An Analytical Study of Development of Myanmar Robes (Cīvara): from the Buddha’S Period to the Present Time
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1 AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF MYANMAR ROBES (CĪVARA): FROM THE BUDDHA’S PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME Ven. Paññā Nanda A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2017 2 AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF MYANMAR ROBES (CĪVARA): FROM THE BUDDHA’S PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME Ven. Paññā Nanda A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2017 (Copyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) 3 ii Thesis Title : An Analytical Study of Development of Myanmar Robes (Cīvara): From the Buddha's Period to the Present Time Researcher : Venerable Paññā Nanda Degree : Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Thesis Supervisory Committee : Dr. Phramahā Nantakorn Piyabhānī, B.A (English), M.A (Buddhist Studies), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies) : Asst. Prof. Dr. Sanu Mahatthanadull, B.A. (Advertisement), M.A. (Buddhist Studies), Ph.D. (Budhist Studies) Date of Graduation : March 14, 2018 Abstract This qualitative thesis has three objectives, namely 1) To study the concept of robes in Buddhist scriptures, 2) To study the robe colours used in the Buddha’s period and Myanmar and 3) To analyze the development of Myanmar robe from the Buddha’s period to the present time. On the other hand, this research work is divided into five chapters and each chapter is based mainly on documentary research such as the shapes, wearing styles, colours of Buddhist monastic robes. Moreover, the relevant sources of certain Buddhist texts, both the early Canonical texts and post Canonical literature have been accordingly examined. The results of the study indicate how the general concept of robe in the Buddha’s time correlates to Myanmar robes and others in Buddhist countries appearing in Buddhist texts; either in the Buddhist Canonical texts or in the other Buddhist texts. These were analyzed for a better understanding in a systematic and academic way. The research studies in detail how the Buddhist monks’ robes can be affected and provide an introduction to Theravāda Buddhist teachings. iii Acknowledgements This thesis is submitted to Graduate School at Mahachulalongkorn- rajavidyalaya University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master’s Degree in Buddhist Studies. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the University for providing the tuition scholarship to me, to the most venerable Prof. Dr. Phramahā Dharmakosajarn, Rector of Mahachulalongkornrajavidya-laya University, Asst. Prof. Dr. Phramahā Hansa Dhammahaso, the Dean of the International Buddhist Studies College of Mahachulalongkornraja- vidyalaya University. This thesis has been completed with the compassionate support of my supervisory Committee members of the International Buddhist Studies College. It was their suggestions, comments, and sympathetic words that motivated me to bring the thesis to completion. I, then, would like to express my sincerest thanks, gratitude and respects to Dr. Phramahā Nantakorn Piyabhānī, Chairman of my thesis Supervisory Committee of Master’s Degree, for generous guidance, encouragement and most helpful instruction. At this opportune moment, I am highly grateful to Asst. Prof. Dr. Sanu Mahatthanadull, Member of the Supervisory Committee of this thesis, for care, cooperation, checking English Grammar, and also giving useful information. For their critical comments, encouragement, useful information and useful suggestion which have greatly contributed this thesis. I am very much grateful to all of them. I wish to express my deepest thanks to Mr. Ye Htet (Master Key) for formatting my thesis and checking English Grammar and all the International Buddhist Studies College staffs of Mahachulalongkorn- rajavidyalya University, and all my dear Dhamma friends for helping and providing useful advice and encouragement. My sincere thanks are also due to my other teachers, for beneficial information taken from their classes and from information discussion. Then I would like to express my special thanks to my former teacher Sayadaw Bhaddanta Nandavaṃsa, an abbot of Mahā Sukha Monastery in Kyaw Village, Myaing Township, Myanmar and other Dhamma teachers in Myanmar. iv Last but not least, I profoundly express my gratitude, deepest thanks and most respect to my parents, U Kyaw Aye and Daw Sein Kyi, my great supporters Daw Khin Mar Cho & Daw Khin Pa Pa Tun (Ma Cho – Mee Mee, Petrol Service Station, Pyin Oo Lwin City, Myanmar) and other devotees in Myanmar for providing me spiritual and material supports. And thank you to all those who have helped in any way to enable me to complete this work! I offered them all my sincere and grateful thanks. Ven. Paññā Nanda February 20, 2018 v Table of Contents Page No. Approval - Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iv List of Abbreviations vii Chapter: I Introduction 1 1. 