Editors of Courtesy Editors

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of 17

THE STEPPES OF MONGOLIA Courtesy

Zoja V. Karamysheva. Vladimir N. Khramtsov Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

Courtesy CAMERINO 1995 Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

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EDITEURS: Editors

of Jean-Marie Gehu Universite R. Descartes Paris et Station Internationale de Phytosocio­ logie, Haendries F - 59270 Bailleul Courtesy

Franco Pedrotti Dipartimento di Botanica ed Ecologia Editors dell'Universita, Via Pontoni, 5 of I - 62032 Camerino (MC)

Sandro Pignatti Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale

Courtesy Universita "La Sapienza" Piazzale Aldo Moro I - 00185 Roma

Editors Salvador Rivas-Martinez of Departamento de Botanica Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense E - 28040 Madrid Courtesy Erich HObl Botanisches Institut Universitat fOr Bodenkunde Editors GymnasiumstraBe, 79 of A -1190 Wien

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Editors J. F. KIOtzli (ZOrich) Secretariat d'edition: Laura Carimini of A. Lacoste (Paris-Orsay) This volume has been written, edited and composed on a desktop publishing system using D. Lausi (Trieste) Apple Macintosh'" Page Maker 5.0· by laura Carimini. Proofs and final pages were E. van der Maarel (UppsaJa) created on the PostScript- Apple laserWritere. A. Miyawaki (Yokohama) Courtesy J. Moravec (Pruhonice) @ 1995 Dipartimanto di Botanica ad Ecologia dell'Universita - Camerino et Station de A. NOirfalise (Gembloux) Phytosociologie - Bailleul E. Oberdorfer (Freiburg i. Br.)

Editors T. Ohba (Yokohama) Printed in Italy by Centro Audiovisivi e Stampa, Universita di Camerino, 1995 A. Pirola (Pavia) of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

Editors BRAUN-BLANQUETIA of RECUEIL DE TRAVAUX DE GEOBOTANIQUE REVIEW OF GEOBOTANICAL MONOGRAPHS Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

17 Courtesy

THE STEPPES OF MONGOLIA Editors of

Zoja V. Karamysheva, Vladimir N. Khramtsov Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of CAMERINO 1995 Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

J. BRAUN-BLANQUET, 1954 Drawn/orm a photograph by Frarv;oise M. Dansereau Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of The authors dedicate the book with love and highest respect to Academician E. M. Lavrenko the best expert on the Eurasian steppes Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQuETIA, vol. 17, 1995 5 Editors of INTRODUCTION lia, are traditional. They have a long Steppe Region that is botanical-geogra­ history connected with names of phic division (regionalization), map­ Steppes are the most widespread outstanding Russian traveller-natura­ ping. and peculiarities of the flora and type of plant communities in the Mon­ lists (N. M. PRZHEVALSKII, G. N. POTANIN, the history of steppe vegetation, etc. golianCourtesy Republic, that is situated in the M. V. PEVTSOV, P. K. KOZLOV, etc.). Their They are of a great importance not only easternmost ultracontinental sector of publications contained the bright des­ for steppe region, but also for under­ the Eurasian Steppe Region. The tcrri­ criptions of natural landscapes of the standing of the vegetation origin of the tories with the steppes vegetation extend country. These works, continued in the Eurasian continent especially its non­ fromEditors the western up to the eastern fron­ beginning of XX c. by specialist-bota­ tropical part (LAVRENKO, 1940, 1942, 0 0 tiersof of the country (from 90 up to 120 nists (1. V. PALIBIN, V. L. KOMAROV, 1948,1954, 1956,1968, 1970a,b). E longitude), while in the south they V. V. SAPOZHNIKOV, etc.), give us the In 50-60th the investigations of reach 440 20' N latitude that is much more thorough and detailed information Mongolian steppes, their classification more south then in the neighbouring about vegetation and flora of the sepa­ and mainly the dynamic of above­ continental sector- Kazakhstan, where rate regions of Mongolia. After 1921, ground biomass of natural steppe pas­ theCourtesy boundary between steppe and desert as Mongolia had not the own special­ tures, were carried out by Mongolian region nearly coincides with 48°N lati­ ist-botanists, the botanical investiga­ specialists (DAVAZHAMTS, 1954; DASH­ tude (KARAMYSHEVA, LAVRENKO, RACH­ tions were accomplished by Russian NJAM, 1966, 1974; BANzRAGCH, 1982). KOVSKAJA,1969). scientists (N. V. PAVLOV, 1. M. KRASHE­ Unfortunately in the majority of case Editors E. I. RACHKOVSKAJA (1977, 1986, NINNIKOV, E. G. POBEDIMOVA, V. L. BARA­ these works were published in Mongo­ 1993)of draws the border between step­ NOV, etc.). A great significance in the lian, and thus is not enough accessible to pes and deserts in Mongolia conside­ study of botanical-geographic re­ the broad usage. rably further north (approximately gularities of the vegetation and flora A considerable progress in steppe along 46° N 1.), including the southern of Mongolia had the works of 50-60th vegctation study was observed in the last

typesCourtesy of steppes (desertified steppes years by E. M. LAVRENKO, V.1. GRUBOV decades owing to the works of the Joint and desert ones) into the Afro-Asian and especially A. A. YUNATOV, in whose Soviet(now Russian)-Mongolian com­ Desert Region. V. 1. GRUBOV (1990) publication the first scientific descrip­ plex biological expedition Ac. Sci. of also interprets the desert steppes of tion of the whole Mongolian vegetation the USSR (R. Ac. Sci.) and Ac. Sci. of

CentralEditors Asia as the desert vegetation. is contained. A. A. YUNATOV has pub­ Mongolia (Scientific leaders Aead.

of In the east and south-east where lished two monographs (YUNATOV, 1950, E. M. LAVRENKO and Acad. V. E. So­ under influence of the Greater Khingan 1954), in which the main features and KOLOV). Mts. (Da Hinggan Ling) and the Pacific peculiarities of Mongolian vegetation In addition to special extensive Ocean the inversion in plant com­ are revealed, including the steppes, and route botanical-geographic and carto­ munities distribution is observed, and the analysis of their botanical-geo­ graphic works in the main natural zones

theCourtesy zonal belts has rather longitudinal graphic regularities and the brief de­ of Mongolia, the biological observa­ position, this boundary extends even scription of the main types of steppes, as tions at the field stations during several more southward. The border between well as the main fodder plants of the years were also carried out there. They the boreal-forest and steppe botanical­ steppe pastures, arc given. included the comprehensive examina­ geographicEditors regions, that is northern A special attention deserves the tions of the edifieators and dominants - boundaryof of Eurasian Steppe Region, monograph by YUNATOV (1974) devoted the main environment forming species has on the territory of Mongolia quite to the analysis of flora and vegetation of of steppe communities. The investiga­ intricate outline. Most of botanists the desert steppes in Northern Gobi. tions were carried out in zonal types of (YUNATOV, 1950, 1954; YUNATOV, DASH­ These communities specific for floristic steppes: mcadow steppes (LAVRENKO, NJAM, GERBIKH, 1979; LAVRENKO, 1970a; composition and structure distributed on BANNIKOVA, 19X3, 1986), dry (LAVREN­ LAVRENKO,Courtesy KARAMYSHEVA, NIKULINA, the northern part of the Central Asian KO, 1984, 1999) and desert ones (LAV­ 1991; LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, 1993) subdominion of the Ancient Mediterra­ RENKO, 1980a, 19~n). By late 1980 the attribute to the boreal region only the nean dominion (GRUBoV, 1963) are the field station studies of the Eastern

territoriesEditors around the Khubsugul Lake endemics of Central Asia and have not Mongolian steppes were started, but (northern than 50° N 1.) and mountain analogies in other arid districts of Pa­ unfortunately they were interrupted. of massif Khentei (Hentiyn Nuruu) with laearctic region. The fundamental task of field sta­ the exception of its low mountain forest­ The above mentioned three mono­ tion works was the all-around research steppe regions at the periphery of the graphs by YUNATOV belong to the classi­ of separate species and their eeological­ basic massif, including the rest of the cal ones and have not lost their signifi­ physiologic and biological-morphologic

territoryCourtesy (between 50 and 44°20' N 1.) cance up to the present time. characteristics and also the peculiarities in the Eurasian Steppe Region (fig. 1). A. A. YUNATOV is the author of first of their adaptation to the specific condi­ The steppe vegetation occupies small-scale map of the Mongolian vege­ tions of the ultracontinental climate of also the western and eastern slopes of tation (YUNATOV, DASHNJAM, GERBIKI1, Central Asia. But the results of these theEditors Greater Khingan Mountains and the 1979) which contains 77 subdivisions of treatments are of great importance for

of low mountain at the foothills of the steppe vegetation (zonal types, geo­ the decision of many botanical-geogra­ Mongolian and Gobi Altai and the mid­ graphic and edaphic variations) differed phic problems. The elaboration of the dle mountain and high mountain parts of in colours, hatchings and letter indices. objective criteria for an understanding these range. In these mountains the A great contribution into the study of distinctions between the steppe clearly defined altitudinal belt with of Eurasian steppe vegetation including vegetation and deselt one is of chief Courtesy some sub-belts arc characterised. On Mongolian onc was done by the out­ interest. It is necessary for the defini­ some ridges the steppes extend up to standing Russian botanist-geographer tion of steppe vegetation boundaries in 3100 m above sea level. E. M. LA VRENKO. His publications are Mongolia more exactly as well as for Scientific Russian investigations in devoted to the cardinal problems of the working up the syntaxonomical classifi­ Editors Central Asia, in particular in Mongo- botanical geography of Eurasian cation of steppes. of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

6 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V .• KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors

of 11111111111111, W/%1211 11 13

Courtesy Fig. I. The position of Mongolia in the scheme of the botanical-geographic division of Eurasia: 1. The Eurasian boreal forest zone; 2. The Eurasian steppe zone; 3. The Central Asian desert zone.

Editors The route botanical-geographic KARAMYSHEVA, DASHNJAM, 1990). As the work publication. Also we are thank­ of and cartographical investigations have basis of this map the new botanical­ ful to G. D. KATENINA and N. ANISIMOVA been dedicated to the great numbers of geographic conception was assumed for help in drawing the figures. problems that is the improvement of owing to which the diversity of vegeta­ the zonal and subzonal borders and tion communities and regularities of the elaboration of the scheme of the their spatial distribution were revealed. NA TURAL CONDITIONS Courtesy provincial and sub-provincial differen­ The features of vegetation determined tiation of the vegetation cover. One of by the modem or remote past relations Climate. The climate of steppe the most important task was the study of between the Mongolian vegetation and zone (the position of the meteorologi­ the altitudinal regularities and peculiari­ the vegetation of neighbouring territo­ cal station is given in the fig. 2) pos­ Editors ties of high mountain vegetation, that is ries were found. With respect to the sesses a number of specific features,· of of especial importance in Mongolia steppe vegetation it is possible to say which distinguish it from Kazakhstan. taking into consideration that nearly half about the relations with steppes of East that is situated westward. of its territory is occupied by the Kazakhstan, the Altai and Transbaykal In middle winter the prolonged and mountains. These investigations have Mts. and with the vegetation of East slightly mobile Asiatic antycyclone sufficiently enriched the knowledge Asian moderate-continental sector of takes place on the most part of Mongo­ Courtesy about the floristic and typological di­ Palaearctic. lia. It prevents the penetration of the wet versity of the plant communities. They The map has obviously shown, that and relatively warm western masses of allowed us to make the complete and all­ the penetration to the Mongolian terri­ air here and provokes the hard cooling of

Editors round explanation to the relation be­ tory ofthe communities, which are pecu­ territory. During the cold period

of tween the vegetation and leading factors liar to the neighbouring regions, resulted (November-April) only 8-12% (10-20 of nature (peculiarities of the soil cover, in the considerable floristic originality mm) precipitation of their total quantity relief, distribution of the perma frost, of different parts of Mongolia. It allows occurs there. The mean thickness of etc.). " us to comment about the existing of snow cover is 5-10 cm while in Kazakh­ Recent researches have been gen­ some great botanical-geographic bound­ stan it reaches 20-30 (40) cm. The dates

Courtesy eralised in a lot of puhlications: in the aries in this region. of steady snow cover in Mongolia and Transactions of Joint Soviet(Russian)­ While writing this work, we used Kazakhstan are approximately the same Mongolian complex biological expe­ chiefly the original published and un­ (2_3nd decade of November), but in dition Ac. Sci. of the USSR (R. Ac.Sci.) published materials collected by the Mongolia the snow thaws much earlier Editors and Ac. Sci. of Mongolia (series "Biolo­ authors at the time of above mentioned 11 February-l March [20 March- 10

of S gical resourses and natural conditions expedition works (70-80' and 90 ). April]). Thus, in Mongolia the steady of the Mongolian People's Republic"), For the Latin names of plants, cited snow cover is preserved for 50 (at in other puhlications (SOKOLOV, KAME­ in text, the "Key of the Mongolian south)-120 (at north) days [120-160]. LIN, 1986; HILBIG, 1981, 1991; GUBANOV, vascular plants" (GRUBOV, 1982) was Small thickness of snow cover and very HILBIG, 1993 a, b), as well as in the new used. low negative temperatures provoke the Courtesy small-scale vegetation map of Mongo­ The authors express their thanks deep freezing of soil-grounds and the lia published in the National Atlas of to the operative management of Joint the MPR (LAVRENKO, VOLKOVA, KARAMY­ Russian-Mongolian complex biological SHEVA, KARAMYSHEVA, 1 Here and further in this chapter the cli­ Editors et al., 1986, 1988; expedition, especially to its head matic cha$:teristics Kazakhstan are given VOLKOVA, RACHKOVSKAJA, et al., 1987; Dr. P. D. GUNIN for promoting of this in bracketsl]. of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETlA, vol, 17, 1995 7 Editors of

f08· 112· Courtesy

Editors 48· r---"<-"..,u of

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Fig. 2. The main mountain massifs and the position of the meteorological stations in the steppe zone of Courtesy Mongolia. 1 - Ulaan-Gom, 2 - Khovd, 3 - Uliastai, 4 - Tsetserieg, 5 - Khuzhyrt. 6 - Arvaikhaar, 7 - Mandalgov, 8 - Ulan­ Bator, 9 - Kh. Choir, 10 - Binder, 11 - Under-Khan, 12 - Chingesiin Dalan, 13 - Choilbalsan, 14 - Baishint, 15 - Erdenetsagan, 16 - Tamsag-Bulak, 17 - Saishand. Editors of cent in summer), which are broadly Kazakhstan steppes the distribution of ZHANAARKA (570 m) 2.9 0 238 represented in Kazakhstan and Middle precipitation is more even with spring­ 40 80 Asia. summer and summer-autumn maxi­ 30 33.9 60 The warm period in the territory of mum, but during warm period only

Courtesy whole Mongolia except the extreme 60-75 % precipitation occur there 20 40 west is characterised by prevalence of (annual mcan - 250-400 mm). The 10 20 monsoon type of climate with its spe­ temperatures mean of July in Mongo­ cific rhythm of precipitation: with lia are 15-20 (at north) and 25° (at

Editors 0 0 clearly defined summer maximum and south), absolute maximum 30-41 ° [40- \, of -10 -20 autumn-winter-spring minimum. Dur­ 42°]. -20 '" -40 ing the period of maximum precipita­ The comparison of the climatic -16.2 tion (July and August) about 90 % of diagrams (fig. 3, 4, 5) compiled by -30 -36.0 -60 them usually occur there. As a rule method of WALTER (WALTER, LIETH, they have the downpour character and 1960) for Mongolia (Climatic ma­ Courtesy deeply soak the soil (more than 1 m), nual..., 1971) and Kazakhstan (Agro­ especially when the soils are loamy sand climatic referencc book ... , 1962) Fig. 3. The climatic diagram for the de­ or sandy loam in texture. Annual pre­ shows, that only at Western Mongolia

'lI~~\fK\\Editors 'lI\~'P'P~ 'lI\lbm\\.~ \.\\ "K·t'I;~lili'll\'t.\\.. ci~itatkm varies. from 300 mm at the the summer arid Qeriod is sharQly de­ n\.\~\\ \l}) \\.\ 14Q mm \\\ \\\\:, 'I>\.\\l\\\. I\\. {;"ned (f\g. 5', L 2\, It ;..!:; th.e. arid t~9e. of formation of seasonally frozen grounds and preservation of perma frost. The 263 absolute minimum of air temperature BULGAN-SOMON 59 117 91 reaches -40,-4S oC (-42,-43"1. January Courtesy 1970 1971 1972 ' mean temperatures are -24, _20°C (at north) and -16 °c (at south). In the win­ 40 ter period there is no accumulation of o

Editors water in the Mongolian steppe's soil, on 20 of the contrary - the soil is physically 10 withered. That is why the beginning of the period of the active growth is not connected with positive temperatures, but starts only after the first rains,

Courtesy which usually are observed in the end of May-middle of June (BORISOYA, Popo­ VA, BUEVICH, 1987). Probably the spring dryness is responsible for the absence Editors of ephemerals and ephemeroids (pe­ Fig. 4. The climatic diagrams for the desert steppe zone of Mongolia (Bulgan Somon) of rennials fruiting in spring and quies- by the matter of mrect observation in every year (by BORISO\.\, et al .. 1976). Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

8 KARAMYSHEVA Z.Y., KHRAMTSOV Y. N. The steppes o/Mongolia Editors of

C 0 217 .... JJ I ULIASTAI (1753 m) _3.1° I I _0.5" 122 0 139 KHOVO (1397 m) ULAAN-GOM (936 m) -3~7 35 29.1 70 50 30 35.0 60 25 35.0-H 22.4 Courtesy 29.9 25 50 40 30 20 15 15 30 ·20 10 10 Editors 5 10 5 of 0 -5 -10 -5 0 -10 -10 -20 -15 -30 E -15 I -30 -40 -25 4 -5 -37.6 -20 -37.2

Courtesy -31.0 -43.1- T -35 -40.0 -7 -25 1 -50 -38.3 Z Editors of O.lo 254 -2.6" 297 ARVAlKHAAR (1845 m) TSETSERLEG (1097 m) _0.1° 339 KHUZHYRT 90 45 33.0 90 50 34.0 100 45 21.7 70 40 26.0 80 35 70 35 50 Courtesy 30 60 25 50 25 40 30 20 15 30 15 20 10 10 5 10 5 0 -10 Editors 0 -5 -10 -5 -20 of -10 -30 -15 -30 -15 -40 -20 -50 -25 -50 -60 -25 -36.8 -30 -28.1 -70 . -35 -38.6 -70 -35 -40 -80 -29.7 6 -21.4 5 -45 -90 -32.2 4 -45 -90 Courtesy -50 Editors KH.CHOIR 0.40 165 of (1267 m) -3.5" 240 MANOALGOV (1,043 m) 0.9 0 158 ULAN·BATOR 80 30 35.0 60 36.0 60 40 39.0 30 24.9 30.4 30 60 20 40 20 40 20 40 10 20 Courtesy 20 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 -20 -20

Editors -10 -10 -20 -40 of -20 -20 -40 -20 -40 -60 -29.1 -23.4 -30 -40.6 -31.2 -60 -42.6 8 -80 -30 9 -30 -31.1 7 -60 -40 Courtesy

Fig. 5. The climatic diagrams for the steppe zone of Mongolia. Each of the letters of the alphabet used below stands for a certain meaning: A - station, B - altitude. C - mean annual temperature in de­ Editors grees centigrade. D - mean annual sum-total of precipitation in mm. E - meaadaily minimum of the coldest month. F - absolute minimum. of G - mean daily maximum of the hottest month. H - abs,?lute maximum. J - arid period. M - humid period. N - sub arid period. 0 - in case the absolute minimum of a month falls below zero centrigrade. P - in case the absolute minimum lies below zero. R - the mouthly means temperature. S - the mouthly means of precipitation. T - precipitation curve in scale of 1 : 3 for determine subarid period in summer.

of climate similar to the Kazakhstanian climate of the summer period may be steppe. At the same time Mongolia Courtesy one (fig. 3). In central and eastern classified as a wet one and according to is situated in the conditions of in­ parts of Mongolian steppe region the WALTER (WALTER, LIETH, 1960) is sufficient and extremely insufficient arid period sometimes subarid one almost similar to boreal types being moisture (BERESNEVA, 1988) that is can be observed only in spring. profoundly different from the arid and connected with its latitudinal position Editors (fig. 5 : 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, etc.). The subarid climate of Kazakhstanian and strong insolation_ of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETlA. vol. 17, 1995 9 Editors of

BI~ER (1038 m) _1.9 0 317 UNDER-KHAN (1029 m) _1.0· 237 CHINGESIIN DALAN (883 m) 0.5· 262 40 80 50 38.0 100 35 39.0 70 40.0 32.1 40 29.9 80 30 32.8 60

Courtesy 25 50 60 30 20 40 20 40 15 30 20 20 10 10 •••••••••••••••••••• 5 10 Editors 0 0 0 0

of A -5 -10 10 -20 -10 -40 20 / -15 -30 -20 30 -29.2 -60 / -39.2 -25 j-50 -30 -28.3 40 10 -80 -29.2 -37.0 lZ Courtesy -35 -39.1 11 L70 -40 Editors CHOIBALSAN (752 m) 0.2· 244 BAISHINT (895 m) 0.5 0 183 ERDENETSAGAN (1078 m) 0.1· 285 of 35 40.0 70 30 r60 401 37.0 40.0 I 32.7 33.6 31.3 o 50 ! 30\ 60 25 20 40 r I 40 15 30 20\ 10 20 20

Courtesy 10 5 10 0 0 0 -5 -10 -10 -20 -10 -20

Editors -30 15 -20 -40 -24.8 of -50 -20 -24.9 -40 25 -27.8 -30 -34.0 IS -60 13 -38.3 35 -35.2 -70 -30 J.I -60 Courtesy Editors of TAMSAG-BULAK (650 m) 0.3" 246 SAISHAND (953 m) 3.4 0 113 70 50 35 41.0 25 41.0 34.5 25 50 15 30 Courtesy 15 30 10 5 10 5

Editors -10 -5 -5 -10 of 16 -30 -15 -30 -25 -28.9 -50 -23.8 -37.2 16 17 -35 -70 -25 -32.1 -50 Courtesy

Fig. 5. The climatic diagrams for the steppe zone of Mongolia (continuation). Each of the letters of the alphabet used below stands for a certain meaning: A - station. B - altitude. C - mean annual temperature in de­ Editors grees centigrade. D - mean annual sum-total of precipitation in mm. E - mean daily minimum of the coldest month. F - absolute minimum. of G - mean daily maximum of the hottest month. H - absolute maximum. J - arid period. M - humid period. N - subarid period. 0 - in case the absolute minimum of a month falls below zero centrigrade. P - in case the absolute minimum lies below zero. R - the mouthly means temperature. S - the mouthly means of precipitation. T - precipitation curve in scale of 1 : 3 for determine subarid period in summer.

