversion rate 1 Jamaican dollar = 1 Cayman Islands dollar; with effect from 1 May 1972 Currency history 1 May 1972: Introduction of the Cayman Islands dollar (KYD); conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar = 1 Cayman Islands dollar IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment British Overseas Territory Time series BBEX3.A.KYD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KYD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KYD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KYD.USD.CM.AC.A01 Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC)

Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Cameroon, Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Comment Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon all belong to the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale). The responsible monetary authority is the "Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale", whose CFA franc (F.CFA = Franc de la Coopération Financière en Afrique Centrale) is legal tender only in the aforementioned countries. Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Central African Republic

Capital Bangui Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon IMF membership Since 10 July 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, Central African Monetary Community; as of 1994, Central classification (as of end-April African Economic and Monetary Community) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Independent since 13 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Chad

Capital N'Djaména Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon IMF membership Since 10 July 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, Central African Monetary Community; as of 1994, Central classification (as of end-April African Economic and Monetary Community) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Independent since 11 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Chile

Capital Santiago Central bank Banco Central de Chile Central bank's website https://www.bcentral.cl/web/banco-central/ Currency ISO currency code CLP Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Chile Legacy currency Chilean escudo Conversion rate 1,000 Chilean escudos = 1 Chilean peso; with effect from 29 September 1975 Currency history 1 January 1960: Introduction of the Chilean escudo; conversion rate: 1,000 Chilean pesos = 1 Chilean escudo 29 September 1975: Introduction of the Chilean peso (CLP); conversion rate: 1,000 Chilean escudos = 1 Chilean peso IMF membership Since 31 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 27 July 1977 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement July 1970 - 29 June 1979: Adjusted according to a set of indicators according to the IMF 30 June 1979 - 15 June 1982: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 16 June 1982 - 4 August 1982: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 5 August 1982 - 25 September 1982: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 26 September 1982 - 1 September 1999: Exchange rates within a crawling band Since 2 September 1999: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Time series BBEX3.A.CLP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CLP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CLP.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.CLP.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CLP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CLP.USD.CA.AC.A01 China (Taiwan)

Capital Taipeh Central bank Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Central bank's website http://www.cbc.gov.tw/mp2.html Currency ISO currency code TWD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation China (Taiwan) Legacy currency Taiwan dollar Conversion rate 40,000 Taiwan dollar = 1 new Taiwan dollar; with effect from 15 June 1949 Currency history 15 June 1949: Introduction of the new Taiwan dollar (TWD); conversion rate: 40,000 Taiwan dollar = 1 new Taiwan dollar IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment The People's Republic of China claims sovereignty over the island of Taiwan; the Taiwanese government describes itself as the government of the "Republic of China". Time series BBEX3.A.TWD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TWD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TWD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TWD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TWD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TWD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TWD.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.TWD.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.TWD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.TWD.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.TWD.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.TWD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TWD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TWD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TWD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TWD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TWD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TWD.USD.CA.AC.A01 China

Capital Peking/Beijing Central bank The People's Bank of China Central bank's website http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english/ Currency Chinese (uniform designation for all foreign countries since 15 June 1969); currency amounts are denoted using the designation Chinese (renminbi). ISO currency code CNY Subunits 10 jiao/100 fen Currency circulation China Legacy currency Jen-Min-Pi Conversion rate 10,000 jen min pi (old) = 1 jen min pi (new); with effect from 1 March 1955 Currency history 19 August 1948: Introduction of the yuan; conversion rate: 3 million Chinese dollar / yuan = 1 gold yuan 5 June 1949: Introduction of the jen min pi; conversion rate: 100,000 gold yuan = 1 jen min pi 1 March 1955: Introduction of the new jen min pi; conversion rate: 10,000 jen min pi (old) = 1 jen min pi (new) Since 15 June 1969: Chinese renminbi (harmonisation of the currency name used outside of China) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 December 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1980 - 31 December 1985: Pegged to a trade weighted currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 1 January 1986 - 31 March 1994: Other managed floating 2019) 1 April 1994 - 31 July 2006: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 August 2006 - 31 May 2008: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 June 2008 - 20 June 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 21 June 2010 - 23 December 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 24 December 2014 - 10 November 2015: Other managed arrangement 11 November 2015 - 23 August 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 24 August 2016 - 31 May 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 June 2017 - 21 June 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 22 June 2018: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.CNY.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CNY.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CNY.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CNY.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.CNY.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CNY.HKD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CNY.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CNY.HKD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.CNY.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CNY.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CNY.HKD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CNY.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CNY.USD.CA.AC.A02 Colombia

Capital Bogotá Central bank Banco de la República Central bank's website https://www.banrep.gov.co/es Currency ISO currency code COP Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Colombia IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 August 2004 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 June 1968 - 20 January 1994: Adjusted according to a set of according to the IMF indicators classification (as of end-April 21 January 1994 - 24 September 1999: Exchange rates within a 2019) crawling band 25 September 1999 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.COP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.COP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.COP.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.COP.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.COP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.COP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Comoros

Capital Moroni Central bank Banque Centrale des Comores Central bank's website http://www.banque-comores.km/ Currency ISO currency code KMF Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Comoros Legacy currency CFA franc Conversion rate 1 CFA franc = 1 Comorian franc; with effect from 1 July 1981 Currency history 1 July 1981: Introduction of the Comorian franc (KMF); conversion rate: 1 CFA franc = 1 Comorian franc IMF membership Since 21 September 1976 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 January 1975 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.KMF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KMF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KMF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KMF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (from 27 October 1971 to 16 May 1997: Zaire)

Capital Kinshasa Central bank Banque Centrale du Congo Central bank's website http://www.bcc.cd Currency Congo franc ISO currency code CDF Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Congo, Democratic Republic of the Legacy currency New zaire Legacy currency's ISO currency ZRN code Conversion rate 100,000 new zaires = 1 Congo franc; with effect from 30 June 1998 Currency history 24 June 1967: Introduction of the zaire (ZRZ); conversion rate: 1,000 Congo francs = 1 zaire 22 October 1993: Introduction of the new zaire (ZRN); conversion rate: 3,000,000 zaires = 1 new zaire 30 June 1998: Introduction of the Congo franc (CDF); conversion rate: 100,000 new zaires = 1 Congo franc IMF membership Since 28 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 February 2003 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 March 1976 - 11 September 1983: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 12 September 1983 - 27 February 1984: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 28 February 1984 - 31 December 2008: Independently floating 2019) 1 January 2009 - 4 May 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 5 May 2010 - 30 April 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 May 2011 - 22 November 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 23 November 2011 - 31 December 2011: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2012 - 20 June 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 21 June 2016 - 2 January 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 3 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

The Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent (from Belgium) since 30 June 1960. Time series BBEX3.A.CDF.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CDF.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.CDF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CDF.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CDF.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.CDF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.CDF.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CDF.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CDF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CDF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CDF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CDF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Congo

Capital Brazzaville Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int/ Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon IMF membership Since 10 July 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, Central African Monetary Community; as of 1994, Central classification (as of end-April African Economic and Monetary Community) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Independent since 15 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Avarua Currency ISO currency code NZD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Cook Islands IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment Self-governing territory in free association with ; formerly overseas territory of New Zealand. The is also legal tender alongside the Cook Islands dollar (convertible at par). Time series BBEX3.A.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Costa Rica

Capital San José Central bank Banco Central de Costa Rica Central bank's website https://www.bccr.fi.cr/SitePages/default.aspx Currency Costa Rican colón ISO currency code CRC Subunits 100 céntimos Currency circulation Costa Rica IMF membership Since 08 January 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 February 1965 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 April 1975 - 26 December 1980: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 December 1980 - 8 March 1981: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 9 March 1981 - 23 April 1981: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 24 April 1981 - 10 July 1981: Other managed floating 11 July 1981 - 19 October 1981: Pegged to the US dollar 20 October 1981 - 8 August 1982: Independently floating 9 August 1982 - 29 February 1992: Other managed floating 1 March 1992 - November 1995: Independently floating November 1995 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 30 September 2006: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 October 2006 - 29 April 2008: Exchange rates within a crawling band 30 April 2008 - 15 April 2012: Other managed arrangement 16 April 2012 - 29 August 2013: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 30 August 2013 - 6 April 2014: Other managed arrangement 7 April 2014 - 25 April 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 26 April 2016 - 20 August 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 21 August 2018: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.CRC.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CRC.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.CRC.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CRC.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CRC.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.CRC.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.CRC.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CRC.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CRC.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CRC.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CRC.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CRC.USD.CA.AC.A01 Côte d'Ivoire (until 31 December 1985: Ivory Coast)

Capital Yamoussoukro; Seat of Government: Abidjan Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo IMF membership Since 11 March 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 7 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Zagreb Central bank Central bank's website http://www.hnb.hr Currency Kuna ISO currency code HRK Subunits 100 lipa Currency circulation Croatia Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency HRD code Conversion rate 1,000 Croatian dinar = 1 kuna; with effect from 30 May 1994 Currency history 23 December 1991: Introduction of the Croatian dinar (HRD); conversion rate: 1 Yugoslav dinar = 1 Croatian dinar 30 May 1994: Introduction of the kuna (HRK); conversion rate: 1,000 Croatian dinar = 1 kuna IMF membership Since 14 December 1992 (end of membership of predecessor state Yugoslavia) Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 May 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 18 April 1992 - 21 October 1993: Pegged to the Deutsche Mark according to the IMF 22 October 1993 - 30 December 1994: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 31 December 1994 - 31 August 2006: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 September 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2009 - 30 June 2009: Other managed arrangement 1 July 2009 - 16 June 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 17 June 2010 - 13 April 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 14 April 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Comment 25 June 1991: Croatia declared its independence. This was recognised by Germany and other member states of the European Community on 23 December 1991, with effect from 15 January 1992.

Participant in Exchange Rate Mechanism II since 13 July 2020. Time series BBEX3.A.HRK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HRK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HRK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.HRK.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HRK.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HRK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.HRK.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HRK.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HRK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HRK.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.HRK.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.HRK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HRK.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HRK.USD.CA.AC.A01 Cuba

Capital Havana Central bank Banco Central de Cuba Central bank's website https://www.bc.gob.cu/ Currency ISO currency code CUP Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Cuba IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment With effect from 1 January 2021, the dual currency system consisting of the convertible peso (CUC) and the Cuban peso (CUP) has been abolished and the Cuban peso designated as the country's sole legal tender. The Cuban peso is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of USD 1 = CUP 24. Existing sums in convertible pesos may be exchanged at and bureaux de change at a rate of CUC 1 = CUP 24 until 30 June 2021.

Until the end of 2020, the Cuban government applied a CUC to CUP exchange rate of 1:1 in its national accounts. In reality, Cuban pesos could only be exchanged for convertible pesos at a considerable discount.

From 18 March 2005 to the end of 2020, the government foreign exchange bureaus (CADECA - Casas de Cambio) paid CUP 24 per CUC or USD. Individuals wanting to purchase CUC had to pay CUP 25 per CUC. Time series BBEX3.M.CUP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CUP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CUP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CUP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CUP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.CUP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Curaçao

Capital Willemstad Central bank Centrale Bank van Curaçao en (formerly: Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen) Central bank's website https://www.centralbank.cw/ Currency Netherlands Antillean guilder ISO currency code ANG Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Curaçao and Sint Maarten (southern part) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since June 1940: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 10 October 2010 within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; formerly Curaçao formed together with Bonaire, Sint Maarten, Saba and Saint Eustatius the Netherlands Antilles Time series BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AC.A01 Cyprus

Capital Nicosia Central bank Central bank's website https://www.centralbank.cy/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Cyprus pound Legacy currency's ISO currency CYP code Conversion rate 0.585274 Cyprus pounds = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2008 Currency history 1 January 2008: Introduction of the euro; conversion rate: 0.585274 Cyprus pounds = 1 euro IMF membership Since 21 December 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 9 January 1991 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 9 July 1973 - 18 June 1992: Pegged to a trade weighted currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 19 June 1992 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the ECU 2019) 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2007: Pegged to the euro (from 2 May 2005: Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2008: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2008) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Czechia

Capital Central bank Czech National Bank Central bank's website http://www.cnb.cz/en/index.html Currency ISO currency code CZK Subunits 100 Currency circulation Czechia Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency CSK code Conversion rate 1 Czechoslovak koruna = 1 Czech koruna; with effect from 8 February 1993 Currency history 8 February 1993: Introduction of the Czech koruna (CZK); conversion rate: 1 Czechoslovak koruna = 1 Czech koruna IMF membership Since 01 January 1993 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 October 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 4 February 1993 - 26 May 1997: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 27 May 1997 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 29 June 2001: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 June 2001 - 2002: Independently floating 2002 - 31 December 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2006 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 30 April 2008 - 6 November 2013: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) 7 November 2013 - 18 November 2013: Other managed arrangement 19 November 2013 - 5 April 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 6 April 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment On 1 January 1993 dissolution of into the successor states and Slovakia Time series BBEX3.A.CZK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CZK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CZK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CZK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.CZK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.CZK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CZK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CZK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CZK.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CZK.USD.CA.AC.A02 Denmark

Capital Copenhagen Central bank Danmarks Nationalbank Central bank's website https://www.nationalbanken.dk/da/Sider/Default.aspx Currency ISO currency code DKK Subunits 100 øre Currency circulation Denmark, Faroe Islands, IMF membership Since 30 March 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 May 1967 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 May 1972 - 12 March 1979: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement; withdrawal from 27 June 1972 - 9 classification (as of end-April October 1972) 2019) 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Exchange rate mechanism II) Comment Participant in Exchange Rate Mechanism II. Time series BBEX3.A.DKK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.DKK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.DKK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DKK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.DKK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.DKK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.DKK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.DKK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DKK.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DKK.USD.CA.AC.A02 Djibouti

Capital Djibouti Central bank Banque Centrale de Djibouti Central bank's website http://www.banque-centrale.dj Currency Djibouti franc ISO currency code DJF Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Djibouti Legacy currency CFA franc Conversion rate 1 CFA franc = 1 Djibouti franc; with effect from 20 March 1949 Currency history 20 March 1949: Introduction of the Djibouti franc (DJF); conversion rate: 1 CFA franc = 1 Djibouti franc IMF membership Since 29 December 1978 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 September 1980 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 22 March 1949: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from France) since 27 June 1977 Time series BBEX3.A.DJF.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DJF.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DJF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.DJF.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DJF.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DJF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.DJF.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DJF.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DJF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DJF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DJF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DJF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Dominica

Capital Roseau Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Dominica, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and (since 17 July 1968) Grenada Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 6 October 1965 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar IMF membership Since 12 December 1978 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 13 December 1979 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Dominica participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were once referred to as the Windward Islands. Independent since 3 November 1978 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Central bank Banco Central de la República Dominicana Central bank's website https://www.bancentral.gov.do/ Currency ISO currency code DOP Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Dominican Republic IMF membership Since 28 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 August 1953 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 23 April 1948 - 22 January 1985: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 23 January 1985 - 16 June 1987: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 17 June 1987 - 11 November 1987: Other managed floating 2019) 12 November 1987 - 10 February 1988: Independently floating 11 February 1988 - 30 December 1989: Other managed floating 31 December 1989 - 23 January 1991: Pegged to the US dollar 24 January 1991 - 6 September 1994: Independently floating 7 September 1994 - 30 January 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 31 January 2004 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2009 - 31 January 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 1 February 2010: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

The Dominican Republic maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.DOP.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DOP.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DOP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.DOP.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.DOP.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.DOP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.DOP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DOP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DOP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.DOP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.DOP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.DOP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)

Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and (since 17 July 1968) Grenada Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Quito Central bank Banco Central del Ecuador Central bank's website https://www.bce.fin.ec/ Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Ecuador, , , Bonaire, , , , , Federated States of , , , , , Saba, Saint Eustatius, Timor-Leste, , Virgin Islands of the United States Legacy currency Sucre Legacy currency's ISO currency ECS code Conversion rate 25,000 sucres = 1 US dollar; with effect from 13 March 2000 Currency history 13 March 2000: Introduction of the US dollar (USD); conversion rate: 25,000 sucres = 1 US dollar IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 31 August 1970 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 February 1973 - 18 March 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 19 March 1983 - 2 March 1988: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 3 March 1988 - 30 August 1988: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 31 August 1988 - 30 December 1994: Other managed floating 31 December 1994 - 26 October 1995: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 27 October 1995 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 11 February 1999: Exchange rates within a crawling band 12 February 1999 - 30 March 2000: Independently floating Since 31 March 2000: Use of the US dollar as legal tender Comment The remained legal tender alongside the US dollar until 12 September 2000; since 13 September 2000, the US dollar has been the sole legal tender in Ecuador. Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Egypt

Capital Cairo Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbe.org.eg/ Currency ISO currency code EGP Subunits 100 piastres/1,000 milliems Currency circulation Egypt IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 2 January 2005 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 7 May 1962 - 10 May 1987: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 11 May 1987 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 29 January 2001: Other conventional fixed peg 2019) arrangement 30 January 2001 - 28 January 2003: Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands 29 January 2003 - 31 January 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 February 2005 - 31 July 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 August 2007 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 11 March 2009: Other managed arrangement 12 March 2009 - 31 March 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 April 2011 - 9 November 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 10 November 2011 - 2 July 2013: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 3 July 2013 - 18 January 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 19 January 2015 - 2 November 2016: Other managed arrangement 3 November 2016 - 14 March 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 15 March 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Egypt maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.EGP.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.EGP.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.EGP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.EGP.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.EGP.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.EGP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.EGP.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.EGP.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.EGP.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.EGP.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.EGP.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.EGP.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.EGP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.EGP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.EGP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.EGP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.EGP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.EGP.USD.CA.AC.A01 El Salvador

Capital San Salvador Central bank Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador Central bank's website https://www.bcr.gob.sv/esp/ Currency El Salvador colón ISO currency code SVC Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation El Salvador IMF membership Since 14 March 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 6 November 1946 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 18 December 1946 - 15 June 1985: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 16 June 1985 - 21 January 1986: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 22 January 1986 - 10 July 1989: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 11 July 1989 - 31 May 1990: Other managed floating 1 June 1990 - 31 December 1993: Independently floating 1 January 1994 - 31 December 2000: Pegged to the US dollar Since 1 January 2001: Use of the US dollar as legal tender Comment The El Salvador colón is legal tender alongside the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.SVC.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SVC.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SVC.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SVC.USD.CA.AC.A01 Equatorial Guinea

Capital Malabo Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon Legacy currency Ekwele (plural: bipkwele) Legacy currency's ISO currency GQE code Conversion rate 4 bipkwele = 1 CFA franc; with effect from 1 January 1985 Currency history 12 October 1969: Introduction of the Equatorial Guinean peseta; conversion rate: 1 (Spanish) peseta = 1 Equatorial Guinean peseta 29 September 1975: Introduction of the ekuele (GQE); conversion rate: 1 Equatorial Guinean peseta = 1 ekuele 15 March 1981: Introduction of the ekwele (plural: bipkwele); conversion rate: 1 ekuele = 1 ekwele 1 January 1985: Introduction of the CFA franc (XAF); conversion rate: 4 bipkwele = 1 CFA franc IMF membership Since 22 December 1969 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 October 1969 - 11 July 1977: Pegged to the according to the IMF 12 July 1977 - 8 April 1979: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 9 April 1979 - 5 August 1979: Pegged to the SDR 2019) 6 August 1979 - 31 December 1984: Pegged to the Spanish peseta 1 January 1985 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc (as of 1994, Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Independent since 12 October 1968 Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Eritrea

