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Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight

Ryann Fame Luke Bruneaux Emily Russell Image: NASA Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight Part I: How we got here: Background and challenges (Ryann)

Part II: Why boldly go? Why not? (Luke)

Part III: Where are we going? (Emily) Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight Part I: How we got here: Background and challenges (Ryann)

Part II: Why boldly go? Why not? (Luke)

Part III: Where are we going? (Emily) Challenges in Human Space Travel

• Challenge 1: Leaving (Space!)

• Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space?

• Challenge 3: Destination Travel Curiosity and Explorative Spirit

Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit

Image: NASA How did we get here?

1903

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here?

1903

1947

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here?

1903

1947

1961

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here?

1903

1947

1961 1969

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here?

1903

1947 1971

1961 1969

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here?

1903 1981-2011

1947 1971

1961 1969

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA Ballistic for missiles X X

Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA Leaving Earth (space!)

1946 Image: US Gov. Military Fuel

Image: Wikimedia: Matthew Bowden

Chemical combustion needs lots of oxygen

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(g) + Energy Chemical combustion needs lots of oxygen

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(g) + Energy

2 H2 + XXXO2 → 2 H2O(g) + EnergyX Propellant: Fuel + Oxygen

Image: US Military Propellant: Fuel + Oxygen

Shuttle Fuel

H2 (liquid) O2 (liquid)

Image: US Military, NASA Stay in space: Remain in space without having to constantly expend more energy or drifting away

1957 Image: US AirForce

• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – Move around the earth – 200-2,000km (124- 1,240 miles) above the Earth

Altitude: 173- 286 miles : 17,227 mph

Image: NASA Low Earth Orbit

• Low speed launch – Go up and then gravity pulls you back down to Earth

Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Escape

• Escape velocity – The speed at which you break free from Earth’s gravity and don’t need to keep from falling back

Example: Escape velocity on Earth › 25,000 miles per hour.

Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Low Earth Orbit

• Orbit – Gravity pulling you down at the same speed at which you are going forward

Example: LEO required › 15,400 miles per hour.

Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Challenges in Human Space Travel

• Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!)

• Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space?

• Challenge 3: Destination Travel Animals can live in space

1957

1961

Images: US Gov. Military, NASA Humans can live in space

1957 1961

1961 1961-1963

Images: US Gov. Military, NASA Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Cost to get to Low Earth Orbit US$ per LEO per US$ to kg

Payload kg to LEO Most vehicles: $5,000 per kg- $10,000 per kg

Image: Marspedia.org Cost to get to Low Earth Orbit

Most vehicles: $5,000 per kg- $10,000 per kg

ÿ3.8 kg/ gallon of water ÿSo that means ~ $19,000- $30,000 per gallon in fuel alone Challenges in Human Space Travel

• Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!)

• Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space?

• Challenge 3: Destination Travel Destination travel “We choose to go to the in this decade …, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills.” ~John F. Kennedy 1962

Image: NASA Destination travel • Hit a moving target – Must understand multiple Destination travel • Fuel to get there… and back!

Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target

Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph : 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph : 133,000 mph

Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target

Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph Mars: 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph Jupiter: 133,000 mph

Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target

Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph Mars: 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph Jupiter: 133,000 mph

Image:NASA Long duration travel • Things in space are far apart Moon 384,403km 1x 8.5 hr Mars 74,799,000km 195x 6 mo Jupiter 893,000,000km 2,323x 13 mo 4,338,342,000km 11,286x 8 yr Proxima 42,000,000,000,000 109,260,000 78,000yr x Centauri km • Always weight balance dilemma (Emily-propulsion) Long duration travel • Water recovery system – Urine – Humidity (sweat, breath, condensation) ÿ Reduces water shipments by 65%

Image:NASA Summary and remaining questions • Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!) – Exiting the 4 (Still expensive and dangerous) – Staying in orbit 4

• Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space? – Oxygen/ Supplies $ – Landing (heat shields) 4 (radiation shields) ±

• Challenge 3: Destination Travel – Fuel to get somewhere, leave, and come back ± – Recycling ± – Effects of space travel on people for long times ± Curiosity and Explorative Spirit

Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit

Goddard Oberth

Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit

Goddard Oberth

“Ways to ” ~1929 “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes [Space]” ~1916

Image: NASA