The climate and weather in Mon­ years (fig. 4; 1973). The biological seasons one after the other, exactly

Courtesy golia are characterised by extraordi­ and morphological observations of the . determine the vegetation development nary lability and, in particular, by the plants in the Central mongolian dry and existence of steppe phytocoenoses alternation of dry extremely unfavour­ steppe subzone showed that the featu­ (BoRIsovA, BESPALOVA, POPOVA, 1976). able for the plant's life (fig. 4; 1970- res of dry and droughty years, espe­ As we have noted above. thc neigh­ Editors 1972) and wet (often anomalous wet) cially if they are repeated for several bourhood of the Pacific ocean deter- of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

10 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of mines the distribution of precipitation sedge meadows and Kobresia mead­ east to south-west.' At .foothills of the (its monsoon type) in Mongolia. Mo­ ows predominate. Boundaries of geoc­ Greater Khingan Mts. there are plenty ving from east to west in meridional ryological belts have different altitudi­ of sand massifs. direction, we can observe that the nal position in different massifs and Soils. The mountain relief and Courtesy climate became more continental. It on the slopes of different exposition, prolonged development of denudation reveals fIrst of all in the increasing of being lower on the northern slopes processes were the reason of the vast the winter severity. The degree of and higher on the southern and eastern distribution of the deluvial-proluvial climate's severity in western part of ones (MEL'NIKOV, 1974). deposits. The soils of sandy-loam and Editors Mongolia is comparable with outlying Relief. Relief of Mongolia is loamy-sand in texture prevail. The of districts of Greenland (BERESNEVA, rather diverse. There are high moun­ relatively monotony of the mechanical 1988). Influence of ocean intensified tains, middle and low ones, hills, texture of different zonal soil types by orography (submeridional stretch intermountain denudative plajns, socle, may be attributed to this natural phe­ of the Greater Khingan Mts.) tend to alluvial-proluvial, lake-alluvial, aeolian nomenon. In summer rain period often the inversion of zonality from latitu­ Courtesy ones, volcanic lava plateau (Florensov, with showers the deep sometimes even dinal to longitudinal one, that is ob­ Korguev, 1987; Chichagov, Natsag, through drench of soil profIle occurs. served at the Far East of the country 1990). The main pecUliarity of Mon­ It promotes the leaching and desalini­ and has its farther continuation in golia is its high location; the about sation of the soil. It is unusual for

Editors China. The zonality in the central part 80 % of its territory is situated higher steppe of the Kazakhstan and Black

of of Mongolia has the latitudinal charac­ than 1200 m above sea level. Sea regions phenomenon. ter typical for Eurasia, what is defIned At the west of country there are Most types of the soils have no of by the rise of solar radiation and cor­ elevated mountains of Mongolian any degree of salinization. Thus the respondingly the sum of the tempera­ Altai stretching from north-west to halogene-hydrogene complexity of soil tures higher + 10° which in the north is south-east as long as 600--650 km. (and accordingly vegetation) cover is Courtesy equal 1000° and in the south of They are the narrow, deep-dissected absent in the steppe zone of Mongolia steppe zone is 1800° (VITVITSKII, ZHAM­ ridges with steep slopes and have the in contrast to Khazakhstan where BAAZHAMTS, 1990). In mountain massifs heights exceeding 4000 m. Here inside complexity is typical and broadly the altitudinal differentiation of vege­ the massif Tavan-Bogdo-Ula the high­ distributed. The soda type of salinity Editors tation is observed, being determined est point of Mongolia - the mountain is characteristic. The carbonates are of by mezoclimatic changes. For in­ Kuiten Uul (4374 m above sea lev.) is presented by farinaceous forms. There stance, in the Khangai Mts. the sum situated. Eastward from the Mongolian are also the soils with well-pronoun­ of the temperatures higher + 10° dur­ Altai Mts. there is a vast hollow - the ced carbonate horizon (obviously relic ing the period of active growth ranges Big Lakes Pan with the great sandy one) and without it (NOOINA, 1978, from 1800 in the lower belt (1350- massifs: Borig-Del-Els, Bor-Khara-Els 1980; GERASIMOV, NOOINA, 1984; Courtesy 1550 m above sea level) up to 1000° and Mongol-EIs. DoRZHGOTOV, NOGINA, 1990). (2350--2550 m), while the quantity of The central part of steppe region The peculiarities of soils (steppe annual precipitation rises from 325 up is occupied with the ancients Khangai ones among them)' allow to attribute (BERESNEVA, Editors to 500 mm 1988). elevation including several great them into the Central Asian biocli­ Geocryological conditions. The ridges (Khan-Khukhiin-Ula, Tarbaga­ matical facies with two main soil­ of typical feature of the environment in tai, Bulnai). The vast watershed plains bioclimatical regions: Khangaian oc­ Mongolia is the wide distribution of and deep cut steep canyons are charac­ cupying the northern part of country the perma frost and seasonally frozen terised to the Khangai Mts. northward from 46° N 1. (its southern grounds. It is often accompanied by Southward and south-east from boundary coincides with north bound­

Courtesy well-pronounced cryogenic phenom­ the Khangai Mts. the vast wavy and ary of light chestnut soils subzone) ena: frost mound, thermokarst, icing hilly denudative plains as well as the and Gobian, which includes the desert fIeld (flooding ice), solifluction, etc. peneplains of the Middle Khalkha are steppe and desert zones (DORZHGOTOV, Seasonal freezing up to 2-5 m depth stretched. NooINA, 1990). Editors can be found all over the steppe zone. Eastward from Khangai the Khangaian soil-bioclimatic region. of On the plains in the central and west­ Khentei elevation is situated. The Out of the mountain part the soil ern parts the permanently frozen latter is represented by small ridges cover is composed by dark chestnut grounds are sporadically observed, with smoothed summits. Southward soils and chestnut ones. Chernozems 'mainly related with water-soaked loam and eastward from the Khentei massif occupy not a great area. The most in: ,the pans around the springs. At the vast flat or waved deluvial-prolu­ territories of them are situated at the Courtesy foothills and lower parts of mountains vial denudative plains and lake­ mountain regions. Dark chestnut soils (the Khep.tei Mts., the mountains near alluvial ones are spreaded with total and chestnut ones are characterised by the Khub~u&J,l1 Lake, the Khangai and extend more than 1200 km. Their slight thickness. considerable gravely

Editors Mongolian A'ffai Mts.) there are small heights regularly reduce from west to contept, sandy and sandy-loam texture. and big "islands" of permanently east. At the extreme north-east near In mountains there are highmountain­ of frozen grounds (about 5% of territory) the Khukh-Nur Lake they reach 560 steppe rough-humus soils and high­ from 5-10 up to 50 m depth, chiefly m. It is the lowermost point of Mon­ mountain-meadow ones under cryo­ located on northern slopes with forest, golia. The plains alternate with pene­ xerophytic steppe vegetation. partly with the steppe or meadow plains and separate low mountain On the territory of the East-Mon­

Courtesy steppe vegetation. With the increasing massifs. golian plain the dark chestnut soils are of high above the sea level the area To the extreme east the western especially widespread. The territories of these "islands" gradually increases spurs of the Greater Khingan Mts. with dark chestnut soils are stretched and they occupy up to 80 % of high composed of granite massifs and plots from northern frontier of Mongolia up

Editors mountain's territory where the cryo­ of basalt plateau are extending. The to southern one, that is related with the

of phytic steppes, cushion communities, direction of axial ridge is from north- rise of the plain heights from north to Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 11 Editors of south (from 650-700 to 1100 m above soil and all this results in the develop­ quantity of forbs (both in abundance sea lev.), and mainly with the influ­ ing of the thick surface-underground of species and in their proportional ence of the Pacific ocean. There are biohorizon. In this biohorizon the contribution to biomass) decreases comparatively big pans on this plain accumulation of phytomass takes from north to south along the climatic

Courtesy where the more arid proper chestnut place, that plays the basic role in moisture gradients. Simultaneously the soils are distributed. At the foothills substance and energy turnover as composition of the ecological group's of Greater Khingan the chernozems opposed to the above-ground biohori­ changes: xeromesophilous and mezo­ and meadow-chernozem soils are zon which is destroyed and removed xerophilous species in northern types

Editors spread. The chernozems and chestnut yearly by grazing (GoRDEEVA, 1977). of steppes are replaced by xerophilous of soils are characterised by small thick­ This horizon accumulates snow, water and even hyperxerophilous ones at the ness of humus horizon. and fine earth, that improves the south. For the Gobian soil-bioclimatic moisture keeping, Steppe forbs include diverse life region, which includes the southern Throughout in the steppe region (growth) forms: tap root-plants and western parts of Mongolia and the the definite structural peCUliarity of (species of genera Astragalus, Oxytro­ Courtesy Mongolian and Gobi Altai Mts. also, grass stand my be observed. The pis, Onobrychis, Dianthus, Silene, the consecutive replacement of the dominanting synusia of bunch-grasses Peucedanum, etc.), root sucker plants light chestnut soils up to the brown is usually composed of a combination (Cymbaria), rhizomatous plants includ­ desert steppe ones and more south­ of the relatively tall bunch-grasses, ing short rhizomatous ones (species of Editors ward - the grey-brown desert soils mostly species of genera Stipa, Agro­ genera Galium, Veronica, Vicia, etc.). of are characterised. In Mongolian Altai pyron, Helictotriclwn, and of the Only for Mongolia and also for Trans­ there is clearly defined altitudinal shorter ones mainly of genera Festuca, baykal region and Inner Mongolia the changing of soil namely the desert and Cleistogenes, Poa, Koeleria, etc., or steppe communities of tufted tap-root desert steppe soils in foot-hills are sometimes also the shorter species of plant Filifolim sibiricum arc typical_ replaced by the chestnut ones and Stipa. Among the forbs dominating in Courtesy then - the mountain-steppe soils and The structure of Mongolian steppe high mountain steppes of Mongolia, as highmountain steppe rough-humus communities has some specific fea­ well as in petrophytic and psammo­ ones. tures. So, their distinctive peCUliarity phytic variants of steppes some plants

Editors (as well as of steppe in Transbaykal forming the compact or friable cush­

of region and neighbouring Inner-Mon­ ions occur. Some of the pulvinate PLANT GROWTH-FORM golia) is the dominance of small plants belong to dwarf semi-shrubs_ PECULIARITIES bunch-grasses in contrast to Kazakh­ The dwarf semi-shrubs synusia stan and Black See region where large dominates in the zonal desert steppes Like all steppe commumtles of bunch-grasses predominate in steppe and also in psammophytic and petro­

Courtesy Eurasian temperate belt, the Mongo­ communities. The loose-bunch-grasses phytic variants of different zonal lian steppes are formed by perennial (species of genera Bromus, Phleum, types. long-lived, mainly polycarpic, micro­ Poa, etc.) are appreciably abundant, In the steppe communities of therm xerophilous and often sclero­ chiefly in the more northern types of Mongolia, as well as in the steppes of Editors philous plants, in particular the bunch steppes. These regularities are charac­ the neighbouring Kazakhstan, a great of grasses of genera Stipa, Festuca, Helic­ terised of the all Eurasian steppes. role belongs to the shrubs, which form totriclwn, Agropyron, Cleistogenes, However in the subzone of dry here a special synusia. In Mongolia it Koeleria, Poa, etc. Steppe bunch steppes in Mongolia there are large is chiefly the species of g. Caragana grasses create the basis part of the territories covered with the commuQi­ and also Spiraea, Cotoneaster, Dasi­ vegetation cover_ They form the ties of a loose-bunch grass Cleisto­ phora. Amyxdalus, etc. Courtesy dominating synusia2 often being edifi­ genes squarrosa. These steppes are The distinctive feature of the typi­ cators3 and dominants and provide the distributed on soils with light me­ cal Mongolian steppes is the absence most of phytomass. chanical texture or on the intensively of ephemerals and ephemeroids, which The life form of bunch grasses used pastures. The rhizomatous gras­ Editors vegetate only during the cool humid apparently possesses an advantage ses, as well as loose-bunch ones, in period, mainly in spring and early of over other ecobiomorphs in the unfa­ Black Sea region and Kazakhstan can autumn. This is accounted for the vourable water supply in summer, low be met chiefly in the northern types of specific character of climate namely of temperatures and insignificant snow steppes, but never in abundance. In cold and dry spring. Ephemeroids are cover in winter also permanent tram­ Mongolia, however (at the east espe­ represented only by Tulipa uniflora and

Courtesy pling down and grazing by cattle and cially), the rhizomatous grass Leymus 2 species of g. Gagea (G. pauciflora sheep (LAVRENKO, 1941). Its renewal chinensis is the dominating or co­ and G. hiensis); some ephemeral spe­ buds are safely covered by numerous dominating species in the various cies have been found only in the dead parts of leaves vaginae; the bases types of steppes (both in northern western part of Mongolia (GRUBOV,

Editors of the tufts sufficiently deepened into meadow steppes and in typical dry 1982; KAMELIN, GUBANOV, DARIIMA.

of ones). Steppes of rhizomatous grasses 1985; GUBANOV, KAMELIN, DARIlMA, 2 The term "synusia" is used in the sense are specific for Mongolia. 1986, 1987)_ It has to be noted that in of GAMS (1918, also see KORCHAGIN, The role of dominants in the the Black Sea region and in 1976). Synusia is the structural part of Mon~olia Kazakhstan thc short-lived species are plant community. which includes those steppe stands of also play species that are siInilar in biological and the tuft forming sedges and onions. very abundant, and they form a clearly Courtesy 3 ecolo~ical sense. The latter (onion steppes) are endemic defined synusia in spring or autumn "Edificator" is environment-forIning species, that is responsible for the for Central Asia (Mongolia)_ The there. In the preserve ASKANlA-NovA, tToristic composition and physiognomy usual components of steppes are forbs for example, they are numbered as 2-3 of community and the quantity of phy­ of families Alliaceae, Liliaceae, lri­ thousands of plants per 1m2 (SHALYT, Editors tomass produced (BRAUN-BLANQUET and PAVIARD, 1922). daceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, etc. The 1938). of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

12 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V .• KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of The annual species of g. Artemisia melia vagans, P. ryssolea and other not only with the flora as a whole, but (A. scoparia. A. pectinata. A. palustris, foliate lichen species often constitute also with the most active part of it, etc.), and species of g. Dontostemon, the continuous cover. namely the main environment forming Chamaerhodos, Bassia, Axyris, and Thus, the communities of Mongo­ species, determining the set of forma­

Courtesy small grasses Eragrostis minor, Aristida lian steppes are characterised by the tions and other syntaxa that are typical heymannii, etc. (LAVRENKO, 1973) in definite biomorphic (growth form) for the plakor and nonplakor habitats. desert steppes are more typical. These composition, which distinguishes them Term "formation" in the Russian species grow particularly often on the from the steppes of the Black Sea region coenotic school means a syntaxon, Editors ground digged out by rodents, on and Kazakhstan. which unites the phytocoenoses with of aeolian drift sands around steppe the same edificator. The term "plakor" shrubs and tufts of large grass was introduced by G. N. VYSOTSKII Achnatherum splendens. In wet years PECULIARITIES OF (1915) to signify a flat, well drained they are more abundant. MONGOLIAN STEPPE FLORA plain with loamy soils; the ground The moss or lichen covers are water is located too deep to affect Courtesy common only for some types of Mon­ A comparison between the Mon­ plant growth. The vegetation of plakor golian steppes. For example, the moss golian steppes and Black Sea-Kazakh­ plains most fully reflects zonal climate layer of forest moss Rhytidium rugo­ stanian ones shows some essential conditions. sum is observed often in the meadow floristic peculiarities. They are dif­ Most of the species being the Editors steppes, while in high mountain fered in quantitative composition of dominants and co-dominants are pe­ of steppes - of Thuidium abietinum, Aula­ the whole flora and of the inter-genus culiar only to the steppes of Mongolia comnium palustre and other forest and taxa and the genera's composition in and also Central Asia, which Mongo­ tundra mosses. Synusia of lichens is lesser degree, and also in presence of lia belongs to (Table 1). not peculiar to Mongolian steppes endemic species and in predominance Let us briefly characterize the main of some specific geoelements, etc. features of Mongolian steppe's flora. Courtesy unlike the Black Sea region and Kazakhstan, where for instance Par- This peculiar character is concerned

Table 1 Editors The main edlficator, dominant and co-dominant species in the steppe communities of of the Transvolga-Kazakhstanian province of the Black See-Kazakstanian steppe subregion and Dahuria-Mongolian (Central Asian) subregion

''Transition'' stripe: West Mongolia Transvolga-Kazakhstanian (Khan-Khukhiin-Ula. Ubsu-Nur Pan. Central and Eastern Mongolia Courtesy province north-eastern part of Mongolian Altai, the ranges of the frontier Dzhungaria) Schrubs Berberis sibirica Berberis sibirica Berberis sibirica Editors Caragana balchashensis ~ Amygdalus pedunculata of Caragana bongardiana Armeniaca sibirica Caragana frutex Caragana bungei Caragana korshinskii Caragana leucoploea Caragana leucophloea ~ Caragana leucophloea Caragana pumila Caragana pygmaea Caragana microphylla Lonicera microphylla Lonicera microphylla Caragana pygmaea Courtesy Dasiphora fruticosa Dasiphora fruticosa ~ Caragana stenophylla Dasiphora fruticosa Spiraea hypericifolia Dasiphora parvifolia f- Spiraea aquilegifolia Editors Dwarf semi-shrubs of Artemisia argyrophylla Artemisia argyrophylla Artemisia changaica Artemisia gmelinii Artemisia frigida Artemisia frigida Artemisia frigida Artemisia gracilescens Courtesy Artemisia lerchiana Artemisia dolosa f- Artemisia dolosa Artemisia schrenkiana Artemisia semiarida Artemisia klemenzae ~ Artemisia sublessingiana ~ ~ Artemisia monostachya Editors Artemisia terrae- albae ~ Artemisia sphaerocephala Artemisia sphaerocephala of ~ Artemisia xanthochroa ~ Artemisia xerophytica f- Ajania fruticulosa Ajania fruticulosa Ajania achilleoides Ajania achilleoides Ajania trifida Courtesy Anabasis brevifolia Anabasis brevifolia Asterothamnus heteropappoides Eurotia ceratoides Eurotia ceratoides Eurotia ceratoides Nanophyton erinaceum Nanophyton erinaceum Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 13 Editors of Table 1 (continuation) ''Transition'' stripe: West Mongolia Transvolga-Kazakhstanian (Khan-Khukhiin-illa, Ubsu-Nur Pan, Central and Eastern Mongolia province north-eastern part of Mongolian Altai, Courtesy the ranges of the frontier Dzhungaria) Perennial grasses and sedges Carex duriuscula Carex duriuscula

Editors Carex pediformis Carex pediformis Carex pediformis

of f- Kobresia humilis 7 Kobresia smirnovii Agropyron cristatum Agropyron cristatum Agropyron cristatum Cleistogenes kitagawae Cleistogenes squarrosa Cleistogenes squarrosa Cleistogenes squarrosa

Courtesy Cleistogenes songorica Cleistogenes songorica Festuca valesiaca 7 Festuca kryloviana Festuca kryloviana Festuca sibirica Festuca sibirica f- Festuca tschujensis

Editors Festuca lenensis Festuca lenensis

of Helictotrichon altaicum Helictotrichon altaicum Helictotrichon desertorum Helictotrichon schellianum Helictotrichon schellianum Helictotrichon schellianum Koeleria cristata 7 Koeleria macrantha Koeleria macrantha Koeleria mukdenensis

Courtesy Leymus racemosus Leymus racemosus Leymus racemosus Leymus chinensis Poa attenuata Poa attenuata Poa botryoides Poa botryoides

Editors Poa stepposa Poa stepposa 7

of Psammochloa villosa Psammochloa villosa Stipa capillata Stipa baicalensis Stipa kirghisorum Stipa grandis Stipa korshinskyi Stipa glareosa Stipa glareosa f- Stipa gobica

Courtesy Stipa lessingiana Stipa krylovii Stipa krylovii Stipa orientalis Stipa pennata f- Stipa klemenzii Stipa sareptana

Editors Stipa sibirica Stipa sibirica Stipa sibirica

of Stipa tirsa Stipa zalesskii Perennial forbs Allium galanthum 7 Allium altaicum f- Allium polyrrhizum Allium anisopodium Allium anisopodium

Courtesy Allium mongolicum Allium mongolicum Allium senescens Allium senescens Amblynotus rupestris Amblynotus rupestris Arctogeron gramineum

Editors Astragalus melilotoides

of Chamaerhodos altaica 7 Chamerhodos trifida Coluria geoides Coluria geoides 7 Filifolium sibiricum Leontoppdium leontopodioides Leontopodium ochroleucum Leontopodium ochroleucum

Courtesy Lespedeza dahurica Lespedeza hedysaroides Oxytropis filiformis Oxytropis filiformis f- Oxytropis myriophylla

Editors f- Oxytropis nitens

of Polygonum angustifolium Polygonum angustifolium Polygonum alpinum Polygonum divaricatum Polygonum valerii Potentilla tanacetifolia Pulsatilla bungeana Pulsatilla bungeana

Courtesy Saposhnikovia divaricata Stellera chamaejasme Not e : species, which penetrate into the neighbouring territories, are marked by arrows. Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

14 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of AA YUNATOV (1950, 1954, 1974) only in the plain steppes at the eastern fied steppes in the Black Sea-Ka­ and E. M. LA VRENKO (1956, 1970a, 1978, part of the country. zakhstanian Subregion. In Mongolia 1980b) repeatedly noted that the dis­ The peculiarities of floristic com­ some species of this Subgenus that is tinctions of the feather grasses domi­ position and phytocoenotic role of A. gracilescens, A. terrae-albae, A. su­

Courtesy nanting in Black Sea-Kazakhstanian genus Festuca species could be clearly blessingiana, A. schrenkiana can be steppes and Mongolian ones are con­ revealed. Contrary to Black Sea region met. But they have the a significant cerned with a Section composition in and Kazakhstan, where the euxero­ role only in the West in the Ubsu-Nur genus Stipa. Species of the philous West Palaearctic sp. Festuca Pan and in the Barun Khurai Hollow. Editors Section Leiostipa (Stipa krylovii, S. bai­ valesiaca s.l. plays an important role Wormwoods of the Subgenus Artemi­ of calensis, S. grandis. at western part - in different zonal types from northern sia (A. /rigida, A. argyrophylla. A. xe­ S. capillata, S. sareptana) predominate meadow steppes up to desertified rophytica, A. caespitosa, A. dolosa, in the Mongolian steppes. Stipa krylovii ones, in Mongolia the plant communi­ A. monostachya, A. sericea, A. rutifo­ dominates in the true dry steppes both ties with dominance Festuca species lia, A. lati/olia, A. santolinifolia, etc.) on plains and mountains. The Man­ occur only in mountains. The Mongo­ and the Subgenus Dracunculus Courtesy chzhuda-Dahuria-Mongolian species lia-West Siberian sp. Festuca lenensis, (A. changaica, A. halodendron. etc.) (S. baicalensis and S. grandis) are Tien Shan-Mongolia-East Siberian sp. grow abundantly in the all types of widespread chiefly in more meso­ F. kryloviana, the East Altai-Tuva­ Mongolian steppes from the meadow

Editors phytic meadow steppes. the latter West Mongolian sp. F. tschujensis, the steppes up to the desert ones. grows on the soils with light texture. Altai-West Mongolian sp. F. albiflora In the desert steppes of Mongolia of Only three species of the Section Stipa and also F. sibirica (Leucopoa albida) there are no wormwood except of (S. zalesskii, S. kirghisorum and S. pen­ should be mentioned amongst the psammophytic and petrophytic step­ nata), which are the environment­ Festuca species broadly distributed pes, as it is typical for North Turanian forming species in the Black Sea­ as dominants or co-dominants. F. va­ and Kazakhstanian desertified steppes.