Capital Asmara Central bank Bank of Eritrea Central bank's website http://www.boe.gov.er Currency Nakfa ISO currency code ERN Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Eritrea Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency ETB code Conversion rate 1 Ethiopian birr = 1 nakfa; with effect from 8 November 1997 Currency history 8 November 1997: Introduction of the nakfa (ERN); conversion rate: 1 (Ethiopian) birr = 1 nakfa IMF membership Since 6 July 1994 Exchange rate arrangement 1 August 1994 - 21 November 1997: Other managed floating according to the IMF 22 November 1997 - 30 June 2000: Independently floating classification (as of end-April Since 1 July 2000: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but 2019) no irrevocable parity) Comment Independent (from ) since 24 May 1993 Time series BBEX3.A.ERN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ERN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ERN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ERN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ERN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ERN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ERN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ERN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ERN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ERN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ERN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ERN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Estonia

Capital Tallinn Central bank Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Central bank's website http://www.eestipank.ee/en Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency EEK code Conversion rate 15.6466 Estonian kroons = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2011 Currency history 20 June 1992: Introduction of the Estonian kroon (EEK); conversion rate: generally 10 Soviet roubles = 1 Estonian kroon. Cash amounts exceeding 1,500 Soviet roubles were converted at a rate of 50 Soviet roubles = 1 Estonian kroon 1 January 2011: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 15.6466 Estonian kroons = 1 euro IMF membership Since 26 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 August 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 20 June 1992 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the Deutsche Mark according to the IMF 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2010: Pegged to the euro (from 28 classification (as of end-April June 2004: Exchange rate mechanism II) 2019) Since 1 January 2011: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2011) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Eswatini (until 2018: Swaziland)

Capital Mbabane Central bank Central Bank of Eswatini Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.org.sz Currency Lilangeni (plural: emalangeni) ISO currency code SZL Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Eswatini Legacy currency South African rand Legacy currency's ISO currency ZAR code Conversion rate 1 South African rand = 1 lilangeni; with effect from 6 September 1974 Currency history 6 September 1974: Introduction of the lilangeni (SZL); conversion rate: 1 South African rand = 1 lilangeni IMF membership Since 22 September 1969 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 11 December 1989 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 6 September 1974: Pegged to the South African rand according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment The South African rand is likewise legal tender alongside the lilangeni. Time series BBEX3.A.SZL.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SZL.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SZL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SZL.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SZL.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SZL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SZL.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SZL.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SZL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SZL.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SZL.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SZL.USD.CA.AC.A01 Ethiopia

Capital Addis Ababa Central bank National Bank of Ethiopia Central bank's website http://www.nbe.gov.et Currency Birr ISO currency code ETB Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Ethiopia Legacy currency Ethiopian dollar Conversion rate 1 Ethiopian dollar = 1 birr; with effect from 21 September 1976 Currency history 21 September 1976: Introduction of the birr (ETB); conversion rate: 1 Ethiopian dollar = 1 birr IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Exchange rate arrangement 23 July 1945 - 30 April 1993: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 May 1993 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 31 December 1997 - 30 September 2003: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 October 2003 - 1 February 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 2 February 2008 - 29 April 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 30 April 2008 - 12 October 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 13 October 2017 - 26 July 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 27 July 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Ethiopia maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.ETB.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ETB.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ETB.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ETB.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ETB.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ETB.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ETB.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ETB.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ETB.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ETB.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ETB.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ETB.USD.CA.AC.A01 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Capital Stanley Currency ISO currency code FKP Subunits 100 pence (since the introduction of the decimal currency on 15 February 1971) Currency circulation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment British Overseas Territory Parity in relation to the pound sterling Time series BBEX3.A.FKP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.FKP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.FKP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.FKP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Fiji

Capital Suva Central bank Reserve Bank of Fiji Central bank's website https://www.rbf.gov.fj/ Currency Fiji dollar ISO currency code FJD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Fiji Legacy currency Fiji pound Conversion rate 1 Fiji pound = 2 Fiji dollar; with effect from 13 January 1969 Currency history 13 January 1969: Introduction of the Fiji dollar (FJD); conversion rate: 1 Fiji pound = 2 Fiji dollar IMF membership Since 28 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 4 August 1972 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 February 1974 - 6 April 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF Since 7 April 1975: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from Great Britain) since 10 October 1970 Time series BBEX3.A.FJD.EUR.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.FJD.EUR.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.FJD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.FJD.USD.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.FJD.USD.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.FJD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.FJD.EUR.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.FJD.EUR.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.FJD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.FJD.USD.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.FJD.USD.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.FJD.USD.CM.AC.A01 Finland

Capital Helsinki Central bank Suomen Pankki Central bank's website https://www.suomenpankki.fi/fi/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency FIM code Conversion rate 5.94573 Finnish markkaa = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1963: Introduction of the (new) Finnish markka (FIM); conversion rate: 100 Finnish markkaa (old) = 1 Finnish markka (new) 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 5.94573 Finnish markkaa = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 14 January 1948 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 25 September 1979 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 4 June 1973 - 6 June 1991: Pegged to a trade weighted currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 7 June 1991 - 7 September 1992: Pegged to the ECU 2019) 8 September 1992 - 13 October 1996: Independently floating 14 October 1996 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999)

Independent since 6 December 1917 Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 France

Capital Paris Central bank Banque de France Central bank's website https://www.banque-france.fr/en Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency French franc Legacy currency's ISO currency FRF code Conversion rate 6.55957 French francs = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1960: Introduction of the French new franc; conversion rate: 100 French franc = 1 French new franc (designated as French franc (FRF) since 1 January 1963) 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 6.55957 French franc = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 20 January 1974: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 21 January 1974: Withdrawal from the cooperative arrangement 2019) (European common margins arrangement) 21 January 1974 - 9 July 1975: Independently floating 10 July 1975 - 14 March 1976: Cooperative arrangement (European common margins arrangement) 15 March 1976: Withdrawal from the cooperative arrangement (European common margins arrangement) 15 March 1976 - 12 March 1979: Independently floating 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Gabon

Capital Libreville Central bank Bank of Central African States (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale) Central bank's website http://www.beac.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XAF Currency circulation Gabon, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea IMF membership Since 10 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, Central African Monetary Community; as of 1994, Central classification (as of end-April African Economic and Monetary Community) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) Comment Member state of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC = Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) Independent since 17 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XAF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Gambia

Capital Banjul Central bank Central Bank of The Gambia Central bank's website http://www.cbg.gm Currency Dalasi ISO currency code GMD Subunits 100 bututs Currency circulation Gambia Legacy currency Gambian pound Conversion rate 1 Gambian pound = 5 dalasi; with effect from 1 July 1971 Currency history 5 October 1964: Introduction of the Gambian pound; conversion rate: 1 West African pound = 1 Gambian pound 1 July 1971: Introduction of the dalasi (GMD); conversion rate: 1 Gambian pound = 5 dalasi IMF membership Since 21 September 1967 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 21 January 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 5 October 1964 - 19 January 1986: Pegged to the British pound according to the IMF sterling classification (as of end-April 20 January 1986 - 29 June 2002: Independently floating 2019) 30 June 2002 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2012: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 January 2013 - 31 December 2013: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2014 - 3 May 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 4 May 2015: Other managed arrangement Comment Independent since 18 February 1965 Time series BBEX3.A.GMD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GMD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GMD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GMD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Georgia

Capital Tbilisi Central bank National Bank of Georgia Central bank's website http://www.nbg.gov.ge Currency Lari ISO currency code GEL Subunits 100 tetri Currency circulation Georgia Legacy currency Georgian coupon Legacy currency's ISO currency GEK code Conversion rate 1,000,000 Georgian coupons = 1 lari; with effect from 25 September 1995 Currency history 5 April 1993: Introduction of the Georgian coupon as a new legal tender in parallel to the rouble 3 August 1993: The Georgian coupon (GEK) becomes the sole legal tender; conversion rate: 1 rouble = 1 Georgian coupon 25 September 1995: Introduction of the lari (GEL); conversion rate: 1,000,000 Georgian coupon = 1 lari IMF membership Since 05 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 December 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 5 May 1992 - 4 April 1993: Use of the Soviet/Russian rouble as legal according to the IMF tender classification (as of end-April 5 April 1993 - 2 August 1993: Pegged to the Soviet/Russian rouble 2019) 3 August 1993 - 31 March 1994: Independently floating 1 April 1994 - 6 December 1998: Other managed floating 7 December 1998 - 31 December 2002: Independently floating 1 January 2003 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 August 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 September 2008 - 5 March 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 6 March 2009 - 31 December 2009: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2010 - 30 June 2012: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 July 2012 - 5 November 2013: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 6 November 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.GEL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GEL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.GEL.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.GEL.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.GEL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GEL.USD.CA.AC.A01 Germany

Capital Central bank Central bank's website https://www.bundesbank.de/en Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Deutsche Mark Legacy currency's ISO currency DEM code Conversion rate 1.95583 Deutsche Mark = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 21 June 1948: Introduction of the Deutsche Mark (DEM); general conversion rate: 10 = 1 Deutsche Mark (for certain old cash balances: 100 Reichsmark = 6.50 Deutsche Mark; for certain Reichsmark liabilities: 1 Reichsmark = 1 Deutsche Mark) 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 1.95583 Deutsche Mark = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form)

Former German Democratic Republic (GDR) 24 June 1948: Conversion from Reichsmark to Reichsmark with adhesive special coupons, generally at a rate of 10:1 25 July 1948: Introduction of the Deutsche Mark of the German central bank; conversion rate: 1 Reichsmark with adhesive special coupon = 1 Deutsche Mark of the German central bank 1 August 1964: Introduction of the Mark of the German central bank; conversion rate: 1 Deutsche Mark of the German central bank = 1 Mark of the German central bank 1 January 1968: Introduction of the Mark of the German Democratic Republic; conversion rate: 1 Mark of the German central bank = 1 Mark of the German Democratic Republic 1 July 1990: Introduction of the Deutsche Mark; general conversion rate: 2 Mark of the German Democratic Republic = 1 Deutsche Mark (depending on the age of the citizens of the former GDR entitled to convert currency, credit balances of up to 2,000, 4,000 or 6,000 Mark of the German Democratic Republic per capita were converted at a rate of 1:1) IMF membership Since 14 August 1952 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 12 March 1979: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement 2019) (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Ghana

Capital Accra Central bank Bank of Ghana Central bank's website http://www.bog.gov.gh/ Currency Ghana cedi ISO currency code GHS Subunits 100 Ghana pesewas Currency circulation Ghana Legacy currency Cedi Legacy currency's ISO currency GHC code Conversion rate 10,000 cedi = 1 Ghana cedi; with effect from 1 July 2007 Currency history 14 July 1958: Introduction of the Ghana pound; conversion rate: 1 West African pound = 1 Ghana pound 19 July 1965: Introduction of the cedi; conversion rate: 1 Ghana pound = 2.40 cedi 23 February 1967: Introduction of the new cedi; conversion rate: 1.20 cedi = 1 new cedi (from 16 February 1972 cedi (GHC)) 1 July 2007: Introduction of the Ghana cedi (GHS); conversion rate: 10,000 cedi = 1 Ghana cedi IMF membership Since 20 September 1957 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 2 February 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 February 1973 - 18 June 1978: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 19 June 1978 - 18 April 1985: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US classification (as of end-April dollar 2019) 19 April 1985 - 18 September 1986: Pegged to the US dollar 19 September 1986 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating 30 June 2001 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Independent (from Great Britain) since 6 March 1957 Time series BBEX3.A.GHS.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.GHS.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.GHS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GHS.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.GHS.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.GHS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GHS.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.GHS.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.GHS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GHS.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.GHS.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.GHS.USD.CA.AC.A01 Gibraltar

Currency ISO currency code GIP Subunits 100 pence (since the introduction of the decimal currency on 15 February 1971) Currency circulation Gibraltar IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment British Overseas Territory Parity in relation to the pound sterling Time series BBEX3.A.GIP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GIP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GIP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GIP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Greece

Capital Athens Central bank Bank of Greece Central bank's website https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/homepage Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency GRD code Conversion rate 340.750 Greek drachmas = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2001 Currency history 1 May 1954: Introduction of the (new) drachma (GRD); conversion rate: 1,000 drachmas (old) = 1 drachma (new) 1 January 2001: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 340.750 drachmas = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 July 1992 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 8 March 1975 - 1976: Pegged to a trade weighted currency basket according to the IMF 1976 - 15 March 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 16 March 1998 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement 2019) (European Monetary System) 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2000: Pegged to the euro (Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2001: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2001) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Grenada

Capital St. George's Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Grenada, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Legacy currency Trinidad and Tobago dollar Conversion rate 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 17 July 1968 Currency history 17 July 1968: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar. Until mid-1967, the British West Indies dollar was also in circulation as legal tender alongside the Trinidad and Tobago dollar at a rate of 1:1. From mid-1952 until the introduction of the Trinidad and Tobago dollar in Grenada (mid-December 1964 at the earliest), the British West Indies dollar was legal tender. IMF membership Since 27 August 1975 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 January 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 17 July 1968 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Grenada participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were once referred to as the Windward Islands. Independent since 7 February 1974 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Guatemala

Capital Guatemala City Central bank Banco de Guatemala Central bank's website http://www.banguat.gob.gt/ Currency Quetzal ISO currency code GTQ Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Guatemala IMF membership Since 28 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 27 January 1947 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 10 May 1972 - 2 November 1989: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 3 November 1989 - 29 June 1999: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 30 June 1999 - 31 December 2002: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2003 - 30 April 2004: Independently floating 1 May 2004 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 May 2011: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 June 2011 - 12 March 2012: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 13 March 2012 - 21 March 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 22 March 2017 - 16 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 17 January 2018 - 25 September 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 26 September 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Guatemala maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.GTQ.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GTQ.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GTQ.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GTQ.USD.CA.AC.A01 Guinea

Capital Conakry Central bank Banque Centrale de la Republique de Guinee Central bank's website http://www.bcrg-guinee.org Currency ISO currency code GNF Currency circulation Guinea Legacy currency Syli Legacy currency's ISO currency GNS code Conversion rate 1 syli = 1 Guinean franc; with effect from 6 January 1986 Currency history 1 March 1960: Introduction of the Guinean franc; conversion rate: 1 CFA franc = 1 Guinean franc 2 October 1972: Introduction of the syli (GNS); conversion rate: 10 Guinean franc = 1 syli 6 January 1986: Introduction of the Guinean franc (GNF); conversion rate: 1 syli = 1 Guinean franc IMF membership Since 28 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 17 November 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 2 October 1972 - 10 June 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 11 June 1975 - 5 January 1986: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 6 January 1986 - 31 May 1986: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 1 June 1986 - 20 September 1988: Independently floating 21 September 1988 - 30 June 1994: Other managed floating 1 July 1994 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating 30 June 2001 - 31 December 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2002 - 28 February 2005: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 1 March 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 May 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 June 2009 - 5 August 2013: Other managed arrangement 6 August 2013 - 4 February 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 5 February 2015 - 2 July 2017: Other managed arrangement Since 3 July 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Guinea maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent since 2 October 1958 Time series BBEX3.A.GNF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GNF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GNF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GNF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Guinea-Bissau

Capital Bissau Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo Legacy currency Guinea-Bissau peso Legacy currency's ISO currency GWP code Conversion rate 65 Guinea-Bissau pesos = 1 CFA franc; with effect from 2 May 1997 Currency history 28 February 1976: Introduction of the Guinean peso (GWP); conversion rate: 1 Guinean escudo (GWE) = 1 Guinea-Bissau peso 2 May 1997: Introduction of the CFA franc (XOF); conversion rate: 65 Guinea-Bissau pesos = 1 CFA franc IMF membership Since 24 March 1977 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 January 1997 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 28 February 1976 - 25 May 1978: Pegged to the Portuguese escudo according to the IMF 26 May 1978 - 22 December 1982: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 23 December 1982 - 1 May 1997: Other managed floating 2019) 2 May 1997 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Since 17 April 1997 member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 24 September 1973 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Guyana (until 1965: )

Capital Georgetown Central bank Bank of Guyana Central bank's website https://www.bankofguyana.org.gy/bog/ Currency Guyana dollar ISO currency code GYD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Guyana Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 Guyana dollar; with effect from 15 November 1965 Currency history 15 November 1965: Introduction of the Guyana dollar (GYD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 Guyana dollar IMF membership Since 26 September 1966 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 27 December 1966 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 May 1966 - 8 October 1975: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 9 October 1975 - 1 June 1981: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2 June 1981 - 5 October 1984: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US 2019) dollar 6 October 1984 - 18 January 1987: Pegged to a currency basket 19 January 1987 - 20 February 1991: Pegged to the US dollar 21 February 1991 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating 30 June 2001 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 1 January 2005: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Comment Independent since 26 May 1966 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.GYD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.GYD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.GYD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GYD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.GYD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.GYD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.GYD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.GYD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.GYD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GYD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.GYD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.GYD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Haiti

Capital Port-au-Prince Central bank Banque de la République d'Haiti Central bank's website https://www.brh.ht/ Currency Gourde ISO currency code HTG Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Haiti IMF membership Since 08 September 1953 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 December 1953 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 April 1919 - 15 September 1991: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 16 September 1991 - 31 December 2002: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 2003 - 31 March 2008: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 April 2008 - 10 January 2010: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 11 January 2010 - 29 March 2010: Other managed arrangement 30 March 2010 - 28 June 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 29 June 2015 - 4 June 2017: Other managed arrangement Since 5 June 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Haiti maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.HTG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.HTG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.HTG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HTG.USD.CA.AC.A01 Honduras

Capital Tegucigalpa Central bank Banco Central de Honduras Central bank's website https://www.bch.hn/ Currency Lempira ISO currency code HNL Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Honduras IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 1950 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1934 - 12 March 1990: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 13 March 1990 - 12 February 1992: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 13 February 1992 - 16 July 1994: Free floating (market-determined 2019) with intervention in exceptional cases only) 17 July 1994 - 30 May 2005: Exchange rates within a crawling band 31 May 2005 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 24 June 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 25 June 2011: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) Time series BBEX3.A.HNL.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HNL.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HNL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.HNL.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HNL.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HNL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.HNL.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HNL.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HNL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HNL.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HNL.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HNL.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Hong Kong Central bank Hong Kong Monetary Authority Central bank's website http://www.hkma.gov.hk/ Currency ISO currency code HKD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Hong Kong, Macao IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 November 1974 - 16 October 1983: Independently floating according to the IMF Since 17 October 1983: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Chinese Special Administrative since 1 July 1997 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.HKD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HKD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HKD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.HKD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HKD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HKD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.HKD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.HKD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.HKD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HKD.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.HKD.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.HKD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HKD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.HKD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Budapest Central bank Central Bank of Hungary Central bank's website http://english.mnb.hu Currency ISO currency code HUF Subunits 100 fillér Currency circulation Hungary IMF membership Since 06 May 1982 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 January 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 May 1982 - 15 March 1995: Pegged to a trade weighted currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 16 March 1995 - 30 September 2001: Exchange rates against a 2019) currency basket (70% ECU as of 1999, euro; 30% US dollar) within a crawling band 1 October 2001 - 25 February 2008: Pegged exchange rate against the euro within horizontal bands 26 February 2008 - 28 February 2009: Free floating (market- determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 1 March 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.HUF.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HUF.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HUF.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HUF.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.HUF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.HUF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.HUF.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.HUF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HUF.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.HUF.USD.CA.AC.A02 Iceland

