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Duke University Dissertation Template The Aristocratic Body and the Memory Politics of Church Reform, 900-1300 C.E. by Jonathan T. Sapp Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Jehangir Malegam, Advisor ___________________________ Constance Bouchard ___________________________ Marcus Bull ___________________________ Bruce Hall ___________________________ Kristen Neuschel Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT The Aristocratic Body and the Memory Politics of Church Reform, 900-1300 C.E. by Jonathan Sapp Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Jehangir Malegam, Advisor ___________________________ Constance Bouchard ___________________________ Marcus Bull ___________________________ Bruce Hall ___________________________ Kristen Neuschel An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright by Jonathan Sapp 2021 Abstract This dissertation examines the tools of memory creation in the context of church reform from the late ninth through thirteenth centuries. It argues that monastic communities and aristocratic households of the period used the human body as a touchstone for the discussion of memory as a key stake in the social and political life of the high middle ages. The argument centers around several key sites of analysis: excommunication, burial, bodily wounding and mutilation, and liturgical cursing. Centering the analysis on these sites of cultural activity allows close readings of the complex dialectic which develops around memory. Using memory as the central focus of the study allows insight into the ways in which the semi-literate communities of the secular nobility participated in and drove the course of church reform, rather than functioning as mere sources of converts or sources of gifts. Doing so allows an intervention that shifts the field of medieval memory studies away from manuscripts and narratives, and towards a methodology that puts activity and social practice at center stage. iv Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction – Summary of the Argument ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Historiography: Property, Memory, and Lordship, 1000-1100 C. E. ......................... 7 1.2 Property, Memory, and the Body Around 1100 ......................................................... 13 1.3 Local Memory Politics, Peace Councils, and the Reform of the Church, 1000-1300 C. E. ......................................................................................................................................... 22 2. Burial, Property, and Oblivion at Cluny, 1050-1200 C. E. .................................................. 34 2.1 Cluny’s Charters and the Military Aristocracy: Problems and Approaches .......... 40 2.2 Castellans, Lordly Self-Presentation, and Oblivion ................................................. 45 2.3 The Grossi Kindred and Its Churches .......................................................................... 56 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 70 3. Displaced Bodies: The Advent of a Memory Economy in the Era of the Peace Councils, 989-1100 C. E. ................................................................................................................................ 73 3.1 Relic Tours and the Humiliation of Saints: Vulnerability of Saintly Bodies and the Dialectics of Corporeal Movement ..................................................................................... 78 3.2 Burial, Excommunication, and the New Meanings of the Aristocratic Corpse ..... 89 3.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 106 4. The Politics of the ‘Mnemonic Body’ in Medieval Ghost Narratives, 1050-1200 C. E. 108 5. Singing the Wounded Body: Mutilation and Memory in Medieval Europe, 900-1100 C. E. ................................................................................................................................................... 141 v 5.1 The Cadaver Synod of 897: A Laboratory of Embodied Memory in Post- Carolingian Europe ............................................................................................................. 143 5.2 The Monastic Clamor and the Dismemberment of Aristocratic Memory, 900-1200 C. E. ....................................................................................................................................... 150 5.3 The Aristocratic Body in Song: Monastic Curses and the Chansons de Geste .... 158 5.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 165 6. Aristocratic Burial, Cistercian Reform, and the Memory Politics of detestande feritatis, 1100-1300 C. E. ............................................................................................................................ 167 6.1 The Oblivion of Cistercian Conversion in Twelfth-Century France...................... 173 6.2 Cistercian Monasteries and Aristocratic Founders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: The Tools of Memory ...................................................................................... 183 6.3 The Abbots of Charlieu and Sturzelbronn Dispute the Internment of the Duke of Lorraine................................................................................................................................. 192 7. Conclusions – Memory Politics After 1300 ........................................................................ 208 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 201 Biography .................................................................................................................................... 215 vi Acknowledgements This dissertation has been the work of many years. It would never have achieved its final form without the patient guidance and influence of Jehangir Malegam, who indulged my longstanding interest in the medieval aristocracy and stuck with this project far beyond the call of duty. I am happy to call him a colleague and friend. Connie and Bob Bouchard have long been academic family members since my days at Akron, and both offered support of all kinds during our email exchanges and over dinner. Marcus Bull, Kristen Neuschel, and Bruce Hall each contributed far more than they perhaps know with wonderful conversations at key points in the conception of the project, and have always been generous with their ideas and collegiality. My parents, Lane and Lilyann Sapp have been an incalculable means of support during some tough times, and even after years of reading and writing I can hardly find words to thank them. My brother Charles and his wife Libby have housed me frequently during stays in the Triangle, and their company inspires me to keep going, stay positive, and remember what is important. Tamara Rand has been a rock of support since Akron, and I truly don’t know how to thank her. Others whose friendship I have cherished working on the dissertation are Thomas Barefoot, Aaron Colston, Abby Bernhart, Tom Weyant, Jay Lemanski, and the brothers of Mepkin Abbey. My gratitude to all cannot be matched. Jonathan Sapp (S. D. G.) vii 1. Introduction – Summary of the Argument In the early twelfth century, the author of the anonymous Saxon Annals related a story about Eticho, the founder of the Welf dynasty, an important family of the secular nobility in the German Empire. According to the Annals, Eticho and his sons refused to do homage to Louis the Pious until Louis’s wife Judith, a member of the Welf family convinced her brother to swear fealty to the emperor. In exchange for his loyalty, Louis allowed Eticho’s son Henry to claim lordship over the amount of land Henry could plow. After changing horses several times, Henry circled his lordship of Ravensburg. Because Henry had done so in defiance of his father’s refusal to do obeisance to Louis, Eticho retreated to the mountains with his household. The Saxon Annalist relates that his early twelfth-century contemporary, the Welf Henry the Black, had journeyed to the mountains and found the tomb of Eticho and built a church on the site of the founder of his lineage.1 This passage in one fell swoop gives access to the central concerns of the high medieval nobility in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries when it came to family memory. Though rooted in the Carolingian past, the story of the founders of the Welfs and their twelfth-century descendant places property, lineage memory, and noble deeds 1 MGH Annalista Saxo a. 741-1139, ed. Georg Waitz, MGH Scriptores 6 (Hanover, 1884), p. 763-5. Cited in John B. Freed, The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-Consciousness in Twelfth Century Germany (Transactions of the American
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