Courtesy Khazakhstanian steppes penetrate to lesiaca is the dominant only in plain But the hyperxerophilous species of the West Mongolia (TSVELEV. 1968; and mountain steppes of West Mon­ g. Ajania (A. achilleoides, A. trifida, BANZRAGCH. KARAMYSHEVA. MUNKH­ golia. On sandy soils of East Mongo­ A. fruticulosa) as well as dwarf semi­ BAlAR, et al., 1975; KARAMYSHEVA, lia F. dahurica is present. shrubs of Chenopodiaceae (Anabasis

Editors BANZRAGCH, 1976a,b; GRUBOV, 1982). As in the steppes of East Kazakh­ brevifolia, Salsola passerina, Cheno­

of Stipa orientalis (petrophilous-steppe sp. stan and in the forest-steppes of East podium /rutescens, Nanophyton eri­ of the Section Barbatae) grows also Europe and West Siberia, in Mongolia naceum, etc.) and Tamaricaceae (Reau­ only in West Mongolia. In the petro­ an important role belongs to the spe­ muria soongorica, etc.) are peculiar. phytie types of steppe and in the cies of genus Helictotrichon. Helictotri­ It was mentioned above that the shrub thickets the characteristic chon schellianum is the meadow steppe shrub thickets and shrub steppes are Courtesy species is Stipa sibirica (of the Section Palaearctic sp. widespread throughout common to the whole Eurasian region, Achnatheropsis). Among the small the whole territory. Helictotrichon especially to the East Kazakhstan and bunch-grasses, that play an important altaicum is distributed in mountain Mongolia. as the soil of light me­ phytocoenotic role, the species of forb-grass steppes only in the western chanical composition often gravely Editors the following genera are to be men­ part of the country. ones prevail there. of tioned. In the western part of steppe re­ Caragana is the most abundant Cleistogenes: C. squarrosa is the gion the species of Leymus g. grow genera amongst the shrubs in Mongo­ most abundant sp. on the plain in the only in meadow communities on so­ lia. The important phytocoenotical role dry steppe subzone throughout the lonets and solonchak. while in Mon­ have the following species: the Dahu­ whole territory; C. songorica extends golia there are the steppe (L chinen­ ria-East Mongolian sp. Caragana Courtesy only in desertified and desert steppes, sis) and petrophilous steppe species microphylla: the Dahuria-Mongolian rare in West Mongolia; C. kitagawae is (L secalinus, L sibiricus, L schren­ sp. Caraganapygmaea; the Sajan-West more mesophilous sp. typical for East kianus), which are the dominants and Mongolian sp. Caragana bungei; the

Editors Mongolia. co-dominants. Leymus racemosus is Middle Khuan-Kheian (Hwang Ho Agropyron: A. cristatum ranges on widespread on sandy soils. River) sp. Caragana korshinskii; the of the plains and mountains in the dry The very rich and specific steppe Upper Yenisei-Dahuria-Mongolian sp. and desertified steppe subzones across of Arundinella anomala can be found Caragana stenophylla; the Middle the whole territory; A. nevskii is the only at the extreme east at the Greater Asia-Mongolian sp. Caragana leuco­ petrophilous mountain sp., endemic of Khingan district and at the north­ phloea. In the West Mongolia there

Courtesy Mongolian Altai and western part of eastern slope of the Khentei Mts. This are shrub thickets and shrub steppes the Big Lake Pan; A. sibiricum is the species distributes at Far East. Japan. with Spiraea hypericifolia and some­ psammophilous sp., which occurs in China also. times with Lonicera microphylla. Ar­ Central and East Mongolia; A. aegi­ The Kazakhstan-Siberia-Mongo­ meniaca sibirica distributes mainly at Editors lopoides is the petrophilous mountain lian sp. Carex pediformis often is edi­ the Eastern Mongolia in the psammo­ of sp., etc. ficator or dominant in meadow phytic and petrophytic types of step­ Poa: P. attenuata is the mountain steppes. This species is replaced in pes. Throughout the whole territory in sp.; P. altaica is the high mountain sp.; the West by C. humilis, which is the more mesophytic and often petrophytic P. botryoides ranges widespread on the peculiar component of East Euro­ types of steppes Cotoneaster melano­ plains and low hills across the whole pean meadow steppes.\ carpa and Dasiphora /ruticosa are Courtesy territory, etc. The differences in composition of abundant. Amygdalus pedunculata pre­ Koeleria: K altaica extends only Artemisia genus species are essential. vails in more southern ones. As we in high mountain steppes; K. macran­ It is known that the wormwoods, mentioned above, the communities is distributed in mountain and mainly of the Subgenus with a specific composition distribute

Editors tha Seriphidium. plain steppes; K. mukdenensis extends form the peculiar synusia in deserti- in the mountain steppe belts and on a of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 15 Editors of stony and gravely soils. The cushion Anemarrhena, Stellera, Panzeria, GENERAL BOT ANICAL­ like low semi-shrubs as Arenaria capil­ Schizonepeta, Olgae, Lespedeza and GEOGRAPHIC REGULARITIES laris (Mongolia-East Siberian sp.) and many other belong to the genera, OF STEPPE VEGETATION Arctogeron gramineum (Upper Yeni­ which spread only in steppes of Mon­ Courtesy sei-Dahuria-Mongolian sp.) are com­ golia and in neighbouring China. The The general botanical-geographic mon to such types of steppes. The absence in Mongolia of such Black regularities of the plant communities small cushion like herbs as Androsace Sea-Kazakhstanian genera as Crambe, in Mongolia are connected fIrst of all incana (Mongolia-East Siberian sp.), Trinia, Verbascum, Sideritis, Salvia with zonality phenomena (latitudinal Editors Amblynotus rupestris (Mongolia­ [there is the only doubtful indication on differentiation), which are well notice­ of South-Eastern Siberian sp.) and species the Salvia deserta in Kobdo district able in central part, and less pro­ of genera Patrinia, Phlojodicarpus, etc., (GRUBov, 1982)], the Section Phlomis of nounced in eastern and western parts also grow there. The dwarf semi-shrubs genus Phlomis, etc. is a fact of great of the country. not forming the cushions as Chamaer­ interest. Also the longitudinal regularities hodos trijida, Ch. altaica (East Dahu­ Some genera, more or less rich in are well revealed in the steppe region Courtesy ria-East Mongolian sp.) should be species in Black Sea-Kazakhstanian of Mongolia. This meridional (pro­ mentioned. subregion are rather rare in Mongolia vincial) division of vegetation has In Black Sea-Kazakhstanian sub­ (for example, Centaurea, Jurinea, etc.). attracted the major attention especially

Editors region a great role in the plant com­ There are many genera such as Onos­ during the last years (LAVRENKO, 1978;

of munities on the stone soil belongs to ma, Coluria, Eremostachys, Helichry­ LAVRENKO, VOLKOVA, KARAMYSHEVA, et the species of Lamiaceae especially to sum, Herniaria, Tetracme, Ziziphora, al., 1988; KARAMYSHEVA, VOLKOVA, the numerous species of Thymus, Hys­ Ferula, Piptatherum, Nanophyton, RACHKOVSKAJA, et al., 1987). sopus, etc. In Mongolia the species of Rindera, Cicerbita, Syrenia, etc., that The regularities of the altitudinal Thymus are not often to be met on the are penetrate only to the West Mon­ division of vegetation are represented

Courtesy granite outcrops and on the sands, golia (GRUBoV, 1976; KAMELIN, GUBANOV, very distinctly throughout the whole while the only species of Hyssopus DARIIMA, 1985; GUBANOV, KAMELIN, steppe Mongolian territory, as there (H. cuspidatus) penetrates to the ex­ 1988; LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, NI­ are the great areas of mountain ridges treme west of the country. The typical KULINA,1991). and massifs there. Editors for Central Asia genera Amblynotus Flora of Mongolian steppes is repre­ At last the peculiarity of vegeta­ of and Arctogeron are connected with the sented by 5 large geographic groups, tion caused by the edaphic diversity vegetation of outcrops (LAVRENKO, which are divided into more fractional should be mentioned, such as soil 1972). geoelements: texture, degree of its salinity, gravely After the analysis of Mongolian 1. South-Eastern Siberia-North content, etc. steppe flora a big number of species Mongolian; Some unique features of the step­ Courtesy and genera especially typical for 2. Proper Mongolian; pe vegetation and peculiarities of its Mongolia and absent in Black Sea­ 3. Central Asian; spatial structure depend, to a conside­ Kazakhstanian subregion can be men­ 4. West Palaearctic-West Mongo­ rable extent, on paleogeographical

Editors tioned (LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, Nu

Courtesy Mts., Asia Minor and Caucasus this golian, etc.). The areas of some spe­ - the prolonged existence of con­ genus is absent and the only species cies are shown on the Fig. (6-11). tinental condition; (Leontopodium alpinum) appears again The data that mentioned above - the broad development of cryo­ in the Middle Europaean Mts., inclu­ show that the close floristic affinities spheric processes, which led to the

Editors ding the Carpathians Mts. between the Mongolian steppe's flora formation of vast perma frost areas;

of The Far East-Central Asian olygo­ and the flora of the most eastern part - the existence of the peculiar typic g. Cymbaria from Scrophullaria­ of the Ancient Mediterranean (in the periglacial condition at the north of ceae, the Far East-Dahuria-Mongolian M. G. PoPOv's sense, 1915) and the Mongolia that determined the specific monotypic g. Saposhnikovia fromApia­ flora of Far East are exist. In the type of zonality, when the periglacial ceae, the South Siberia-Central Asian steppe flora of the Black Sea-Ka­ tundra-steppes elements penetrated Courtesy g. Sibbaldianthe from Rosaceae are zakhstan subregion the close associ­ deeply southward and mixed there among the genera which are also ab­ aions with flora of more southern with arid elements of flora. sent in Black Sea-Kazakhstan subre­ regions of western parts of Ancient All these events created the con­ gion. Mediterranean especially with ancient ditions favourable for the exchange Editors There are some genera, that are Pannonia and steppe flora of Caucasus between boreal and arid flora and of distributed not only in Mongolia and and Asia Minor can be traced. fauna (RAVSKII, 1972; MEL'NIKOV, 1974; Dahuria, but in the southern part of E. M. LAVRENKO (1956, 1970a, DEVJATKIN, 1981) and for the formation East Siberia region. An example is 1980b) singled out the Mongolian of peculiar types of plant communities Dontostemon (Siberia-Dahuria-Mon­ steppe region as a separate Dahuria­ (forests, steppes). For example, there golian olygotypic genus from Brassi­ Mongolian (Central Asian) subregion are widely represented steppes, espe­ Courtesy caceae), and Filifolium (North China­ within the Eurasian Steppe Region cially in the Mongolian mountains, Manchzhuria-Dahuria-Mongolian g. taking into account their floristic and with cryophilous elements and cryo­ from Asteraceae). phytocoenotic distinctions. phytic grass communities (Kobresia Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

16 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V" KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Courtesy Editors 48° of

Courtesy ...... 44 0 Editors " , of ,I .. ' ...... ' ... • 1 ...... t I'" A A .. 2 ...... ':".1-.' " ~." ...... "".~. Courtesy 108°

Editors Fig. 6. Distribution ranges of the Mongolian steppe species: 1. Caragana microphylla (Pall.) Lam.; 2. Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.)

of Keng. Not e: The maps area of species (fig. 6-11) was compiled by Dr. I. Yu. SUMERINA. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

44 0 Courtesy

I~ :

I ' ' ...... ' I I , ' , Editors ...... ,"-0 ...... '-4. , ( I ...., ...... ,: \~ of ..... "".~.

Courtesy Fig. 7. Distribution range of the Mongolian steppe species Cymbaria dahurica L. Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 17 Editors of Courtesy

Editors 48 0 of Courtesy

0 44 44 0 Editors of • \1 ' IT<\.,· .... ·...... -3 Courtesy 92 0 96 0 108 0 112 0

Fig. 8. Distribution area of the North Gobi desert steppe species Artemisia caespitosa Ledeb.: 1. Points are according to the Herbarium Editors Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS; 2. Points are according to Lavrenko field observations (LAVRENKO, SUMERINA, 1977); of 3. The boundary of the desert steppe subzone (according to YUNATOV, 1974). Courtesy

92 0 104 0 108 0 112 0 Editors of

48 0 Courtesy Editors of

44 0 44 0

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92 0 96 0 0 108 0 112 0 of 100

Fig. 9. Distribution ranges of the Kazakhstan - West Mongolian and Middle Asia-West Mongolian steppe and desert steppe species: 1. Veronica pinnata L.; 2. Allium galanthum Kar.et Kir. 3. Spiraea hypericifolia L.; 4. Coluria geoides (Pall.) Ledeb.; 5. Gueldenstaed­ tia monophylla Fisch.; 6. Stipa pennata L.; 7. Stipa zalesskii Wilensky; 8. Stipa kirghisorum P.Smirn. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

18 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes of Mongolia Editors of

120· Courtesy \

Editors 48 0 48 0 of Courtesy

44 0 Editors --t-~----__~" ,!,______

of ~./ ,,--Ti __ , i

o I +4 "t I , I v 5 r-...... , l' " .2 .'"-4.~.1-4 •. . ,,!,.,..,,' } .6 I ; ...... ' &.1 I ''-4''''- .,.~.

Courtesy 92 0 96 0 100· 112 0 116 0

Fig. 10. Distribution ranges of the Dahuria-Mongolian and Manchzhurian meadow steppe and steppe species: 1. Iris dichotoma Pall.;

Editors 2. Paeonia lactijlora Pall.; 3. Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam.; 4. Clematis hexapetala Pall.; 5. Spiraea aquilegifolia Pall.; 6. Bupleurum

of scorzonerifolium Willd. Courtesy Editors of

48 0 Courtesy Editors of ... . 44 0 0 ... 44 --~i-----.-:'~'~°-.Jl • ...- • 0 I_J~~;-;;·~V':--i~t------1

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0 0 of 92 lOO· 112

Fig. 11. Distribution ranges of the Gobi (Central Asian) desert steppe and desert species: 1. Anabasis brevifolia C.A.Mey.; 2. Stipa gobica Rochev.; 3. Cleistogenes songorica (Roshev.) Ohwi; 4. Allium mongolicum Regel. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQUETIA. vol. 17, 1995 19 Editors of and sedge meadows) rich in steppe spe­ namely the Khangai Mts., the Khentei of the eastern longitudinal macrocli­ cies and mountain-steppe ones (KARA­ Mts. and the Greater Khingan Mts. matic sector (BERESNEVA, 1988). The MYSHEVA, 1982. 1986; VOLKOVA, 1992). The so called "expositional" forest­ interaction between the west air They all are related with relic and steppe is distinctive. In this case the masses and oceanic monsoons takes

Courtesy modem plots of perma frost. steppe communities on the southern place here, and the change of preci­ slopes are combined with the forest pitation rate occurs. It is mentioned ones on the northern slopes. The for­ above, that the summer maximum of LATITUDINAL (ZONAL) est communities are associated with precipitation is observed throughout of Editors DIFFERENTIATION perma frost grounds. the whole territory of Mongolia, that of The subzone of true steppes is why there is no summer semi­ Russian geobotanists traditionally which includes the forb-bunch-grass dormancy and dormancy period as in distinguish the following steppe types, and the bunch-grass, steppes on the case with more western section of which successively replace one an­ chernozems, and on the dark chestnut Eurasian Steppe Region. There are other from north to south with increas­ soils and chestnut ones is clearly de­ also some specific functioning features Courtesy ing aridity of climate, as demonstrated fined only in the central and partly in of Mongolian plant (LAVRENKO, KARA­ by decreasing precipitation. increase the eastern Mongolia. At the extreme MYSHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991; LAVRENKO, of temperature summations and leng­ east it has nearly longitudinal direc­ KARAMYSHEVA, 1993). thening of the frost-free period (LAV­ tion, while at the west it almost disap­ Editors The latest investigations (BANZ­ RENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991; pears. RAGCH, KARAMYsHEVA, MUNKH-BAJAR, et of LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, 1993): The subzone of desertified steppes al., 1975; KARAMYSHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1. Meadow steppe, in semihumid cli­ on light chestnut soils is a narrow 1976a, b; VOLKOVA, RACHKOVSKAJA, mate; stripe extending along the northern 1980; KARAMYSHEV A, 1981; KARAMYSHE­ 2. True or typical steppes: part of the desert steppe subzone. This VA, VOLKOVA, RAcHKOVSKAJA, et aI.,

Courtesy a) Bunch-grass steppe with many subzone has been marked for the flfst 1986, 1987; LAVRENKO, VOLKOVA, KA­ forbs, in semiarid climate, time on a small scale map of vegeta­ RAMYSHEVA, et al.• 1986, 1988) showed, b) Bunch-grass steppe with few tion in the National Atlas of Mongolia that there is the broad ''transition'' forbs, in arid climate; (LAVRENKO, VOLKOVA, KARAMYSHEVA, et stripe ("ecoton": WALTER, Box, 1976;

Editors 3. Desertified bunch-grass and dwarf al., 1986, 1988;KARAMYSHEvA, VOLKOVA, "buffer": SOCHAVA, 1979) along th~

of semi-shrub-bunch-grass (semi­ RACHKOVSKAJA, et al., 1987). border between the West Siberia - desert) steppe, in very arid clima­ Desert steppes are the more xero­ Kazakhstanian continental sector and te; phytic, that is hyperxerophytic type of East Siberia - Central As.... ultra­ 4. Desert dwarf semi-shrub-bunch­ steppe vegetation at the extreme south continental ones. This ''transition'' grass steppe, in hyperarid clima­ of its distribution. They occupy the stripe includes the western part of Big Courtesy te. vast territories between 440 and 460 Lakes Pan, north-eastern part of the N latitude and are connected with Mongol Altai Mts., eastern lower part The latter two types of steppe can brown desert steppe soils. of the Eastern Tannu-Ola Mts., the be characterised as very and super dry Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Range and Barun­ Editors ones. Turun Hollow. In this ''transition'' of According to this division of main LONGITUDINAL (MERIDIONAL) stripe the species of West Palaearctic­ zonal types the corresponding latitu­ DIFFERENTIATION West Mongolian group of geoelements dinal subzones are distinguished. are broadly spread, and specific These subzones have a good correla­ Almost the whole of Mongolian "hybrid" communities occur. As to the tion with the replacements of zonal territory is situated in the East Siberia­ Central Asian species, their composi­ Courtesy and subzonal soil types. Central Asian ultracontinental sector tion becomes poor. Thus, Allium The general altitude of plains is of the non-tropical belt of Eurasia polyrrhizum, S_~ica and many the cause of some peculiariti«s of (LAVRENKO, 1978; LAVRENKO, KARA­ other communitics,'ftich dominate in

Editors steppe vegetation cover, for instance, MYSHEVA, 1991). The western border of the desert steppe s86zone of central of the considerable displacement of and eastern part of Mongolia arc ab­ of this sector is in close proximity to subzonal and zonal boundaries to the Mongolia frontier while the eastern sent here (see Table 1). south. This event has been mentioned one crosses the extreme eastern part The structure of the vegetation above and have been noted also in of the country. The western boundary cover along the eastern boundary of early publications (GRUBoV, 1963). of the East Siberia-Central Asian East Siberia-Central Asian seCtor did

Courtesy The picture of zonality within the ultracontinental sector is of consider­ not study well enough, and the posi­ steppe zone of Mongolia (that is the able importance both for the ecologi­ tion of this boundary need futher existence of different zonal stripes and cal conditions and for the vegetation. consideration. LAVRENKO (1978) drew it the distinguishing characteristics of This boundary agrees very closely outside the Mongolia. There is a rea­ Editors their boundaries, etc.) has the follow­ with the boundaries of two regional son to believe that V. I. GRUBOV'S point of ing peculiarities: the subzone of blocks within three botanical-geo­ of view is more correct. V. I. GRUBOV meadow forb-grass and grass-forb graphic regions of Palaearctic, Black (1976) proposed to separate the west­ steppes on chernozems and meadow­ Sea-Kazakhstanian and Dahuria-Mon­ ern forest-steppe spurs of the Greater chernozem soils (forest-steppe) does golian (Central Asian) subregions of Khingan Mts. from the other Mongo­ not have the latitudinal stretching, as the Eurasian Steppe Region are lian steppe territory and to include Courtesy in case with the Black Sea-Kazakh­ amongst them (LAVRENKO, KARAMY. them into Manchzhurian province of stan subregion. In Mongolia the for­ SHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991). the East Asian subregion of Holarctic. est-steppe landscapes are chiefly con­ On the territory of arid and The strong influence of the Pacific nected with submountain, lower monsoon is observed here. There is

Editors subarid regions this border-line coin­ mountain and mountain territories cides very closely with the boundary also a well-pronounced ''transition'' of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

20 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of ("fore monsoon") stripe along this Mongolian mountains' formation of in Khangai, where the perma frost boundary, which as all natural boun­ fescue (Festuca lenensis) is a good grounds are distributed. daries have not a linear character. The illustration for this idea. The com­ steppes on the plains westward from munities of Festuca lenensis grow EDAPHIC REGULARITIES

Courtesy the Khalkhin-GoI River (East Mongo­ everywhere from higher mountains to lia) and the forest-steppe landscapes low ones. The cryophilous or cryox­ The features of the steppe vegeta­ and steppe ones of the submountain erophilous species are typical for the tion depending on the edaphic peculi­ territories of the eastern Khentei Mts. higher mountain Festuca lenensis arities that is the vegetation differen­ Editors should be included in this ''transition'' steppes. As a rule these species are tiation of the landscape significant are of stripe. The Manchzhurian species and absent in the mountain and lower to be mentioned. In Mongolia the another "eastern" ones are of a great mountain steppes. mosaic (complexity) of vegetation co­ importance for the plant composition More narrow ecological diapason ver caused by soil salinity is almost there. Some species and communities is peculiar for such formation as Fes­ absent, and halophytic steppe com­ typical for the East Mongolia spread tuca kryloviana; its communities grow munities are rare. They are located Courtesy far westward - in the eastern spurs of chiefly in higher mountain, or Helic­ mainly in the Ubsu-Nur Pan and the the Khangai Mts. (SKVORTSOV, 1983; totrichon altaicum, the basic areas of Barun Khurai Hollow. However in LAVRENKO, BANNIKOVA, 1986; GoLUB­ which are in the middle mountains. true - forb bunch-grass, bunch-grass

Editors KOVA, KAMELIN, 1989) and along the The communities of Agropyron nevskii, dry steppes and desertified - dwarf Orkhon and Selenga River. F estuca tschujensis and some others semi-shrub--bunch-grass one the com­ of are spread only in lower mountains, plexof vegetation (mosaic) communi­ submountaines and on low hills ties has the broad distribution because AL TITUDIN AL REGULARITIES (sopki). of the burrowing rodents activity The mountains exert influence not (LAVRENKO, 1952; GURICHEvA, DMITRIEv,

Courtesy There are several altitudinal types only on the altitudinal regUlarity of 1983; DMITRIEV, KHRAMTSOV, 1994; of steppes, some of them are the ana­ vegetation on the slopes. The distribu­ KHRAMTSOV, DMITRIEV, 1995). The effect logues of the plain subzonal ones that tion of vegetation cover on the plains of rodents on steppe is similar in is meadow mountain steppes, fQrb-­ adjoining mountains and on the inner­ some ways to that caused by grazing Editors bunch-grass mountain steppes, bunch­ mountain hollows also is directly rela­ of domesticated ungulates. of grass dry and desertified mountain ted to the mountain's influence. For Rather small areas are also under steppes, dwarf semi-shrub bunch-grass instance, the effect of the Greater the psammophytic steppes. They are desert mountain ones. The higher Khingan Mts. is observed on the sub­ concentrated around sand massifs (upper) mountain steppes are specific mountain plains, which are spaced at especially at the west of Big Lake for their floristic and phytocoenotic 100-150 km westward from it. Some Pan, . where primitive plant aggrega­ Courtesy composition, so they have not any subzonal types of steppe, namely dry tions of psammophilous grasses, forbs analogues among the plain types. bunch-grass, forb-bunch-grass and and dwarf semi-shrubs mainly Artemi­ Taking into account the orogra­ meadow ones successively replace one sia grow. The communities of hemi­ phic position of steppe communities, another in meridional direction from petrophytic and petrophytic steppes Editors the' mountains' types of steppes and west to east with increasing the alti­ are on the rocks with different litho­ of the lower mountain ones can be dis­ tude from 600 up to 900 m above sea logy. There is a great diversity of tinguished in addition to the higher level. The soil scientists (LlVEROVSKII, these communities. mountains ones. Depending on zonal KORNBLJUM, 1960), who have noticed position of mountain's feet these oro­ such regularities for the first time, explained them by indirect influence

Courtesy graphic types are represented by the different ecological types. For exam­ of mountains and have named them MAIN ZONAL AND ple, in the eastern and south-eastern ''the submountain-humid zonality". ALTITUDINAL TYPES OF part of the Khentei Mts. in the moun­ In the Khangai Mts. the altitudinal STEPPES

Editors tains and in the lower mountains the vegetation changes have even more

of meadow and bunch-grass rich in herbs complicated manifestation (KARAMY­ The list of the main zonal and steppes are usual while in Mongolian SHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1977). The replacing altitudinal types of steppes is maked Altai on the same height the dry of the zonal types on the intermoun­ up on the basis of the legend to the bunch-grass steppes and desertified tain plains situated on different alti­ vegetation map of MPR (KARAMYSHE­ ones predominate. tudes and the replacing of the altitudi­ VA, DASHNJAM, 1990). The information

Courtesy It is difficult to distinguish the nal steppes types on the slopes of the by E. I. RACHKOVSKAJA and E. A. VOL­ formations, which are unique only to separate mountain massifs go together. KOVA is used for the territories of the the certain altitudinal belts or sub­ The climate inversions, appearing Gobi Altai, the central and eastern belts. Mention may be made of the in the pans are also of great influence parts of Mongolian Altai Mts. and the Editors syntaxa within the formation that is on the regularities of steppe vegeta­ desert steppes. of classes or groups of associations, tion. They lead to the penetration of The Latin names of plant com­ which are connected with some sub­ more xerophytic communities to the munities are composed in the follow­ belt. These syntaxa are always charac­ north. However, the bottoms in more ing order: Latin names of the domi­ terised by the presence of so called closed and high elevated pans situated nants and codominants are transfed in "differential" species, which have the in mountains are partly covered with the first place. They are united by Courtesy sufficiently narrow ecological ampli­ higher mountain cryophytic steppes, symbol "_". Further the groups of the tude and do not come out of the cer­ which are lower here than usually. so called "differential" species with tain sub-belts (KARAMYSHEVA, 1981; Such phenomena are peculiar, for the special ecology and (or) geography

Editors KARAMYSHEVA, VOLKOVA, RACHKOVSKAJA, instance, tp ,the intermountain valleys are adduced. et al., 1987). Widely distributed in of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

88· .,. ,.. )00 104 0 IDeo 1120 l1eo 12()O Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

Editors Editors I.. • of Courtesy Courtesy It \ \

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Fig. 12. I. Dislribution of the cryoxeropbytic forb-hunch-grass and cushion [orb-hunch-grass higher mountain steppes: I. Darkhan Hollow and Central Khangaian;