Capital Reykjavík Central bank Sedlabanki Islands Central bank's website http://www.sedlabanki.is Currency Icelandic krona ISO currency code ISK Currency circulation Iceland Legacy currency's ISO currency ISK code Conversion rate 100 Icelandic krona (old) = 1 Icelandic krona (new); with effect from 1 January 1981 Currency history 1 January 1981: Introduction of the new Icelandic krona (ISK); conversion rate: 100 Icelandic krona (old) = 1 Icelandic krona (new) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 September 1983 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 15 June 1973 - 30 January 1977: Independently floating according to the IMF 31 January 1977 - 19 May 1988: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 20 May 1988 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 1 January 1999 - 27 March 2001: Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands 28 March 2001 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 30 April 2008 - 14 October 2008: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 15 October 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.ISK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ISK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ISK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ISK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.ISK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ISK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ISK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ISK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ISK.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital New Delhi Central bank Central bank's website http://www.rbi.org.in Currency Indian rupee ISO currency code INR Subunits 100 paise (since the introduction of the decimal currency on 1 April 1957) Currency circulation India Bhutan IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 August 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 20 December 1971 - 24 September 1975: Pegged to the British pound according to the IMF sterling classification (as of end-April 25 September 1975 - 28 February 1993: Pegged to a currency 2019) basket 1 March 1993 - 31 December 1999: Independently floating 1 January 2000 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Units of account for larger amounts are as follows: 1 lakh (in digits: 1,00,000) = 100,000 rupees; 1 crore (in digits: 1,00,00,000) = 100 lakh = 10,000,000 rupees. Time series BBEX3.A.INR.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.INR.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.INR.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.INR.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.INR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.INR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.INR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.INR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.INR.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.INR.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital Jakarta Central bank Central bank's website http://www.bi.go.id/web/en Currency ISO currency code IDR Subunits 100 sen Currency circulation Indonesia Legacy currency Indonesian rupiah Conversion rate 1,000 Indonesian rupiah (old) = 1 Indonesian rupiah (new); with effect from 13 December 1965 Currency history 3 October 1951: Introduction of the Indonesian rupiah; conversion rate: 1 Indonesian guilder = 1 Indonesian rupiah 13 December 1965: Introduction of the new Indonesian rupiah (IDR); conversion rate: 1,000 Indonesian rupiah (old) = 1 Indonesian rupiah (new) IMF membership Since 21 February 1967 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 7 May 1988 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 23 August 1971 - 15 November 1978: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 16 November 1978 - 30 March 1982: Pegged to a trade weighted classification (as of end-April currency basket 2019) 31 March 1982 - 29 March 1983: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US dollar 30 March 1983 - 13 August 1997: Other managed floating 14 August 1997 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating 30 June 2001 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 20 June 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 21 June 2010 - 13 February 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 14 February 2011 - 31 May 2012: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 June 2012 - 18 August 2013: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 19 August 2013 - 11 January 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 12 January 2017 - 31 December 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 1 January 2018: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.IDR.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.IDR.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.IDR.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.IDR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.IDR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.IDR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.IDR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.IDR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.IDR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.IDR.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.IDR.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.IDR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.IDR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.IDR.USD.CA.AC.A01 , Islamic Republic of

Capital Tehran Central bank Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran Central bank's website http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx Currency ISO currency code IRR Subunits 100 Currency circulation Iran, Islamic Republic of IMF membership Since 28 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 6 September 2004 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 February 1975 - 31 March 1978: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 1 April 1978 - 21 May 1980: Pegged exchange rate within horizontal classification (as of end-April bands 2019) 22 May 1980 - 20 March 1993: Pegged to the SDR 21 March 1993 - May 1995: Independently floating May 1995 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 20 March 2002: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 21 March 2002 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2005 - 30 September 2006: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 October 2006 - 3 January 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 4 January 2008 - 29 February 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 March 2008 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 9 June 2009: Other managed arrangement 10 June 2009 - 30 April 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 May 2011 - 2 July 2013: Other managed arrangement 3 July 2013 - 23 March 2014: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 24 March 2014 - 6 August 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 7 August 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

The Islamic Republic of Iran maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Alongside the official exchange rates, there are bureau de change rates (see time series).

The term "toman" (an old Persian currency) is also used to denote 10 Iranian rials. Time series BBEX3.A.IRR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.IRR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.IRR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.IRR.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.IRR.EUR.CA.AC.B04 BBEX3.A.IRR.USD.CA.AC.B04 BBEX3.M.IRR.EUR.CA.AC.B01 BBEX3.M.IRR.USD.CA.AC.B01

Capital Baghdad Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbi.iq Currency ISO currency code IQD Subunits 1,000 fils Currency circulation Iraq IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Exchange rate arrangement 20 September 1949 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 January 1999 - 29 June 2001: Other conventional fixed peg classification (as of end-April arrangement 2019) 30 June 2001 - 30 April 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 May 2004 - 31 October 2006: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 November 2006 - 31 December 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 January 2009 - 14 January 2012: Stabilised arrangement against the US dollar (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 15 January 2012: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Time series BBEX3.A.IQD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.IQD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.IQD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.IQD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.IQD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.IQD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.IQD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.IQD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.IQD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.IQD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.IQD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.IQD.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.IQD.EUR.CA.AB.B04 BBEX3.A.IQD.USD.CA.AB.B04 BBEX3.M.IQD.EUR.CA.AB.B01 BBEX3.M.IQD.USD.CA.AB.B01 Ireland

Capital Dublin Central bank Central Bank of Ireland Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.ie/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency IEP code Conversion rate 0.787564 Irish pounds = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 0.787564 Irish pounds = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 8 August 1957 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1826 - 29 March 1979: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement classification (as of end-April (European Monetary System) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04

Capital Central bank Central bank's website https://www.boi.org.il/en/Pages/Default.aspx Currency New ISO currency code ILS Subunits 100 agorot Currency circulation Israel Legacy currency Shekel Conversion rate 1,000 shekel = 1 New shekel; with effect from 4 September 1985 Currency history 17 August 1948: Introduction of the (ILP); conversion rate: 1 pound = 1 Israeli pound 22 February 1980: Introduction of the shekel (ILS); conversion rate: 10 Israeli pound = 1 shekel 4 September 1985: Introduction of the New shekel; conversion rate: 1,000 shekel = 1 New shekel IMF membership Since 12 July 1954 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 21 September 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 5 August 1954 - 5 August 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 6 August 1975 - 27 October 1977: Adjusted according to a set of classification (as of end-April indicators 2019) 28 October 1977 - 30 December 1983: Independently floating 31 December 1983 - 31 July 1986: Other managed floating 1 August 1986 - 16 December 1991: Pegged to a currency basket 17 December 1991 - 31 December 2003: Other managed floating 1 January 2004 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 30 April 2008 - 9 August 2009: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) 10 August 2009 - 31 July 2011: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 August 2011 - 12 May 2013: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 13 May 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.ILS.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ILS.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ILS.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ILS.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.ILS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ILS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ILS.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ILS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ILS.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ILS.USD.CA.AC.A02 Italy

Capital Central bank Bank of Italy Central bank's website http://www.bancaditalia.it Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Italian Legacy currency's ISO currency ITL code Conversion rate 1,936.27 Italian lire = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 1,936.27 Italian lire = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 March 1947 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 12 February 1973: Cooperative arrangement according to the IMF (European common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 February 1973: Withdrawal from the cooperative arrangement 2019) (European common margins arrangement) 13 February 1973 - 12 March 1979: Independently floating 13 March 1979 - 16 September 1992: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) 17 September 1992: Withdrawal from the European Monetary System 17 September 1992 - 24 November 1996: Independently floating 25 November 1996 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04

Capital Kingston Central bank Bank of Jamaica Central bank's website http://www.boj.org.jm/ Currency Jamaican dollar ISO currency code JMD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Jamaica Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 Jamaican pound = 2 Jamaican dollar; with effect from 8 September 1969 Currency history 8 September 1969: Introduction of the Jamaican dollar (JMD); conversion rate: 1 Jamaican pound = 2 Jamaican dollar IMF membership Since 21 February 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 February 1963 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 18 December 1971 - 23 November 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 24 November 1983 - 3 September 1984: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 4 September 1984 - 30 December 1986: Independently floating 2019) 31 December 1986 - 31 October 1989: Other managed floating 1 November 1989 - 16 September 1990: Pegged to the US dollar 17 September 1990 - 31 December 1998: Independently floating 1 January 1999 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 9 February 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 10 February 2009 - 31 May 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 June 2011 - 30 October 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 31 October 2016 - 14 September 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 15 September 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Independent since 6 August 1962 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.JMD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JMD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JMD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.JMD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JMD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JMD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.JMD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JMD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JMD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.JMD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JMD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JMD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Japan

Capital Tokyo Central bank Bank of Japan Central bank's website https://www.boj.or.jp/en/index.htm/ Currency ISO currency code JPY Subunits 100 sen Currency circulation Japan IMF membership Since 13 August 1952 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 April 1964 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 14 February 1973: Independently floating according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.JPY.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.JPY.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.JPY.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.JPY.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JPY.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JPY.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.JPY.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JPY.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JPY.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.JPY.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.JPY.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.JPY.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.JPY.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.JPY.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital Amman Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbj.gov.jo/ Currency ISO currency code JOD Subunits 1,000 fils Currency circulation Jordan Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 Palestine pound = 1 Jordanian dinar; with effect from 1 July 1950 Currency history 1 July 1950: Introduction of the Jordanian dinar (JOD); conversion rate: 1 Palestine pound = 1 Jordanian dinar IMF membership Since 29 August 1952 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 February 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 22 February 1975 - 7 February 1989: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 8 February 1989 - 30 May 1989: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 31 May 1989 - 22 October 1995: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) Since 23 October 1995: Pegged to the US dollar Time series BBEX3.A.JOD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JOD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JOD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.JOD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.JOD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.JOD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.JOD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JOD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JOD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.JOD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.JOD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.JOD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Kazakhstan

Capital Nur-Sultan (Renamed to March 23, 2019, before Astana) Central bank National Bank of Kazakhstan Central bank's website http://www.nationalbank.kz Currency Tenge ISO currency code KZT Subunits 100 tiyn Currency circulation Kazakhstan Legacy currency Russian rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency RUR code Conversion rate 500 Russian rouble = 1 tenge, with effect from 15. November 1993 Currency history 15 November 1993: Introduction of the tenge (KZT); conversion rate: 500 Russian rouble (RUR) = 1 tenge IMF membership Since 15 July 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 16 July 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 14 August 1992 - 14 November 1993: Use of the Soviet/Russian according to the IMF rouble as legal tender classification (as of end-April 15 November 1993 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating 2019) 31 December 1997 - 1 April 1999: Other managed floating 2 April 1999 - 29 September 2000: Independently floating 30 September 2000 - 30 September 2007: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 October 2007 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 3 February 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 4 February 2009 - 30 April 2009: Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands 1 May 2009 - 27 October 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 28 October 2009 - 10 February 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 11 February 2014 - 19 August 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 20 August 2015 - 14 December 2015: Other managed arrangement Since 15 December 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.KZT.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KZT.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.KZT.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.KZT.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.KZT.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KZT.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Nairobi Central bank Central Bank of Kenya Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.go.ke/ Currency Kenya ISO currency code KES Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Kenya Legacy currency East African shilling Conversion rate 1 East African shilling = 1 Kenya shilling; with effect from 14 September 1966 Currency history 14 September 1966: Introduction of the Kenya shilling (KES); conversion rate: 1 East African shilling = 1 Kenya shilling IMF membership Since 3 February 1964 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 June 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 11 October 1971 - 26 October 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 October 1975 - 30 December 1987: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 31 December 1987 - 17 October 1993: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 18 October 1993 - 29 April 1998: Independently floating 30 April 1998 - 3 November 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 4 November 2015 - 30 October 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 31 October 2018: Other managed arrangement Comment The term "Kenya pound" is a equivalent to 20 Kenya shillings. Time series BBEX3.A.KES.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KES.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KES.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KES.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KES.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KES.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KES.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KES.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KES.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KES.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KES.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KES.USD.CA.AC.A01 Kiribati

Capital Bairiki (Tarawa) Currency Australian dollar ISO currency code AUD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Australia, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Norfolk Island, Tuvalu IMF membership Since 3 June 1986 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 August 1986 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 12 July 1979: Use of the Australian dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 12 July 1979; local currency is also in use. Time series BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.USD.CM.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A02 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of

Capital Pyongyang Central bank Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Currency ISO currency code KPW Subunits 100 chon Currency circulation Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Legacy currency Won Conversion rate 100 North Korean won (old) = 1 North Korean won (new); with effect from 1 January 2010 Currency history February 1959: Introduction of the new North Korean won (KPW); conversion rate: 100 North Korean won (old) = 1 North Korean won (new) 1 January 2010: Introduction of the new North Korean won (KPW); conversion rate: 100 North Korean won (old) = 1 North Korean won (new) IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment According to unconfirmed press reports, the currency changeover occurred at the end of November/beginning of December 2009. Until the end of December 2009, exchange rates were communicated in won (old); according to the Foreign Trade Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the "new" rates took effect from 1 January 2010. Time series BBEX3.A.KPW.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KPW.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KPW.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KPW.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KPW.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KPW.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KPW.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KPW.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KPW.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KPW.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KPW.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KPW.USD.CA.AC.A01 Korea, Republic of

Capital Seoul Central bank The Bank of Korea Central bank's website http://eng.bok.or.kr/ Currency ISO currency code KRW Subunits 100 chon Currency circulation Korea, Republic of Legacy currency Hwan Conversion rate 10 hwan = 1 South Korean won; with effect from 10 June 1962 Currency history 17 February 1953: Introduction of the hwan; conversion rate: 100 won = 1 hwan 10 June 1962: Introduction of the South Korean won (KRW); conversion rate: 10 hwan = 1 South Korean won IMF membership Since 26 August 1955 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 November 1988 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 10 June 1962 - 26 February 1980: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 February 1980 - 1 March 1990: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 2 March 1990 - 15 December 1997: Other managed floating 2019) 16 December 1997 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 30 April 2008 - 30 April 2009: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 1 May 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.KRW.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.KRW.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.KRW.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.KRW.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KRW.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KRW.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KRW.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KRW.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KRW.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.KRW.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.KRW.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.KRW.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.KRW.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KRW.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital Pristina Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City IMF membership Since 29 June 2009 Exchange rate arrangement Since 17 February 2008: Use of the euro as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from ) since 17 February 2008 Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02

Capital Kuwait Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbk.gov.kw Currency ISO currency code KWD Subunits 1,000 fils Currency circulation Kuwait Legacy currency (parity in relation to the Indian rupee) Conversion rate 1 Gulf rupee = 0,075 Kuwaiti dinar; with effect from 1 April 1961 Currency history 1 April 1961: Introduction of the Kuwaiti dinar (KWD); conversion rate: 1 Gulf rupee = 0.075 Kuwaiti dinar IMF membership Since 13 September 1962 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 April 1963 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 April 1963 - 17 March 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 18 March 1975 - 4 January 2003: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 5 January 2003 - 19 May 2007: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 20 May 2007 - 28 February 2009: Other managed floating Since 1 March 2009: Pegged to a currency basket Comment Independent since 19 June 1961 Time series BBEX3.A.KWD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KWD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KWD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KWD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.KWD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.KWD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.KWD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KWD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KWD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KWD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.KWD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.KWD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Kyrgyzstan

Capital Bishkek Central bank National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic Central bank's website http://www.nbkr.kg Currency Kyrgyz som ISO currency code KGS Subunits 100 tyiyn Currency circulation Kyrgyzstan Legacy currency Soviet rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency RUR code Conversion rate 200 Soviet rouble = 1 Kyrgyz som; with effect from 10 May 1993 Currency history 10 May 1993: Introduction of the Kyrgyz som (KGS); conversion rate: 200 rouble = 1 Kyrgyz som IMF membership Since 08 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 March 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 August 1991 - 14 May 1993: Use of the Soviet rouble as legal according to the IMF tender classification (as of end-April 15 May 1993 - 30 December 1995: Independently floating 2019) 31 December 1995 - 28 February 2007: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 March 2007 - 30 September 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement against the US dollar 1 October 2007 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 10 July 2017: Other managed arrangement Since 11 July 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Kyrgyzstan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.KGS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.KGS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.KGS.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.KGS.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.KGS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.KGS.USD.CA.AC.A01 Lao People's Democratic Republic

Capital Vientiane Central bank Bank of the Lao PDR Central bank's website http://www.bol.gov.la/english/index1.php Currency Kip ISO currency code LAK Currency circulation Lao People s Democratic Republic Legacy currency Liberation kip Legacy currency's ISO currency LAK code Conversion rate 100 libération kip = 1 kip; with effect from 10 December 1979 Currency history 5 May 1955: Introduction of the kip; conversion rate: 1 Indochinese piastre = 1 kip 15 June 1976: Introduction of the kip de libération (LAK); conversion rate: 20 kip = 1 kip de libération 10 December 1979: Introduction of the kip (also initially know as the new kip); conversion rate: 100 kip de libération = 1 kip IMF membership Since 5 July 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 28 May 2010 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 16 December 1969 - October 1988: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF October 1988 - 29 September 1995: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 30 September 1995 - 30 March 1997: Independently floating 2019) 31 March 1997 - 31 December 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2007 - 30 November 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 December 2007 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 11 March 2008: Other managed arrangement 12 March 2008 - 31 December 2012: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2013 - 21 January 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 22 January 2015 - 1 September 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 2 September 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Lao maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.LAK.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LAK.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LAK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LAK.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LAK.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LAK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.LAK.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LAK.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LAK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LAK.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LAK.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LAK.USD.CA.AC.A01 Latvia

Capital Riga Central bank Bank of Latvia Central bank's website http://www.bank.lv/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency LVL code Conversion rate 0.702804 Latvian lats = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2014 Currency history 7 May 1992: Introduction of the Latvian rouble (LVR); conversion rate: 1 Soviet rouble = 1 Latvian rouble; the Soviet rouble was also legal tender until 19 July 1992 28 June 1993: Introduction of the Latvian lats (LVL); conversion rate: 200 Latvian roubles = 1 Latvian lats; the Latvian rouble was also legal tender (at this rate) until 17 October 1993 1 January 2014: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 0.702804 Latvian lats = 1 euro IMF membership Since 19 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 June 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 7 May 1992 - 19 July 1992: Pegged to the Soviet rouble according to the IMF 20 July 1992 - 31 January 1994: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1 February 1994 - 31 December 2004: Pegged to the SDR 2019) 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2013: Pegged to the euro (from 2 May 2005: Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2014: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2014) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Lebanon

Capital Beirut Central bank Central bank's website http://www.bdl.gov.lb Currency ISO currency code LBP Subunits 100 piastres Currency circulation Lebanon IMF membership Since 14 April 1947 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 January 1965 - 31 December 1998: Independently floating according to the IMF 1 January 1999 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg classification (as of end-April arrangement 2019) Since 30 April 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Time series BBEX3.A.LBP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LBP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.LBP.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.LBP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LBP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Lesotho

Capital Maseru Central bank Central Bank of Lesotho Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.org.ls Currency Loti (plural: maloti) ISO currency code LSL Subunits 100 lisente Currency circulation Lesotho Legacy currency South African rand Legacy currency's ISO currency ZAR code Conversion rate 1 South African rand = 1 loti; with effect from 19 January 1980 Currency history 19 January 1980: Introduction of the loti (LSL); conversion rate: 1 (South African) rand = 1 loti IMF membership Since 25 July 1968 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 March 1997 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 19 January 1980: Pegged to the South African rand according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment The South African rand is likewise legal tender alongside the loti. Time series BBEX3.A.LSL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LSL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.LSL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LSL.USD.CA.AC.A01 Liberia

