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Space Medicine* 31 Desember 1960 S~A. TYDSKRIF VIR GENEESKUNDE 1117 mielitis ingelui het. Suid Afrika staan saam met' ander herhaal. Maar, onlangs het daar uit Japan 'n verdere lande in 'n omvattende poging om, onder andere, deur ontstellende berigO gekom dat daar in 1955 in die gebiede middel van die toediening van lewende verswakte polio­ wat jare gelede betrokke was by ontploffing van atoom­ slukentstof, poliomielitis geheel en al die hoof te bied. bomme, ongeveer twintig kinder gebore i wat op een of In hierdie verband weet ons dat al die gegewens daarop ander manier mi maak i . In die olgende jaar, 1956, wa dui dat ons in hierdie land die veiligste en die mees doel­ hierdie syfer yf-en-dertig, en in 1957, vyf-en- estig. Die treffende lewende polio-entstof wat beskikbaar is, ver­ aantal het du meer a erdriedubbel in drie jaar. Wat die vaardig. Soos ons aangetoon het toe hierdie saak bespreek implikasies van hierdie feite is, weet ons nie; a hulle is," spruit daar uit ons optrede in hierdie verband in die egter beteken wat huHe skyn te beteken, kan dit wee verlede egter 'n groot verantwoordelikheid vir die toekoms, dat veel meer skade berokken i aan die vroee onont­ om naamlik toe te sien dat hierdie onderneming op 'n wikkelde ovum, as wat moontlik geag is. 'n Ernstige waar­ volledige gemeenskapsbasis aangepak word. Dit sal dus skuwing om na te dink oor die gevolge van ons dade op goed wees om hier weer die waarskuwing te herhaal dat, 'n globale grondslag, kan ons skaars bedink. tensy alle kinders op 'n vroee stadium teen poliomiiHitis Interessante lig word ook gewerp op ander gebiede ge-ent word, soos die geval is met pokkies, hulle bloot­ waarop die wereld as 'n geheel gefaal het in sy verant­ gestel sal word aan groot gevare as wilde stamme van die woordelikheid ten opsigte van die voortbe taan van die poliovirus weer te voorskyn kom. Dit mag wel nodig wees mensdom. Dr. eurdorfer-Redlich," die verteenwoordiger dat verpligte inenting teen poliomielitis in die toekoms van Oostenryk op die Raad van die Verenigde Vollce se ingestel moet word .om die moontlikheid van 'n katas­ Kinderfonds, het gese dat daar vandag in die wereld, trofe te voorkom. volgens berekening, omtrent 900 miljoen kinders is waar­ Ons lotgevalle, soos dr. Gear so oortuigend aantoon van omtrent 600 miljoen honger en siek is. Ons kan skaars in sy artikel op bladsy 1109 van hierdie uitgawe, word ook 'n sterker aantyging bedink van die mate en omvang geraak en bepaal deur die gebeurtenisse in die wyere waarin die wereld gefaal het in die nakoming van sy wheld. Ons kan byvoorbeeld nie onverskillig staan teen­ basiese verpligtinge om te sorg vir die oeding en die oor <;lie feit dat die Westerse wereld nog steeds, sedert mediese versorging van die kinders wat horn toevertrou 1939, in 'n staat van oorlog of beleerde vrede lewe nie. is. Die feite dat daar volgens berekening nagenoeg 70 miljoen Onder al hierdie omstandighede het die plek en status mense was wat hul huise as vlugtelinge gedurende die van die mediese professie in die moderne wereld meer as laaste wereldoorlog' moes verlaat; dat sedert die oorlog ooit tevore in· die gedrang gekom. Dit is dus noodsaaklik nog 'n verdere 40 miljoen mense deur dieselfde lot getref dat ons as 'n professie ons eie uitgangspunte en waardes is, en dat daar nou weer die groot stroom vlugtelinge uit moet hersien. Op die mediese professie rus die verant· die verskillende lande en state in Afrika is, kan nie anders woordelikheid om die uitdaging van die veranderde om­ nie as om 'n ongunstige neerslag te he op die samelewing standighede en waardes in 'n veranderende wheld te aan­ in die geheel. En daarom is dit ook duidelik dat ons as vaar en op so 'n manier te verwerk dat sy status as 'n geneeshere hierdie probleem - en die basiese onstabiliteit liggaam van geleerdes en van professionele persone, wat in die wereld waarvan dit een simptoom is, nie kan ver­ 'n spesiale diens het om te lewer, onaagetas bly. Laat ons onagsaam nie. bowe alles ons vreugde en die regverdiging vir ons be taan ELkeen van ons het ook, teen wil en dank, mede-verant­ in die jare wat voorle vind in die toepassing van die ware gees en gesindheid van die uitspraak van die ou Latyners woordelik geword vir die welsyn en voortbestaan van die wat hierin geglo het: om te werk is om te bid, en die menslike ras. Daar is gedurig bewyse dat ons ons op paaie begeef wat kan lei tot die algehele vernietiging van arb'eid waarin ons 'n Ius het, heel die pyn. I. Van die Redaksie (1960): S. AfT. T. Geneesk., 34, 644. die wereld soos ons horn ken. Dit sal dus goed wees om 2. Fox, T. F. (1960): Lancet, I, 743. die huidige wedloop om bewapening met kernwapens te 3. Korrespondensie (1960): S. AfT. T. Geneesk., 34, 700. 