2. Khangaian. Mongol Altaiall and Gobi Altaian; 3. Central Mongol Altaian; 4. Mongol Altaian and Gobi Altaian; 11. Distribution of the [orb-grass. grass-forb and [orb-sedge meadow Editors Editors steppes: 5. West Khaogaian and North-Eastern Mongol Altaian; 6. Khangaian; 7. East Khentcian; 8. Cis-Kh.inganian. of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vo!. 17, 1995 21 Editors of I. CRYOXEROPHYTIC FORB­ tropis nitens) and grasses (Helic­ (Potentilla sericea, Oxytropis nitens, BUNCH-GRASS AND CUSHION totrichon schellianum, Festuca si­ O. filiformis, on the east- Stellera FORB-BUNCH-GRASS STEPPES birica, F. kryloviana). chamaejasme). (fig. 12, 1)4 14. Poa attenuata or mixed bunch­ Courtesy MOUNT AIN AND LOWMOUNT AIN grass Poa attenuata-Festuca le­ HIGHER MOUNTAIN 7. Filifolium sibiricum communities, nensis-F. sibirica-Helictotrichon 1. Festuca lenensis-Kobresia filifolia Carex pediformis communities, schellianum communities with Ca­ Editors communities with cryophilous gras­ Stipa baicalensis communities rich rex pediformis, rich in forbs (Sca­ ses (Festuca kryloviana, Helictotri­ biosa comosa, Gypsophila dahurica, of in xeromesophilous forbs (Polygo­ ch on mongolicum), forbs (Potentilla num divaricatum, Stellera chamae­ Polygonum angustifolium, on the nivea, Saussurea schanginiana, jasme, Iris dichotoma, Hemerocallis east - Filifolium sibiricum). Thalictrum alpinum, Leontopodium minor, Scutellaria baicalensis, Sa­ ochroleucum, Saxifraga sibirica) poshnikovia divaricata, Clematis SUB MOUNTAIN, COLLINE AND Courtesy and sedge (Carex rupestris). hexapetala) and shrubs (Armeniaca LOWLAND 2. Festuca lenensis or mixed bunch­ sibirica). 15. Filifolium sibiricum or Filifolium grass Festuca lenensis-F. krylovi­ sibiricum-mixed bunch-grass Stipa ana-Poa attenuata communities Editors baicalensis-Koeleria mukdenen­ with Kobresia myosuroides and SUB MOUNTAIN of 8. Helictotrichon schellianum-Stipa sis-Cleistogenes kitagawae com­ cryophilous forbs (Oxytropis oligan­ munities rich in mesoxerophilous tha, O. chionophyla. Saussurea leu­ baicalensis- S. sibirica and Fillfo­ lium sibiricum communities· rich in and xeromesophylous forbs (Poly­ cophylla. S. saichanensis, Potentilla gonum divaricatum, Lespedeza da­ nivea). xeromesophilous forbs (Sanguisor­ ba ojjicinalis, Adenophora stenan­ hurica, Hemerocallis minor, Cle­ 3.Courtesy Festuca lenensis or mixed bunch­ thina, Chrysanthemum chalchingo­ matis hexapetala, Iris dichotoma) grass Festuca lenensis-Poa atte­ licum, Polygonum valerii, Euphor­ and shrub (Armeniaca sibirica): nuata-Agropyron cristatum com­ bia pallasii, Paeonia lactijZora) and a. psammophytic forb (Euphorbia munities with cushion (SteUaria shrubs (Armeniaca sibirica). mandshurica, E. pallasii, Pimpinella Editors pulvinata) and cryophilous forbs thellungiana) communities alternat­ of (Draba pygmaea, Potentilla nivea). ing with shrub (Armeniaca sibirica, Ill. FORB-BUNCH-GRASS 4. Festuca lenensis-Agropyron crista­ Ulmus japonica, Salix gordejevii, AND CAESPITOSE FORB turn communities with Kobresia S. microstachya) communities; Ar­ STEPPES (fig. 13) humilis, Artemisia argyrophylla, temisia halodendron communities

Courtesy cryophilous sedges (Carex rupestris, and psarnmophilous forb (Oxytropis C. pseudofoetida) and forbs (Oxy­ MOUNTAIN gracillima, Vincetoxicum sibiricum, tropis chionophyla). 9. Helictotrichon altaicum communi­ Clematis aethusifolia) communities; ties rich in mesoxerophilous forbs b. petrophytic Festuca lenensis Editors (Scabiosa ochroleuca, Phlomis tube­ 11. FORB-GRASS, GRASS-FORB communities and Stipa baicalensis­ of rosa, Schizonepeta multifida, Co­ AND FORB-SEDGE MEADOW S. sibirica communities with meso­ luria geoides, Onosma transrhym­ STEPPES (fig. 12, II) xerophilous and petrophilous forbs nense) and shrubs (Spiraea hyperici­ (Cerastium arvense, Clausia aprica, folia) . MOUNTAIN Artemisia latifolia, Filifolium si­ 10. Mixed bunch-grass Festuca lenen­ biricum). 5.Courtesy Helictotrichon altaicum-Carex sis-Poa attenuata-Koeleria mac­ pediformis communities rich in 16. Stipa krylovii-S. baicalensis com­ rantha-Agropyron cristatum xeromesophylous forbs (Trifolium munities and Stipa krylovii­ communities with Artemisia mono­ lupinaster, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Leymus chinensis communities

Editors stachya, mesoxerophilous and petro­ Coluria geoides) and shrubs (Spi­ with mesoxerophilous forbs (Bup­ philous forbs (Silene repens, Clausia of raea hypericifolia, Dasiphora fruti­ leurum scorzonerifolium, Galium aprica, Arenaria capillaris, Ambly­ cosa); Festuca valesiaca-Helic­ verum, Astragalus melilotoides, Al­ notus rupestris, Alyssum lenense). totrichon altaicum-Stipa sibirica lium sp.div.). communities rich in petrophilous 11. Mixed bunch-grass Helictotrichon forbs (Sedum hybridum, Gypsophila altaicum-Festuca valesiaca-Stipa

Courtesy IV. BUNCH-GRASS AND sibirica communities with Artemisia patrinii) and shrubs (Dasiphorafru­ RHIZOMATOUS GRASS DRY dolosa, mesoxerophilous and petro­ ticosa, Spiraea hypericifolia); Stipa STEPPES (fig. 14) zalesskii-Carex pediformis com­ philous forbs (Aster alpinus, Coluria geoides).

Editors munities rich in forbs (Coluria geoi­ des, Schizonepeta multifida, Poly­ MOUNTAIN of 12. Koeleria macrantha communities 17. Festuca lenensis -Agropyron cris­ gonum angust(folium, Thalictrum with Artemisia frigida, mesoxero­ petaloideum). tatom communities with xerophi­ philous and petrophilous forbs lous and petrophilous forbs (Krylo­ (Aster alpinus, Oxytropis filiformis). 6. Stipa baicalensis communities rich in via eremophila, Peucedanum hyst­ mesoxerophilous and xeromeso­ 13. Festuca lenensis or mixed bunch­ rix, Dracocephalum origanoides). Courtesy philous [orbs (Scabiosa comosa, grass Festuca lenensis-Poa at­ 18. Agropyron cristatum communities Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Oxy- tenuata-Koeleria macrantha-Ag­ with xerophilous and petrophilous ropyron cristatum communities forbs (Arenaria meyeri, Allium edu­

Editors with Artemisia commutata, meso­ 4 The colour t1gures 12-16 are in the end ardii, Potentilla sericea). xerophilous and petrophilous forbs of paper. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

22 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of LOWMOUNTAIN. SUBMOUNTAIN cus, Sibbaldianthe adpressa) and 30. Stipa klemenzii-S. gobica-Cleis­ AND LOWLAND shrubs (Caragana microphylla, togenes squarrosa-Artemisia fri­ 19. Mixed bunch-grass Stipa krylovU­ C. stenophylla). gida communities. Cleistogenes squarrosa-Koeleria 31. Stipa gobica-S. glareosa-Cleisto­ Courtesy macrantha communities with xero­ genes songorica-Artemisia frigida V. BUNCH-GRASS AND DWARF philous forbs (Sibbaldianthe adpres­ communities with shrubs (Caragana SEMI-SHRUB-BUNCH-GRASS sa. Haplophyllum dauricum. Astra­ leucophloea) : DESERTIFIED STEPPES (fig. 15) Editors galus galactites. Convolvulus am­ a. petrophytic mixed bunch-grass manU) and shrubs (Caragana mi­ of Stipa klemenzii-S. gobica-S. kry­ crophylla. C. stenophylla): MOUNTAIN lovii-Agropyron cristatum com­ a. hemipsammophytic Cleistogenes 23. Agropyron cristatum-Festuca va­ munities; dwarf semi-shrub and squarrosa-Poa botryoides-Ley­ lesiaca communities with Artemisia wormwood (Artemisia rutifolia. mus chinensis communities; Stipa gracilescens and xerophilous forbs A. santolinifolia. Thymus gobicus. Courtesy krylovii-S. grandis communities (Gypsophila dshungarica, etc.) . Dracocephalum foetidum) com­ with shrubs (Caragana micro­ 24. Agropyron nevskii-Stipa glareo­ munities with shrubs (Caragana phyUa) and wormwoods (Artemisia sa-Artemisia frigida or Stipa leucophloea). scoparia, A.frigida); glareosa communities with shrub Editors b. petrophytic Stipa krylovii-Ag­ (Caragana bungei) partly with Eu­ VI. DWARF SEMI-SHRUB-BUNCH­ of ropyron cristatum communities rotia ceratoides. GRASS DESERT STEPPES (fig. 16) partly Festuca lenensis communities 25. Stipa gobica-Agropyron crista­ LOWMOUNT AIN with petrophilous forbs (Arenaria tum-Artemisia frigida communi­ 32. Agropyron nevskii-Stipa glareo­ capillaris. Arctogeron gramineum. ties with petrophilous forbs and sa-Eurotia ceratoides communi­ Courtesy Thymus gobicus, Caryopteris mong­ dwarf semi-shrubs (Arenaria capil­ ties with shrubs (Caragana leuco­ holica) and shrubs (Caragana mi­ laris, Saussurea pricei, Ajania fru­ phloea). crophylla. C. pygmaea). ticulosa). 33. Stipa glareosa-Eurotia ceratoides 20. Mixed bunch-grass Stipa capillata­ Editors communities with Ajania achilleoi­ Festuca valesiaca commumtIes

of des and A.fruticlIlosa. partly in complex with Artemisia SUB MOUNTAIN, COLLINE, LOWLAND schrenkiana, Potentilla acaulis AND HOLLOW communities: 26. Stipa glareosa-S. sareptana-Cleis­ SUBMOUNTAIN, COl I 1Nl'. LOWLAND togenes squarrosa-Nanophyton AND HCl! I ClW a. petrophytic Stipa kirghisorum­ erinaceum communities . partly in Courtesy S.orientalis-Psathyrostachys jun­ 34.Stipa glareosa-Artemisia graci­ complex with Artemisia schren­ cea communities with petrophilous lescens communities in complex kiana communities. forbs (Melandrium viscosum, Alys­ with Stipa glareosa-Nanophyton sum lenense) and shrubs (Spiraea 27. Stipa glareosa-S. krylovii-Agro­ erinaceum communities. Editors hypericifolia). pyron cristatum communities with 35. Stipa glareosa-Anabasis brevifolia of Asterothamnus heteropappoides 21. Mixed bunch-grass Stipa krylovii­ communities: partly with Eurotia ceratoides: Koeleria macrantha-Poa botryoi­ a. hemipsammophytic Stipa gla­ des communities with wormwoods a. hemipsammophytic Cleistogenes reosa-Artemisia xerophytica­ (Artemisia frigida, A. changaica), squarrosa-Stipa glareosa commu­ A. xanthochroa-Eurotia ceratoi­

Courtesy xerophilous forbs ( Cymbaria da­ nities with hemipsammophilous des communities with Asterotham­ hurica, fotentilla acaulis) and forbs (Serratula centauroides, As­ nus heteropappoides and shrubs shrubs (Caragana bungei): tragalus brevifolius. Ephedra sinica) (Caragana bungei): and shrubs (Caragana bungei); a. hemipsammophytic and psam­ b. psammophytic Psammochloa Editors mophytic Cleistogenes squarrosa­ b. psammophytic [orb (Vicia co­ villosa communities; Leymus ra­ of Stipa krylovii communities with stata, Hedysarum fruticosum, Iris cemosus communities; Cleistogenes psammophilous forbs (Vincetoxicum tenuifolia, Allium mongolicum) com­ squarrosa communities with sibiricum. Iris tenuifolia) and shrubs munities; wormwood (Artemisia 'psammophilous wormwoods (Arte­ (Caragana bungei); klementzae) communities; bunch­ misia sphaerocephala, A. xantho­ grass Stipa glareosa-Cleistogenes chroa), [orbs (Echinops gmelinii, Courtesy b. petrophytic Festuca valesiaca squarrosa communities with Cara­ communities; F. tschujensis com­ Chamaerhodos sabulosa), dwarf gana bungei; munities; Agropyron nevskii com­ semi-shrubs (Hedysarum frutico­ munities with wormwoods (Arte­ c. petrophytic mixed bunch-grass sum) and shrubs (Caragana bun­ Editors misia obtusiloba, A. dolosa), petro­ Stipa glareosa-S. sibirica-S. kryl­ gei); of philous forbs (Armaria capillaris. ovii-Agropyron nevskii communi­ c. petrophytic Stipa glareosa­ Saussurea pricei. Allium eduardii) ties with wormwoods (Artemisia Anabasis brevifolia-Chenopo­ and shrubs (Caragana bungei, Ber­ rutifolia, A. santolinifolia), petro­ dium frutescens communities; Ag­ beris sibirica). philous forbs (Allium eduardii, Lo­ ropyron nevskii-Eurotia ceratoi­ phanthus chinensis) and shrubs (Ca­ des communities with petrophilous

Courtesy 22. Mixed grass Stipa krylovii-Ley­ mus chinensis-Koeleria macran­ ragana bungei. Berberis sibirica, [orbs (Lagochilus ilicifolius, Zygo­ tha-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Poa Amygdalus pedunculata). phyllum pterocarpum) and shrubs botryoides communities with xero­ 29. Stipa krylovii-S. klemenzii-Cleis­ (Caragana bungei. C. leucophloea,

Editors philous forbs (Heteropappus altai- togenes squarrosa communities Amygdalus pedunculata). of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 23 Editors of 36. Stipa glareosa-Stipa gobica- KOVA, 1994) and Gobi Altai (VOLKOVA, Festuca lenensis-Agropyron cris­ Anabasis brevifolia communities 1994) and also on the massifs of tatum communities with Artemisia ar­ partly with Allium polyrrhizum: Southern Khangai (KARAMYSHEVA, BAN­ gyrophylla, Oxytropis chionophyla, a. hemipsammophytic Stipa go­ ZRAGCH, 1976b, 1977). In intermountain Carex rupestris, C. pseudofoetida or Courtesy bica-S. glareosa-Artemisia xero­ pans for instance, in the Darkhan one Kobresia humilis are rather broadly phytica communities; the cryoxerophytic steppes grow on presented in the granit massifs in Mon­ the lower hypsometric level (2200- golian Altai (fig. 12: 4). b. petrophytic Stipa gobica-S. gla­ 2550 m). They are related with moun­ Editors reosa-Anabasis brevifolia com­ tain steppe rough-humus soils. of munities with Ajaniafruticulosa and The higher mountain Festuca le­ n. FORBS-GRASS, GRASS-FORB AND Zygophyllum pterocarpum. nensis - Kobresiafilifolia steppes in the FORB-SEDGE MEADOW STEPPES 37. Stipa gobica-S. glareosa-Ajania Darkhan hollow and on the intermoun­ (fig. 12: 5-8) fruticulosa communities; tain plains on the northern macroslope of the Khangai Mts. (fig. 12: 1) are The ultracontinental climatc and Courtesy a. petrophytic Stipa gobica-S. gla­ characterised by poorness of the cryo­ reosa-Ajania fruticulosa-A. achil­ comparatively short period of active xerophilous and xcrophilous forbs, but leoides communities with petro­ growth do not favour to the broad distri­ always rich in Kobresia filifolia and philous forbs (Lagochilus ilicifo­ bution of meadow steppes in East Sibe­

Editors K. myosuroides (Table 11: 1). In such lius, Scorzonera capito). ria-Central Asian sector. They occur communities the cryogenic forms of mainly in the cast and the west of Mon­ of 38. Stipa gobica-Stipa glareosa-Sal­ micro- and nanorelief are well de­ golia: in Western Khangai and on the sola passerina communities; fined. north-eastern macroslope of Mongolian a. hemipsammophytic and psam­ In Khangai, in Mongolian and Altai. In the south-western part of Mon­ mophytic Stipa gobica-Stipa gla­ Gobi Altai the higher mountain golian Altai they distribute in the Yelt­

Courtesy reosa-Caragana korshinskii com­ steppes arc distributed at 2500-3200 Gol and Songint-Gol rivenes, situated in munities; Psammochloa villosa m above sea 1. (fig. 12: 2). They repre­ the Black Irtysh basin. They are also communities. sent by the communities of Poa at­ found in the south-eastern and (Mlern tenuata, Festuca lenensis, F. kryloviana Khentei Mts. especially on the Eren­

Editors formations, but more often by the Daba Range and in the western sub­ of mixed bunch-grass communities. Such mountain of the Greater Khingan MtI. 1. CRYOXEROPHYTIC FORB-B UNCH· cryophilous species and cryoxero­ The meadow steppe are not rare in Cen­ GRASS AND CUSHION FORB­ philous ones as Oxytropis oligantha, tral Khangai, where they grow more BUNCH·GRASS HIGHER MOUNTAIN O. chionophyla, Arenaria capillaris, often on thc inner warmest southern STEPPES (fig. 12: 1--4) Smelovskia alba, Potentilla nivea, Saus­ slopes and sometimes on the northern Courtesy surea saichanensis, S. schanginiana, slopes. These steppes are the peculiar com­ S. leucophylla, Trifolium alpinum, Meadow steppes arc the least xero­ munities dominated by higher moun­ T. eximium, Clausia aprica, etc. arc phytic amongst the all zonal and altitu­ tain and mountain steppe grasses. especially typical for these steppes dinal steppe types. They arc character­ Editors Some species of cryoxerophilous forbs (Table 11: 2, 3). ised by the euryxerophilous, mesoxero­ of and dwarf semi-shrubs, that often have The higher mountain steppes of philous, xeromesophilous, and meso­ the form of dense low cushion are Mongolian Altai are characterised by philous species of grasses, sedges and typical of such communities. abundance of Artemisia argyrophylla. forbs. They have the richest f10ristical B. B. POL YNOV and 1. M. KRASHENIN­ Cushion forb-bunch-grass steppes arc composition. Species diversity is the NIKOV (1926) were the first scientists, typical for the Mongolian Altai also maximum among the steppes (up to 70 Courtesy who briefly described the "alpine" (fig. 12: 3). Stellaria pulvinata (Gobi and more species on 1 arc). The grass steppes in the Mongolian mountains. endemic, GRUBOV, 1972), that cushions canopy of the meadow steppes is the A. A. YUNATOV although had used this are often 17-20 and over srn. prevail thickest (up to 50-60 and upward) and

Editors term for such communities neverthe­ in these communities (Table II: 4) .. The the foliage cover is very dense (with less made a reservation, that the Mon­ arcto-alpine species Carex rupestris or of moss cover 95 % and upward). golian "droughty climate makes the Carex macrogyna also could be met in The meadow steppes belong to full expression of alpine and subalpine the higher mountain steppes. Physiog­ the following formations: Stipa bai­ vegetation there impossible" and nomic ally such steppes are similar to calensis. S. zalesskii, Festuca krylovia­ therefore "the above mentioned anal­ the higher mountain steppes of the na. F. lenensis, Helictotrichon altai­

Courtesy ogy may be assumed to a certain Pamirs and Tian Shan. Cushion forb­ cum, H. schellianum. Carex pediformis, degree" (YUNATOV, 1950:76). B. A. YUR­ bunch-grass steppes are related with Filifolium sibiricum and mixed forb­ TSEV (1974, 1978, 1981, etc.) has in­ the highest parts of central massifs of grass and grass-forb communities. They vestigated in detail the cryoxerophytic Mongolian Altai, but they arc also are represented both by the plain types Editors tundra-steppe communities in boreal distributed in the isolated range and the mountain ones and arc related of and tundra regions of north-eastern Dzhargalant-Ula on 2650 m ab. s. 1. with meadow chernozem and cher­ Asia and has given the proofs of inti­ and higher (KARAMYSHEVA, BUJAN­ nozem soils. mate connections between these com­ ORSHYKH, BEKET et aI., 1984). Higher West Khangaian and North Eastern munities and the Mongolian higher mountain steppes are usually com­ Mongolian Altai meadow steppes mountain steppes. bined with Kobresia myosuroides or (fig. 12: 5) are described in some detail Courtesy The large areas of these steppes K. smirnovii communities (the latter in the Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Range are distributed on thc highest ranges only in Mongolian Altai), with Carex (KARAMYSHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1976b), in of Mongolian Altai (KARAMYSHEVA, stenocarpa, C. melanocarpa and shrub the Tsagan-Shibetu, Turgen and 1982, 1986, 1988; KARAMYSHEVA, VOL­ thickets (Dasiphora fruticosa, Salix

Editors Kharkhira massifs (Mongolian Altai). KOVA, RACHKOVSKAYA et al., 1987; VOL- glauca, Lonicera altaica, etc.). Meadow steppes in Khan-Khukhiin-Ula of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

24 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of are represented mainly by the commu­ plants (Rumex acetosella, etc.). calensis, S. sibirica, Carex pediformis, nities of three formations - Helictot­ For the Central- and Eastern Khan­ Adenophora stenanthina, Filifolium richon altaicum, Festuca kryloviana and gaian meadow steppes the communities sibiricum, Sanguisorba ojJicinalis, Po­ Carex pediformis, which both are rich in of Stipa baicalensis formation (Table lygonum valerii, P. divaricatum) with Courtesy forbs (Table III: 1-3,5,7). They are IV: 1-4), Festuca lenensis (Table Ill: abundance of Manchzhurian elements found at 1450--1550 m. The meso­ 8, 9), Festuca kryloviana (Table Ill: 4), prevail there. The Manchzurian species philous meadow species (Sanguisorba F. sibirica, Carex pediformis ones are are Euphorbia pallasii, Iris dichotoma, ojJicinalis), xeromesophilous meadow­ the most typical. The detail description Paeonia factijlora, Chrysanthemum Editors steppe species and steppe (Trifolium of the East Khangaian steppe was made chalchingolicum, etc. They are com­ of lupinaster, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Po­ by I. A. BANNIKOVA (LAVRENKO, BANNI­ bined with Armeniaca sibirica thickets. lygala hybrida, Polygonum alpinum, KOVA, 1983, 1986). These steppes as The steppes with similar composition Schizonepeta multifida, etc.) ones pre­ well as West Khangaian and North occur on the submountain of Eastern vail in these communities; there are Eastern Mongolian Altaian ones are Khentei (Table IV: 6-8).