Capital Monrovia Central bank Central Bank of Liberia Central bank's website http://www.cbl.org.lr/ Currency ISO currency code LRD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Liberia IMF membership Since 28 March 1962 Exchange rate arrangement 1 January 1944 - 29 October 1997: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 30 October 1997 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 2005 - 7 January 2008: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 8 January 2008 - 28 February 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 March 2009 - 4 January 2011: Other managed arrangement 5 January 2011 - 6 November 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 7 November 2011 - 22 July 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 23 July 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Comment The US dollar is likewise legal tender alongside the Liberian dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.LRD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LRD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LRD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LRD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LRD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LRD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.LRD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LRD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LRD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LRD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LRD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LRD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Tripoli Central bank Central Bank of Libya Central bank's website http://www.cbl.gov.ly/en/ Currency ISO currency code LYD Subunits 1,000 Currency circulation Libya Legacy currency Libyan pound Conversion rate 1 Libyan pound = 1 Libyan dinar; with effect from 1 September 1971 Currency history 24 March 1952: Introduction of the Libyan pound; conversion rate for Tripolitania: 480 British Military Authority lire = 1 Libyan pound, for Cyrenaica: 0.975 Egyptian pound = 1 Libyan pound, for Fezzan: 980 Algerian francs = 1 Libyan pound 1 September 1971: Introduction of the Libyan dinar (LYD); conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound = 1 Libyan dinar IMF membership Since 17 September 1958 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 21 June 2003 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement August 1959 - 17 March 1986: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 18 March 1986 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 29 June 2001: Pegged exchange rate within 2019) horizontal bands 30 June 2001 - 11 March 2014: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 12 March 2014 - 26 January 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 27 January 2015: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Comment Independent as of 24 December 1951 as the of Libya (comprised the three historical regions Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan). As of 1 September 1969, the Libyan Arab Republic. From March 1977 to 2011, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Time series BBEX3.A.LYD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LYD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LYD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LYD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LYD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LYD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.LYD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LYD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LYD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LYD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LYD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LYD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Lithuania

Capital Vilnius Central bank The Bank of Lithuania Central bank's website http://www.lbank.lt Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency LTL code Conversion rate 3.45280 litas = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2015 Currency history 1 October 1992: Having existed for some months in the form of coupons, the temporary currency, the talonas (LTT), becomes the sole legal tender; conversion rate: 1 Soviet rouble = 1 talonas 25 June 1993: Introduction of the Lithuanien litas (LTL); conversion rate: 100 talonas = 1 Lithuanien litas. The talonas also remained legal tender (at this rate) until 19 July 1993 1 January 2015: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 3.45280 Lithuanien litas = 1 euro IMF membership Since 29 April 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 3 May 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 May 1992 - 31 March 1994: Independently floating according to the IMF 1 April 1994 - 1 February 2002: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2 February 2002 - 31 December 2014: Pegged to the euro (from 28 2019) June 2004: Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2015: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2015) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Luxembourg

Capital Luxembourg Central bank Central Bank of Luxembourg Central bank's website http://www.bcl.lu/en/index.php Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency LUF code Conversion rate 40.3399 Luxembourg francs = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 40.3399 Luxembourg francs = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 12 March 1979: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement 2019) (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Macao

Capital Macao Central bank Monetary Authority of Macao Central bank's website https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en Currency Pataca ISO currency code MOP Subunits 100 avos Currency circulation Macao IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China; administered by Portugal up until 19 December 1999. The Hong Kong dollar, to which the pataca is pegged at a rate of HKD 100 = MOP 103, is in circulation as a common currency alongside the pataca. Time series BBEX3.A.MOP.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MOP.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MOP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MOP.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MOP.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MOP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MOP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MOP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MOP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MOP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MOP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MOP.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Antananarivo Central bank Central Bank of Madagascar Central bank's website https://www.banky-foibe.mg Currency Ariary ISO currency code MGA Subunits 5 iraimbilanja Currency circulation Madagascar Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency MGF code Conversion rate 5 Malagasy franc = 1 ariary; with effect from 31 July 2003 Currency history 1 July 1963: Introduction of the Malagasy franc (MGF); conversion rate: 1 CFA franc = 1 Malagasy franc 31 July 2003: Introduction of the ariary (MGA); conversion rate: 5 Malagasy franc = 1 ariary IMF membership Since 25 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 18 September 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1960 - 1 April 1982: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF 2 April 1982 - 10 August 1986: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 11 August 1986 - 8 May 1994: Adjusted according to a set of 2019) indicators 9 May 1994 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment On 31 July 2003, the ariary was introduced as a new currency alongside the Malagasy franc at a rate of 5 Malagasy franc = 1 ariary. Since this date, denominated in ariary have been in circulation as legal tender alongside the Malagasy franc. Until the end of 2004, all prices appeared in both ; since 1 January 2005, the ariary has been the sole legal tender. Time series BBEX3.A.MGA.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MGA.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MGA.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.MGA.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MGA.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MGA.USD.CA.AC.A01 Malawi

Capital Lilongwe Central bank Reserve Bank of Malawi Central bank's website http://www.rbm.mw/ Currency Malawi kwacha ISO currency code MWK Subunits 100 tambala Currency circulation Malawi Legacy currency Malawi pound Conversion rate 1 Malawi pound = 2 Malawi kwacha; with effect from 15 February 1971 Currency history April 1957: Introduction of the Rhodesian pound; conversion rate: 1 Southern Rhodesian pound = 1 Rhodesian pound 16 November 1964: Introduction of the Malawi pound; conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian pound = 1 Malawi pound 15 February 1971: Introduction of the Malawi kwacha (MWK); conversion rate: 1 Malawi pound = 2 Malawi kwacha IMF membership Since 19 July 1965 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 7 December 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 9 June 1975 - 16 January 1984: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 17 January 1984 - 6 February 1994: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 7 February 1994 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating 2019) 31 December 1997 - 26 April 2000: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 27 April 2000 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2006 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 1 December 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 2 December 2009 - 31 January 2010: Other managed arrangement 1 February 2010 - 7 August 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 8 August 2011 - 6 May 2012: Other managed arrangement 7 May 2012 - 2 August 2016: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 3 August 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Malawi maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment From 1891 British protectorate, since 1907 named Nyasaland; 1 August 1953 to 31 December 1963 part of the Federation of and Nyasaland. On 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent and was renamed Malawi. Time series BBEX3.A.MWK.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MWK.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MWK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MWK.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MWK.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MWK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MWK.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MWK.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MWK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MWK.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MWK.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MWK.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Kuala Lumpur; Seat of Government: Putrajaya Central bank (Bank Negara Malaysia) Central bank's website http://www.bnm.gov.my/ Currency (until 20 August 1975 Malaysian dollar) ISO currency code MYR Subunits 100 sen Currency circulation Malaysia Legacy currency Malayan dollar Conversion rate 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Malaysian dollar; with effect from 12 June 1967 Currency history 12 June 1967: Introduction of the Malaysian dollar; conversion rate: 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Malaysian dollar 21 August 1975: Change of currency name from the Malaysian dollar to the Malaysian ringgit (MYR) IMF membership Since 7 March 1958 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 11 November 1968 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 June 1973 - 26 September 1975: Independently floating according to the IMF 27 September 1975 - 1993: Pegged to a trade weighted currency classification (as of end-April basket 2019) 1993 - 1 September 1998: Other managed floating (taking into account a trade weighted currency basket) 2 September 1998 - 31 December 2005: Pegged to the US dollar 1 January 2006 - 31 December 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 January 2009 - 25 September 2016: Other managed arrangement (oriented to a currency basket) Since 26 September 2016: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.MYR.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MYR.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MYR.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.MYR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MYR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MYR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MYR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MYR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MYR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MYR.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.MYR.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.MYR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MYR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MYR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Maldives

Capital Malé Central bank Maldives Monetary Authority Central bank's website http://www.mma.gov.mv Currency Rufiyaa (until 16 June 1981 Maldivian rupee) ISO currency code MVR Subunits 100 laari Currency circulation Maldives IMF membership Since 13 January 1978 Exchange rate arrangement 13 January 1978 - 17 November 1979: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 18 November 1979 - 30 March 1982: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 31 March 1982 - 30 June 1985: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US 2019) dollar 1 July 1985 - 28 February 1987: Pegged to a currency basket 1 March 1987 - October 1994: Independently floating October 1994 - 10 April 2011: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement Since 11 April 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Time series BBEX3.A.MVR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MVR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MVR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MVR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Mali

Capital Bamako Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Mali, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Senegal, Togo Legacy currency Mali franc Legacy currency's ISO currency MLF code Conversion rate 2 Malian francs = 1 CFA franc; with effect from 1 June 1984 Currency history 1 July 1962: Introduction of the (MLF); conversion rate: 1 CFA franc = 1 Malian franc 1 June 1984: Introduction of the CFA franc (XOF); conversion rate: 2 Malian franc = 1 CFA franc IMF membership Since 27 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) On 20 June 1960, together with present-day Senegal independent from France as the Mali Federation; on 20 August 1960 withdrawal from the Mali Federation; full independence since 22 September 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Malta

Capital Valletta Central bank Central Bank of Malta Central bank's website http://www.centralbankmalta.org/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency MTL code Conversion rate 0.429300 Maltese lira = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2008 Currency history 1 January 1983: Change of currency name from the Maltese pound (MTP) to the Maltese lira (MTL) 1 January 2008: Introduction of the euro; conversion rate: 0.429300 Maltese lira = 1 euro IMF membership Since 11 September 1968 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 November 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 8 July 1972 - 1 May 2005: Pegged to a trade weighted currency according to the IMF basket classification (as of end-April 2 May 2005 - 31 December 2007: Pegged to the euro (Exchange rate 2019) mechanism II) Since 1 January 2008: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2008) Time series BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 Marshall Islands

Capital Majuro Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Marshall Islands, American Samoa, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Timor-Leste, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, Virgin Islands of the United States IMF membership Since 21 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 21 May 1992 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Use of the US dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Mauritania

Capital Nouakchott Central bank Banque Centrale de Mauritanie Central bank's website https://www.bcm.mr/ Currency Ouguiya ISO currency code MRU Currency circulation Mauritania Legacy currency Ouguiya Legacy currency's ISO currency MRO code Conversion rate 10 (old) ouguiya = 1 (new) ouguiya; with effect from 1 January 2018 Currency history 29 June 1973: Introduction of the ouguiya (MRO); conversion rate: 5 CFA francs = 1 ouguiya 1 January 2018: Introduction of the ouguiya (MRU); conversion rate: 10 (old) ouguiya = 1 (new) ouguiya IMF membership Since 10 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 July 1999 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 22 January 1974 - March 1987: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF March 1987 - 29 June 1992: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 30 June 1992 - 30 December 1995: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 31 December 1995 - 29 April 1997: Independently floating 30 April 1997 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 30 May 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 31 May 2005 - 30 April 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 May 2007 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 8 September 2014: Other managed arrangement Since 9 September 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Mauritania maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent since 28 November 1960 (formerly: French colony) Time series BBEX3.A.MRU.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MRU.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MRU.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MRU.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MRU.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MRU.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MRU.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MRU.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MRU.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MRU.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MRU.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MRU.USD.CA.AC.A01 Mauritius

Capital Port Louis Central bank Bank of Mauritius Central bank's website https://www.bom.mu Currency ISO currency code MUR Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Mauritius IMF membership Since 23 September 1968 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 September 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 12 March 1968 - 4 January 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 5 January 1976 - 27 February 1983: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 28 February 1983 - 30 June 1994: Pegged to a trade weighted 2019) currency basket 1 July 1994 - 30 December 1998: Other managed floating 31 December 1998 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating 30 June 2001 - 31 October 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 November 2008 - 30 June 2010: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 1 July 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Independent since 12 March 1968 Time series BBEX3.A.MUR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MUR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MUR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MUR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MUR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MUR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MUR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MUR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MUR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MUR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MUR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MUR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Mexico

Capital Mexico City Central bank Banco de México Central bank's website https://www.banxico.org.mx/ Currency (until 31 December 1995 Mexican new peso) ISO currency code MXN Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Mexico Legacy currency Mexican peso Legacy currency's ISO currency MXP code Conversion rate 1,000 Mexican pesos = 1 Mexican new peso; with effect from 1 January 1993 Currency history 1 January 1993: Introduction of the Mexican new peso (MXN); conversion rate: 1,000 Mexican pesos = 1 Mexican new peso (designated as Mexican peso since 1 January 1996) IMF membership Since 31 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 12 November 1946 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 August 1976 - 31 August 1982: Other managed floating according to the IMF 1 September 1982 - 19 December 1982: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 20 December 1982 - 21 December 1994: Other managed floating 2019) 22 December 1994 - 19 May 2015: Independently floating 20 May 2015 - 19 November 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 20 November 2015: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Time series BBEX3.A.MXN.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MXN.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MXN.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.MXN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MXN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MXN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MXN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MXN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MXN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MXN.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.MXN.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.MXN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MXN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MXN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Micronesia, Federated States of

Capital Palikir Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Federated States of Micronesia, American Samoa, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Timor-Leste, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, Virgin Islands of the United States IMF membership Since 24 June 1993 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 June 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Use of the US dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Moldova, Republic of

Capital Chisinau Central bank National Bank of Moldova Central bank's website http://www.bnm.md/en/ Currency ISO currency code MDL Subunits 100 bani Currency circulation Moldova, Republic of Legacy currency Moldovan rouble Conversion rate 1,000 Moldovan rouble = 1 Moldovan leu; with effect from 29 November 1993 Currency history June 1992: Introduction of the Moldovan rouble (in the form of coupons) as legal tender in parallel to the Soviet rouble End-July 1993: The Moldovan rouble becomes the sole legal tender; conversion rate: initially 1 Soviet rouble (SUR) = 1 Moldovan rouble; then market price formation 29 November 1993: Introduction of the Moldovan leu (MDL); conversion rate: 1,000 Moldovan rouble = 1 Moldovan leu IMF membership Since 12 August 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 June 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 27 August 1991 - June 1992: Use of the Soviet rouble as legal tender according to the IMF June 1992 - 8 August 1993: Pegged to the Soviet/Russian rouble classification (as of end-April 9 August 1993 - 29 June 2002: Independently floating 2019) 30 June 2002 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2005 - 31 October 2005: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 November 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.MDL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MDL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MDL.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.MDL.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MDL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MDL.USD.CA.AC.A01 Mongolia

Capital Ulan Bator Central bank Bank of Mongolia Central bank's website http://www.mongolbank.mn Currency Togrog (The notation for foreign countries has changed from tugrik to togrog on 12 December 1998.) ISO currency code MNT Subunits 100 mongo Currency circulation Mongolia IMF membership Since 14 February 1991 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 February 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement July 1990 - 26 May 1993: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 May 1993 - 30 December 2001: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 31 December 2001 - 31 May 2006: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 June 2006 - 31 October 2008: Stabilised arrangement against the US dollar (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 November 2008 - 23 March 2009: Other managed arrangement 24 March 2009 - 17 September 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 18 September 2017 - 10 April 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 11 April 2018: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.MNT.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MNT.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MNT.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MNT.USD.CA.AC.A01 Montenegro

Capital Podgorica Central bank Central Bank of Montenegro Central bank's website https://www.cbcg.me/en Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Deutsche Mark Legacy currency's ISO currency DEM code Conversion rate 1.95583 Deutsche Mark = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 1.95583 Deutsche Mark = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 18 January 2007 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 18 January 2007 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 11 November 2000 - 31 December 2001: Use of the Deutsche Mark according to the IMF as legal tender classification (as of end-April Since 1 January 2002: Use of the euro as legal tender 2019) Comment Independent since 3 June 2006 (dissolution of "" (since 4 February 2003) into the successor states "Serbia" and "Montenegro"; previously, from 27 April 1992 until 3 February 2003, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) The Deutsche Mark was the only official currency of the Yugoslav Constituent Republic of Montenegro from 11 November 2000 until 31 December 2001. The euro was introduced as legal tender with effect from 1 January 2002. Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02

Capital Rabat Central bank Bank Al-Maghrib Central bank's website http://www.bkam.ma Currency ISO currency code MAD Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Morocco, Western Sahara Legacy currency Conversion rate 100 Moroccan francs = 1 Moroccan dirham; with effect from 19 October 1959 Currency history 19 October 1959: Introduction of the Moroccan dirham (MAD); conversion rate: 100 Moroccan francs = 1 Moroccan dirham IMF membership Since 25 April 1958 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 21 January 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 18 May 1973 - 14 January 2018: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF Since 15 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate classification (as of end-April against a currency basket within a narrow band without any political 2019) obligation) Time series BBEX3.A.MAD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MAD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MAD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.MAD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MAD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MAD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Maputo Central bank Banco de Moçambique Central bank's website http://www.bancomoc.mz/ Currency Metical ISO currency code MZN Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Mozambique Legacy currency Metical Legacy currency's ISO currency MZM code Conversion rate 1,000 metical (old) = 1 metical (new); with effect from 1 July 2006 Currency history 16 June 1980: Introduction of the metical (MZM); conversion rate: 1 Mozambican escudo (MZE) = 1 metical 1 July 2006: Introduction of the (new) metical (MZN); conversion rate: 1,000 metical (old) = 1 metical (new) IMF membership Since 24 September 1984 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 May 2011 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 25 July 1975 - 10 March 1977: Pegged to the Portuguese escudo according to the IMF 11 March 1977 - 30 January 1987: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 31 January 1987 - 31 December 1988: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 1 January 1989 - 30 November 1989: Other managed floating 1 December 1989 - 30 October 1990: Pegged to a currency basket 31 October 1990 - 31 March 1992: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 1 April 1992 - 31 December 2002: Independently floating 1 January 2003 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.MZN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MZN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MZN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MZN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MZN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MZN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MZN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MZN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MZN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MZN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MZN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MZN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Myanmar (up to 17 June 1989: Burma)

Capital Nay Pyi Taw Central bank Central bank's website http://www.cbm.gov.mm/ Currency Kyat ISO currency code MMK Subunits 100 pyas Currency circulation Myanmar Legacy currency Burmese rupee Conversion rate 1 Burmese rupee = 1 kyat; with effect from 1 July 1952 Currency history 1 July 1952: Introduction of the kyat (MMK); conversion rate: 1 Burmese rupee = 1 kyat IMF membership Since 3 January 1952 Exchange rate arrangement 25 January 1975 - 29 June 2001: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 30 June 2001 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no classification (as of end-April predetermined path for the exchange rate 2019) 30 April 2008 - 11 January 2017: Other managed arrangement 12 January 2017 - 19 April 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 20 April 2018: Other managed arrangement Comment Independent since 4 January 1948. Time series BBEX3.A.MMK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MMK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.MMK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MMK.USD.CA.AC.A01 Namibia

Capital Windhoek Central bank Bank of Namibia Central bank's website http://www.bon.com.na/ Currency Namibia dollar ISO currency code NAD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Namibia Legacy currency South African rand Legacy currency's ISO currency ZAR code Conversion rate 1 South African rand = 1 Namibia dollar; with effect from 15 September 1993 Currency history 15 September 1993: Introduction of the Namibia dollar (NAD); conversion rate: 1 (South African) rand = 1 Namibia dollar IMF membership Since 25 September 1990 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 20 September 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 March 1990 - 14 September 1993: Use of the South African rand according to the IMF as legal tender classification (as of end-April Since 15 September 1993: Pegged to the South African rand 2019) Comment The South African rand is likewise legal tender alongside the Namibia dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.NAD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NAD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.NAD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NAD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Nepal

