Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight Ryann Fame Luke Bruneaux Emily Russell Image: Milky Way NASA Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight Part I: How we got here: Background and challenges (Ryann) Part II: Why boldly go? Why not? (Luke) Part III: Where are we going? (Emily) Toward the Final Frontier of Manned Space Flight Part I: How we got here: Background and challenges (Ryann) Part II: Why boldly go? Why not? (Luke) Part III: Where are we going? (Emily) Challenges in Human Space Travel • Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!) • Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space? • Challenge 3: Destination Travel Curiosity and Explorative Spirit Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit Image: NASA How did we get here? 1903 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here? 1903 1947 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here? 1903 1947 1961 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here? 1903 1947 1961 1969 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here? 1903 1947 1971 1961 1969 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA How did we get here? 1903 1981-2011 1947 1971 1961 1969 Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA Ballistic rockets for missiles X X Images: Library of Congress,US Gov. Military, NASA Leaving Earth (space!) 1946 Image: US Gov. Military Fuel Image: Wikimedia: Matthew Bowden Chemical combustion needs lots of oxygen 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(g) + Energy Chemical combustion needs lots of oxygen 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(g) + Energy 2 H2 + XXXO2 → 2 H2O(g) + EnergyX Propellant: Fuel + Oxygen Image: US Military Propellant: Fuel + Oxygen Shuttle Fuel H2 (liquid) O2 (liquid) Image: US Military, NASA Stay in space: orbit Remain in space without having to constantly expend more energy or drifting away 1957 Image: US AirForce Low Earth Orbit • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – Move around the earth – 200-2,000km (124- 1,240 miles) above the Earth Altitude: 173- 286 miles Speed: 17,227 mph Image: NASA Low Earth Orbit • Low speed launch – Go up and then gravity pulls you back down to Earth Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Escape Velocity • Escape velocity – The speed at which you break free from Earth’s gravity and don’t need propulsion to keep from falling back Example: Escape velocity on Earth 25,000 miles per hour. Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Low Earth Orbit • Orbit – Gravity pulling you down at the same speed at which you are going forward Example: LEO required orbital speed 15,400 miles per hour. Image: Wikimedia Brian Brondel Challenges in Human Space Travel • Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!) • Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space? • Challenge 3: Destination Travel Animals can live in space 1957 1961 Images: US Gov. Military, NASA Humans can live in space 1957 1961 1961 1961-1963 Images: US Gov. Military, NASA Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Humans in space: What do we need? Cost to get to Low Earth Orbit US$ per LEO per US$ to kg Payload kg to LEO Most vehicles: $5,000 per kg- $10,000 per kg Image: Marspedia.org Cost to get to Low Earth Orbit Most vehicles: $5,000 per kg- $10,000 per kg 3.8 kg/ gallon of water So that means ~ $19,000- $30,000 per gallon in fuel alone Challenges in Human Space Travel • Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!) • Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space? • Challenge 3: Destination Travel Destination travel “We choose to go to the moon in this decade …, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills.” ~John F. Kennedy 1962 Image: NASA Destination travel • Hit a moving target – Must understand multiple orbits Destination travel • Fuel to get there… and back! Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph Mars: 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph Jupiter: 133,000 mph Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph Mars: 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph Jupiter: 133,000 mph Image:NASA Destination travel • Unit that can both land and have enough fuel to escape gravity of target Escape Velocity Moon: 6,260 mph Mars: 11,200 mph Earth: 25,000 mph Jupiter: 133,000 mph Image:NASA Long duration travel • Things in space are far apart Moon 384,403km 1x 8.5 hr Mars 74,799,000km 195x 6 mo Jupiter 893,000,000km 2,323x 13 mo Solar System 4,338,342,000km 11,286x 8 yr Proxima 42,000,000,000,000 109,260,000 78,000yr x Centauri km • Always weight balance dilemma (Emily-propulsion) Long duration travel • Water recovery system – Urine – Humidity (sweat, breath, condensation) Reduces water shipments by 65% Image:NASA Summary and remaining questions • Challenge 1: Leaving Earth (Space!) – Exiting the atmosphere 4 (Still expensive and dangerous) – Staying in orbit 4 • Challenge 2: Can humans live safely in space? – Oxygen/ Supplies $ – Landing (heat shields) 4 (radiation shields) ± • Challenge 3: Destination Travel – Fuel to get somewhere, leave, and come back ± – Recycling ± – Effects of space travel on people for long times ± Curiosity and Explorative Spirit Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit Goddard Oberth Image: NASA Curiosity and Explorative Spirit Goddard Oberth “Ways to Spaceflight” ~1929 “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes [Space]” ~1916 Image: NASA.