Courtesy many petrophilous species (Veronica very rich in their floristic composition. incana, Orostachys spinosa, Sedum In addition to the bunch grasses men­ hybridum, Cerastium arvense, Gypso­ tioned above there are also loose-bunch Ill. FORB-BUNCH-GRASS AND phila patrinii, etc.) among them. These grasses (Helictotrichon sche!lianum, CAESPITOSE FORB STEPPES

Editors steppes are distinguished by the presen­ Koeleria macrantha, Leymus gmelinii, (fig. 13 )

of ce and often prevalence of Coluria geoi­ etc.) and rhizomatous grasses (Bromus des (East Kazakhstan-South Siberia­ inermis, etc.). The xeromesophilous These steppes belong to the typical West Mongolian sp.) among the forbs. forbs that is the tap root plants (Bu­ or true steppes. They are distinguished Besides Khan-Khukhiin-Ula this spe­ pleurum scorzonerifolium, Leuzea uni­ by dominance of the grasses more xero­ cies grows in the north-eastern part of flora, Scabiosa comosa, Polygonum philous (euxerophilous and mesoxero­

Courtesy Mongolian Altai and penetrates east­ angustifolium, Oxytropis myriophy!la, philous) and by lower abundance of ward up to the western part of the Tar­ etc.) and rhizomatous ones (Galium forbs, which are of a more xerophilous bagatai Range. The considerable role verum, Scutellaria scordiifolia, etc.) are character then those in the meadow among the grasses belongs to the loose also typical. The annual forbs: Gentiana steppes. The species diversity becomes Editors tuft plant Helictotrichon schellianum acuta (G. amarella), Halenia cornicu­ poor: the amounts of plants on 1 are of and Hierochloe odorata, as well as to lata, etc. are particularly abundant. does not exceed 40--50; the total pro­ Carex pediformis, which sometimes Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Oxytropis jective cover degree (foliage cover) is predominates in the grass stand. nitens often predominate over the forbs. 50-60%. These steppes are related with On the southern slopes of Khan­ The petrophytic types of Khangaian southern type of chernozems and with Khukhiin-Ula the petrophytic meadow steppes are characterised by prevalence the dark chestnut soils. Courtesy steppes are distributed. In addition to the of Festuca lenensis (Table Ill: 8, 9). Forbs-bunch-grass steppes are usual meadow steppe grasses (Helic­ The meadow steppes in Eastern broadly distributed in the Central Asian totrichon altaicum, F estuca valesiaca Khentei represent mainly the communi­ subregion. They occur in the mountain

Editors etc.) the petrophilous grasses (Leymus ties of Festuca lenensis formation, massifs of Mongolian Altai, in Khangai, gmelinii) and numerous petrophilous Helictotrichon schellianum, Carex in the plains of Eastern Mongolia and in of forbs (Silene repens, Dianthus versi­ pediformis (Table Ill: 10), Stipa bai­ the submountain parts of Greater Khin­ color, Sedum hybridum, Orostachys calensis and especially Filifolium si­ gan. In the mountains they constitute the spinosa, etc.) are widely spread there. biricum ones (Table IV: 5-8). The well-pronounced sub-belt in the steppe As a rule these steppes are combined steppes with similar composition occur altitudinal belt. Forbs-bunch-grass step­

Courtesy with shrub thickets (Dasiphora fruti­ also in western submountains of the pes belong to the following formations: cosa, Cotoneaster melanocarpa, Lo­ Greater Khingan Mts. and in the low Helictotrichon altaicum, Festuca lenen­ nicera microphylla, Berberis sibirica) mountains of Eastern Mongolia. San­ sis, Koeleria macrantha, Poa attenuata, and petrophytic communities with Ley­ guisorba ojJicinalis, Trifolium lupinas­ Filifolium sibiricum, Stipa krylovii. The Editors mus gmelinii, L. sibiricus and other ter, Valeriana ojJicinalis, and other mountain types are usually represented of grasses. species which are widely distributed in by the mixed bunch-grass communities. The meadow Stipa zalesskii steppes, meadow steppe of Western Siberia, play East Kazakhstan-West Mongolian which are very rare in Mongolia, are a considerable phytocoenotic role in the forb-bunch-grass steppes (fig. 13: 9), as found in Khan-Khukhiin-Ula (BANZ­ vegetation composition. But such Da­ well as the meadow ones of the corre­ RAGCH, KARAMYSHEVA, MUNKH-BNAR, et huria-Mongolian, Siberia-Mongolian, sponding geographical type, contain Courtesy al., 1975) (Table Ill: 6). The large East Siberia-Far Eastern species as many species, which basic areas stretch bunch-grasses (Stipa zalesskii, S. capi­ Hemerocallis minor, Clematis hexape­ in the more western territories of the !lata, Festuca valesiaca, Helictotrichon tala, Thalictrum squarrosum, T. peta­ Eurasian Steppe Region. Some of them, altaicum) combine with the rhizomatous loideum, Lilium pumilum, Bupleurum for example Helictotrichon altaicum Editors and loose tuft ones (Helictotrichon scorzonerifolium, Polygonum angusti­ (North Tian-Shan-East Kazakhstan­ of schellianum, Phleum phleoides, Hiero­ folium, Stellera chamaejasme, Lespe­ AItaian sp.), Festuca valesiaca (West chloe odorata). The forbs are numerous deza dahurica, L. hedysaroides, etc. Palaearctic sp.), Stipa capillata (West­ (more than 40 species on 1 are) and prevail. The shrubs Dasiphora fruti­ Palaearctic sp.) are among the domi­ ecologically diverse. Xeromesophilous cosa, Armeniaca sibirica, Spiraea nants. These steppes are located in the meadow steppe species and steppe ones aquilegifolia, etc. are also typical. Courtesy West Mongolian mountains, namely, in (Trifolium lupinaster, Scabiosa ochro­ On the foothills of Greater Khingan the Tsagan-Shibetu, Turgen massifs leuca, Thalictrum petaloideum, Senecio (fig. 12: 8) besides of Filifolium si­ (Mongolian Altai) and western Khangai campester, Polygala hybrida, Poly­ biricum meadow steppes (Table IV: 7), (the Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Range). In

Editors gonum angustifolium, etc.) prevail. the forb-grass and grass-forb steppes these montains they are located at 1350-

of There is a small amount of mesophilous (Helictotrichon schellianum, Stipa bai- 1500 m on the northern slope and at the Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETlA, vol. 17, 1995 25 Editors of 2100-2500 m on the southern one constituted mainly by Poa attenuata abundant among the forhs (Table VIII: (Table V:1). (Table VI: 6), but there are also such 1, 2, 4-7). In Mongolian Altai (fig. 13: 10) spccies, as Koeleria macrantha, F es­ there is a special sub-belt (2500-2700 m tuca lenensis, F. sibirica, Helictotri­ IV. BUNCH-GRASS AND ab.Courtesy s.l.) with the forb-bunch-grass chon schellianum, Carex ped{formis, RHIZOMATOUS GRASS DRY steppes. The communities of Festuca Artemisia frigida, A. commutata. etc. STEPPES (fig. 14) lenensis formations and Poa attenuata (Table V: 3; Table VI: 7). Among forbs one prevail but mainly mixed bunch­ Scabiosa comosa. Aster alpinus. Arcto­ The dry steppes are distinguished grassEditors Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata­ geron gramineum. Polygonum angusti- by the domination of xerophilous spe­ Koeleriaof macrantha-Agropyron crista­ . folium, Medicago ruthenica, Thalictrum cies of bunch grasses and sedges. A low tum communities predominant. The petaloideum. Rheum undulatum. Are­ abundance of forbs which are of a more mesopetrophilous and xerophilous forbs naria capillaris, Bupleurum scorzoneri­ xerophytic character, then those in the and dwarf semi-shrubs (Arenaria capil­ folium. Gypsophila dahurica. at east - communities of the forb-bunch-grass laris, Krylovia eremophila, Orostachys Filifolium sibiricum, etc. prevail. steppes is common to these communi­ Courtesy spinosa, Potentilla sericea, Clausia The vegetation oflow mountains in ties. There is a slight amount of steppe aprica, Astragalus brevifolius, Saus­ Middle Khalkha is characterised by dwarf semi-shrubs (Artemisia frigida, surea pricei, Silene repens, Leontopo­ dominance of Festuca lenensis com­ A. adamsii; the latter predominantly

diumEditors ochroleucum, Veronica pinnata, munities (Table VII: 1--6) and Stipa on the plot with burrowing activity of Amblynotus rupestris, Smelovskia alba, baicalensis communities with iorbs and the soil-inhabiting rodents). Summer­ of etc.) are abundant in these communities shrubs (Table VIII: 1, 2, 4). autumn annuals and biennials (Cheno­ (Table VI: 1). Artemisia monostachya is In East Mongolia (south-eastern podium strictum. Dontostemon integri­ also typicaL submountain of Khentei and western folius, Chamaerhodos erecta. Artemisia Forb-bunch-grass steppes in the submountain of Greater Khingan) the palustris. A. scoparia) are ahundant in

WesternCourtesy and Central Khangai (fig. 13: steppes of the Dahuria-Mongolian and these steppes especially during moist 11-13) occur at 1500-1700 m ab.s.l. East Mongolian geographical types are years. The shrubs (Caragana micro­ Typical Khangaian steppes (fig. 13: 13; distributed (fig. 13: J 5, 16). The com­ phylla, C. pygmaea, C. bungei, etc.) are Table VI: 2, 3) are physiognomically munities of Filifolium sibiricum forma­ usual. similarEditors to the Mongolian Altai ones, but tion (Table V: 4-6) and also communi­ Dry steppes are charackrised by theyof differ in the forbs composition. ties of Stipa baicalensis formation considerably poor floristic composition. Oxytropis nitens, O. filiformis, Scabiosa (Table VIII: 3) are typical for this terri­ the species diversity does not exceed comosa, Arctogeron gramineum, Bu­ tory. Dahuria-Mongolian and Manchz­ 30-40 on 1 are; the total cover dcgree is pleurum scorzoner{folium, Artemisia hurian species such as Polygonum di­ almost 35-400/0. The communities of the dolosa, Peucedanum histrix, Stellera varicatum, Iris dichotoma, Hemerocal­ dry steppe are related with dark chestnut Courtesy chamaejasme, etc. are abundant. The lis minor, Clematis hexapetala, Scutel­ soils and chestnut ones. latter species is in the Eastern Khangaian laria baicalensis, Saposhnikovia diva ri­ Mongolian dry steppes represent steppes only. The communities of Fes­ cata, Lespedeza dahurica, Stellera cha­ chiefly by the communities of the follo­ ruca lenensis with Artemisia frigida, maejasme predominate among the forbs. wing formations: Stipa krylovii. S. ca­ Editors Thymus gobicus, Arctogeron grami­ The vegetation of sandy massifs in pillata (the latter only in the west), Ag­ of neum, Androsace villosa, Arenaria the western sub mountain of Greater ropyron cristafum, Cleistogenes squar­ capillaris, Chamaerhodos altaica, Pul­ Khingan (fig. 13: I5a) is very interest­ rosa, Leymus chinensis, Festuca (enen­ satilla turczaninovii and other petro­ ing. The psammophilous forb (Euphor­ sis. The latter is specific to the mountain philous species occur on the gravelly bia mandshurica, E. pallasii. Pimpinella steppes of Mongolian anu (j'lhi Altai deposits on the southcrn slopes (Table thellungiana, etc.) communities are and to the higher hills (sopki) \ll' Middle Courtesy VI: 4).1. A. BANNIKOVA (LAVRENKO, BAN­ combined with the shrub thickets (Arme­ Khalkha. The distribution ranges of NIKOVA, 1983, 1986) has described these niaca sibirica, Ulmus japonica, Salix dominants and typical species of Mon­ Eastern Khangaian communities in gordejevii, S. microstachya) and even golian dry steppe, as a rule. do not cross

Editors details. with open woodlands (Pinus sylvestris). at the west the boundary of the Dahuria­ In Western Khangai (fig. 13: 12) the The Festuca dahurica communities are of Mongolian subregion of the Eurasian Koeleria macrantha steppes with Arte­ distributed on thc Cis-Khinganian sand Seppe Region. Stipa krylovii, Agropy­ misia frigida, Aster alpinus, Oxytropis plains (Table V: 7). ron cristatum (East Siberia-Mongolian filiformis and other mesoxerophilous On the low hills near Greater Khin­ sp.), Stipa grandis. Caragana steno­ and petrophilous species are distributed gan the petrophytic Festuca lenensis, phylla (Upper Yenisei-Dahuria-Mon­

Courtesy (Table VI: 5). Stipa baicalensis, S. sibirica communi­ golian sp.), Allium aniso(1odium. A. bi­ Some West Khangaian steppes ties are combined with Armeniaca si­ dentatum, A tenuissimum. Caragana (fig. 13: J J; Table V: 2) are notable for birica thickets. These steppes are microphylla, C. pygmaea (Dahuria­ their floristic composition as they are characterised by the abundance of Tha­ Mongolian sp.) prevail in the steppe Editors "transitional" between East Kazakh­ lictrum petaloideum, Filifolium si­ communities. The numbers of species of stan-West Mongolian and the proper biricum, Cerastium arvense, Clausia common with Black Sea-Kazakhstanian Khangaian ones. A number of "western" aprica and many other petrophilous steppes are not numerous. Clristogenes species plays the considerable phyto­ plants (fig. 13: I5b). squarrosa (the Eurasian steppe sp.) is to coenotic role in these steppes. In East Mongolian steppes (fig. 13: be mention amongst them. It illustrates In South-Western Khentei (fig. 13: 16) Stipa krylovii, S. grandis, S. bai­ the considerable floristic speciality of Courtesy 14) bunch-grass steppes rich in forbs calensis. Leymus chinensis are as domi­ the Mongolian dry steppes. make a special sub-belt on the northern nants and co-dominants. Bupleurum The bunch-grass and rhimmatous slopes at 1500--1700 m ab. s. 1. Their scorzonerifolium, Astragalus melilo­ grass dry steppes (subzonc) occupy the floristic composition is diverse (more toides, Galium verum, Allium anisopo­

Editors large areas. They distrihute on the plains than 40 sp. on 1 arc). The grass stand is dium, A. senescens are particularly of the Central and East Mongolia from of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

26 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of the Ongiin-Gol River in the west and up and R. I. NIKULINA (1984). The two taUs steppes with some ''western'' spe­ to the submountain of Greater Khingan volume (LAVRENKO, 1984, 1988) are cies occupy the large areas in the Ubsu­ in the east. In the extreme west this dedicated to the complex biogeocoeno­ Nur Pan and on the foothills of Khan­ stripe is almost absent, while in the east tic analysis of dry steppes. Khukhiin-Ula west slope. These steppes Courtesy becomes broad and stretches in meridi­ Let us briefly characterise the main are distinguished also by the presence of onal direction rather deep through the types of dry steppe. The Khanganian, the Sajan-West Mongolian sp. Cara­ territory of Inner Mongolia (China). Mongol Altaian and Gobi Altaian dry gana bungei, West Palaearctic sp. Spi­ There are dry steppe communities in mountain steppe communities (fig. 14: raea hypericifolia and West Mongolian Editors Mongolian and Gobi Altai also where 17, 18), which are distributed at 2100 endemic Asterothamnus heteropappoi­ of the altitudinal sub-belt of dry steppes is (2300)-2500 m, form a well-pronoun­ des (KARAMYSHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1976b). clearly pronounced. ced sub-belt in the altitudinal steppe The sandy steppes in the Borig-Del­ The floristic composition and the belt. These steppes are distinguished by EIs sand massif (fig. 14: 21a) are also structure of vegetation cover change the dominance of the communities of very specific floristically. The "wes­ considerably from the south to the north Festuca lenensis formation (Table IX: tern" psammophilous species Stipa Courtesy within dry steppe subzone. 1. 2), Agropyron cristatum ones (Table pennata, which is very rare for Mongo­ Stipa krylovii. Poa attenuata, Cleis­ IX: 3). and Stipa krylovii (Table IX: lia, has been found there. In the petro­ togenes squarrosa. Agropyron crista­ 4. 5). The second species constitutes the phytictypes (Fig 14, 21b) the Artemisia

Editors tum, Koeleria macrantha, Leymus chi­ communities that occupy the large areas species (A.obtusiloba, etc.) and some nensis are as the dominants and co­ on the basic ranges of Khangai, Mongo­ species of petrophilous forbs and dwarf of dominants in the northern types of dry lian and Gobi Altai. The presence of semi-shrubs (Arenaria capillaris, Alys­ steppes. There is rather numerous xerophilous and xeropetrophilous spe­ sum lenense. Saussurea pricei) have the amount of Stipa baicalensis and some cies (Krylovia eremophila, Thalictrum significant role. The shrubs (Caragana species (Potentilla tanacetifolia, Astra­ foetidum. Peucedanum hystrix, etc.) is bungei, Spiraea hypericifolia, Berberis

Courtesy galus melilotoides. Bupleurum scorzo­ typical for them. On the gravelly soils sibirica) are of importance. nerifolum, etc.), that are peculiar to the the phytocoenotic role of petrophilous The petrophytic phytocoenoses dis­ more northern forb-bunch-grass com­ dwarf semi-shrubs (Oxytropis tragacan­ tinguish by the dominance of Agropyron munities. Stipa grandis is distributed on thoides, Ptilotrichum canescens, etc.) nevskii (the endemic sp. of Mongolian Editors the sand soil, Cleistogenes squarrosa -­ increases. The petrophytic Festuca Altai and the west part of the Big Lake of on the sandy loam. Leymus chinensis lenensis steppes are rather similar to Pan; Table IX: 2) and Festuca tschujen­ dominates on the slightly saline soil. Agropyron cristatum ones. Stipa kry­ sis (East Altai-Tuva-West Mongolian The typical dry steppes are charac­ lovii communities are distributed as a sp.). terised by the dominance of Stipa kry­ rule in lower mountains. Its areas are not Communities with rhizomatous lovii and Cleistogenes squarrosa so large as Agropyron communities. grass Leymus chinensis and with domi­ Courtesy amongst the bunch grasses. The forbs They belong to the petrophytic types and nance of small bunch-grasses (Cleis­ are represented by the typical xero­ characterised by abundance of xero­ togenes squarrosa, Koeleria macrantha, philous species (Heteropappus altaicus, petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi­ Agropyron cristatum, Stipa krylovii) Cymbaria dahurica. Haplophyllum shrubs (Thalictrum foetidum, Draco­ occupy the large areas on the East Mon­ Editors dauricum. Convolvulus ammanii, As­ cephalum fruticosum, Allium altaicum, golian plains (fig. 14: 22). The similar of tragalus galactites, species of onions­ A. eduardii, etc.) and shrubs (Caragana statement is true for Stipa krylovii and Allium anisopodium. A. bidentatum). bungei, C. pygmaea). Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes (Table In the southern types of dry steppes The mixed small bunch-grass com­ XI: 4). The steppe communities with the floristic composition becomes more munities with the dominance of Stipa dominance of Stipa klemenzii are dis­ krylovii, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Koe­ tributed along southern boundary of the Courtesy poor. Only a few species of forbs (Cym­ baria dahurica. Heteropappus altaicus, leria macrantha, Agropyron cristatum. dry steppe subzone (Table XI: 5-7). etc.) grow there. The most common Leymus chinensis are chiefly typical for species are also Ptilotrichum canescens. Central Mongolia (fig. 14: 19). The

Editors Dontostemon integrifolius and annual xerophyllous perennial forbs (Astra­

of species of wormwoods. Some species, galus halactites, Haplophyllum dauri­ V. BUNCH-GRASS AND DWARF which are typical for more southern cum, Heteropappus altaicus, Sibbal­ SEMI-SHRUB-BUNCH-GRASS desertified steppes, penetrate to the dianthe adpressa, species of Allium) are DESERTIFIED STEPPES (fig. 15) gravelly carbonate soils (Stipa klemen­ characteristic for these communities zii, for example). (Table X: 1-3). On sandy-loam soils The desertified steppes of Mongo­

Courtesy The floristic composition of steppes Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes are lia are the analogues of the desertified changes also from west to east. In the widely distributed (fig. 14: 19a; Table steppes, which are traditionally distin­ east the steppes with co-dominance of X: 9) and on the sandy deposits the Stipa guished in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan rhizomatous species Leymus chinensis grandis, Stipa kry/ovii steppes with Steppe Subregion. They have been Editors are distributed. In the west some West­ xeropsammophilous forbs occur depicted as a specific subzonal type for of Palaearctic species, Black Sea-Kazakh­ (fig. 14: 19a. Table X: 4-8). On the the first time only on the vegetation stanian, Middle Asia-Kazakhstan-West gravelly deposits (fig. 14: 19b) the map in the "National Atlas of Mongo­ Mongolian, Transvolga-Kazakhstan­ petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi­ lia" (LAVRENKO, VOLKOVA, KARAMYSHE­ West Mongolian ones appear as edifi­ shrubs play an important role in the VA, et aI., 1986, 1988; KARAMYSHEVA, cators and dominants. composition of the steppe communities. VOLKOVA, RACHKOVSKAYA et al., 1987; Courtesy There are rather detail description of The dry steppes of western Mongo­ KARAMYSHEVA and DASHNJAM, 1990), plain Mongolian dry steppes in the lia (fig. 14: 20. 21) are very peculiar. although A. A. YUNATOV (YUNATOv, monograph by A. A. YUNATOV (1950), So, Stipa cap illata, Festuca valesiaca 1950; YUNATOV, DASHNIAM, GERBIKH,

Editors B. DASHNJAM (1974) and the articles by steppes (Table XI: 1) and Stipa 1979) described some communities of E. M. LAVRENKO (1978), E. M. LAVRENKO kirghisorum (Table XI:3), Stipa orien- the desertified steppes in the "transi- of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 27 Editors of tional" stripe between dry and desert monophylla, Heteropappus hispidus) On the gravelly deposits the petro­ steppes of Mongolia. and they do not have a prominent role. It phytic forbs, petrophytic semi-shrubs The desertified steppes of Mongolia is typical for dwarf semi-shrubs (Ptilo­ communities are widely spread (fig. 15: are very peculiar. The steppe bunch trichum canescens, etc.) as well. The 28c). Artemisia communities (A. ruti­ grasses,Courtesy forbs and shrubs, for example, Agropyron nevskii steppes are limited to folia, A. santolinifolia), petrophilous Stipa krylovii, Cleistogenes squarrosa, the Western Mongolia namely to Mon­ forbs and shrubs (Amygdalus peduncu· Agropyron cristatum, Artemisia frigida, golian Altai including the Dzhargalant lata, Berberis sibirica, Caragana bun· species of Caragana g. have an im­ Ula Range (KARAMYSHEVA, BUJAN-OR­ gei) grow on granites. portantEditors phytocoenotic role, as well as SHIKH, BEKET et al., 1984). They are Central and Eastern Mongolia­

Northof Gobian feather grass and bunch restricted in the western part of Gobi North-Gobian desertified steppes grass species (Stipa gobica, S. glareosa, Altai (VOLKOVA, 1984, 1994) and in the (fig. 15: 29, 30, 31) are represented by S. klemenzii, Cleistogenes songorica, lowhills of the western part of Big Lake Stipa krylovii-S. klemenzii-Cleistoge­ etc.). The species Artemisia of the Sub­ Pan. They also occur in the Atas-Bogdo­ nes squarrosa and Stipa gobica-S. gla· genus Seriphidium, which are usual for Ula Mts. (BANZRAGCH, VOLKOVA, RACH­ reosa-Cleistogenes songorica commu­ desertifiedCourtesy steppes of the Kazakhstan KOVSKAYA, 1978). These steppes belong nities (Table XII: ]0, 11). The petro­ and Black Sea Subregion, are not typical to the petrophytic type and therefore the phytic forb-bunch-grass steppes with for such ones in Mongolia. Xerophilous petrophilous forbs and semi-shrubs Artemisiafrigida, Stipa klemenzii, S. go· dwarf semi-shrubs are especially repre­ (Saussurea pricei, Allium eduardii, Stel­ bica, S. krylovii, Agropyron cristatum Editors sented in psammophytic and petrophytic laria dichotoma, Goniolimon specio­ are distributed on the gravelly deposits. typeof of desertified steppes, but there are sum) are especially usual. it is typical for Petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi­ no the hyperxerophilous Central Asian shrubs (Caragana bungei, C. pygmaea, shrubs (Thymus gobicus, Dracocepha· dwarf semi-shrubs (as Anabasis brevi· Amygdalus pedunculata) as well (Table lumfoetidum) with participation Artemi· folia, species of Ajania, Salsola, etc.) XII: 3). sia rutifolia and A. santolinifolia are The Gobi Altaian steppes are cha­ spread on granites.

amongstCourtesy them. Only some types of desertified racterised by prominent role of Agropy· steppes, distributed in the west of Mon­ ron cristat~m and Stipa gobica (fig. 15: golia, namely in the Ubsu-Nur Pan, in 25). Artemisia frigida, Ajania fruticu­ VI. DWARF SEMI·SHRUB-BUNCH· theEditors Barun-Khurai Hollow (Dzhungarian losa, Saussurea pricei and other petro­ GRASS AND BUNCH·ONION

Gobi)of are very similar to the North philous plants are especially abundant DESERT STEPPES (fig. 16) Turan-Kazakhstanian ones. They have there (KARAMYSHEVA, VOLKOVA, RACH­ the floristic composition, the constitu­ KOVSKAYA, et al., 1987). The desertified This subzonal type of steppes, tion of communities and the structure of steppes, which are located in the Barun which includes the communities of vegetation cover much like those of Khurai Hollow (fig. 15: 23, 26), as well specific composition and structure, is

NorthCourtesy Turan and Kazakhstan. For exam­ as in the Ubsu-Nur Pan (fig. 15: 26), are distributed in the extreme south of the ple, complexes of steppe bunch-grass peculiar in their floristic composition. Eurasian Steppe Region on the bounda­ communities on the light chestnut soils Some North Turanian species such as ry with Central Asian Desert Region. and dwlar(semi-shrubs communities on· Artemisia gracilescens, A. shrenkiana, These communities located on the terri­ solonetsEditors iri"'Western Mongolia are the Stipa orientalis, Psathyrostachys juncea tories with ultracontinental climate are analoguesof to the same complex of com­ and some Dzhungarian species such as endemic for Central Asia and have no munities in Kazakhstan. The desertified Nanophyton erinaceum have a consi­ analogues in another arid region of steppes in Mongolia as well as in derable role in these communities (Table Palaearctic. The main areas of these Kazakhstan are bound up with light XII: 4-1, 4-]]' 5-7). The complexity· of steppes are related with Mongolia chestnut soils. the vegetation cover is typical for these (YUNATov, 1950, 1974), but they are Courtesy There are some geographical types territories exactly. also typical for China (KHOU, 1979, of desertified steppes to be distinguished The desertified steppes of the Lake 1983) and penetrate to the Chu steppe within Mongolia. Valley west part (fig. 15: 28) are rather (in the territory of Kazakhstan).

Editors The Mongolian Altai submountain diverse by their composition being The dominating synusia of bunch and mountain steppes (fig. 15: 24) are mainly Stipa glareosa steppes (KARA­ grasses is constituted by the endemic of rather broadly distributed at 1700 MYSHEVA, VOLKOVA, RACHKOVSKAYA, et Central Asian feather-grass species (2100)-2250(2350) m ab. s.l. The do­ aI., 1987). There are the different com­ Stipa gobica, S. klemenzii, S. glareosa, minants include the following bunch­ binations of Stipa glareosa, Cleisto­ also Cleistogenes songorica and Gobian grass species: Stipa glareosa, Agropy· genes squarrosa and Agropyron crista· bunch-onion Allium polyrrhizum. The

ronCourtesy cristatum, A. nevskii. In some place, tum communities (fig. 15: 28a; Table hyperxerophilous North Gobian dwarf for example, 'not far from Kobdo Somon XII: 8, 9) on the sand soils around the semi-shrubs - the species of the Genera and in lowhills between Kobdo and Bor-Khara-Els and Mongol EIs sand Anabasis, Salsola, Eurotia (Chenopo· the Ulegei Mts. the desertified steppes massifs. The hemipsamophilous and diaceae), Ajania (Asteraceae), Reau·

withEditors dominance of Stipa gobica occur. psammophilous forbs (Ephedra sinica, muria (Tamaricaceae) and other are the

Theof Stipa glareosa steppes are more Serratula centauroides) and Astero· co-dominants. The synusia of summer­ typical for the Mongolian Altai Mts. and thamnus heteropappoides, as well as autumn annuals is oh served in the desert are distributed over the whole subzone shrubs (Caragana bungei) are plentiful steppes as in the desertified and dry ones of desertified and desert steppes of there. The psammophytic grass, forb especially in the years with moisture Western Mongolia (Table XII: 1,2). The and shrub communities with abundance summer periods. Besides the species groupCourtesy of bunch-grass species includes of Psammochloa villosa, Vicia costata, growing in the dry and desertified steppe also steppe species Stipa krylovii, Agro· Hedysarum fruticosum, Iris tenuifolia, such as Artemisia palustris, Chamaer· pyron cristatum. The quantity of forbs Allium mongolicum, Ephedra sinica, hodos erecta, Chenopodium aristatum, species is inconsiderable (Plantago mi­ etc. and Artemisia klementzae grow in Ch. album, Dontostemon integrifolius, Editors nuta, Panzeria lanata, Gueldenstaedtia sands massifs (fig. 15: 28b). Salsola collina, the annual grasses of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

28 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes o/Mongolia Editors of (Eragrostis minor, Aristida heymannii, brevifolia-Chenopodium fruticosum characterised by the floristic approach etc.) occur in desert steppes. communities (Table XIII: 1-4) and and do not take into account the regu­ The desert steppes are notable for Agropyron nevskii-Eurotia ceratoides larities of the vegetation cover composi­ their poor floristic composition. There communities with petrophilous forbs tion in full measure.