Capital Kathmandu Central bank Central bank's website http://www.nrb.org.np Currency ISO currency code NPR Subunits 100 Currency circulation Nepal IMF membership Since 6 September 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 May 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 11 December 1967 - 31 May 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 June 1983 - 11 February 1993: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April Since 12 February 1993: Pegged to the Indian rupee 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.NPR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NPR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NPR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NPR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NPR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NPR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.NPR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NPR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NPR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NPR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NPR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NPR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Netherlands

Capital Amsterdam, seat of government: The Hague Central bank De Nederlandsche Bank Central bank's website https://www.dnb.nl/index.jsp Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency NLG code Conversion rate 2.20371 Dutch = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 2.20371 Dutch guilders = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 April 1972 - 12 March 1979: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 13 March 1979 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement 2019) (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999)

The Netherlands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Saint Eustatius and Sint Maarten together make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02

Capital Nouméa Central bank L'Institut d'Emission d'Outre-Mer Central bank's website http://www.ieom.fr/ieom/ Currency CFP franc ISO currency code XPF Currency circulation New Caledonia, French , (Islands) IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment Exchange rate anchor to the euro CFP was originally the abbreviation for "Colonies Françaises du Pacifique" and is still used as a (in connection with the franc). Time series BBEX3.A.XPF.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XPF.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XPF.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XPF.USD.CM.AC.A01 New Zealand

Capital Wellington Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Central bank's website http://www.rbnz.govt.nz/ Currency New Zealand dollar ISO currency code NZD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation New Zealand, Cook Islands, , Group, Legacy currency New Zealand pound Conversion rate 1 New Zealand pound = 2 New Zealand dollar; with effect from 10 July 1967 Currency history 10 July 1967: Introduction of the New Zealand dollar (NZD); conversion rate: 1 New Zealand pound = 2 New Zealand dollar IMF membership Since 31 August 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 August 1982 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 9 July 1973 - 30 March 1982: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 31 March 1982 - 3 March 1985: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 4 March 1985 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 2019) 30 April 2008 - 31 October 2012: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 1 November 2012: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.NZD.EUR.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NZD.EUR.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NZD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NZD.USD.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NZD.USD.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NZD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NZD.USD.CM.AA.000 BBEX3.D.NZD.USD.CM.AB.000 BBEX3.D.NZD.USD.CM.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.USD.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.USD.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NZD.USD.CM.AC.A01 Nicaragua

Capital Managua Central bank Banco Central de Nicaragua Central bank's website https://www.bcn.gob.ni/ Currency Córdoba (temporarily córdoba oro) ISO currency code NIO Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Nicaragua Legacy currency Córdoba Legacy currency's ISO currency NIC code Currency history 15 February 1988: Introduction of the (new) córdoba (NIC); conversion rate: 1,000 córdoba (old) = 1 córdoba (new) 1 May 1990: The córdoba (NIC) was supplemented by the córdoba oro (NIO) as a unit of account with a fixed rate of 1:1 to the US dollar. Up to 2 March 1991, the córdoba oro floated against the córdoba. The córdoba oro entered circulation in cash form on 13 August 1990 10 January 1993: Change of currency name from the córdoba oro to the córdoba IMF membership Since 14 March 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 July 1964 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 20 March 1912 - 9 January 1993: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF Since 10 January 1993: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a classification (as of end-April band) 2019) Comment With effect from 1 May 1990, the córdoba (NIC) was supplemented by the córdoba oro (NIO) as a unit of account with a fixed rate of 1:1 to the US dollar. Up to 2 March 1991, the córdoba oro floated against the old currency. The córdoba oro entered circulation in cash form on 13 August 1990. With effect from 3 March 1991, the córdoba oro was devalued against the US dollar to stand at USD 1 = NIO 5; on 30 April 1991 it became the sole legal tender. Time series BBEX3.A.NIO.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NIO.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.NIO.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NIO.USD.CA.AC.A01 Niger

Capital Niamey Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Togo IMF membership Since 24 April 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 3 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Nigeria

Capital Abuja Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Central bank's website http://www.cbn.gov.ng/ Currency Naira ISO currency code NGN Subunits 100 kobo Currency circulation Nigeria Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 Nigerian pound = 2 naira; with effect from 1 January 1973 Currency history 1 July 1959: Introduction of the Nigerian pound; conversion rate: 1 West African pound = 1 Nigerian pound 1 January 1973: Introduction of the naira (NGN); conversion rate: 1 Nigerian pound = 2 naira IMF membership Since 30 March 1961 Exchange rate arrangement 1 April 1974 - 1978: Independently floating according to the IMF 1978 - 28 September 1986: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 29 September 1986 - 31 March 1993: Independently floating 2019) 1 April 1993 - 29 April 1998: Pegged to the US dollar 30 April 1998 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 31 December 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2006 - 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement against the US dollar 2007 - 31 March 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Stabilised arrangement against the US dollar (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2009 - 8 March 2015: Other managed arrangement 9 March 2015 - 20 June 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 21 June 2016 - 25 August 2016: Other managed arrangement Since 26 August 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Nigeria maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.NGN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NGN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NGN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NGN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NGN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NGN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NGN.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.NGN.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.NGN.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.NGN.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.NGN.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.NGN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NGN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NGN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NGN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NGN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NGN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NGN.USD.CA.AC.A01 (until 11 February 2019: the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)

Capital Skopje Central bank National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia Central bank's website http://www.nbrm.mk Currency North Macedonia denar (until 11 February 2019: ) ISO currency code MKD Subunits 100 deni Currency circulation North Macedonia Legacy currency Macedonian denar Legacy currency's ISO currency MKD code Conversion rate 100 Macedonian denar (old) = 1 Macedonian denar (new) with effect from 10 May 1993 Currency history 26 April 1992: Introduction of the Macedonian denar; conversion rate: 1 Yugoslav dinar = 1 Macedonian denar 10 May 1993: Introduction of the new Macedonian denar (MKD); conversion rate: 100 Macedonian denar (old) = 1 Macedonian denar (new), designated as North Macedonia denar since 12 February 2019 IMF membership Since 14 December 1992 (end of membership of predecessor state Yugoslavia) Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 June 1998 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 15 May 1993 - 31 December 1996: Independently floating according to the IMF 1 January 1997 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate 2019) guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Since 30 April 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Comment On 8 April 1993, Macedonia was admitted to the United Nations under the temporary designation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". With the entering into force of the Prespa Agreement on 12 February 2019, the earlier, provisional name of the country has been changed to "North Macedonia". Time series BBEX3.A.MKD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MKD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MKD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.MKD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.MKD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.MKD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.MKD.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.MKD.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.MKD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.MKD.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.MKD.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.MKD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.MKD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MKD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MKD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.MKD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.MKD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.MKD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Norway

Capital Oslo Central bank Norges Bank Central bank's website https://www.norges-bank.no/ Currency ISO currency code NOK Subunits 100 øre Currency circulation Norway, Spitzbergen IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 11 May 1967 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 23 May 1972 - 11 December 1978: Cooperative arrangement according to the IMF (European common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 12 December 1978 - 21 October 1990: Pegged to a trade weighted 2019) currency basket 22 October 1990 - 9 December 1992: Pegged to the ECU 10 December 1992 - 29 June 1995: Independently floating 30 June 1995 - 29 June 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 June 2001: Independently floating Time series BBEX3.A.NOK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NOK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NOK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.NOK.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NOK.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NOK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.NOK.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.NOK.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.NOK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.NOK.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.NOK.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.NOK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.NOK.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.NOK.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital Central bank Central bank's website https://www.cbo.gov.om/ Currency Rial Omani ISO currency code OMR Subunits 1,000 baisa Currency circulation Oman Legacy currency Rial Saidi Conversion rate 1 rial Saidi = 1 rial Omani; with effect from 11 November 1972 Currency history 7 May 1970: Introduction of the rial Saidi; conversion rate: 100 Gulf rupees (External Indian rupees) = 7.5 rial Saidi 11 November 1972: Introduction of the rial Omani (OMR); conversion rate: 1 rial Saidi = 1 rial Omani IMF membership Since 23 December 1971 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 June 1974 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 20 February 1973: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.OMR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.OMR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.OMR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.OMR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.OMR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.OMR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.OMR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.OMR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.OMR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.OMR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.OMR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.OMR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Pakistan

Capital Islamabad Central bank State Bank of Pakistan Central bank's website http://www.sbp.org.pk/ Currency Pakistani rupee ISO currency code PKR Subunits 100 paisa Currency circulation Pakistan IMF membership Since 11 July 1950 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 17 September 1971 - 7 January 1982: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 8 January 1982 - 21 July 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 22 July 1998 - 29 June 1999: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 June 1999 - 19 July 2000: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 20 July 2000 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2005 - 14 January 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 15 January 2008 - 21 December 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 22 December 2008 - 28 February 2010: Crawl-like arrangement against the US dollar (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 March 2010 - 31 May 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 June 2010 - 10 April 2011: Stabilised arrangement against the US dollar (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 11 April 2011 - 4 December 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 5 December 2013 - 3 March 2015: Other managed arrangement 4 March 2015 - 10 December 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 11 December 2017: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.PKR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PKR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PKR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PKR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PKR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PKR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PKR.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PKR.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PKR.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.PKR.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PKR.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PKR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PKR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PKR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PKR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PKR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PKR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PKR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Palau

Capital Ngerulmud (Melekeok) Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Palau, American Samoa, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Timor-Leste, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, Virgin Islands of the United States IMF membership Since 16 December 1997 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 16 December 1997 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Use of the US dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 1 October 1994 (formerly: United Nations Trust Territory) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Panama

Capital Panama City Central bank Banco Nacional de Panamá Central bank's website https://www.banconal.com.pa/ Currency Balboa ISO currency code PAB Subunits 100 centésimos Currency circulation Panama IMF membership Since 14 March 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 26 November 1946 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Use of the US dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from Colombia) since 3 November 1903.

The balboa, which has remained at par with the US dollar since its introduction in 1904, is in circulation exclusively in form. Time series BBEX3.A.PAB.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PAB.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.PAB.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PAB.USD.CA.AC.A01 Papua New Guinea

Capital Port Moresby Central bank Bank of Papua New Guinea Central bank's website http://www.bankpng.gov.pg/ Currency Kina ISO currency code PGK Subunits 100 toea Currency circulation Papua New Guinea Legacy currency Australian dollar Legacy currency's ISO currency AUD code Conversion rate 1 Australian dollar = 1 kina; with effect from 19 April 1975 Currency history 19 April 1975: Introduction of the kina (PGK); conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar = 1 kina IMF membership Since 9 October 1975 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 4 December 1975 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 19 April 1975 - 16 December 1976: Pegged to the Australian dollar according to the IMF 17 December 1976 - 4 June 1978: Adjusted according to a set of classification (as of end-April indicators 2019) 5 June 1978 - 9 October 1994: Pegged to a currency basket 10 October 1994 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 12 February 2012: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 13 February 2012 - 31 December 2012: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2013 - 10 April 2014: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 11 April 2014 - 17 May 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 18 May 2016 - 21 August 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 22 August 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Papua New Guinea maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent (from Australia) since 16 September 1975 Time series BBEX3.A.PGK.EUR.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PGK.EUR.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PGK.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PGK.USD.CM.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PGK.USD.CM.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PGK.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.PGK.EUR.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PGK.EUR.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PGK.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PGK.USD.CM.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PGK.USD.CM.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PGK.USD.CM.AC.A01 Paraguay

Capital Asunción Central bank Banco Central del Paraguay Central bank's website https://www.bcp.gov.py/ Currency Guaraní ISO currency code PYG Subunits 100 céntimos Currency circulation Paraguay IMF membership Since 28 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 23 August 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1946 - 26 February 1989: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 February 1989 - 1998: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1998 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path 2019) for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 January 2009 - 30 June 2013: Other managed arrangement 1 July 2013 - 10 June 2018: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 11 June 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Paraguay maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.PYG.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PYG.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PYG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PYG.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PYG.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PYG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PYG.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PYG.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PYG.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.PYG.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PYG.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PYG.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PYG.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PYG.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PYG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PYG.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PYG.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PYG.USD.CA.AC.A01 Peru

Capital Lima Central bank Banco Central de Reserva del Perú Central bank's website https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/ Currency Sol (until 14 December 2015 Nuevo sol) ISO currency code PEN Subunits 100 céntimos Currency circulation Peru Legacy currency Inti Legacy currency's ISO currency PEI code Conversion rate 1,000,000 inti = 1 nuevo sol; with effect from 1 July 1991 Currency history 1 February 1985: Introduction of the inti (PEI); conversion rate: 1,000 sol (PES) = 1 inti (the inti was not used in banking and accounting until 1 January 1986) 1 July 1991: Introduction of the nuevo sol (PEN); conversion rate: 1,000,000 intis = 1 nuevo sol (designated as sol since 15 December 2015) IMF membership Since 31 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 15 May 1970 - 21 September 1976: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 22 September 1976 - 10 October 1977: Adjusted according to a set of classification (as of end-April indicators 2019) 11 October 1977 - 29 June 1978: Other managed floating 30 June 1978 - 29 September 1979: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 30 September 1979 - 31 July 1980: Other 1 August 1980 - 7 August 1983: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 8 August 1983 - 29 February 1984: Other managed floating 1 March 1984 - 1 August 1985: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 2 August 1985 - 30 March 1987: Pegged to the US dollar 31 March 1987 - 28 July 1987: Other managed floating 29 July 1987 - 8 August 1990: Pegged to the US dollar 9 August 1990 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating 30 April 2008 - 15 September 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 16 September 2009 - 31 March 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 1 April 2011: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.PEN.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PEN.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PEN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PEN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PEN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PEN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PEN.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PEN.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PEN.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.PEN.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PEN.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PEN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PEN.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PEN.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PEN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PEN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PEN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PEN.USD.CA.AC.A01 Philippines

Capital Manila Central bank Central Bank of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) Central bank's website http://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Currency ISO currency code PHP Subunits 100 centavos Currency circulation Philippines IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 8 September 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 February 1970 - 1978: Independently floating according to the IMF 1978 - 29 September 1982: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US dollar classification (as of end-April 30 September 1982 - 14 October 1984: Other managed floating 2019) 15 October 1984 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.PHP.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PHP.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PHP.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.PHP.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PHP.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PHP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PHP.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.PHP.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.PHP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PHP.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.PHP.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.PHP.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PHP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.PHP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Poland

Capital Warsaw Central bank Narodowy Bank Polski Central bank's website http://www.nbp.pl Currency Polish zloty ISO currency code PLN Subunits 100 groszy Currency circulation Poland Legacy currency Polish zloty Legacy currency's ISO currency PLZ code Conversion rate 10,000 Polish zloty (old) = 1 Polish zloty (new); with effect from 1 January 1995 Currency history 30 October 1950: Introduction of the new zloty (PLZ); conversion rate for banknote exchange: 100 zloty (old) = 1 zloty (new) and for prices and wages: generally 100:3. For debt relationships, various conversion rates apply 1 January 1995: Introduction of the new zloty (PLN); conversion rate: 10,000 zloty (old) = 1 zloty (new) IMF membership Since 12 June 1986 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1986 - 31 December 1989: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 1 January 1990 - 16 May 1991: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 17 May 1991 - 13 October 1991: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 14 October 1991 - 11 April 2000: Exchange rates within a crawling band Since 12 April 2000: Independently floating Time series BBEX3.A.PLN.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PLN.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PLN.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PLN.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.PLN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.PLN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.PLN.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.PLN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PLN.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.PLN.USD.CA.AC.A02 Portugal

Capital Lisbon Central bank Banco de Portugal Central bank's website https://www.bportugal.pt/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Escudo Legacy currency's ISO currency PTE code Conversion rate 200.482 escudos = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 200.482 escudos = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 29 March 1961 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 12 September 1988 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 19 March 1973 - 24 February 1977: Independently floating according to the IMF 25 February 1977 - 25 August 1977: Pegged to a trade weighted classification (as of end-April currency basket 2019) 26 August 1977 - 30 September 1990: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 1 October 1990 - 5 April 1992: Other managed floating 6 April 1992 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02

Capital Doha Central bank Qatar Central Bank Central bank's website http://www.qcb.gov.qa Currency ISO currency code QAR Subunits 100 dirham Currency circulation Qatar Legacy currency Qatar and Dubai riyal Conversion rate 1 Qatar and Dubai riyal = 1 Qatari riyal; with effect from 19 May 1973 Currency history Late June 1966: banknotes were issued; conversion rate: 106.5 Gulf rupee (at par with the Indian rupee) = 100 Saudi riyal. On 21 March 1966, Qatar and Dubai signed a currency agreement. On 6 June 1966, prior to the launch of the new common currency, the Indian rupee was devalued. To avoid negative implications for the country, the Qatari government made an agreement with the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency to borrow a total of 100 million Saudi riyal worth of banknotes backed by pound sterling balances in London. At the same time, the Gulf rupee ceased to be legal tender. 18 September 1966: Introduction of the Qatar and Dubai riyal; conversion rate: 100 Saudi riyal = 106.5 Qatar and Dubai riyal 19 May 1973: Introduction of the Qatari riyal (QAR); conversion rate: 1 Qatar and Dubai riyal = 1 Qatari riyal IMF membership Since 8 September 1972 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 4 June 1973 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 19 May 1973 - 18 March 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 19 March 1975 - 13 June 1980: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the SDR classification (as of end-April Since 14 June 1980: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.QAR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.QAR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.QAR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.QAR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Romania

Capital Bucharest Central bank National Bank of Romania Central bank's website http://www.bnr.ro/ Currency (plural: lei) ISO currency code RON Subunits 100 bani Currency circulation Romania Legacy currency Romanian leu (plural: lei) Legacy currency's ISO currency ROL code Conversion rate 10,000 Romanian lei (old) = 1 Romanian leu (new); with effect from 1 July 2005 Currency history 28 January 1952: Introduction of the new leu (ROL); graduated conversion rates for cash and deposits at financial institutions of between 20 and 400 lei (old) = 1 leu (new); conversion rate for debt relationships: generally 20 lei (old) = 1 leu (new) 1 July 2005: Introduction of the new leu (RON); conversion rate: 10,000 lei (old) = 1 leu (new) IMF membership Since 15 December 1972 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 25 March 1998 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 15 August 1947 - 30 June 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 July 1983 - 17 February 1991: Pegged to a trade weighted currency classification (as of end-April basket 2019) 18 February 1991 - 10 November 1991: Independently floating 11 November 1991 - 3 May 1992: Other managed floating 4 May 1992 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating 31 December 1997 - 29 June 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 June 2001 - 1 November 2004: Exchange rates within a crawling band 2 November 2004 - 21 July 2016: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 22 July 2016 - 24 January 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 25 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Romania maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the euro. Time series BBEX3.A.RON.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RON.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RON.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RON.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.RON.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.RON.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RON.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RON.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RON.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RON.USD.CA.AC.A02 Russian Federation

Capital Moscow Central bank The Central Bank of the Russian Federation Central bank's website http://www.cbr.ru/eng/ Currency Russian rouble ISO currency code RUB Subunits 100 kopecks Currency circulation Russian Federation Legacy currency Russian rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency RUR code Conversion rate 1,000 Russian rouble (old) = 1 Russian rouble (new); with effect from 1 January 1998 Currency history 26 July 1993: Introduction of the Russian rouble (RUR); conversion rate: 1 Soviet rouble (SUR) = 1 Russian rouble 1 January 1998: Introduction of the new Russian rouble (RUB); conversion rate: 1,000 Russian rouble (old) = 1 Russian rouble (new) The old Russian rouble was also legal tender (at this rate) until 31 December 1998 IMF membership Since 01 June 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 3 July 1992 - 5 July 1995: Independently floating according to the IMF 6 July 1995 - 29 September 1999: Managed floating with no classification (as of end-April predetermined path for the exchange rate 2019) 30 September 1999 - 30 December 2000: Independently floating 31 December 2000 - 28 February 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 March 2006 - 31 October 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate against a currency basket - containing the euro and the US dollar - within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 November 2008 - 9 November 2014: Other managed arrangement 10 November 2014 - 28 July 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 29 July 2015: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Time series BBEX3.A.RUB.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RUB.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RUB.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RUB.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.RUB.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.RUB.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RUB.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RUB.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RUB.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RUB.USD.CA.AC.A02 Rwanda