1 Background and Significance of the Problem 1 1. 2 Objective of Research 6 1. 3 Statement of Problems Desired to Know 6 1. 4 Scope of the Research 7 1. 5 Definition of the Terms Used in the Thesis 7 1. 6 Review of the Related Literature and Research Works 8 1. 7 Research Methodology 10 1. 8 Advantages of Research Expected to Obtain 11 Chapter: II Concept of Robes in the Buddhist Scriptures 12 2. 1 The Concept of Robe and Its Meanings 12 2. 2 The Four Requisites for Monks 13 2. 3 The Important of Robe in Buddhism 16 2. 4 Types of Robes 20 2. 4. 1 The Rag-Robe (Paṃsukūlika Cīvara) 21 2. 4. 2 The Householder-Robe (Gahapati Cīvara) 23 2. 4. 3 The Three Robes (Ticīvara) 24 2. 4. 4 The Double Outer Cloak 26 2. 4. 5 The Spared Robe Requisites 28 2. 4. 6 The Rains Bating Robe (Vassavāsika Cīvara) 32 2. 4. 7 The Kathina Robe 34 2. 5 The Purpose of the Allowance of the Robe by the Buddha 36 2. 5. 1 The Reviewing on the Robe 38 vi 2. 5. 2 The Benefit of Reviewing on the Robe 40 Chapter: III Robe Colours Used in the Buddha’s Period And Myanmar 42 3. 1 Robe Colours at the Buddha’s Time 42 3. 1. 1 Six Colours of Robe 42 3. 1. 2 Seven Prohibited Robe Colours 45 3. 1. 3 Dying Robe Colours at the Buddha’s Time 47 3. 2 Robe Colours in Myanmar History 49 3. 2. 1 Methods of Dying Robe Colours of Ancient Myanmar Monks 49 3. 2. 2 Controversy about Chemical Dye of Robe in Myanmar 51 3. 2. 3 History of Changing Myanmar Robe Colours 56 3. 3 Dying Robe Colours in Myanmar 57 3. 3. 1 Dying Myanmar Robe Colours 57 3. 3. 2 Methods of Dying the Jackfruit Robe Colour 59 3. 3. 3 Dying Robe with Jackfruit Colour Today 60 3. 4 Analysis of Similarity and Dissimilarity between Robe Colours in the Buddha’s Time and Myanmar 62 3. 4. 1 Robe Colours in the Buddha’s Time 62 3. 4. 2 The Buddha and His Chief Disciple’s Robe Colours Based on the Ancient Myanmar Monks’ Views 62 3. 4. 3 Similarity and Dissimilarity between Today’s Robe Colours and Robe Colours in the Buddha’s Time 67 3. 4. 4 Changing Myanmar Robe Colours According to Time Period and Age 68 3. 4. 5 Current Robe Colours in Myanmar 70 vii Chapter: IV The Analysis of the Development of Myanmar Robe from the Buddha's Period to the Present Time 72 4. 1 Development of Robes in the Buddha’s Period 72 4. 1. 1 Robes in the First Twenty Years of Buddha’s Ministry 73 4. 1. 2 Robes in the after twenty Years of Buddha’s Ministry 75 4. 1. 3 Concept of Robe as Magadha Field 77 4. 1. 4 Robe Pattern in the Buddha’s Time 79 4. 2 Development of Robes in Myanmar Tradition 81 4. 2. 1 Robes in Pyu Period 81 4. 2. 2 Robes in Bagan Period 82 4. 2. 3 Robes after Bagan Period 83 4. 3 Cutting and Making Myanmar Robes 84 4. 3. 1 How to Cut and Sew Myanmar Robe 84 4. 3. 2 Modern Robes in Myanmar 87 4. 4 Wearing Style of Myanmar Robes 88 4. 4. 1 How to Wear Inner Robe in Vinaya Rules 89 4. 4. 2 How to Wear Upper Robe in Vinaya Rules 90 4. 4. 3 How to Wear Upper Robe of Myanmar Monks Today 91 4. 4. 4 Wearing Styles of Robe According to Times and Places 92 4. 5 Robes at Present Time of Myanmar 94 4. 5. 1 The Production of Myanmar Robes 94 4. 5. 2 How to Donate Robes for Myanmar Monks 95 4. 5. 3 How to use Myanmar Monks’ Robes 97 4. 6 Analysis of Similarity and Dissimilarity between Robes in Buddhist Scriptures and Robes in Myanmar 100 4. 6. 1 The Myanmar Monks’ Robes Not Related to Vinaya Rules 101 4. 6. 2 The Robes Worn by Myanmar viii Monks Today 102 4. 6. 3 We All Are One However Different Wearing Robes 104 Chapter: V Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research Works 106 5. 1 Conclusion 106 5. 2 Suggestions for Further Research Works 109 Bibliography 111 Appendix 116 Biography of Researcher 122 ix List of Abbreviations The abbreviations used in this research are, primary and standard abbreviations, which are the most recurrently used in references in this thesis. They are: Vin. : Vinaya Pitakaṃ D. : Dīgha Nikāya M. : Majjima Nikāya Vin.A. : Vinaya Aṭṭhakathā Kaṅkhā. : Kaṅkhā Aṭṭhakathā D.A. : Dīgha Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā M.A. : Majjima Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā S.A. : Saṃyutta Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā A.A. : Aṇguttara Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā Dh.A. : Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā Ud.A. : Udāna Aṭṭhakathā J.A.