Courtesy are no more than 10--15-20 sp. on 1 are. and semi-shrubs (Lagochilus ilicifolius, The problem of the Eurasian Steppe The total cover degree is insignificant. Ephedra sinica, Zygophyllum pterocar­ Region regionalization has been thor­ In most favourable years it is equal to pum) and communities of Caragana oughly analysed in a great number of 10--15 %, but in dry ones declines to 5- leucophloea are distributed in lowhills publications by E. M. LAVRENKO (1940, Editors 7 %. The height ofthe grass canopy does in the western part of the Lakes Valley 1942.1947 a, 1947b, 1948, 1954. 1956, of not exceed 10--15 cm. The communities (fig. 16: 3Sc). There are the shrub steppe 1968, 1970 a, 1970b, 1980b, etc.). of the desert steppes are related with communities (Amygdalus pedunculata, We have to emphasise once more brown desert steppe soils. Caragana bungei) on granites. Series the great role of A. A. YUNATOV, who had The detail analysis of the Mongo­ of psammophilous grass (Psammo­ definited and interpretated of the lian desert steppes is given in mono­ chloa villosa, Leymus racemosus), extraordinary peculiarities of Mongo­ Courtesy graphs by A. A. YUNATOV (1950, 1974), semi-shrub (Hedysarum fruticosum), lian steppe vegetation and had elabo­ who has distinguished these specific Artemisia (A. xerophytica, A. sphaero­ rated of its place within the general sys­ communities on Mongolian territory and cephala) with Corispermum patelli­ tem of the botanical-geographic division has described them for the first time. We forme, Stipa glareosa, Cleistogenes of the whole Eurasian Steppe Region. Editors agree with YUNATOV'S opinion that squarrosa, and shrub (Caragana bun­ A. A. YUNATOV created his own scheme, of the term "Central Asian" should be gei) communities are wide-spread in the which was worked out in details up to attributed exactly to these steppe types, sand massifs (fig. 16: 3Sa, b). In the the main units (districts) for the whole but neither to the true Mongolian Barun-Khurai Hollow the desert steppes Mongolian territory. dry steppes nor to the meadow and of Dzhungarian type occur (fIg. 16: 34): When A. A. YUNATOV was writing forb-bunch-grass Dahuria-Mongolian complex of Stipa glareosa-Artemisia his candidate thesis "Desert steppes of Courtesy steppes. gracilescens communities with Stipa Northern Gobi in the Mongolian Peo­ The comprehensive investigations glareosa-Nanophyton erinaceum com­ ple's Republic" in 1940 (unfortunately, of the typological diversity and geo­ munities. Eastern Gobi types (fig. 16: this very interesting book has been

Editors graphical distribution of the Gobian 38) are characterised by a significant published only at 1974), he declared

of desert steppes were conducted by role of Salsola passerina, while on against LAVRENKO'S idea to interpretate E.I. RACHKOVSKAYA (EVSTIFEEV, RACH­ sands - by the presence of Caragana the steppe region of Mongolia only as a KOVSKAYA, 197~, 1977; RACHKOVSKAYA, korshinskii (Table XIII: 8). province or group of provinces. 1993) in 70-8d . The complex morpho­ Agropyron nevskii-Stipa glareo­ A. A. YUNATOV wrote, that the peculiarity logical and ecological-physiological sa-Eurotia ceratoides with Caragana of the Mongolian steppe "was more

Courtesy description of the basic plants of desert leucophloea communities and S. gla­ considerable and would have been better steppe is in the collective monograph reosa-Eurotia ceratoides with Ajania underlined if the Transbaykal territory, "Desert steppe and northern deserts of achilleoides and A. fruticulosa com­ the Mongolian People's Republic, Inner the Mongolian People's Republic" munities (fig. 16: 32, 33) are related Mongolia and probably the badly known Editors (LAVRENKO, 1980a). with the submountain of Gobi and Mon­ Manchzhuria had been interpretated as a of A. A. YUNATOV (1974) has dis­ golian Altai. Stipa gobica-S. glareosa­ special Mongolian or Mongolia-Manch­ tinguished and described concretely Anabasis brevifolia with Allium po­ zhurian subregion" (YUNATOV, 1974: the following Mongolian desert step­ lyrrhizum communities; Stipa gobica­ 95). pes: Stipa glareosa-S. gobica-Anaba­ S. glareosa-Ajania fruticulosa com­ Earlier A. A. YUNATOV (1950) has sis brevifolia communities (Table XIII: munities are typical for North Gobi singled out the desert steppes as a sepa­ Courtesy 6,7); Stipa gobica-S. glareosa-Cleis­ (fig. 16: 36, 37) as well as Stipa rate North Gobi desert steppe province. togenes songorica-Artemisia xero­ glareosa or Stipa glareosa-S. gobica­ It was based on the speciality of this phytica communities; Stipa glareosa­ Reaumuria soongorica communities steppe vegetation, which had developed

Editors S. gobica-Brachanthemum gobicum (Table XIII: 5). in the dry and cold climate of Central communities; Stipa gobica-S. glareosa Asia. E. M. LAVRENKO (1970a) interpre­ of with species of g. Caragana. The last­ tated the desert steppes only as the sub­ mentioned communities are distributed BOT ANICAL-GEOGRAPHIC zone within the Mongolian steppe on the soils of light texture and on DIVISION OF THE DAHURIA­ province, that is as a unit of lower sig­ gravelly ones. The diversity of Allium MONGOLIAN (CENTRAL nificant.

Courtesy polyrrhizum formation (Table XIII: 9) ASIAN) SUBREGION In addition to the North Gobi desert has been studied by E.I. RACHKOVSKAYA steppe plain province A. A YUNATOV. has (EVSTIFEEV, RACHKOVSKAYA, 1977). First attempts to make the schemes singled out also the Dahuria-Mongolian During the recent works the con­ of the botanical-geographic division of steppe province (the plain) and two

Editors nection between some desert steppe Mongolia were carried out by V. L. Ko­ mountain provinces: Mongol Altai,

of types and the certain botanical­ MAROV (1908) and N. V. PAVLOV (1929), which includes' the Mongolian Altai geographical regions has been precised but these systems had just preliminary Mts. and Chu steppe in the East Kaza­ (KARAMYSHEVA, VOLKOVA, RACHKOVS­ characters. Their merits and demerits khstan and Khangaian one (the Khangai KAYA et al., 1987). The North-Western has been discussed by A. A. YUNATOV Mts. and the Orkhon-Selenga low­ Gobi types (fig. 16: 35) are notable for (1950). V. I. GRUBOV (1959, 1963, 1982) lands). Courtesy the prevalence of Stipa glareosa and the published the schemes for the whole The Dahuria-Mongolian steppe pro­ presence of some endemic and suben­ Mongolia and its southern part, which he vince, in YUNATOV'S interpretation, oc­ demic species such as Chenopodium included into Central Asian desert re­ cupies large territories southward and frutescens, Asterothamnus heteropap­ gion of the Ancient Mediterranean Do­ eastward from the Khangai Mts., south­ Editors poides, etc.. Stipa glareosa-Anabasis minion. These substantial schemes are ward and northward from the Kerulen of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

Editors Editors 88 ° 92 0 860 lOO o 1040 1080 1120 HS o 120 0 of LL \ \ \ Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy p Editors Editors ... of I.. • n--f-~::L /

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Editors Editors -"-./ ... 0 4' 08' '12' ,.. ' of

• a . ' /11[JJ 9 c=J 10c=J,1 c=:J12 ITIJ'5I 1,6 Courtesy Courtesy

Fig. 13. W. Distribution of the forb-bunch-grass and caespitose forb steppes: 9. East Kazakhstan-West Mongolian; 10. Mongol Ahaiar!; ll. West Khangaian; 12. West Khangaian;

Editors Editors 13. Khangaian; 14. Khcntcian; 15. Dahuria-Mongoljan; 16. East Mongolian. of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 29 Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors

of Fig. 17. The division of the Central Asian subregion of the Eurasian Steppe Region into provinces (According to LAVRENKo, KARAMYSHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991). Borders: I - of the subregion; II - of the province; lll. of the sub-province. 1. Khangai-Dahurian mountain forest-steppe province: a. West Khangaian sub-province; b. Orkhon-Lower Selenga sub-province; c. Nerchinsk-Onon sub-province. 2. Mongolian steppe province: a. Middle Khalkha sub-province; b. East Mongolian sub-province. 3. North Gobi desert steppe province: a. The Big Lake Pan sub-province; b. North-Eastern Gobi sub-province; c. Mongolian Altai mountain steppe sub-province. 4. Manchzhurian forest-steppe (meadow steppe) province: a. Songhuian forest-steppe Courtesy sub-province; b. South Khinganian mountain forest-steppe sub-province. 5. Shaxi-Gansuian forest-steppe and steppe province.

River and eastward from the Khentei RENKO (l970a, 1980a; LAVRENKO, KARA­ different ecological types of communi­

Editors Mts. up to the Russian and China fron­ MYSHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991), we ascribe ties are to be taken into account when LAVRENKO'S of tiers. This province in Mongolian steppe territory to the Dahu­ provinces and sub-provinces are singled opinion is unsuccessful, as the most of ria-Mongolian (Central Asian) steppe out. It concerns also the environment its districts westward and eastward from subregion. The subregion is characte­ forming species namely the edificators the Khentei Mts., included in the Dahu­ rised by both floristical and vegetation and dominants of plakor or non plakor ria-Mongolian steppe province, arc distinctions, namely by the set of forma­ habitat (KARAMYSHEVA, RACHKOVSKAYA,

Courtesy charactcrised, according to YUNATOV tions or another syntaxa, which are re­ 1973). The analysis of nonplakor vege­ himself, by considerable afforestation. lated with plakor or nonplakor habitats tation is very important especially for The schemc of the botanical­ and by the set of altitudinal types in the territories, where the plakor habitats geographic division, demonstrated here mountains i. e. the belt's "column". are practically absent. Mongolia is Editors (fig. 17), is based on LAVRENKO works When we characterised the Mongolian amongst them. It is important also be­ of (1970 a, 1980 a) but is rather similar to steppe flora (see "Peculiarities of Mon­ cause the constant exchange between one by YUNATOV (1950). Its differences golian steppe tlora") and the main zonal plakor and nonplakor communities takes from YUNATOV'S one are the following: and altitudinal types of communities we place in processes of the vegetation 1) the position of the southern houndary constantly pay attention to the peculiari­ development. As a tloristic criterion the of the North Gobi desert steppe pro­ ties of Mongolian flora and vegetation quantitative correlation of the geoe1e­ Courtesy vince; 2) the position of the houndary as compared with the Kazakhstan and ments mainly according to the longitu­ between the Dahuria-Mongolian plain Black Sea ones. These distinctions are dinal groups is the basis of the province steppe province and the Kbangai­ not only the result of the long adaptation definition. The differences of genera's

Editors Dahurian mountain forest-steppe one; processes to the considerably different compositions or' SQStfetimes, especially 3) the interpretation of the hotanical­ natural condition. They also show affect for mountain provinces, family ones are of geographic position of the Mongolian the specific ways of the evolution and important for provinces. AltaiMts. the time of elaboration of the main We distinguish the separate prov­ The boundaries of the provinces and floristic and coenotic complexes. inces for the northern forest-steppe and suh-provinces have been corrected ac­ Provinces and sub-provinces are for the southern steppe parts of subre­

Courtesy cording to the ncw "Vegetation map of singled out within the subregion. The gion, just as it was made in above men­ Mongolia", published in the National spatial distribution of vegetation cover, tioned publications by LAVRENKO and Atlas of Mongolia (KARAMYSHEVA, DASH­ that is the presence of the clearly pro­ YUNATOV. It is necessary to do, as when NJAM, 1990). nounced latitudinal stripes and the exis­ we carry out the division of forest-steppe

Editors Following YUNATOV (1950) and LAV- tance of definite proportion between the territories we take into consideration not of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

30 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of only the structure and composition of the Bogd-Uul massif (460 27' N.l.) occupy northern slopes the forest belt is situated steppe communities, but also the forest by the different types of desertified above the steppe one. The forest belt is ones, which occupied the considerable steppes on the light chestnut soils. Stipa represented by the several sub-belts large territories especially in the past. klemenzii steppes with dry-steppe gras­ (BANNIKOVA , KHUDJAKOV, 1976): 1. the

Courtesy In the East-European forest-steppe ses and forbs (S. krylovii, Cleistogenes sub-belt of "suhtaiga", that is Larix province the forests are represented by squarrosa, Iris bungei) are especially sibirica forests with some Nemoral deciduous mainly oak (Quercus robur) typical (fig. 18: 1). On the northern forbs (fig. 18: 7); 2. the sub-belt of ones, in West Siberia-North Kazakh­ foothills of the Tarbagatai range "pseudotaiga", that is Larix sibirica Editors stanian - by small-leaves birch (Betula (48° 12'N.l.) on 1700-1800 m the forb­ forests with Rhytidium rugosum (fig. of pendula, B. pubescens) and aspen (Po­ bunch-grass Stipa krylovii-Poa aUe­ 18: 8); 3. sub-belt of the true boreal pulus tremula) - birch ones. In mountain nuata-Koeleria macrantha steppe larch (Larix sibirica) forests and forest-steppe of Transbaykal and Mon­ with Potentilla tanacetifolia, Veronica "cedar" - larch (Larix sibirica-Pinus golia the larch (Larix sibirica and incana and another species of xerophy­ sibirica) ones (fig. 18: 9, 10). L. gmelinii, the latter - in the eastern part lous and xeromesophylous forbs on Forest belt is replaced by the tundra Courtesy of Khentei and furthcr eastward) and the the dark chestnut soils are distributed belt, which also includes some sub-belt: birch (Betula platyphylla, often secon­ (fig. 18: 3). the sub-belt of Pinus sibirica-Larix dary) forests are usual. In addition to these zonal changes sibirica open boreal woodlands com­

Editors Also "blocks" of provinces, consis­ on the intermountain plains the altitudi­ bined with Betula rotundifolia thickets ting of forest-steppe and steppe provin­ nal replacement of communities on the and moss-lichen and Kobresia com­ of ces are represented. The evolution of slope of separate massifs is observed. munities (fig. 18: 11. 12); tundra sub-­ the vegetation within these "blocks" of More over the belt "columns" on the belt (Empetrum sibiricum, Salix recti­ provinces leads in modern time and led different slopes are not the similar, as julis, S. recurvigemmis, Dryas oxyodon­ in past to the exchanging of some spe­ well as the upper and lower boundaries ta, etc.), Caragana jubata, Betula ro­

Courtesy cies. The boundary between provinces of the belts and sub-belts. On the sou­ tundiflia thickets (fig. 18: U, 15) and and sub-provinces are not linear as there thern slopes there are only two belts: the humid cryophytic meadow's suh-helt are the broad "transitional" stripes. steppe belt and high mountain one. The (fig. 18: 17-19). Prevalence of tundra We shall now consider the distinc­ steppe belt includes the suh-helt of the and open boreal woodlands makes the

Editors tive vegetational features of provinces desertified steppes, dry bunch-grass and high mountain vegetation of Mongolia

of and sub-provinces. forb-bunch-grass ones (fig. 18: 1-4), similar to the high mountain landscapes which are replaced by high mountain of South-Eastern Siberia. So while DAHURIA-MONGOLIAN "BLOCK" steppes with Kobresia and high moun­ analasing the regularities of altitudinal OF PROVINCES tain forbs (fig. 18: 6). Only in the mas­ vegetation replacements in the Khangai sifs, which are located on the axial Mts. one should not treat it as a common Courtesy 1. The Khangai-Dahurian moun­ range, the large areas are occupied with Central Khangaian arid typc as it tain forest-steppe province (LAVRENKO, the mesophytic types of forb-bunch­ was written by YUNATOV (1950). It 1970 a; LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, 1993) grass steppes (fig. 18: 4), mountain is necessary to distinguish two belt's includes the Khangai Mts. and the main meadow steppes (fig. 18: 5), steppified "columns": the South Khangaian arid Editors part of the Selenga River basin in Mon­ meadows and more mesophytic types of type and the North Khangaian one of golia. The western Transbaykal on hoth high mountain steppes (fig. 18: 6). The "transitional" to the boreal South-Eas­ sides of the Selenga R. namely the high mountain helt has a large extend tern Siberian. Western Selenga Dahuria and foot-hills and differentiation, and at the high of Khangai-Daurian mountain forest­ of the Khenlei Mts., as well as forest­ 3000 m there is a well distinguished steppe province is divided into 3 sub­ steppe of Dahuria, Nerchinsk Dahuria in sub-belt with fragment of the steppified provinces: a. West Khangaian sub­ Courtesy Russia also are situated in this province. Kobresia meadows (fig. 18: 16) and province; b. Orkhon-Lower Sdenga and The western foot-hills of the Greater tundra Dryas oxyodonta and Salix c. Nerchinsk-Onon ones. Khingan in China is a part of this pro­ berber(folia communities (fig. 18: 13),

Editors vince. Now we make the description moss-lichen and moss-sedge communi­ la. West Khangaian sub-province ties (fig. 18: 19). At the 3300 m the (LAVRENKO, KARAMYSIlEVA, NIKULINA, of of the provinces and sub-provinces ve­ getation for Mongolian territory only. aggregations of the high mountain cryo­ 1991; LAVRENKO, KARAMYSHEVA, 1993) The Khangai-Dahurian mountain petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi­ stretches eastward approximately up to forest-steppe province is characterised shruhs (Waldheimia tridactilites, Drya­ 100° East longitUde. This sub-province by the specific altitudinal regularities of danthe tetrandra, Cerastium lithosper­ is characterised hy a greatest number of

Courtesy the vegetation (belt's "column"), which mifolium, etc.) occur (fig. 18: 20). the boreal elements in all of the belts, are exactly pronounced in the Khangai The altitudinal regularities of the espccially in taiga and tundra ones. We Mts. (YUNATov, 1950). According to vegetation in the mountains on the will mention some of them (KARAMY­ the data of Z. V. KARAMYSHEVA and northern macros lope in Dash-Dagva Ul, SHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1976, 1977).Arctous Editors D. BANZRAGCH (1977) the regularities of 47° 42' , in the Tarbagatai Range and in erytrocarpa (North Holarctic sp.) has of plant communities in the Khangai Mts. the Bulnai Range are distinguished by been collected in humid moss-larch and are rather intricate. great peculiarities. There is a pronoun­ "cedar" (Pinus sibirica) - larch forest. Figure 18 illustrates the distribution ced asymmetry not only in details of Carex iljinii, which is unique to the of vegetation along 920 E. 1. from the vegetation structure (the number of sub­ forests and boreal open woodlands of South Khangai Plateau up to the foot­ belts, the position of its upper and lower Eastern Siberia, Angara-Sajan districts Courtesy hills in the northern slope of the Tar­ boundaries), but in the set of belts itself. and Dahuria, has been revealed more bagatai range. The zonal replacements On the southern slopes the forb-bunch­ southern then before. Formerly this of vegetation are revealed first of all. So, grass steppes, the meadow ones (fig. 18: species has been collected only in the 4, 5), the steppified meadows, Dasi­ Khubsugul Lake Hallow. It concerns Editors the plains on the southern slope of Khangai at 1700-1950(2000) m in phora fruticosa thickets prevail. On the also Rhododendron ledebouri. Linnea of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of

s .. N b:1 Cagan - B\tU(47° 33') ~ Courtesy Courtesy > (Mar Cl,~ch- Nur Lake) <:: 3504m ~ b:; t" ---/TI0 Dash-DaguQ-Uul (47 0 42') (46°27') > Guruanbula& ___ ~4J!I!!!__ _ ~ Editors Editors 3240 m I/Ie .0 <:: of Bogd-Uul (46°27') ..l"J

~ .=-lffQ.-_- ~ l"'- lIIe ..... •'-1 Courtesy Courtesy .....

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1700 ~, Editors Editors ~11]. .,6 of !IIIIIID2 ~7 ~/2 CJ/7 le I ITill3 ,~8 1-- -1,8 1111 ~4 1119 II1II14 B E:!:!2,9

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21 22 Editors Editors of Fig.I8. Altitudinal replacements of the vegetation in the Khangai Mts. I. Steppe belt: 1. desertified Stipa klementzii steppes; 2. mixed bunch-grass Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum-Koeleria macrantha dry steppes; 3. mixed bunch-grass steppes poor in forbs; 4. forb-bunch-grass Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata steppes with Amblynotus rupestris, Androsace incana, Thalictrum foetidum, Aster alpinus, etc.; 5. meadow Helictotrichon schellianum-Festuca sibirica­ F.lenensis-Carex pedifomlis steppes; 6. high mountain cryoxerophytic mixed bunch-grass steppes with Kobresia; II.Forest belt: 7. Larix sibirica forest with nemoral forbs and grasses (Aconitum septentrionale, Lathyrus humilis, Thalictrum minus, Aegopodium alpestre, Aquilegia sibirica, Festuca rubra, Poa sibirica, etc.); 8. Larix sibirica and Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica forest with Rhytidium rugosum, Dicranum, Poly­ Courtesy Courtesy trichum, Brachythecium sp.div., with some boreal forbs and semi-shrubs (Pyrola incarnata, Linnea borealis, etc.); 9. Larix sibirica or Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica boreal forest with Juniperus sibirica, Ribes altissima, boreal and high mountain forbs and semi-shrubs (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnea borealis, Saxifraga cernua, Saussurea alpina, etc.); 10. Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica boreal moss-shrub forest with Betula rotundifolia in understorey. Ill. High mountain belt. A. Open woodlands ("Gol'tsy"): 11. Pinus sibirica-Larix sibirica or Pinus sibirica open woodlands alternating with Salix, Betula sp.div. thickets; 12. Larix sibirica open woodlands alternating with moss-lichen and Kobresia communities. B. Mountain tundra: 13. Dryas oxyodonta, Salix berberifolia tundra communities alternating with moss-sedge and Kobresia

Editors Editors communities; 14. Betula rotundifolia thickets, Caragana jubata thickets with mosses and lichenes; 15. Empetrum sibiricum communities alternating with Dryas and moss-sedge communities. C. Psychrophytic high mountain herbaceous communities: 16. Kobresia communities with steppe forbs and grasses; 17. Carex stenocarpa, C.melanantha and Kobresia sibirica communities with high mountain species; 18. Kobresia of

sibirica-Ptylagrostis mongholica communities; 19. Moss-lichen communities alternating with humid Carex and Kobresia communities with high mountain meadow and swamp species. D. Sub-nival SUb-belt:

20. rocky placer with aggregatons of cryo-petrophilous forbs (Waldheimia tridactylites, Claytonia joanneana, Rhodiola quadrifida, Saxifraga macrocalyx, Gentiana algida, etc.). Borders: 21. of the belts; 22. of the sub-belts. ~ ~ Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

32 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes o/Mongolia Editors of borealis, Empetrum sibiricum, which The belt's "column" of vegetation tent, "transition" stripe between the were considered to be rare ones for on the northern macroslope includes the West Khangai and Nerchinsk-Onon Khangai before, are common species steppe belt, the forest and the high sub-provinces. Its natural condition, now. To the group of species with mountain ones (KARAMYSHEVA, SUM­ flora and vegetation have been described

Courtesy Southern Siberian areas Saxifraga ERINA, BEKET, et aI., 1985). in numerous publication of forest-steppe hieracifolia belongs, which grows in The steppe vegetation is represented field station of the Joint Soviet-Mon­ moist sedge communities in Khangai. by the several altitudinal types of com­ golian complex biological expedition Oxytropis saposhnikovii (Altai-North munities: Stipa sareptana communities of Ac. Sci. USSR and Mongolia, which Editors Mongolian sp.), Carex rigidioides often in complex with Artemisia schren­ is situated in Eastern Khangai (SKVOR­ of (East-Siberian sp.), Salix divaricata (the kiana ones are found in the sub-belt of TSOV, 1983; LAVRENKO, BANNIKOVA, 1983, common plant in tundra belt of Khuh­ desertified steppe (fig. 19: 2). Such 1986). sugul Lake Hallow and Transhaykal complex is typical for Kazakhstan de­ Eastern Khangai has rather rich territory) has been collected in thc Khan­ sertified steppes. In the dry steppe sub­ flora (848 sp.) exceeding 113 (38 %) of gai Mts. The distribution in mountains belt Stipa cap illata-Artemisia Jrigida the whole Mongolian flora. The last year Courtesy of north-western Khangai forest belt of communities with Caragana pygmaea floristic investigations revealed as much Cicerbita azurea (typical component of and Spiraea hypericifolia, similar to the as 15 species unknown for Khangai and Larix forest of South-Eastern Altai) is of same of Central Kazakhstan ones (KA­ more them 80 species unknown for

Editors interest. Among the high mountain spe­ RAMYSHEVA, RACHKOVSKAYA, 1973), are Eastern Khangai. Many high mountain cies Carex atrofusca, Saussurea glacia­ spread (fig. 19: 3). In the forb-bunch­ species are among them: Poa alpina, of lis (Holarctic sp.) should be named. The grass steppe sub-belt (fig. 19: 4) and Cerastium lithospermifolium, Draba list of the new finds of the boreal meadow steppe sub-belt (fig. 19: 5) eriopoda, D. sibirica, Saxifraga setige­ species has been considerably filled Helictotrichon altaicum and Carex ra, Chrysosplenium peltatum, etc. out during last year investigations pediformis steppes with dominance of Some Dahuria-Mongolian, Dahu­

Courtesy (SKVORTSOV, 1983; GUBANOV, KAMELIN, Coluria geoides among the forbs should ria-East Mongolian, Manchzhurian spe­ DARIIMA, 1986.1987; GUBANOV, KAMELIN, be noted. The communities with similar cies, that main areas are distributed in 1988; GoLUBKOVA, KAMELIN, 1989). composition grow in the Tarbagatai more eastern regions, begin to play the Flora of Western Khangai sub-pro­ Range (STEPANOVA, 1962), Tannu-Ola prominent phytoeoenotical role here.