Capital Kigali Central bank National Bank of Rwanda Central bank's website http://www.bnr.rw Currency Rwanda franc ISO currency code RWF Subunits 100 centimes Currency circulation Rwanda Legacy currency Rwanda and Burundi franc Conversion rate 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc = 1 Rwanda franc; with effect from 24 April 1964 Currency history 2 September 1960: Introduction of the Rwanda and Burundi franc; conversion rate: 1 Congo franc = 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc 24 April 1964: Introduction of the Rwanda franc (RWF); conversion rate: 1 Rwanda and Burundi franc = 1 Rwanda franc IMF membership Since 30 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 December 1998 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 7 April 1966 - 5 September 1983: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 6 September 1983 - 5 March 1995: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 6 March 1995 - 30 July 2000: Independently floating 2019) 31 July 2000 - 31 December 2005: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 30 November 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 December 2008 - 31 December 2008: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2009 - 3 January 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 4 January 2010 - 31 December 2012: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 January 2013 - 23 September 2013: Other managed arrangement Since 24 September 2013: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Rwanda maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent (from Belgium) since 1 July 1962 Time series BBEX3.A.RWF.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.RWF.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.RWF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.RWF.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.RWF.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.RWF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RWF.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.RWF.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.RWF.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.RWF.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.RWF.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.RWF.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RWF.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.RWF.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.RWF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RWF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.RWF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.RWF.USD.CA.AC.A01 , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Capital Jamestown Currency ISO currency code SHP Subunits 100 pence Currency circulation Saint Helena and Ascension Tristan da Cunha uses the pound sterling as its currency. Legacy currency Pound sterling Legacy currency's ISO currency GBP code Conversion rate 1 pound sterling = 1 Saint Helena pound; with effect from 2 February 1976 Currency history 2 February 1976: Introduction of the Saint Helena pound; conversion rate: 1 pound sterling = 1 Saint Helena pound IMF membership Non-IMF-member Comment British Overseas Territory Parity in relation to the pound sterling Time series BBEX3.A.SHP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SHP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SHP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SHP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Saint Kitts and Nevis (until the beginning of 1987: Saint Christopher and Nevis)

Capital Basseterre Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Saint Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and (since 17 July 1968) Grenada Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 6 October 1965 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar IMF membership Since 15 August 1984 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 3 December 1984 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Saint Kitts and Nevis participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Independent since 19 September 1983 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Saint Lucia

Capital Castries Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Saint Lucia, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and (since 17 July 1968) Grenada Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 6 October 1965 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar IMF membership Since 15 November 1979 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 30 May 1980 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Saint Lucia participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were once referred to as the Windward Islands. Independent since 22 February 1979 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Capital Kingstown Central bank Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Central bank's website https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Currency East Caribbean dollar ISO currency code XCD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and (since 17 July 1968) Grenada Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar; with effect from 6 October 1965 Currency history 6 October 1965: Introduction of the East Caribbean dollar (XCD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 East Caribbean dollar IMF membership Since 28 December 1979 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 August 1981 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 6 October 1965 - 6 July 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF (Eastern Caribbean Currency Union) classification (as of end-April Since 7 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar (Eastern Caribbean 2019) Currency Union) Comment Saint Vincent and the Grenadines participates in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were once referred to as the Windward Islands. Independent since 27 October 1979 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XCD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Samoa

Capital Apia Central bank Central Bank of Samoa Central bank's website http://www.cbs.gov.ws/ Currency Tala ISO currency code WST Subunits 100 sene Currency circulation Samoa Legacy currency New Zealand pound Conversion rate 1 New Zealand pound = 2 tala; with effect from 10 July 1967 Currency history 10 July 1967: Introduction of the tala (WST); conversion rate: 1 New Zealand pound (also known as the Western Samoan pound) = 2 tala IMF membership Since 28 December 1971 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 6 October 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 July 1973 - 26 October 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF Since 27 October 1975: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from New Zealand) since 1 January 1962 Time series BBEX3.A.WST.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.WST.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.WST.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.WST.USD.CM.AC.A01 San Marino

Capital San Marino Central bank Banca Centrale della Repubblica di San Marino Central bank's website http://www.bcsm.sm/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency ITL code Conversion rate 1,936.27 Italian lire = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 1,936.27 Italian lira = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 23 September 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 23 September 1992 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 March 1939 - 31 December 1998: Use of the Italian lira as legal according to the IMF tender classification (as of end-April Since 1 January 1999: Use of the euro as legal tender 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Sao Tome and Principe

Capital São Tomé Central bank Banco Central de S. Tomé e Príncipe Central bank's website http://www.bcstp.st/ Currency Dobra ISO currency code STN Subunits 100 cêntimos Currency circulation Sao Tome and Principe Legacy currency Dobra Legacy currency's ISO currency STD code Conversion rate 1,000 (old) dobra = 1 (new) dobra; with effect from 1 January 2018 Currency history 7 September 1977: Introduction of the dobra (STD); conversion rate: 1 Sao-Tome-and-Principe-escudo = 1 dobra 1 January 2018: Introduction of the (new) dobra (STN); conversion rate: 1,000 (old) dobra = 1 (new) dobra IMF membership Since 30 September 1977 Exchange rate arrangement 8 September 1977 - 21 July 1987: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 22 July 1987 - 31 August 1991: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 1 September 1991 - 1 December 1994: Crawling peg (moving central 2019) rate without a band) 2 December 1994 - 2003: Independently floating 2003 - 31 May 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 June 2008 - 31 December 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 1 January 2010: Pegged to the euro Comment Independent since 12 July 1975 (formerly: Portuguese colony) Time series BBEX3.A.STN.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.STN.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.STN.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.STN.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.STN.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.STN.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.STN.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.STN.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Riyadh Central bank Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Central bank's website http://www.sama.gov.sa Currency Saudi riyal ISO currency code SAR Subunits 100 halalah Currency circulation Saudi Arabia IMF membership Since 26 August 1957 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 March 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 31 December 1959 - 14 March 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 15 March 1975 - June 1986: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April Since June 1986: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.SAR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SAR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.SAR.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.SAR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.SAR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SAR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Senegal

Capital Dakar Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Togo IMF membership Since 31 August 1962 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) On 20 June 1960, together with present-day Mali independent from France as the Mali Federation; on 20 August 1960 withdrawal from the Mali Federation; full independence since 22 August 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Serbia

Capital Belgrade Central bank Central bank's website http://www.nbs.rs/internet/english/index.html Currency (until 3 February 2003 Yugoslav new dinar) ISO currency code RSD Subunits 100 Currency circulation Serbia Legacy currency Yugoslav dinar Legacy currency's ISO currency YUM code Conversion rate 12,000,000 Yugoslav dinar = 1 Yugoslav new dinar Currency history 22 July 1994: Introduction of the Yugoslav new dinar (up to 3 February 2003: YUM; from 4 February 2003 onwards: CSD (Serbian dinar) and since 25 October 2006: RSD); conversion rate: 12,000,000 Yugoslav dinar = 1 Yugoslav new dinar IMF membership Since 14 December 1992 (end of membership of Yugoslavia) Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 May 2002 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 30 August 2006 - 27 January 2016: Floating (market-determined with according to the IMF more frequent modes of intervention) classification (as of end-April 28 January 2016 - 26 March 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange 2019) rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 27 March 2017 - 1 March 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 2 March 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Serbia maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the euro. Comment With effect from 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted as "Serbia and Montenegro". At the same time, the dinar, which remained legal tender only in Serbia, was renamed from "Yugoslav new dinar" to "Serbian dinar" (ISO code: CSD); in Montenegro, the euro has been the sole legal tender since 1 April 2002. Since 3 June 2006, Serbia and Montenegro have been independent states; as of 25 October 2006, the ISO code for the Serbian dinar was changed from CSD to RSD. Time series BBEX3.A.RSD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.RSD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.RSD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.RSD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.RSD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.RSD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.RSD.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.RSD.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.RSD.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.RSD.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.RSD.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.RSD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.RSD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.RSD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.RSD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.RSD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.RSD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.RSD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Seychelles

Capital Victoria Central bank Central Bank of Seychelles Central bank's website http://www.cbs.sc Currency Seychelles rupee ISO currency code SCR Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Seychelles IMF membership Since 30 June 1977 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 03 January 1978 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 May 1968 - 4 November 1979: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 5 November 1979 - 12 May 1996: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 13 May 1996 - 31 December 2006: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 1 January 2007 - 4 October 2007: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 5 October 2007 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 31 October 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 November 2008 - 11 March 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 12 March 2013 - 26 March 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 27 March 2014: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Independent since 28 June 1976 Time series BBEX3.A.SCR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SCR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SCR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SCR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SCR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SCR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SCR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SCR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SCR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SCR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SCR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SCR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Sierra Leone

Capital Freetown Central bank Bank of Sierra Leone Central bank's website http://www.bsl.gov.sl/ Currency Leone ISO currency code SLL Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Sierra Leone Legacy currency West African pound Conversion rate 1 West African pound = 1 leone; with effect from 4 August 1964 Currency history 4 August 1964: Introduction of the leone (SLL); conversion rate: 1 West African pound = 1 leone IMF membership Since 10 September 1962 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 14 December 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 7 June 1972 - 1 November 1978: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 2 November 1978 - 30 March 1979: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 31 March 1979 - 16 December 1982: Pegged to the SDR 2019) 17 December 1982 - 30 June 1983: Other managed floating 1 July 1983 - 20 February 1985: Pegged to the US dollar 21 February 1985 - 26 June 1986: Pegged to the SDR 27 June 1986 - 30 April 1987: Independently floating 1 May 1987 - 24 April 1990: Pegged to the US dollar 25 April 1990 - 31 December 2005: Independently floating 1 January 2006 - 30 November 2006: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 December 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 31 October 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 November 2008 - 9 August 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 10 August 2015: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.SLL.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SLL.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SLL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SLL.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SLL.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SLL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SLL.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SLL.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SLL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SLL.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SLL.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SLL.USD.CA.AC.A01 Singapore

Capital Singapore Central bank Monetary Authority of Singapore Central bank's website http://www.mas.gov.sg/ Currency Singapore dollar ISO currency code SGD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Singapore, Brunei Darussalam Legacy currency Malayan dollar Conversion rate 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Singapore dollar; with effect from 12 June 1967 Currency history 12 June 1967: Introduction of the Singapore dollar (SGD); conversion rate: 1 Malayan dollar = 1 Singapore dollar IMF membership Since 3 August 1966 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 9 November 1968 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 June 1973 - 30 October 1975: Independently floating according to the IMF 31 October 1975 - 29 September 1987: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 30 September 1987 - 30 December 1998: Other managed floating 2019) 31 December 1998 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 13 April 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 14 April 2010 - 11 September 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 12 September 2011 - 8 November 2011: Other managed arrangement 9 November 2011 - 31 December 2012: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 January 2013 - 8 February 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 9 February 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Comment 9 August 1965: Upon its separation from the Federation of Malaysia, Singapore gained independence. However, the monetary union formed with Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam remained in place for the next two years.

Under an agreement between Singapore and Brunei Darussalam, the Brunei dollar (convertible at par) is also accepted as customary tender. Time series BBEX3.A.SGD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.SGD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.SGD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SGD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.SGD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SGD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.SGD.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.SGD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SGD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Sint Maarten (southern part)

Capital Philipsburg Central bank Centrale Bank van Curaçao en Sint Maarten (formerly: Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen) Central bank's website https://www.centralbank.cw/ Currency Netherlands Antillean guilder ISO currency code ANG Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Sint Maarten (southern part) and Curaçao IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since June 1940: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 10 October 2010 within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; formerly Sint Maarten formed together with Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba and Saint Eustatius the Netherlands Antilles Time series BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ANG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ANG.USD.CA.AC.A01 Slovakia

Capital Bratislava Central bank Národná Banka Slovenska Central bank's website http://www.nbs.sk Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency SKK code Conversion rate 30.1260 Slovak koruna = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2009 Currency history 8 February 1993: Introduction of the Slovak koruna (SKK); conversion rate: 1 Czechoslovak koruna (CSK) = 1 Slovak koruna 1 January 2009: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 30.1260 Slovak koruna = 1 euro IMF membership Since 1 January 1993 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 October 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 8 February 1993 - 30 September 1998: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF (from 14 July 1994: 60% Deutsche Mark; 40% US dollar) classification (as of end-April 1 October 1998 - 27 November 2005: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 28 November 2005 - 31 December 2008: Pegged to the euro (Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2009: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2009) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Slovenia

Capital Ljubljana Central bank Bank of Slovenia Central bank's website http://www.bsi.si/en/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency SIT code Conversion rate 239.640 Slovenian tolar = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 2007 Currency history 8 October 1991: Introduction of the Slovenian tolar (SIT); conversion rate: 1 Yugoslav dinar = 1 Slovenian tolar 1 January 2007: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 239.640 Slovenian tolar = 1 euro IMF membership Since 14 December 1992 (end of membership of predecessor state Yugoslavia) Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 September 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 8 October 1991 - 31 January 2002: Managed floating with no according to the IMF predetermined path for the exchange rate classification (as of end-April 1 February 2002 - 27 June 2004: Exchange rates within a crawling 2019) band 28 June 2004 - 31 December 2006: Pegged to the euro (Exchange rate mechanism II) Since 1 January 2007: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 2007) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Solomon Islands

Capital Honiara Central bank Central Bank of Solomon Islands Central bank's website http://www.cbsi.com.sb/ Currency ISO currency code SBD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Solomon Islands Legacy currency Australian dollar Legacy currency's ISO currency AUD code Conversion rate 1 Australian dollar = 1 Solomon Islands dollar; with effect from 24 October 1977 Currency history 24 October 1977: Introduction of the Solomon Islands dollar (SBD); conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar = 1 Solomon Islands dollar IMF membership Since 22 September 1978 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 July 1979 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 October 1977 - 28 October 1979: Pegged to the Australian dollar according to the IMF 29 October 1979 - 14 December 1997: Pegged to a trade weighted classification (as of end-April currency basket 2019) 15 December 1997 - 14 September 1998: Other managed floating 15 September 1998 - 29 June 2001: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 June 2001 - 31 December 2004: Exchange rates within a crawling band 1 January 2005 - 31 March 2009: Conventional peg to a currency basket (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 1 April 2009 - 31 January 2011: Pegged to the US dollar 1 February 2011 - 29 January 2012: Other managed arrangement 30 January 2012 - 30 September 2012: Pegged to the US dollar Since 1 October 2012: Pegged to a currency basket Comment Independent since 7 July 1978 Time series BBEX3.A.SBD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SBD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SBD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SBD.USD.CM.AC.A01

Capital Mogadishu Central bank Central Bank of Somalia Central bank's website https://centralbank.gov.so/ Currency ISO currency code SOS Currency circulation Somalia Legacy currency East African shilling (British Somaliland): Somalo (Italian Somaliland) Conversion rate 1 East African shilling or 1 somalo = 1 Somali shilling; with effect from 6 March 1961 Currency history 6 March 1961: Introduction of the Somali shilling (SOS); conversion rate: 1 East African shilling or 1 somalo = 1 Somali shilling IMF membership Since 31 August 1962 Exchange rate arrangement 6 March 1961 - 30 June 1982: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 July 1982 - 30 June 1983: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 1 July 1983 - 14 June 1987: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 2019) 15 June 1987 - 11 October 1987: Independently floating 12 October 1987 - 31 May 1988: Pegged to the US dollar 1 June 1988 - 29 September 1990: Pegged to a currency basket 30 September 1990 - 29 September 1994: Other managed floating Since 30 September 1994: Independently floating

Currently the Central Bank of Somalia does not have a framework. Comment Independence: British Somaliland since 26 June 1960, Italian Somaliland since 1 July 1960; Federation on 1 July 1960 South Africa

Capital , Seat of Parliament: Cape Town Central bank South African Reserve Bank Central bank's website https://www.resbank.co.za/ Currency South African rand ISO currency code ZAR Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation South Africa Eswatini Lesotho Namibia Legacy currency Conversion rate 1 South African pound = 2 South African rand; with effect from 14 February 1961 Currency history 14 February 1961: Introduction of the South African rand (ZAR); conversion rate: 1 South African pound = 2 South African rand IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 September 1973 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 October 1972 - 26 February 1979: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF Since 27 February 1979: Floating (market-determined with more classification (as of end-April frequent modes of intervention) 2019) Time series BBEX3.A.ZAR.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ZAR.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ZAR.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.ZAR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ZAR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ZAR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ZAR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ZAR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ZAR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.ZAR.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.ZAR.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.ZAR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.ZAR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ZAR.USD.CA.AC.A02 South

Capital Juba Central bank Bank of South Sudan Central bank's website https://bankofsouthsudan.org/ Currency South ISO currency code SSP Subunits 100 piastres Currency circulation South Sudan Legacy currency Sudanese pound Legacy currency's ISO currency SDG code Conversion rate 1 Sudanese pound = 1 ; with effect from 18 July 2011 Currency history 18 July 2011: Introduction of the South Sudanese pound (SSP); conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound = 1 South Sudanese pound IMF membership Since 18 April 2012 Exchange rate arrangement July 2011 - September 2011: Independently floating according to the IMF September 2011 - 14 December 2015: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 15 December 2015 - 5 September 2017: Other managed 2019) arrangement Since 6 September 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

South Sudan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment Independent since 9 July 2011 Time series BBEX3.A.SSP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SSP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SSP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SSP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Spain

Capital Madrid Central bank Banco de España Central bank's website https://www.bde.es/bde/es/ Currency Euro ISO currency code EUR Subunits 100 cent Currency circulation Euro-area member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain Selected territories and states: Åland Islands, Andorra, (French) Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Monaco, Montenegro, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (northern part), San Marino, Vatican City Legacy currency Peseta Legacy currency's ISO currency ESP code Conversion rate 166.386 pesetas = 1 euro; with effect from 1 January 1999 Currency history 1 January 1999: Introduction of the euro (EUR); conversion rate: 166.386 pesetas = 1 euro (initially only as book money, from 2002 onwards also in cash form) IMF membership Since 15 September 1958 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 July 1986 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 22 January 1974 - end of 1974: Independently floating according to the IMF End of 1974 - 8 February 1976: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 9 February 1976 - 30 January 1977: Independently floating 2019) 31 January 1977 - 30 March 1982: Other 31 March 1982 - 1 February 1988: Other managed floating 2 February 1988 - 16 June 1989: Independently floating 19 June 1989 - 31 December 1998: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) Since 1 January 1999: Free floating (European Monetary Union) Comment Euro-area member state (since 1 January 1999) Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Sri Lanka (up to 21 May 1972: Ceylon)