4. Idem (1960): Ibid., 34, 768. sien teen die agtergrond van wat alreeds bekend is. Die 5. Van die Redaksie (1960): Ibid., 34, 1009. 6. Chisholm, B. (1960): Uprooting and Reselllemelll, pp. 9 en J I­ tragiese feite van HiroshiJTIa is te goed bekend om hier te Londen: World Federation for Mental Health. SPACE MEDICINE* J. HORAK, B.Sc., M.B., CH.B., Major, S.A.M.C., Assistant Surgeon General (Air), South African Defence force Space medicine is the key to Man's survival in a new spectacular achievements of Werner Van Braun and dimension. It represents his only hope of staying alive in others, it is at present not merely a possibility but a very the hostile environment of space and of his subsequent distinct probability. safe return to earth. Until recently, space flight appeared to be only a SPACEME AD SPACE VEHJCLES remote possibility of the far distant future. As a direct With assorted sputniks, satellites, solar rockets, and other result, however, of considerable research and development devices in orbit ro-und the earth and the sun, the public in the field of rocket technology, dating from the brilliant may be forgiven for taking it for granted that soon enough pioneering by Robert Goddard and culminating in the now a fellow human-being will be shot off into space in * Paper presented at the 42nd Soulh African Medical one of these vehicles. However sensational and eagerly Congres (MA.S.A.), Ea t London, September - October 1959. awaited such an event may be, the assurance can be 1118 S.A. MEDICAL JOURNAL 31 December 1960 given that as of now certain considerable physical and place. It can safely be predicted that the full exploitation psycho-physiological barriers remain to be overcome be­ of the application of the revolutionary rocket principle of fore Man himself can become an interplanetary traveller. propulsion to space flight will probably follow the pattern While rocket engines were being developed during the of a gradual evolution. With this in mind a simple classi-· . last decade or two to provide power for a space vehicle, fication of the present and future stages of manned flight, a great deal of human engineering has been taking place which will allow a realistic assessment and evaluation of to provide Man with the necessary protective equipment the whole question, can be devised. to withstand the rigours of space travel. The stages of the evolution can best be understood by Simultaneously a vast amount of fundamental research examining 3 factors: (1) The physiological and mechanical has been undertaken by workers in the field of aviation properties of the space environment; (2) the speeds medicine with the result that equally spectacular advances attained in space flight; and (3) the distances rockets travel have been made in this direction with a view to keeping over and away from the earth. Man abreast of the demands made on his physiology by 1. Environment the performance factors inherent in modem high-perform­ The border between the atmosphere and space in astro­ ance turbojet and rocket aircraft. physical and meteorological terms lies at an altitude of approximately 600 miles. As an environment for the space From the very considerable endeavours by workers in pilot and the rocket carrier the atmosphere shows conditions these related fields the new concept of space medicine has typical of space at much lower altitudes. One encounters emerged. Space medicine is a direct development and ex­ within the atmosphere, beginning at 50,000 feet; a region which tension of aviation medicine and deals with the same becomes increasingly space-equivalent with regard to one or more of the conditions important for manned flight. These fundamental problem of how to keep Man, who is con­ conditions are: absolute anoxia at 50,000 feet, the vaporization fined by relatively narrow physiological limits of pressure, of body fluids at 63,000 feet, the necessity for a sealed cabin temperature and atmospheric composition, alive at alti­ at 80,000 feet, the possibility of collisions with meteors from 75,000 feet and the darkness of space from 100 miles. tudes and speeds of a magnitude unheard of even a few Above 120 miles we find space-equivalence in almost all years ago. Seeing Man safely past these physiological respects. The atmospheric region from 50,000 feet, or about and physical barriers is the abiding and exacting task of 10 miles, up to 120 miles may be considered partially space­ aviation and space medicine. equivalent. This border-zone of space is also called the 'aeropause' because the effects of the atmosphere on man To achieve space flight both Man and his vehicle must and craft begin to come to an end.
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