Editors vince is characterised by absence of Range (SOBOLEVSKAJA, 1950) and in the Filifolium sihiricum, Saposhnikovia di­ of some "eastern" species, which is a con­ Kalbinskii Range (KARAMYSHEVA, RACH­ varicata, Leymus chinensis, Stellera siderable importance in next Orkhon­ KOVSKAYA,1973). chamaejasme and some others are Lower Selenga sub-province. As to the The vegetation of the forest belt is amongst thcm. steppe flora of Western Khangai, its also peculiar. Larix sibirica with Iris On the other hand, some "western" composition is very specific. Just in this ruthenica forests broadly distributed in species, which havc a significant role in Courtesy sub-province there are many species, Central Khangai, as well as some types West-Khan&aian suh-province penetrate which have the basic areas in more west­ of moss (Rhytidium rugosum) larch into this suh-provincc. So, Festuca vale­ ern districts of Eurasian Steppe Region. forests are absent hcre. But there are siaca, Helictotrichon altaicum, Stipa We have already mentioned such species larch and "cedar"-larch (Larix sibirica­ sareptana and another sp. have been Editors as Helictotrichon altaicum, Stipa zaless­ Pinus sibirica, fig. 19: 8) forests similar found on the tenitory of the forest­ of kii, S. cap illata, S. kirghisorum, Festuca to the Altaian ones (KRYLOV, RECHAN, steppe field station. The finding of valesiaca. In addition to them Ferula 1967: KOROTKOV, 1976). The herba­ Caragana spinosa, which area lies at the soongorica (Middle Asia-Kazakhsta­ ceous larch forest with Altaian species West Mongolia, is of special interest. :1ian sp.), Androsace ovczinnikovii (Ka­ Cicerbita azurea (fig. 19: 7) are among The altitudinal regularities of the zakhstan-West Mongolian petrophilous them. There are the spruce (Picea Eastern Khangai vegetation have heen Courtesy sp.), Melandrium viscosum (West Pa­ obovata) and spruce-larch forests in studied by 1. A. BANNIKOVA (BANNIKOVA , laearctic steppe sp. with irradiations to Khan-Khukhiin-Ula also. KHUDJAKOV, 1976: LAVRENKO, BANNIKO­ the East Siberia steppe "islands"), An­ The "cedar" -larch open woodlands VA, 1983). Mixed bunch-grass, mainly

Editors cathia igniaria, Gypsophila patrinii (fig. 19: 9), shrub and dwarf-shrub Stipa kryfovii with S. baicalensis or

of (Central-East Kazakhstan-West Mon­ (Betula rotundifolia, Salix and Dryas Festuca tenensis steppes on dark chest­ golian sp.) can be named. The finding sp.) tundra (fig. 19: 10) are situated nut soils are distributed on the foothills of Onosma transrhymnense, which above the forest belt. These communi­ (pedestal) of the mountain at 1550-1700 appears on the northern slope of the ties combine with Kobresia and Carex m ab. s. 1. They are replaced by meadow Khan-Khukhiin Ula Ridge after suffi­ cryophytic high mountain meadows forb-grass and Stipa baicalensis-Carex

Courtesy cient break of its area, is of great interest. (fig. 19: 11). pediformis -Festuca kryloviana with The altitudinal regularities of the In regard to the vegetation of the Dasiphora fruticosa steppes rich in vegetation cover, that is the belt's southern macroslope there are only two forbs on the mountain chernozems and "column", in Western Khangai is rather altitudinal belts there: steppe belt and by steppified meadow (Bromus iner­ Editors similar to the Central Khangai one. high mountain one. The prevailing mis-Carex pediformis) on the meadow of There are a differences ("asymmetry") communities have many features that chemozems soils. More higher (1700- in belts and sub-belts composition on the are common to the Mongolian and Cen­ 1900 m ab. s.1.) the subtaiga-meadow slope of different exposure (fig. 19). tral Asian ones (fig. 19: 2--4). The gen­ steppe sub-helt is situated, where the However in Khan-Khukhiin Ula the eral regularities of the West Khangai Stipa baicafensis-Carex pediformis more complicated example of "asymme­ vegetation are depicted on the vegetation rich in forhs steppes and steppified Courtesy try" was found. This is due not only to map (fig. 20). meadows with dominance of Bromus the climatic conditions in the modem lb. Orkhon-Lower Selenga sub­ inermis, Poa pratensis, Festuca krylo­ period, but also to the differences in the province includes so called Orkhon-Se­ viana, Hefictotrichon schellianum combine with larch (Larix sibirica)

Editors flora and vegetation probably caused by lenga lowmountains and south-eastern the history of territory. part of Khangai and, is to a certain ex- forests. The prevailing species in the of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 33 Editors of

2928 m Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

11 ~2 ~3 ITIill4 ~5 ~6 III Courtesy ~7_8 IV ~IO_"I"'I,L-J.JI'2 -'3 ---14

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Fig. 19. Altitudinal replacements of the vegetation in the Khan-Khukhiin VIa Range.

Courtesy I. Desert: 1. Nanophyton erinaceum deserts with steppe and desert steppe grasses (Stipa glareosa, Psathyrostachys juncea, Cleistogenes squarrosa) partly in complex with Artemisia schrenkiana-A.frigida-Potentilla acaulis communities on thc foothills of the northern mac· roslope; Reaumuria soongorica deserts with desert-steppe grasses (Stipa glareosa), Allium polyrrhizum and Convolvulus gortschakovii; Anabasis brevifolia-Stipa glareosa deserts with Chenopodium frutescens on the foothills of the southern macroslope. 11. Steppe belt: 2. desertified Stipa sareptana-Festuca valesiaca-Koeleria cristata-Nanophyton erinaceum steppes partly in complex with Artemisia schrenki­ Editors ana communities on the northern slope; desert Stipa glareosa-Anabasis brevifolia or Stipa glareosa-Reaumuria soongorica steppes on the of southern slope; 3. dry Stipa capillata-Festuca valesiaca-Artemisia frigida steppes with Spiraea hypericifolia and Caragana pygmaea on the northern slope; Stipa krylovii-Agropyron cristatum-Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with Caragana bungei and c.pygmaea on the southern slope; 4. Festuca valesiaca steppes with xero-mesophilous and petrophilous forbs (Dianthus versicolor, Galium verum, Dracocephalum origanoides, Oxytropis .filiformis, etc.) on the northern slope; Festuca lenensis steppes with xero-mesophilous and petrophilous forbs (Rheum undulatum, Potentilla sericea, Polygonum angustifolium, etc.); Agropyron cristatum steppes with petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi-shrubs (Smelovskia mongolica, Ptilotrichum canescens, Thesium rejractum, etc.); Artemisia santolinifolia serial communities on the southern slope; Courtesy 5. Helictotrichon altaicum-Carex pediformis steppes with mesophilous and xero-mesophilous forbs (Coluria geoides, Trifolium lupinaster, Scabiosa comosa, S.ochroleuca, Polygala hybrida, Sedum hybridum, etc.) and shrubs (Dasiphora fruticosa, Cotoneaster melanocarpa) on the northern slope; Festuca lenensis with petrophilous cushion forbs (Minuartia verna, Arenaria meyeri, Eritrichium paucijlorum, Aster alpinus, etc.) on the southern slope; 6. high mountain mixed bunch-grass Festuca lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata steppes with steppe

Editors petrophilous forbs (Minuartia verna, Leontopodium ochroleucum, etc.), sedges (Carex rupestris, c.macrogyna) and Kobresia (K.humilis, K.simpliciuscula); Ill. Forest belt: 7. Larix sibirica forest with forest and meadow-forest species (Carex amgunensis, Bromus korotkyi, of Agrostis trinii, Cicerbita azurea, Vicia cracca, Geranium pseudosibiricum, Lilium martogon, etc.); 8. boreal Larix sibirica and Larix sibirica­ Pinus sibirica forests with boreal forbs and semi-shrubs (Pyrola incarnata, P.secunda, Linnea borealis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cystopteris fragilis) , mosses (Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium palustre, Dicranum, Pleurozium sp.div.) and shrubs (Rosa acicularis, LOllicera altaica, Spiraea media) on the northern slope. IV. High mountain belt: 9. Larix sibirica-Pillus sibirica open woodlands alternating with schrub thickets (Betula rotundifolia, Salix sp.div.) on the northern slope; 10. high mountain tundra: Dryas oxyodonta tundra with Kobresia myo· suroides, K.simpliciuscula, Carex stenocarpa, Hierochloe alpina alternating with Carex and Kobresia communities on the northern slope; 11. Courtesy psychrophytic high mountain herbaceous communities: Carex ledebouriana, c.stenocarpa communities, Kobresia sibirica communities with highmountain forbs (Claytollia joanneana, Polygonum viviparum, Saxifraga hirculis) alternating with lichen tundra (Cetraria sp.div.); 12. rocky placer with aggregations of the high mountain cryopetrophilous forbs. Borders: 13. of the belts; 14. of the sub-belts.

Editors grass stand are Sanguisorba officinalis, tre, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum tuca altaica, Carex ledebouriana. The of Vicia cracca, Polygonum alopecuroi­ alpestre, etc.) dominate in moss storey cryophytic Festuca lenensis steppes des, Campanula turczaninovii and othes in forests, as well as Vaccinium vitis­ with Carex rupestris, Kobresia fili/olia, species. idea, Pyrola incarnata and other boreal Thalictrum alpinum, Potentilla nivea The vegetation of the taiga-meadow semi-shrubs prevail in understorey. occupy the small plots. belt (19~2350 m ab. s. L) is repre­ The "column" of belt includes high le. Nerchinsk-Onon sub-province Courtesy sented by the local larch or "cedar" - mountain meadow belt, where Kobresia (Dahuria in the narrow sense) occupies larch forests combined with steppified myosuroides or lichen-sedge (Carex the lowhills of the eastern Khentei Mts. meadows. Rhytidium rugosum and rupestris) communities on high moun­ up to the Greater Khingan Mts. Filifo­

Editors some species of boreal mosses (Hylo­ tain frozen soils combine with open lium sibiricum, Leymus chinensis, comium splendens, Aulacomnium palus- woodlands (Pinus sibirica) with Fes- Stellera chamaejasme, Saposhnikovia of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of

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Fig. ZO. Vegetation map the Kban-Khukhiin VIa Range and southern part of the Ubsa-Nur Pan. of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQuETIA, vol. 17, 1995 35 Editors

Fig.20.of Vegetation map of the Khan-Khukhiin Ula Range and southern part of Ubsa-Nur Pan. I. High mountain tundra_ Psychrophytic Carex, Kobresia and herbaceous communities: 1. rocky placer with fragments of Dryas oxyodonta tundra, moss and moss-shrub (Betula rotundifolia, Salix recurvigemmis, S.rectijulis) tundra and high mountain Carex melanocarpa, Kobresia sibirica communities alternating with alpine meadows (Myosotis suaveolens, Trollius asiaticus, etc.) and the aggregations of the high moun­ tain forbs (Hedysarum inundatum, Claytonia joanneana, Melandrium apetalum, etc.); 2. high mountain Carex (Carex melanocarpa, c.stenocarpa, C.melananthiformis), Kobresia (K.sibirica) communities rich in mosses (Drepanocladus incinatus, Tomenthypnum nitens, Col­ Courtesy liergon giganteum). 11. Forest. A. High mountain open woodlands ("Gol'tsy"): 3. Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica woodlands alternating with Betula rotundifolia thickets with mosses (Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium turgidum, Apalustre, Dicranum elongatum) or Salix (S.saposhnikovii, S.glauca, S.rectijulis) thickets and Kobresis sibirica communities with Helictotrichon asiaticum, Thalictrum alpinum, Potentilla gelida, Hedysarum Editors inundatum. B. Boreal forests: 4. Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica forests with boreal forbs, semi-shrubs (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Linnea borealis,

of Pyrola incamata, Cicerbita azurea) and mosses (Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium palustre, Climacium dendroides), 4a. Larix sibirica­ Pinus sibirica forests with shrnbs (Lonicera altaica, Rosa acicularis, Dasiphora fruticosa) and forest forbs (Bromus korotkyi, Carex amgunen­ sis, Cicerbita azurea, Thalictrum minus) in the understorey. C. Sub-boreal steppified forests: 6. Larix sibirica forests with Agrostis trinii, Calamagrostis obtusata, Carex amgunensis, Lilium martagon, Dianthus superbus, Trifolium lupinaster, Cicerbita azurea, etc.; 7. Larix sibirica forests alternating with steppe shrub thickets (Cotoneaster melanocarpa, Dasiphora fruticosa). D. Poplar flood-land forest: B. Populus laurifolia forest with Salix pseudopentandra and Betula hippolytii alternating with meadows (Geranium pratense, Sanguisorba ojJicinalis, Valeriana Courtesy ojJicinalis, Thalictrum minus, etc.). Ill. Steppe. A. Steppified meadows and meadow steppes: 9. forb-grass and grass-forb steppified meadows (Coluria geoides, Schizonepeta multifida, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Myosotis suaveolens, Veronica incana, Dianthus versicolor, Gentiana decumbens, Cerastium arvense, Helic­ totrichon schellianum, Carex pediformis) alternating with Dasiphora fruticosa thickets; petrophytic sedge-forb steppified meadows (Artemisia Editors laciniata, Acommutata, Sanguisorba officinalis, Polygonum alpinum, Leontopodium ochroleucum, Si/ene repens, Aster alpinus, Androsace

of ovczinnikovii, Carex pediformis); forb-sedge-grass meadow steppes (Helictotrichon altaicum. H.schellianum, Carex pediformis, Phleum phleoides, Coluria geoides, Trifolium lupinaster, Schizonepeta multifida, etc.) alternating with schrub thickets (Berberis sibirica, Lonicera microphylla, Cotoneaster melanocarpa); 12. high mountain forb-bunch-grass steppes (Festuca lenensis, F. kryloviana, Carex rupestris, Oxy­ tropis chionophyla, Saussurea saichanensis, Eritrichium pauciflorum, Potentilla crebridens) alternating with petrophytic serial forbs communi­ ties (Arenaria formosa, Minuartia verna, etc.). B. Forb-bucnh-grass steppes: 13. Festuca valesiaca-Stipa capillata steppes with l?etrophilous forbs (Gypsophilla patrinii, Coluria geoides, Dracocephalum origanoides, etc.) and Caragana pygmaea alternating with petrophytic forb Courtesy communities: 14. petrophytic forb-bunch-grass Festuca valesiaca-Poa attenuata-Artemisia frigida steppes with petrophilous forbs (Armaria capillata, Goniolimon speciosum, Orostachys spinosa, Allium tenuissimum, etc.); 15. petrophytic forb or forb-wormwood (Artemisia santolini­ folia, Acommutata, Chamaerhodos altaica, Thalictrum foetidum, Leontopodium ochroleucum, etc.) serial communities alternating with petro­ phytic Poa attenuata steppes; 16. petrophytic forb or forb-bunch-grass Festuca valesiaca steppes with Thesillln refractum, Pedicularis Editors achilleifolia, Smelovskia mongolica. C. Bunch-grass dry steppes: 17. mixed bunch-grass Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Poa attenuata­

of Koeleria macrantha steppes with Caragana bungei and c.pygmaea; lB. Stipa capillata-Festuca valesiaca-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia frigida-Potentilla acaulis steppes with Spiraea hypericifolia and Caragana pygmaea; 19. psammophytic bunch-grass steppes alternating with psammophytilous forbs (Gypsophila paniculata, Vincetoxicum sibiricum, etc.) communities; 20. petrophytic Festuca valesiaca steppes with Melandrium viscosum, Alyssum lenense and Caragana pygmaea alternating with petrophytic forb (Orostachys spillosa, Youngia tenuifolia, Melandrium viscosum, etc.) communities and shrub thickets (Spiraea hypericifolia, Berberis sibirica); 21. petrophytic forb-bunch-grass Fes­ tuca valesiaca steppes with Artemisia commutata, Oxytropis aciphylla, Dracocephalum foetidum; 22. Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa with Courtesy Stipa gobica steppes. D. Dwarf semi-shrub-bunch-grass desertified and desert steppes: 23. Stipa gobica-S.krylovii steppes with Asterothamnus heteropappoides, Potentilla astragalifolia, Gypsophila desertorum; 24. Stipa gobica-Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with Asterothamnus het­ eropappoides, Allium tenuissimum and Caragana pygmaea; 25. Stipa capillata-Festuca valesiaca-Artemisia frigida steppes in complex with Artemisia schrenkiana and Nanophyton erinaceum communities; 26. petrophytic Stipa gobica-S.klemenzii-Eurotia ceratoides steppes with Editors Ajania fruticulosa. Limonium chrysocomum; 27. Stipa gobica-S.glareosa-Anabasis brevifolicr with Reaumuria soongorica steppes; 2B. Stipa

of sareptana-Festuca valesiaca steppes in complex with Artemisia schrenkiana communities; 29. psammophytic forb and grass (Leymus racemo­ sus, Bromus korotkyi, Iris tenuifolia, Hedysarum fruticosum) serial communities. IV. Dwarf semi-shrub deserts: 30. Reaumuria soongorica-Stipa gobica with Eurotia ceratoides deserts; 31. Anabasis brevifolia-Allium polyrrhizum-Stipa glareosa-S.gobica deserts; 32. petrophytic serial (Convolvulus gortschakovii, Chesneya nWllgolica, etc.) communities; 33. Nanophyton erinaceum desert with Psathyrostachys juncea and Stipa glareosa. V. Psychrophytic, mesophytic and halophytic meadows: 34. Carex dichroa-C.orbicularis meadows with Kobresia sibirica, Eriopho­ Courtesy rum polystachyon alternating with Larix sibirica forests (at the flood-lands); 35. Kobresia sibirica-Polygonum viviparum-Lagotis integrifolia high mountain meadows alternating with Carex orbicularis-C.dichroa-C.stenocarpa communities; 36. Levmus secalinus-L.paboanus halo­ phytic meadows; 37. Achnatherum splendens halophytic communities. Out-of scale signs: 1. Oxytropis aciphylla, Artemisia globosa communities with psammophilous plants (Gypsophila paniculata, Agropyron Editors sibiricum); 2. Caragana bungei thickets; 3. Caragana leucophloea thickets with Eurotia ceratoides; 4. Caragana spinosa thickets alternating

of with Salix caesia, S.ledebouriana thickets (at the flood-lands); 5. Caragana spinosa thickets with steppe plants; 6. Dasiphora fruticosa thickets; 7. Stipa zalesskii meadow steppes; 8. Spiraea hypericifolia, Lonicera microphylla thickets with Stipa kirghisorum. divaricata and others above mentioned 2. Mongolian steppe province Transvolga-Kazakhstanian provinces of species, which occasionally penetrate [Dahuria-Mongolian steppe province Eurasian Steppe Region (LAVRENKO,

Courtesy into the neighbouring from west without districts of 12, 13 and 18 (YUNA­ 1970b). The detail treatments, carried Orkhon-Lower Selenga sub-province, TOV, 1950), which have been included by out in Mongolia in recent years show the begin to predominate here. E. M. LAVRENKO (1970 a) into Khangai­ specific features of the dry communities There are many species with eastern Dahurian mountain forest-steppe prov­ and desert steppe ones. Owing these Editors type of area, for example Armeniaca ince; dry steppe subzone of the Mongo­ works the provincial division of the of sibirica, Iris dichotoma, Clematis hexa­ lian steppe province (LAVRENKO, 1970a)]. Mongolian steppe zone as well as the petala, Scutellaria baicalensis, Adeno­ This province occupies the large areas position of the subzonal boundaries have phora stenanthina. Paeonia lactijlora, from the Southern and South-Eastern been determined more exactly. We re­ Senecio argunensis that almost entired foothills of the Khangai Mts. in the west gard the Mongolian steppe province in eastern districts of the sub-province. up to the western foothills of the Greater only as the true dry bunch-grass steppes, Courtesy There is a very short description of the Khingan Mts. in the east. but consider the desert steppes as an vegetation of the Orkhon-Lower Se­ Earlier E. M. LAVRENKO (1970 a) independent province. This idea corre­ lenga sub-province in A. A. YUNATOV embraced the dry and desert steppes of sponds with A. A. YlJNATOV (1974) con­ (1950) and E. M. LAVRENKO (1970 a) Mongolia into united province as it had ception. As it has been mentioned above Editors publications. been done by him for the Black Sea and the feather grasses of the Mongolian of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

36 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes o/Mongolia Editors of dry steppes are represented by species ammanii (Dahuria-Mongolian sp.; the 2b. East Mongolian sub-province of Section Leiostipa. They could be latter is distributed in East Kazakhstan occupies the large areas eastward and united into the aggregation Stipa capil­ also), Serratula centauroides, etc. are south-eastward from the Khentei Mts. up lata s.l. or "Species Row" Capillatae, amongst them. Artemisia adamsii is the to the frontiers with Russia and China.