Capital Colombo Central bank Central Bank of Sri Lanka Central bank's website http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/ Currency Sri Lanka rupee ISO currency code LKR Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Sri Lanka Legacy currency Ceylon rupee Conversion rate 1 Ceylon rupee = 1 Sri Lanka rupee; with effect from 22 May 1972 Currency history 22 May 1972: Introduction of the Sri Lanka rupee (LKR); conversion rate: 1 Ceylon rupee = 1 Sri Lanka rupee IMF membership Since 29 August 1950 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 March 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1931 - 23 May 1976: Pegged to the British pound sterling according to the IMF 24 May 1976 - 14 November 1977: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 15 November 1977 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 2019) 1 January 1999 - 22 January 2001: Exchange rates within a crawling band 23 January 2001 - 31 March 2002: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 April 2002 - 31 January 2005: Independently floating 1 February 2005 - 4 December 2007: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 5 December 2007 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2009 - 30 April 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 May 2009 - 28 February 2010: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 March 2010 - 30 April 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 1 May 2011 - 8 February 2012: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 9 February 2012 - 30 September 2013: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 October 2013 - 12 October 2014: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 13 October 2014: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Sri Lanka maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.LKR.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LKR.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LKR.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.LKR.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.LKR.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.LKR.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.LKR.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.LKR.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.LKR.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.LKR.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.LKR.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.LKR.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.LKR.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LKR.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LKR.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.LKR.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.LKR.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.LKR.USD.CA.AC.A01 Sudan

Capital Khartoum Central bank Central Bank of Sudan Central bank's website http://www.cbos.gov.sd/en Currency Sudanese pound ISO currency code SDG Subunits 100 piastres Currency circulation Sudan Legacy currency Legacy currency's ISO currency SDD code Conversion rate 100 Sudanese dinar = 1 Sudanese pound; with effect from 10 January 2007 Currency history 8 April 1957: Introduction of the Sudanese pound (SDP); conversion rate: 1 Egyptian pound = 1 Sudanese pound 24 May 1992: Introduction of the Sudanese dinar (SDD); conversion rate: 10 Sudanese pound = 1 Sudanese dinar 10 January 2007: Introduction of the Sudanese pound (SDG); conversion rate: 100 Sudanese dinar = 1 Sudanese pound IMF membership Since 5 September 1957 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 October 2003 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 23 July 1958 - 11 August 1985: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 12 August 1985 - 2 October 1987: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April (oriented to the US dollar) 2019) 3 October 1987 - 1 February 1992: Pegged to the US dollar 2 February 1992 - 15 October 1993: Independently floating 16 October 1993 - 26 September 1995: Other managed floating 27 September 1995 - 9 July 1996: Independently floating 10 July 1996 - 20 October 1998: Other managed floating 21 October 1998 - 29 September 2000: Independently floating 30 September 2000 - 31 December 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2002 - 27 February 2003: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement against the US dollar 28 February 2003 - 31 May 2003: Pegged exchange rate against the US dollar within horizontal bands 1 June 2003 - 30 November 2009: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 December 2009 - 31 December 2014: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2015 - 7 September 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 8 September 2016 - 21 January 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 22 January 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Sudan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.SDG.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SDG.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SDG.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SDG.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SDG.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SDG.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SDG.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SDG.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SDG.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SDG.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SDG.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SDG.USD.CA.AC.A01 Suriname

Capital Paramaribo Central bank Central Bank van Suriname Central bank's website https://www.cbvs.sr/ Currency Suriname dollar ISO currency code SRD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Suriname Legacy currency Suriname guilder Legacy currency's ISO currency SRG code Conversion rate 1,000 Suriname guilder = 1 Suriname dollar; with effect from 1 January 2004 Currency history 1 January 2004: Introduction of the Suriname dollar (SRD); conversion rate: 1,000 Suriname guilder (SRG) = 1 Suriname dollar IMF membership Since 27 April 1978 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 June 1978 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 27 December 1971 - 10 July 1994: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 11 July 1994 - 2 October 2000: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 3 October 2000 - 20 December 2001: Pegged exchange rate within 2019) horizontal bands 21 December 2001 - 29 June 2004: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 June 2004 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 29 March 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 30 March 2016 - 12 February 2017: Other managed arrangement Since 13 February 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Suriname maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.SRD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SRD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SRD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SRD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SRD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SRD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SRD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SRD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SRD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SRD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SRD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SRD.USD.CA.AC.A01 Sweden

Capital Stockholm Central bank Sveriges Riksbank Central bank's website https://www.riksbank.se/sv/ Currency ISO currency code SEK Subunits 100 öre Currency circulation Sweden IMF membership Since 31 August 1951 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 19 March 1973 - 28 August 1977: Cooperative arrangement according to the IMF (European common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 29 August 1977: Withdrawal from the cooperative arrangement 2019) (European common margins arrangement) 29 August 1977 - 16 May 1991: Pegged to a trade weighted currency basket 17 May 1991 - 18 November 1992: Pegged to the ECU Since 19 November 1992: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Time series BBEX3.A.SEK.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.SEK.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.SEK.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.SEK.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SEK.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SEK.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SEK.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SEK.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SEK.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.SEK.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.SEK.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.SEK.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.SEK.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.SEK.USD.CA.AC.A02 Switzerland

Capital Berne Central bank Schweizerische Nationalbank Central bank's website https://www.snb.ch/en/ Currency ISO currency code CHF Subunits 100 rappen / centimes Currency circulation Switzerland, Liechtenstein IMF membership Since 29 May 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 29 May 1992 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 10 May 1971 - 22 January 1973: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 23 January 1973 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 30 April 2008 - 14 March 2009: Free floating (market-determined with 2019) intervention in exceptional cases only) 15 March 2009 - 17 December 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 18 December 2009 - 31 May 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 1 June 2010 - 5 September 2011: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) 6 September 2011 - 31 December 2011: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2012 - 13 January 2013: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 14 January 2013 - 28 May 2014: Other managed arrangement 29 May 2014 - 14 January 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 15 January 2015: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment From 6 September 2011 to 14 January 2015, Switzerland maintained a de facto exchange rate anchor to the euro. Time series BBEX3.A.CHF.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.CHF.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.CHF.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.CHF.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.CHF.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.CHF.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.D.CHF.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.M.CHF.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CHF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.CHF.USD.CA.AA.A02 Syrian Arab Republic

Capital Damascus Central bank Central bank's website http://cb.gov.sy/en Currency ISO currency code SYP Subunits 100 piastres Currency circulation Syrian Arab Republic IMF membership Since 10 April 1947 Exchange rate arrangement 29 July 1947 - 31 August 2007: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 September 2007 - 31 March 2009: Pegged exchange rate against classification (as of end-April the SDR within horizontal bands 2019) 1 April 2009 - 31 March 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate against a currency basket - SDR with higher US dollar weight - within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 1 April 2011: Other managed arrangement Comment Independent since 17 April 1946 Time series BBEX3.A.SYP.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SYP.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SYP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.SYP.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.SYP.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.SYP.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.SYP.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SYP.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SYP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.SYP.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.SYP.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.SYP.USD.CA.AC.A01 Tajikistan

Capital Dushanbe Central bank National Bank of Tajikistan Central bank's website http://nbt.tj/en/ Currency Somoni ISO currency code TJS Subunits 100 diram Currency circulation Tajikistan Legacy currency Tajik rouble Legacy currency's ISO currency TJR code Conversion rate 1,000 Tajik rouble = 1 somoni; with effect from 30 October 2000 Currency history In early 1994: The Russian rouble (RUR) replaces the Soviet rouble as the sole legal tender 10 May 1995: Introduction of the Tajik rouble (TJR); conversion rate: 100 Russian rouble = 1 Tajik rouble 30 October 2000: Introduction of the somoni (TJS); conversion rate: 1,000 Tajik rouble = 1 somoni IMF membership Since 27 April 1993 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 9 December 2004 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1994 - 9 May 1995: Use of the Russian rouble as legal tender according to the IMF 10 May 1995 - 30 December 1997: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 31 December 1997 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 2019) 1 January 1999 - 30 June 2000: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 July 2000 - 30 June 2002: Independently floating 1 July 2002 - 31 December 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2007 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 January 2009 - 31 July 2009: Other managed arrangement 1 August 2009 - 28 February 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 March 2011 - 27 September 2011: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 28 September 2011 - 30 April 2014: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 May 2014 - 15 March 2015: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 16 March 2015 - 31 January 2016: Other managed arrangement 1 February 2016 - 12 February 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 13 February 2017 - 23 May 2017: Other managed arrangement 24 May 2017 - 10 April 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 11 April 2018 - 10 July 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 11 July 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Tajikistan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.TJS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TJS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TJS.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.TJS.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TJS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TJS.USD.CA.AC.A01 , United Republic of

Capital Dodoma, Seat of Government: Dar es Salaam Central bank Bank of Tanzania Central bank's website http://www.bot.go.tz/ Currency Tanzania shilling ISO currency code TZS Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Tanzania, United Republic of Legacy currency East African shilling Conversion rate 1 East African shilling = 1 Tanzania shilling; with effect from 14 June 1966 Currency history 14 June 1966: Introduction of the Tanzania shilling (TZS); conversion rate: 1 East African shilling = 1 Tanzania shilling IMF membership Since 10 September 1962 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 July 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 14 January 1974 - 26 October 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 October 1975 - 19 January 1979: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 20 January 1979 - 2 August 1993: Pegged to a currency basket 2019) 3 August 1993 - 29 April 2007: Independently floating 30 April 2007 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 7 January 2016: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 8 January 2016 - 31 December 2017: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 1 January 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Tanzania maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.TZS.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TZS.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TZS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TZS.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TZS.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TZS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.TZS.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TZS.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TZS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TZS.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TZS.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TZS.USD.CA.AC.A01 Thailand

Capital Bangkok Central bank Bank of Thailand Central bank's website https://www.bot.or.th/English/Pages/default.aspx Currency ISO currency code THB Subunits 100 satang Currency circulation Thailand IMF membership Since 3 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 4 May 1990 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 September 1949 - 7 March 1978: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 8 March 1978 - 14 July 1981: Pegged to a trade weighted currency classification (as of end-April basket 2019) 15 July 1981 - 29 June 1982: Other managed floating 30 June 1982 - 4 November 1984: Flexibility limited vis-a-vis the US dollar 5 November 1984 - 1 July 1997: Pegged to a trade weighted currency basket 2 July 1997 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating Since 30 June 2001: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.THB.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.THB.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.THB.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.THB.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.THB.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.THB.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.THB.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.THB.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.THB.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.THB.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.THB.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.THB.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.THB.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.THB.USD.CA.AC.A01 Timor-Leste

Capital Dili Central bank Central Bank of Timor-Leste Central bank's website https://www.bancocentral.tl/en Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 Cents Currency circulation United States, American Samoa, Bonaire, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Amerikanische Jungferninseln, Britische Jungferninseln, Marshall islands, Föderierte Staaten von Micronesia, Federated States of, Nördliche Marianen, Palau, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, St. Eustatius, Timor-Leste, Turks- u. Caicosinseln IMF membership Since 23 July 2002 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 23 July 2002 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 20 May 2002: Use of the US dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 20 May 2002. Since 10 November 2003 the Central Bank of Timot-Leste issues known as "centavos", equivalent in value to the United States cents. Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 Togo

Capital Lomé Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal IMF membership Since 01 August 1962 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 01 June 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 26 December 1945 - 31 December 1998: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF (as of 1973, West African Monetary Union; as of 1994, West African classification (as of end-April Economic and Monetary Union) 2019) Since 1 January 1999: Pegged to the euro (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Comment Member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) Independent since 27 April 1960 Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01 Tonga

Capital Nuku'alofa Central bank National Reserve Bank of Tonga Central bank's website http://www.reservebank.to Currency Pa'anga ISO currency code TOP Subunits 100 seniti Currency circulation Tonga Legacy currency Tongan pound Conversion rate 1 Tongan pound = 2 pa'anga; with effect from 3 April 1967 Currency history 3 April 1967: Introduction of the pa'anga (TOP); conversion rate: 1 Tongan pound = 2 pa'anga IMF membership Since 13 September 1985 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 March 1991 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement November 1976 - 7 February 1991: Pegged to the Australian dollar according to the IMF 8 February 1991 - 29 June 2001: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April Since 30 June 2001: Pegged exchange rate against a currency 2019) basket within horizontal bands Comment Independent (from Great Britain) since 4 June 1970 Time series BBEX3.A.TOP.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TOP.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.TOP.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TOP.USD.CM.AC.A01 Trinidad and Tobago

Capital Port-of-Spain Central bank Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Central bank's website https://www.central-bank.org.tt/ Currency Trinidad and Tobago dollar ISO currency code TTD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Trinidad and Tobago Legacy currency British West Indies dollar Conversion rate 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar; with effect from 14 December 1964 Currency history 14 December 1964: Introduction of the Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD); conversion rate: 1 British West Indies dollar = 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar IMF membership Since 16 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 13 December 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 14 December 1964 - 27 May 1976: Pegged to the British pound according to the IMF sterling classification (as of end-April 28 May 1976 - 12 April 1993: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 13 April 1993 - 30 March 1999: Independently floating 31 March 1999 - 29 June 2001: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 June 2001 - 31 December 2003: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2004 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 20 December 2015: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 21 December 2015 - 18 July 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) Since 19 July 2016: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Comment Independent since 31 August 1962 (formerly: British colony) Time series BBEX3.A.TTD.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TTD.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TTD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TTD.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TTD.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TTD.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.TTD.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TTD.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TTD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TTD.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TTD.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TTD.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Tunis Central bank Banque Centrale de Tunisie Central bank's website http://www.bct.gov.tn Currency ISO currency code TND Subunits 1,000 millimes Currency circulation Tunisia Legacy currency Tunisian franc Conversion rate 1,000 Tunisian franc = 1 Tunisian dinar; with effect from 1 November 1958 Currency history 1 November 1958: Introduction of the Tunisian dinar (TND); conversion rate: 1,000 Tunisian franc = 1 Tunisian dinar IMF membership Since 14 April 1958 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 6 January 1993 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 24 August 1973 - January 1974: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF January 1974 - 30 December 1986: Pegged to a currency basket classification (as of end-April 31 December 1986 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 2019) 1 January 1999 - 30 December 2000: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 31 December 2000 - 31 December 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2002 - 31 December 2004: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 1 January 2005 - 30 April 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 May 2006 - 31 December 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 January 2008 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 30 April 2008 - 14 January 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 15 January 2009 - 31 August 2011: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 September 2011 - 11 May 2016: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 12 May 2016 - 18 May 2017: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Since 19 May 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Tunisia maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the euro. Time series BBEX3.A.TND.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TND.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TND.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TND.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TND.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TND.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TND.EUR.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.TND.EUR.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.TND.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.TND.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.TND.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.TND.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TND.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TND.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TND.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TND.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TND.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TND.USD.CA.AC.A01 Turkey

Capital Ankara Central bank Central Bank of Turkey Central bank's website http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ Currency (up to 31 December 2008 designated as New Turkish lira) ISO currency code TRY Subunits 100 kurus Currency circulation Turkey Legacy currency Turkish lira Legacy currency's ISO currency TRL code Conversion rate 1,000,000 Turkish lira = 1 New Turkish lira; with effect from 1 January 2005 Currency history 1 January 2005: Introduction of the New Turkish lira (TRY); conversion rate: 1,000,000 Turkish lira = 1 New Turkish lira (designated as Turkish lira since 1 January 2009) IMF membership Since 11 March 1947 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 22 March 1990 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 8 July 1975 - 1978: Independently floating according to the IMF 1978 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 21 February 2001: Crawling peg (moving central 2019) rate without a band) 22 February 2001 - 23 October 2008: Free floating (market- determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) 24 October 2008 - 3 August 2009: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) 4 August 2009 - 3 October 2010: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Since 4 October 2010: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.TRY.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TRY.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TRY.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.TRY.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TRY.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TRY.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TRY.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.TRY.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.TRY.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TRY.USD.CA.AA.000 BBEX3.D.TRY.USD.CA.AB.000 BBEX3.D.TRY.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TRY.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AA.A02 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AB.A02 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TRY.USD.CA.AC.A02 Turkmenistan

Capital Ashgabat Central bank Central Bank of Turkmenistan Central bank's website http://www.cbt.tm/ Currency Turkmen manat ISO currency code TMT Subunits 100 tenge Currency circulation Turkmenistan Legacy currency Turkmen manat Legacy currency's ISO currency TMM code Conversion rate 5,000 Turkmen manat (old) = 1 Turkmen manat (new); with effect from 1 January 2009 Currency history 1 November 1993: Introduction of the Turkmen manat (TMM). The changeover from the Russian rouble to the Turkmen manat took place between 1 and 19 November 1993 at the following rates: 1 to 5 November 1993: 500 Russian rouble = 1 Turkmen manat 6 to 12 November 1993: 595 Russian rouble = 1 Turkmen manat 13 to 19 November 1993: 599 Russian rouble = 1 Turkmen manat

1 January 2009: Introduction of the new Turkmen manat (TMT); conversion rate: 5,000 Turkmen manat (old) = 1 Turkmen manat (new). The old Turkmen manat also remained legal tender (at this rate) until the end of December 2009 IMF membership Since 22 September 1992 Exchange rate arrangement 27 October 1991 - 31 October 1993: Use of the Soviet/Russian rouble according to the IMF as legal tender classification (as of end-April 1 November 1993 - 26 November 1995: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 27 November 1995 - 19 April 1998: Other managed floating Since 20 April 1998: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Time series BBEX3.A.TMT.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.TMT.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.TMT.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.TMT.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.TMT.USD.CA.AC.A01 Tuvalu

Capital Funafuti Currency Australian dollar ISO currency code AUD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Australia , Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Norfolk Island, Tuvalu IMF membership Since 24 June 2010 Exchange rate arrangement Since 1 October 1978: Use of the Australian dollar as legal tender according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent since 1 October 1978; local currency is also in use. Time series BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AUD.USD.CM.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AUD.EUR.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AUD.USD.CM.AC.A02 Uganda

Capital Kampala Central bank Bank of Uganda Central bank's website http://www.bou.or.ug Currency Uganda shilling ISO currency code UGX Currency circulation Uganda Legacy currency Uganda shilling Legacy currency's ISO currency UGS code Conversion rate 100 Uganda shilling (old) = 1 Uganda shilling (new); with effect from 15 May 1987 Currency history 15 August 1966: Introduction of the Uganda shilling (UGS); conversion rate: 1 East African shilling = 1 Uganda shilling 15 May 1987: Introduction of the new Uganda shilling (UGX); conversion rate: 100 Uganda shilling (old) = 1 Uganda shilling (new) IMF membership Since 27 September 1963 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 April 1994 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 11 October 1971 - 26 October 1975: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 27 October 1975 - 7 June 1981: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end- June 1981 - 14 June 1984: Other managed floating 2019) 15 June 1984 - 30 December 1985: Independently floating 31 December 1985 - 18 February 1986: Other managed floating 19 February 1986 - November 1989: Pegged to the US dollar November 1989 - 30 January 1992: Pegged to a currency basket 31 January 1992 - 29 April 2007: Independently floating Since 30 April 2007: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.UGX.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.UGX.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.UGX.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.UGX.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.UGX.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.UGX.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.UGX.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.UGX.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.UGX.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UGX.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.UGX.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.UGX.USD.CA.AC.A01 Ukraine

Capital Kyiv Central bank National Bank of Ukraine Central bank's website http://www.bank.gov.ua Currency Hryvnia ISO currency code UAH Subunits 100 kopiyok Currency circulation Ukraine Legacy currency Karbovanets Legacy currency's ISO currency UAK code Conversion rate 100,000 karbovanets = 1 hryvnia; with effect from 2 September 1996 Currency history 13 November 1992: Introduction of the karbovanets (UAK); conversion rate: 1 Soviet rouble = 1 karbovanets 2 September 1996: Introduction of the hryvnia (UAH); conversion rate: 100,000 karbovanets = 1 hryvnia IMF membership Since 03 September 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 24 September 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 3 September 1992 - 30 December 1995: Independently floating according to the IMF 31 December 1995 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 1999 - 5 August 1999: Pegged exchange rate within 2019) horizontal bands 6 August 1999 - 31 December 2001: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2002 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 28 February 2010: Other managed arrangement 1 March 2010 - 6 February 2014: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) Since 7 February 2014: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.UAH.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.UAH.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.UAH.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.UAH.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.UAH.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UAH.EUR.CA.AC.A02 BBEX3.M.UAH.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UAH.USD.CA.AC.A02

Capital Central bank Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.ae/en Currency United Arab Emirates dirham ISO currency code AED Subunits 100 fils Currency circulation United Arab Emirates Legacy currency Bahraini dinar (in Abu Dhabi) Qatar and Dubai riyal (in Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Qaiwain) Conversion rate 1 Bahraini dinar = 10 United Arab Emirates dirham; with effect from 20 May 1973 1 Qatar and Dubai riyal = 1 United Arab Emirates dirham; with effect from 20 May 1973 Currency history 20 May 1973: Introduction of the United Arab Emirates dirham (AED); conversion rate: 1 Bahraini dinar = 10 United Arab Emirates dirham, 1 Qatar and Dubai riyal = 1 United Arab Emirates dirham IMF membership Since 22 September 1972 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 13 February 1974 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 20 May 1973 - 21 November 1980: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF Since 22 November 1980: Pegged to the US dollar classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Independent (from Great Britain) since 2 December 1971. On that date, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm al- Qaiwain agreed to enter into a union called the United Arab Emirates; Ras al-Khaimah joined the union on 11 February 1972 Time series BBEX3.A.AED.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.AED.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.AED.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.AED.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.AED.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.AED.USD.CA.AC.A01 United Kingdom

Capital London Central bank Central bank's website http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/ Currency Pound sterling ISO currency code GBP Subunits 100 pence (since the introduction of the decimal currency on 15 February 1971) Currency circulation United Kingdom, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 February 1961 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 May 1972 - 22 June 1972: Cooperative arrangement (European according to the IMF common margins arrangement) classification (as of end-April 23 June 1972: Withdrawal from the cooperative arrangement 2019) (European common margins arrangement) 23 June 1972 - 7 October 1990: Independently floating 8 October 1990 - 16 September 1992: Cooperative arrangement (European Monetary System) 17 September 1992: Withdrawal from the European Monetary System 17 September 1992 - 29 April 2008: Independently floating Since 30 April 2008: Free floating (market-determined with intervention in exceptional cases only) Comment In Scotland and Northern Ireland, a small volume of banknotes issued by commercial banks in these territories is in circulation alongside notes issued by the Bank of England. Time series BBEX3.A.GBP.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.GBP.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.GBP.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GBP.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.GBP.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.GBP.USD.CM.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.GBP.USD.CM.AC.000 BBEX3.M.GBP.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GBP.USD.CM.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.GBP.USD.CM.AC.A02 United States

Capital Washington Central bank Federal Reserve (FED) Central bank's website https://www.federalreserve.gov/ Currency US dollar ISO currency code USD Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation United States, American Samoa, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Timor-Leste, Turks and Caicos Islands, Virgin Islands of the United States IMF membership Since 27 December 1945 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 December 1946 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement Since 15 August 1971: Independently floating according to the IMF classification (as of end-April 2019) Comment Obligation to convert the US dollar into gold abolished on 15 August 1971 as part of the Time series BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.EUR.BB.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.BB.AC.A02 BBEX3.A.USD.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.USD.GBP.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.USD.GBP.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.USD.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.GBP.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.USD.GBP.CA.AC.A02 Uruguay

Capital Montevideo Central bank Banco Central del Uruguay Central bank's website https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Paginas/Default.aspx Currency ISO currency code UYU Subunits 100 centésimos Currency circulation Uruguay Legacy currency Uruguayan new peso Legacy currency's ISO currency UYP code Conversion rate 1,000 Uruguayan new peso = 1 Uruguayan peso; with effect from 1 March 1993 Currency history 1 July 1975: Introduction of the Uruguayan new peso (UYP); conversion rate: 1,000 Uruguayan peso = 1 Uruguayan new peso 1 March 1993: Introduction of the Uruguayan peso (UYU); conversion rate: 1,000 Uruguayan new peso = 1 Uruguayan peso IMF membership Since 11 March 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 2 May 1980 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 9 December 1971 - 30 January 1977: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 31 January 1977 - 30 March 1979: Adjusted according to a set of classification (as of end-April indicators 2019) 31 March 1979 - 25 November 1982: Other managed floating 26 November 1982 - 30 March 1992: Independently floating 31 March 1992 - 19 June 2002: Exchange rates within a crawling band 20 June 2002 - 29 November 2005: Independently floating 30 November 2005 - 29 April 2008: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate Since 30 April 2008: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.UYU.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.UYU.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.UYU.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.UYU.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.UYU.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UYU.USD.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UYU.EUR.CA.AC.A02 BBEX3.M.UYU.USD.CA.AC.A02 Uzbekistan

Capital Tashkent Central bank Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan Central bank's website http://www.cbu.uz Currency Uzbekistan sum ISO currency code UZS Subunits 100 tiyin Currency circulation Uzbekistan Legacy currency Uzbekistan sum coupon Conversion rate 1,000 Uzbekistan sum coupons = 1 Uzbekistan sum, with effect from 1 July 1994 Currency history 22 November 1993: Introduction of the Uzbekistan sum (in the form of coupons) as the new currency. The Russian rouble (RUR) also remained in circulation until the end of December 1993. 1 July 1994: Introduction of the Uzbekistan sum (UZS); conversion rate: 1,000 Uzbekistan sum coupons = 1 Uzbekistan sum. IMF membership Since 21 September 1992 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 15 October 2003 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 September 1992 - 21 November 1993: Use of the Soviet/Russian according to the IMF rouble as legal tender classification (as of end-April 22 November 1993 - 30 June 1994: Pegged to the US dollar 2019) 1 July 1994 - 31 October 1995: Independently floating 1 November 1995 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 30 May 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 31 May 2006 - 31 March 2007: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 1 April 2007 - 29 April 2008: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 30 April 2008 - 5 September 2017: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change) 6 September 2017 - 7 May 2018: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 8 May 2018 - 18 July 2018: Other managed arrangement Since 19 July 2018: Crawl-like arrangement (moving central rate with an annual minimum rate of change)

Uzbekistan maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Time series BBEX3.A.UZS.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.UZS.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.D.UZS.EUR.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.D.UZS.USD.CA.AC.000 BBEX3.M.UZS.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.UZS.USD.CA.AC.A01 Vanuatu

Capital Port Vila Central bank Reserve Bank of Vanuatu Central bank's website http://www.rbv.gov.vu Currency Vatu ISO currency code VUV Currency circulation Vanuatu Legacy currency New Hebrides franc Legacy currency's ISO currency NHF code Conversion rate 1 New Hebrides franc = 1 vatu; with effect from 1 January 1981 Currency history 1 January 1981: Introduction of the vatu (VUV); conversion rate: 1 New Hebrides franc = 1 vatu IMF membership Since 28 September 1981 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 11 December 1982 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 1 January 1981 - 9 September 1981: Pegged to the French franc according to the IMF 10 September 1981 - 4 February 1988: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April Since 5 February 1988: Pegged to a trade weighted currency basket 2019) Comment Independent since 30 July 1980. Time series BBEX3.A.VUV.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VUV.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VUV.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.VUV.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VUV.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VUV.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.VUV.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VUV.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VUV.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.VUV.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VUV.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VUV.USD.CA.AC.A01 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republik of

Capital Caracas Central bank Banco Central de Venezuela Central bank's website http://www.bcv.org.ve/ Currency Bolívar soberano ISO currency code VES Subunits 100 céntimos Currency circulation Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Legacy currency Bolívar (until the end of 2011 bolívar fuerte) Legacy currency's ISO currency VEF code Conversion rate 100,000 bolívar = 1 bolívar soberano; with effect from 20 August 2018 Currency history 1 January 2008: Introduction of the bolívar fuerte (VEF); conversion rate: 1,000 bolívar = 1 bolívar fuerte (designated as bolívar since January 2012) 20 August 2018: Introduction of the bolívar soberano (VES); conversion rate: 100,000 bolívar = 1 bolívar soberano IMF membership Since 30 December 1946 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 1 July 1976 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 21 February 1973 - 12 March 1989: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 13 March 1989 - 29 June 1993: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 30 June 1993 - 10 July 1994: Other managed floating 2019) 11 July 1994 - 21 April 1996: Pegged to the US dollar 22 April 1996 - 31 December 1998: Other managed floating 1 January 1999 - 12 February 2002: Exchange rates within a crawling band 13 February 2002 - 4 February 2003: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 5 February 2003 - 6 March 2016: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) Since 7 March 2016: Other managed arrangement Time series BBEX3.A.VES.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VES.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VES.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.VES.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VES.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VES.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.VES.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VES.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VES.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.VES.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VES.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VES.USD.CA.AC.A01 Viet Nam

Capital Hanoi Central bank State Bank of Vietnam Central bank's website http://www.sbv.gov.vn/ Currency Dong ISO currency code VND Subunits 10 hào / 100 xu Currency circulation Viet Nam Legacy currency Dong Conversion rate 10 dong (old) = 1 dong (new); with effect from 14 September 1985 Currency history 21 July 1954: Conclusion of the Geneva Indochina conference. The outcome is that the country is split into the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (North Viet Nam) and the Republic of Viet Nam (South Viet Nam).

North Viet Nam Up until 30 October 1954: Conversion of Indochinese piastre into dong (the latter had already been in circulation in the north since 1951) at a rate of 30 Indochinese piastre = 1 dong 1 March 1959: Introduction of the new dong; conversion rate: 1,000 dong (old) = 1 dong (new)

South Viet Nam 31 December 1954: End of the currency union with Cambodia and Laos 30 September 1955: Own banknotes denominated in piastre / dong are issued for the first time; conversion rate: 1 Indochinese piastre = 1 Vietnamese piastre 22 September 1975: Introduction of the South Vietnamese dong; conversion rate: 500 Vietnamese piastre = 1 South Vietnamese dong (0.80 South Vietnamese dong = 1 North Vietnamese dong)

3 May 1978: Introduction of the unified dong (VND); conversion rate: 1 North Vietnamesedong / 0.80 South Vietnamese dong = 1 dong (new) 14 September 1985: Introduction of the new dong (VND); conversion rate: 10 dong (old) = 1 dong (new) IMF membership Since 21 September 1956 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 8 November 2005 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 3 May 1978 - 14 September 1985: Pegged to the SDR according to the IMF 15 September 1985 - 9 November 1988: Pegged to the US dollar 10 November 1988 - 24 February 1999: Other managed floating classification (as of end-April 25 February 1999 - 29 June 2001: Pegged exchange rate within 2019) horizontal bands 30 June 2001 - 31 December 2004: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 January 2005 - 29 April 2008: Conventional peg (exchange rate guarantee but no irrevocable parity) 30 April 2008 - 7 November 2008: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 8 November 2008 - 31 December 2008: Other managed arrangement Since 1 January 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Viet Nam maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment On 2 July 1976, the Republic of Viet Nam (South Viet Nam) and the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (North Viet Nam) were merged to form Viet Nam. Time series BBEX3.A.VND.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VND.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VND.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.VND.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.VND.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.VND.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.VND.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VND.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VND.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.VND.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.VND.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.VND.USD.CA.AC.A01 West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)

Central bank Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Central bank's website http://www.bceao.int Currency CFA franc ISO currency code XOF Currency circulation Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo Comment Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo all belong to the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA = Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine). The responsible monetary authority is the "Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest", whose CFA franc (F.CFA = Franc de la Communauté FinancièreAfricaine) is legal tender only in the aforementioned countries. Time series BBEX3.A.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.A.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.XOF.USD.CA.AC.A01

Capital Sana'a Central bank Central bank's website http://www.centralbank.gov.ye Currency ISO currency code YER Subunits 100 fils (by decree of 4 March 1975; previously: 40 buqshas) Currency circulation Yemen Legacy currency Maria Theresa (North Yemen) Yemeni dinar () Conversion rate 1 Maria Theresa thaler = 1 Yemeni rial 1 Yemeni dinar = 26 Yemeni rial Currency history (North) Yemen 4 February 1964: Introduction of the Yemeni rial; conversion rate: 1 Maria Theresa thaler = 1 Yemeni rial

Democratic Yemen (South Yemen; independent from Great Britain since 30 November 1967) 1 October 1951: The East African shilling replaced the Indian rupee in the Colony of Aden, which became the State of Aden in the Federation of South Arabia in 1963 (until 1967). 1 April 1965: Introduction of the South Arabian dinar; conversion rate: 20 East African shilling = 1 South Arabian dinar 27 August 1968: Introduction of the Yemeni dinar (YDD; known as the South Yemeni dinar until the middle of 1972); conversion rate: 1 South Arabian dinar = 1 Yemeni dinar

4 May 1990: the Yemeni dinar (YDD) became legal tender in North Yemen, and likewise the Yemeni rial (YER) in South Yemen, at a ratio of YDD 1 = YER 26 North and South Yemen united to form the current Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, with both currencies remaining legal tender until 1996. The Yemeni rial has been the sole legal tender since the deadline for exchanging currency passed on 15 August 1996. IMF membership Since 22 May 1970 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 10 December 1996 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 22 May 1990 - 30 June 1996: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 1 July 1996 - 31 December 2004: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 1 January 2005 - 31 January 2006: Managed floating with no 2019) predetermined path for the exchange rate 1 February 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 30 June 2009: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation) 1 July 2009 - 31 May 2012: Other managed arrangement Since 1 June 2012: Stabilised arrangement (exchange rate within a narrow band without any political obligation)

Yemen maintains a de facto exchange rate anchor to the US dollar. Comment History: A law was passed in the former (North Yemen) on 3 February 1964 to establish a that was authorised to issue banknotes. The exchange period for North Yemen's sole legal tender until that time, the Maria Theresa thaler, expired on 30 April 1965. On 8 March 1965, the Yemeni rial then became the sole legal tender. As of 27 August 1968, the currency of the Democratic Yemen (South Yemen) was the Yemeni dinar (known as the South Yemeni dinar until the middle of 1972). On 4 May 1990, the Yemeni dinar (YDD) became legal tender in North Yemen, and likewise the Yemeni rial (YER) in South Yemen, at a ratio of YDD 1 = YER 26. North and South Yemen united to form the current Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, with both currencies remaining legal tender until 1996. The Yemeni rial has been the sole legal tender since the deadline for exchanging currency passed on 15 August 1996. Time series BBEX3.A.YER.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.YER.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.YER.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.YER.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.YER.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.YER.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.YER.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.YER.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.YER.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.YER.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.YER.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.YER.USD.CA.AC.A01 Zambia

Capital Lusaka Central bank Bank of Zambia Central bank's website http://www.boz.zm/ Currency Kwacha ISO currency code ZMW Subunits 100 ngwee Currency circulation Zambia Legacy currency Kwacha Legacy currency's ISO currency ZMK code Conversion rate 1,000 kwacha (old) = 1 kwacha (new); with effect from 1 January 2013 Currency history April 1957: Introduction of the Rhodesian pound; conversion rate: 1 Southern Rhodesian pound = 1 Rhodesian pound 16 November 1964: Introduction of the Zambian pound; conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian pound = 1 Zambian pound 16 January 1968: Introduction of the kwacha (ZMK); conversion rate: 1 Zambian pound = 2 kwacha 1 January 2013: Introduction of the new kwacha (ZMW); conversion rate: 1,000 kwacha (old) = 1 kwacha (new) IMF membership Since 23 September 1965 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 19 April 2002 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 7 March 1966 - 8 July 1976: Pegged to the US dollar according to the IMF 9 July 1976 - 5 July 1983: Pegged to the SDR classification (as of end-April 6 July 1983 - 3 October 1985: Pegged to a trade weighted currency 2019) basket 4 October 1985 - 3 May 1987: Independently floating 4 May 1987 - 8 November 1988: Pegged to the US dollar 9 November 1988 - 18 February 1990: Pegged to the SDR 19 February 1990 - 6 December 1992: Adjusted according to a set of indicators 7 December 1992 - 29 June 2001: Independently floating Since 30 June 2001: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Comment Up to 31 July 1953 Northern Rhodesia; from 1 August 1953 part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; from 1 January 1964 Northern Rhodesia. On 24 October 1964, Northern Rhodesia became independent and was renamed Zambia. Time series BBEX3.A.ZMW.EUR.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ZMW.EUR.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ZMW.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ZMW.USD.CA.AA.A04 BBEX3.A.ZMW.USD.CA.AB.A04 BBEX3.A.ZMW.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ZMW.EUR.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ZMW.EUR.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ZMW.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ZMW.USD.CA.AA.A01 BBEX3.M.ZMW.USD.CA.AB.A01 BBEX3.M.ZMW.USD.CA.AC.A01 (until 1980: Rhodesia)

Capital Harare Central bank Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Central bank's website http://www.rbz.co.zw Currency Zimbabwe dollar ISO currency code ZWL Subunits 100 cents Currency circulation Zimbabwe Legacy currency US dollar Legacy currency's ISO currency USD code Currency history 2 May 1980: Introduction of the Zimbabwe dollar (ZWD); conversion rate: 1 = 1 Zimbabwe dollar 1 August 2006: Introduction of the new Zimbabwe dollar (ZWD); conversion rate: 1,000 Zimbabwe dollar (old) = 1 Zimbabwe dollar (new) 1 August 2008: Introduction of the new Zimbabwe dollar (ZWR); conversion rate: 10,000,000,000 Zimbabwe dollar (old) = 1 Zimbabwe dollar (new) 2 February 2009: Introduction of the new Zimbabwe dollar (ZWL); conversion rate: 1,000,000,000,000 Zimbabwe dollar (old) = 1 Zimbabwe dollar (new) 15 June - 30 September 2015: Demonetisation of the Zimbabwe dollar (ZWL) 1 October 2015: The currencies comprising the multi-currency system in use alongside the Zimbabwe dollar since 2 February 2009 (the US dollar, the rand, the euro, the pound sterling, and expanded in January 2014 to include the yen, the Chinese yuan renminbi, the Indian rupee and the Australian dollar) assumed the role of official legal tender, with the US dollar as the principal currency. End-November 2016: Bond notes were additionally brought into circulation. 20 February 2019: The RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) dollar was declared legal tender. 24 June 2019: Reintroduction of the Zimbabwe dollar as the only legal tender; simultaneous ban on the use of foreign currencies. IMF membership Since 29 September 1980 Acceptance of Article VIII (IMF's 5 February 1995 Articles of Agreement) Exchange rate arrangement 29 September 1980 - 1 July 1994: Pegged to a currency basket according to the IMF 2 July 1994 - 30 March 1999: Independently floating classification (as of end-April 31 March 1999 - 31 July 2000: Other conventional fixed peg 2019) arrangement 1 August 2000 - 29 June 2001: Crawling peg (moving central rate without a band) 30 June 2001 - 30 January 2004: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 31 January 2004 - 24 January 2006: Managed floating with no predetermined path for the exchange rate 25 January 2006 - 29 April 2008: Other conventional fixed peg arrangement 30 April 2008 - 31 December 2009: Other managed arrangement 1 January 2010 - 30 October 2016: No separate legal tender 31 October 2016 - 19 February 2019: Other managed arrangement Since 20 February 2019: Floating (market-determined with more frequent modes of intervention) Time series BBEX3.A.ZWL.EUR.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.A.ZWL.USD.CA.AC.A04 BBEX3.M.ZWL.EUR.CA.AC.A01 BBEX3.M.ZWL.USD.CA.AC.A01