Courtesy but in considerably narrow sense, than ordinary species on the rodent (Lasio­ The lake-alluvial, deluvial-proluvial R. VU. ROZHEVITS (1934) interpretated podomys brandtii) settlements. The rare plains prevail there. Their altitudes abo­ this Row. In the desert steppes the spe­ thickets of Caragana sp.div. are usual ve the sea level do not exceed 1000 m all cies of the Section Smimovia deter­ for these steppe communities also. In along and gradually become lower (up to Editors mined by N. N. TSVELEv (1976) prevail. particular Caragana microphylla and 700-550 m) to the east and north-east. of This Section includes the group of very C. stenophylla are typical for the more The large areas of the plains are west­ low feather grasses (Stipa glareosa, northern types of steppes as well as ward from the Buir-Nur Lake and near S. gobica, S. klemenzii, S. tianschanica) C. pygmaea (Dahuria-Mongolian sp.) the Khukh-Nur Lake especially. The flat called in Russia as "kovyl'ki". The flo­ grows in the southern types. and undulate plains alternate with sepa­ ristic composition of the desert steppes Some data for the eastern part of the rate lowmountans for example Tumen­ Courtesy differs significantly from the dry bunch­ Mongolian steppe province vegetation Tsogt and Matad-Ula 1200-1300 m grass ones (GRUBOV, 1990; RACHKOVS­ are published by E. M. LAVRENKO (1970) ab. s. I., as well as with a flat saline pans. KAYA, 1993). and by German scientists (DANERT, The dark chestnut soils, chestnut Stipa krylovii predominates in GEIEZthHANELT, 1961). They worked in and light chestnut ones predominate Editors Mongolian steppe provinces. Cleisto­ 1950 in the northern part of Inner there. of genes squarrosa (Eastern Black Sea-Ka­ Mongolia (Barga steppe) and in North­ The zonal regularities of the vegeta­ zakhstan-Mongolian sp.), Agropyron Eastern (Manczhurian) plain of China. tion are not manifested distinctly on this cristatum (Eastern Siberia-Central A floristic composition of the Inner territory because of the Pacific Ocean Asian sp.), Koeleria macrantha, Poa Mongolian steppe does not differ from monsoon's influence and due to the me­

Courtesy botryoides (Mongolia-East Siberian sp. the .same subzonal types of steppes ridional stretching of the Greater Khin­ with irradiation to southern mountains within the Mongolian province. gan Mts. The zones have rather longitu­ up to the Eastern Tien-Shan and the Mongolian steppe province is di­ dinal disposition here. The monotony Alashan' Ridge) and Leymus chinensis vided into two sub-provinces: a. Middle and uniformity of the East Mongolia

Editors (Eastern Siberia-Manchzhuria-Mongo­ Khalkha (the more western) sub-provin­ plains' vegetation are perfectly illus­

of lian sp.) are the co-dominant and often ce and b. East Mongolian one. The trated by the profile, which crosses the dominant species also. Stipa klemenzii boundary between them passes ap­ Menengiin Tal plain from 47° 40' up to (Mongolian sp. with the sporadic distri­ proximately along 114° East 1. 46° 25' N latitude (fig. 21). Only on the bution in the southern part of Khangai, 2a. Middle Khalkha sub-provin­ foothills of Khentei and Greater Khin­ Gobi Altai and in Dahuria up to Russian ce. The steppes of this sub-province are gan, as well as on the slopes of the low

Courtesy frontier) is a typical species on the thoroughly described by A. A. YUNATOV mountains more mesophytic steppe gravelly carbonate soils and in the (1950). The dry steppe field station of vegetation appears. northern stripe of the province. Stipa the Joint Soviet-Mongolian complex The characteristics of the Eastern grandis predominates on the sand soils. biological expedition has situated on this Mongolian steppes have been described Editors Artemisia jrigida (Holarctic or more territory (Somon Undzhul) in 1970- in publications by B. DASHNJAM (1966, of exactly - East Palaearctic-North Ameri­ 1980th• The detail morphologic-biolo­ 1974), E. A. VOLKovA(1988). Thefloris­ can sp.) is also the constant components gical investigations of the main compo­ tic originalities of the plant communities of these steppes. There are some species nent of the dry steppe communities , as are depicted on the Vegetation map of of xerophilous forbs and semi-shrubs. well as the floristical. phytocoenological MPR (KARAMYSHEVA, DASHNJAM, 1993). Potentilla bijurca, P. acaulis (South Si­ and faunistical investigations in the From the miJJk of 1980th the steppe Courtesy beria-Kazakhstan-Mongolian sp.), Bu­ typical biogeocoenoses have been car­ field station of the Joint Soviet-Mongo­ pleurum scorzoneriJolium, Astragalus ried out (LA VRENKO, 1984, 1988). lian complex biological expedition exis­ melilotoides (Manchzhuria-Mongolia­ The Middle Khalkha steppes have ted in the Eastern Mongolia near Somon

Editors Dahurian sp.), Allium bidentatum, all characteristic features that are pecu­ Tumen-Tsogt. The principal attention A. anisopodium, Haplophyllum dauri­ liar to Mongolian true steppes. Mixed was given to the all-around investigation of cum, Bupleurum bicaule, Convolvulus bunch-grass Stipa krylovii~Cleistoge­ of the composition and structure dyna­ nes squarrosa~Agropyron cristatum~ mics of the main ecosystems in the con­ Poa botryoides steppes with xero­ nection with the burrowing activity of 5 TSVELE~ N. N. (1968) thinks that the area philous forbs and shrubs (especially Ca­ animals. The transformation of the eco­ of Stipa krylovii Roschev. occupies a great Courtesy ragana microphylla) occupy the large systems, which is the result from the part of Central Asia (except of its south­ area on the deluvial-proluviaI plains. cattle grazing and ploughing has been ern territries). At the southern of its dis­ They combines with halophytic meadow the subject of investigation. tribution area Stipa krylovii is found in the mountain steppes: ill. the middle mountain communities (Iris halophylla or Achna­ During the last years the flora of Editors belt of the Alashan' ridge, in the low the rum splendens) on the flat saline pans Eastern Mongolia and Dahuria has been of mountain belt of Richtkhofen ridge (the or with petrophytic forb and shrub (Ca­ substantially supplemented (GUBANOV, Nan'-Shan' Mts.) and in the mountains ragana stenophylla, C. microphylla, KAMELIN, BUDANTSEV, et al.,1989). surrounding the Tsaidam Hollow (YlTNA­ Amygdalus pedunculata) communities The steppes of this sub-province TOV, 1950; LAVRENKO, 1966; KHou, 1979, on the slopes of low hills, which are also differ from the Middle Khalkha one in 1983). The isolated plots of Stipa krylovii typical for this territory. The various the greater presence of the rhizomatous Courtesy distribution area is situated in Central types of Festuca lenensis steppes prevail grass Leymus chinensis, which coenotic lakutia and in the lana River upper on the slopes of the high hills, as well as role increases on the faintly saline soils. reaches. As TSVELEV notes (1968) S. krylo­ Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with The communities of the Eastern Mon­ vii is rather similar to S. sareptana (Eas­ abundance of Caragana microphylla on golian steppes are enriched also with Editors tern Black Sea-Kazakhstan sp.) being its geographycaIly replaced race. the sandy-loam soils. South Siberia-Dahuria-Mongolian and of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

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Fig.J4. IV . Distribution of the bunch·grass and rhizomatous grdss dry steppes: 17. Mongol Altaian and Khangaian; /8. Mongol Altaian and Gobi Allaian; 19. Mongolian; 20. West Mongolian; 21. West Mongolian; 22. East Mongolian. Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17. 1995 37 Editors of Manchzhurian species of forbs (Haplo­ The vegetation of the low mountains diversity and ecological peculiarities of phyllum dauricum. Cymbaria dahurica. and high hills (Matad-Ula. Tumen­ burrowing animals determines not only Lespedeza dahurica. L hedysaroides. Tsogt) is distinguished by the very rich the composition of the vegetation but its Astragalus melilotoides. A. tenuis. Sa­ composition. Stipa baicalensis or Fili­ horizontal structure (GURICHEVA, poshnikoviaCourtesy divaricata. Bupleurum folium sibiricum communities with DMITRIEV, 1983; DMITRIEV, GUR!CHEVA, scorzonerifotium. etc.) The species of Stellera chamaejasme. Polygonum di­ 1983; DMITRIEV. KHRAMTsov, 1994; onium (Allium senescens. A. bidenta­ varicatum. P. valerii. Oxytropis myrio­ KHRAMTSOV, DMITRIEv, 1995). tum. A. anisopodium. A. odorum. A. con­ phyUa and other species that have a The proportion of the basic com­ densatum)Editors are especially typical for this prominent role in Nerchinsk-Onon sub­ munities that developed on the soils not typeof of steppes. There are also some province are distributed here. F estuca affected by the burrowing activity of South Siberia-Kazakhstan-Mongolian lenensis communities with some petro­ animals, and zoophytochors, that is sp. (Potentilla acautis. P. bifurca. Gly­ philous species (Androsace incana. Am­ serial ecosystems which related with cyrrhiza uralensis). Abundance of these blynotus rupestris. Thymus dahuricus. settlements of animals fluctuates from forb species even in East Mongolian dry Chamaerhodos trifida. Arctogeron gra­ 10 up 80-90 % in different types of land­ steppesCourtesy (especially more northern types) mineum. Oxytropis filiformis. etc.) are scapes. The vegetation of the zoophyto­ differ them from the poor communities typical on the gravelly soils. Presence chors is usually a contrast with the back­ of the Middle Khalkha steppes. and sometimes dominance of Armeniaca ground ones both by its more meso­

Editors The Eastern Mongolian steppes are sibirica is rather usual there, as well as phytic composition and its structure. characterised by the abundance of of the other petrophilous shrubs (Dasi­ Caragana microphylla is the most typi­ wormwoodof species: Artemisia frigida. phora fruticosa. D. parvifolia. Spiraea cal (terriophylous) species that grows A. tanacetifolia. A. commutata. A. adam-. aquilegifolia). exclusively on the burrows (DMITRIEV, sU. and some annuals and biennial ones On the top of the low mountains the 1985; DMITRIEV, KHRAMTSOV, 1994; (A. anethifolia. A. scoparia. etc.), as following types of steppes are spread: KHRAMTSOV, DMITRIEV, 1995). The an­

wellCourtesy as species of Carex (c. korshinskyi. F estuca lenensis rich in petrophilous nual and biennial species of Artemisia C. duriuscula; the latter is broadly dis­ forbs (Oxytropis filiformis. Pulsatilla also luxuriantly grow on the new or on persed in the communities degraded as a bungeana. P. turczaninovii. Peuceda­ the renewed burrows. The common result of the cattle grazing). Carex num hystrix. Aster alpinus. Trifolium lu­ composition of these communities, as pediformisEditors is the typical species in the pinaster); Stipa baicalensis-Festuca si­ well as background one is naturally con­

bunch-grassof steppes that are rich in forb birica-Helictotrichon schellianum rich nected with their zonal and regional po­ on the hill slopes. forbs (Hemerocallis minor) and Filifo­ sition and the texture of the soils. The Eastern Mongolian steppes are lium sibiricum rich in forbs communi­ The cattle-breeding activity is not the mixed bunch-grass ones. The domi­ ties. All of these types of steppes are the least factor for the existence and nants and co-dominants of these steppes usual for the Nerchinsk-Onon sub­ present diversity of the Mongolian areCourtesy the same as in the Middle Khalkha province. steppes (KHRAMTsov, DMITRIEv, 1993; ones. Stipa krylovii and Stipa baicalen­ Some regularities and characteristic KHRAMTsov, DMITRIEv, KHuoJAKov, et al., sis are the prevailing species in more features of Eastern Mongolian vegeta­ 1993). Some peculiarities of the vegeta­ northern mesophytic type of steppes. tion depict on the map and on the profile tion covcr·dynamics and transformation, StipaEditors sibirica are distributed in more (fig. 21, fig. 22). as they exist in the Eastern Mongolian mesophyticof steppes and on the gravelly As it has been found Caragana mi­ steppes, are shown on the figure (fig. soils also, Stipa grandis grow on the crophylla rather often appears as a land­ 22). light soils; Agropyron cristatum. Poa scape species in the different ecological 3. North Gobi desert steppe pro­ botryoides. Cleistogenes squarrosa. type of plant communities from the vince [North Gobi desert steppe prov­ Koeleria macrantha are the typical meadow steppes up to the desertified inces and Mongolian Altai mountain componentsCourtesy of steppe communities. ones. The distribution of this species is steppe ones (YUNATOV, 1950, 1974); Cleistogenes kitagawae occur in more connected with the settlements of the desert steppe subzone of the Mongolian mesophytic types of steppes. burrowing rodents. They destroy the steppe province (LAVRENKO, 1970a)]

Editors On the plains near the Khukh Nur compact calcareous horizon of soils, that occupies the areas from the western part Lake with the stratified soils (the loam are responsible for its loosening and for of Mongolia at the frontier with Russia of stretches under by sandy) the communi­ the creating more favourable condition up to the eastern frontier of the country. ties with specific floristic composition for the shrubs growing (GURICHEVA, At the extreme east the desert steppe are distributed. The xerophilous species DMITRIEV. 1983; DMITRIEV, GURICHEVA, subzone extends to the south in longitu­ (Cleistogenes squarrosa. Agropyron 1983; DMITRIEV, 1985; DMITRIEV, KHRAM­ dinal direction on the territory of China.

cristatum)Courtesy combine with the mesophi­ TSOV, 1994; DMITRIEV, KHuoJAKov, 1989; It includes the Big Lake Pan, the Lake lous ones (Filifolium sibiricum. Sangui­ KHRAMTSOV, DMITRIEv, KHuoJAKov, et al., Valley and the deluvial-proluvial plains sorba ojJicinalis. Iris dichotoma. Heme­ 1993; KHRAMTSOV, DMITRIEV, 1995). in the south and south-east foothills of rocallis minor. etc.), which are more The investigations on the field sta­ Khangai. The Mongolian Altai and the typicalEditors for the meadow steppes of Da­ tion corroborated that the heterogeneity northern part of Gobi Altai (the Ikhe­

huria.of (mosaic and complexity) of both vege­ Bogdo, Baga-Bogdo and Arts-Bogdo On the saline pans on the central tation and soil were the result of the Mts.) also belong to this province, as part of East Mongolia (Tamsag-Bulak burrowing activity of rodents (Lasio­ well as the foothills at the southern mac­ and south-westward from it) Achna­ podomys brandt;i, Microtus gregalis, Mar­ roslope of the Khangai Mts. (KARAMY­ the rum splendens. Leymus chinensis. mota sibirica) and hare-like (Ochotona SHEVA, BANZRAGCH, 1977). CarexCourtesy duriuscula communities grow dahurica). The activity of these animals At the boundary between the true while Allium polyrrhyzum. Reaumuria had undoubtedly influenced the func­ dry bunch-grass steppes and dwarf se­ soongorica. Limonium bicolor. and tioning of the Mongolian steppe com­ mi-shrub-bunch-grass ones there is a na­ annual species of Salsola and Suaeda munities in the past and continues to rrow "transition" stripe that we determi­ Editors grow on solonets and solochaks. determine its present state. In fact, the ne as a subzone of desertified steppes. of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of

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Editors Editors f/1 ::r: tTl of < I :> "" N Fig.21. Regularity of the vegetation on the Meningiin Tal Plain (Eastern Mongolia). <: Filifolium sibiricum, (Stipa sibirica-S.baicalensis-Koeleria mukdensis) steppes (Scutellaria bai­ Bunch-grass rich in forbs petrophytic steppes on the chernozem soils: 1. and bunch-grass with forbs ~ calensis, 5.scordiifolia, Leontopodium leontopodioides, Lilium pumilum, Polygala tenuifolia, etc.) and shrubs (Armeniaca sibirica, Caragana microphylla) on the northern slope; 2. Mixed bunch-grass (Stipa ::r: Courtesy Courtesy baicalensis-Festuca lenensis-Stipa sibirica-Cleistogenes kitagawae) steppes with forbs (Galium verum, Polygonum divariatu/1'~Thalictrum squarrosum, Alyssum lenense, etc.) and shrubs (Armeniaca sibirica, :>'" Caragana microphylla) on the southern slope; 3. Petrophytic forb communities (Arctogeron gramineum, Amblynotus rupestris, Filifolium sibiricum, etc.) on the top. s::-l Forb-bunch-grass steppes on the chernozem soils: 4. Mixed bunch-grass (Stipa baicalensis-S.krylovii-Koeleria mukdenensis-Agropyron cristatum-Leymus chinensis) steppes with forbs (Sclttelaria bai­ of/1 calensis, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Allium condensatum, Lespedeza dahurica, Filifolium sibiricltm, etc.) and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, c.stenophylla) on the north slope; 5. Mixed bunch-grass (Stipa bai­ < Editors Editors calensis-S.sibirica-Festuca lenensis-Agropyron cristatum) steppes with forbs (Alyssum lenense, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Thalictrum squarrosum, etc.) on the southern slope; 6. Petrophytic forb (Arctogeron -< graminellm, Orostachys spinosa, O.malacophylla, Arenaria capillaris, Allium anisopodillm, Acondensatum, etc.) communities on the top; 7. Mixed bnnch-grass (Stipa baicalensis-5.sibiricus-Koeleria mukdenen­ of sis-Cleistogenes kitagawae) steppes with forbs (Galium verum, Potentilla tanacetifolia, Lespedeza dahurica, Filifolium sibiricum, etc.) on the plain. Z Bunch-grass and rhizomatous grass dry steppes on the dark chestnut soils: 8. Mixed bunch-grass (Stipa krylovii-S.sibirica-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Poa attenuata-Agropyron cristatum) steppes with ~ wonnwoods (Artemisiajrigida, Ascoparia) and xerophilous forbs (Serratula centauroides, Astragalus melilotoides) (hemipsammophytic type); 9. Mixed bunch-grass (Stipa krylovii-Agropyron cristatum-Koeleria <1:> macrantha) steppes with xerophilous forbs (Haplophyllum dauricllm, Allium anisopodium, etc.) and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, c.stenophylla); 10. rhizornatous grass (Leymus chinensis) and mixed grass (Cleistogenes squarroa-Leymus chinensis) steppes with Carex duriuscula and Allium polirrhizum (hernihalophytic type). '"

Courtesy Courtesy Bunch-grass and rhizomatous grass steppes on the chestnut soils: 11. Stipa krylovii, or Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with xerophiJous forbs (Haplophyllum dallricllm, Bupleurum ~ bicaule, Asparagus dahuriclls, Cymbaria dahurica, etc.) and onions (Allium bidentatum, Aanisopodium); 12. Stpa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with wormwoods (Artemisia jrigida, Ascoparia); <1:> 13. Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Koeleria macrantha steppes with onions (Allium anisopodium, A.bidentatum, A.senescens); 14. Mixed bunch-grass Stipa krylovii-Koeleria macrantha-Cleistogenes '" squarrosa complex steppes with Caragana microphylla and c.stenophylla: 14a. with dominance Cleistogenes squarrosa and shrubs; 14b. with dominance Stipa krylovii and shrubs; 14c. with dominance Stipa ~ krylovii, Artemisia jrigida and shrubs; 15. Koeleria macrantha-Stipa krylovii steppes with onious (Allium anisopodillm, A.bidentatum); 16. Koelria macrantha--Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum

Editors Editors ~ steppes with petrophilous forb (Orostachys malacophylla, Goniolimon speciosum, etc.); 17.Cleistogenes sqllarrosa steppes with Caragana microphylla; 18. Leymus chinensis-Cleistogenes squarrosa steppes with ::: IX! of Artemisiajrigida, A scoparia; 19. Leymus chinensis-Stipa krylovii steppes with Achnatherum splendens (halophytic type). o

Pictures of plants: 1 - Stipa krylovii; 2 - Stipa baicalensis; 3 - Stipa sibirica; 4 - Cleistogenes squarrosa; 5 - Koeleria mukdenensis; 6 - Leymlls chinensis; 7 - Festuca lenensis; 8 - Poa attenuata; ....

9 - Achnatherum splendens; 10 - Artemisia jrigida; 11 - Artemisia commlltata; 12 - Caragana stenophylla; 13 - Caragana microphylla; 14 - Armeniaca sibirica; 15 - Allium polirrhyzum; 16 - Orostachys spi­ is' nosa; 20 - Lilium pumilum; 21 - Galium verllm; 22 - Filifolium sibiricum; 23 - Leontopodium leontopodioides; - Bupleurllm bicaule; 25 - Arctogeron gramineum . 24 Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol_ 17, 1995 39 Editors of Earlier A. A. YUNATOV proposed that soongorica; Stipa gobica-Salsola The vegetation of more western there should be two subzonal steppe passerina; Stipa gobica-S. glareosa­ Ubsu Nur Pan is very peculiar (KARA­ types namely the desertified steppe and Artemisia xerophytica; Stipa gobica­ MYSHEVA, BAZRAGCH, 1976 a,b; KARAMY­ desert one. They reflected the increasing Caragana sp. SHEVA, SUMERINA, BEKET, et.al., 1985). ofCourtesy the xerophytization of the environ­ In some districts between the south­ A. A. YUNATOV (1950) and P. HANELT mental conditions and demonstrated the ern frontier of Mongolia and Hwang Ho (1970) wrote earlier that some Turanian changes of the steppe communities River there are the desert steppes with and Dzhungaria-Turanian communities composition at the southern boundary of dominance of the Central Asian sp. Stipa for example. Nanophyton erinaceum theEditors Eurasian Steppe Region (YUNATOV, brevifolia (LAVRENKO, 1959). one, are distributed here. Many new data of 1974: 29). North Gobi desert steppe's provin­ about spreading of some communities Desertified steppes of Mongolia as ce is divided into 3 sub-province: not typical for the Mongolian vegetation well as of Kazakhstan ones (which ana­ a) the sub-province of the Big Lakes have been replenished now. We have men­ logues they are), are connected with Pan; b) North-Eastern Gobi sub-provin­ tioned them already when described the vegetation of foot-hills of the Khan­ light chestnut soils while the desert ce and c) Mongol Altai an mountain Courtesy Khukhiin-Ula ridge (see also fig. 20). steppes grow on the brown desert steppe steppe sub-province. Some vast sand massifs (Borig-Del-Els, soils (GERASIMOV, LAVRENKO, 1952). The 3a. The sub-province of the Big Bor-Khara-Els, Mongol-EIs) are located boundary between the desert steppes and Lakes Pan occupies the system of Lake in this sub-province_ The vegetation of desertifiedEditors one has been made more Pans that are situated between the Mon­ these sand massifs is characterised by precise on the basic of the new map of of golian Altai Mts. and the southern foot­ series of communities and aggregations vegetation (KARAMYSHEVA, DASHNJAM, hills of Khangai. At the west it is limited of psammophilous plants. Psammo­ 1990). The areas of the desert steppes by the East Tannu-Ola Ridge. The ex­ phytic grass (Psammochloa villosa, in the conception accepted here were tensive Lakes (Ubsu-Nur, Khirgiz-Nur, Bromus korotkyi, Elymus racemosus) shown well on the vegetation map of Khara-Nur, Khoit-Dalai-Nur, Khara­ aggregations, forb (Iris tenu~folia),

Courtesy Asia (LUKICHEVA, 1964 ) and China Us-Nur) are found on the bottoms of the semi-shrub (Hedysarum jruticosum, (KHou, 1979,1983)_ most deep pans. The Shargyn Gobi Pan, Ephedra sinica) ones are widespread. The vegetation of this province has that earlier was included into Big Lakes The communities of Artemisia (A. kle­ been well studied by A. A. YUNATOV Pan sub-province, now is interpretated mentzae, A. xanthochroa, etc.) are typi­ Editors (1974) andthby the botanist worked dur­ as a part of the neighbouring North­ cal for Mongol Eis sand massif. The of ing 70-80 at the field station of the Eastern Gobi sub-province. shrub thickets of Caragana bungei Joint Soviet-Mongolian complex bio­ The general type of relief is the flat broadly distribute at the periphcry of the logical expedition (LAVRENKO, 1980 a, b; lake-alluvial plains, which alternate with Borig-Del-Els sands. In the eastern part 1984). This station was situated on the the separate massifs of the hills. How­ of these sands Larix sibirica woodlands northern foothills of the Gobi Altai Mts. ever in some districts the high mountain grow with Caragana arborescens in the Courtesy Dominant species of desert steppe ranges exist, where there are the well­ shrub layer and Helictotrichon altaicum, Coluria geoides, Onosma transrhym­ communities are Stipa gobica, Cleisto­ pronounced altitudinal regularities of nense and other spccies in herbaceous genes songorica (North Gobi sp.), Stipa the vegetation (KARAMYSHEVA, BUJAN­ glareosa (Central Asian sp_) and Allium layer. In the central part of the Borig­ Editors ORSHYKH,BEKET,et al., 1984). Del-EIs sands Stipa pennata (West Pa­ polyrrhisum (Gobi-Mongolian sp.) There are great distinctions in the of which prevails on the light saline soils. laearctic sp.) communities with Gypso­ vegetation of the different lake pans. For phylia paniculata and other psammophi­ The typical components are the desert example, the lake-alluvial plains around lous plants have been described (Lav­ dwarf semi-shrubs: Anabasis brevifolia Khirgiz-Nur lake, Khara-Nur lake, and renko, KARAMYSHEVA, NIKULINA, 1991). (North Gobi sp.), Salsola passerina other more eastern located lakes are Achnatherum splendens communi­ (East Gobi sp.) as well as Oxytropis Courtesy covered by typical Central Asian and ties grow on the shores of the lakes as aciphylia and Artemisia caespitosa, etc. North Gobi desert and desert steppe well as Kalidium gracile sometimes Caragana leucophloea, C. bungei can be communities: Stipa glareosa with Ana­ K. joliatum distrihute on solonchaks. mentioned amongst the shrubs. basis brevifolia and other dwarf semi­ 3b. North Eastern Gobi sub-pro­ Editors Forbs are not abundant. Iris tenui­ desert shrubs or Stipa glareosa-Reau­ vince occupies rather narrow stripe from of folia (Kazakhstan-Mongolian sp.), Al­ muria soongorica desert steppes are the Shargyn-Gohi Pan' at the west, in­ lium mongolicum (Gobi-Mongolian sp. replaced by Stipa glareosa-Cleisto­ cludes also the Lake Valley and especially abundant in the west part of genes squarrosa with Ca rag ana bungei stretches up to Sain-Shained Somon at the Big Lake Pan), Scorzonera divari­ desertified steppes on higher part of lake the east. To the south-east from Sain­ cata (Gobi-Mongolian sp.), Gypsophilla bottom. The abundance of some en­ Shained the desert steppes stripe takes Courtesy desertorum, Potentilla astragalifolia, demic and rare species, for example, the meridional direction, following Lagochilus ilicifolius, Peganum nigel­ Asterothamnus heteropappoides is typi­ along the eastern shore of the Hwang Ho lastrum (North Gobi sp.) are more usual. cal for these steppes. Chenopodium River up to the Loess Plateau, which It is know that the desert steppes similar frutescens (endemic of Achit-Nur lake, locates at the north from Lanzhou Shi. Editors to the Mongolian ones are distributed Ureg-Nur, Khirgiz-Nur ones) is usual in The vegetation of this sub-province of more southward on the territory of the petrophytic variants of desert and is characterised by the typical North China. So, on the vegetation map of desert steppes. The isolated locality of Gohi communities. Stipa gobica, S. gla­ China (KHou, 1979, 1983) the steppes Haloxylon ammodendron communities reosa, Cleistogenes songorica and Al­ with dominance of Stipa gobica are exists in the hollow between the Mon­ lium polyrrhizum are the dominants and depicted along the southern frontiers of golian Altai Mts. and the DZhargalant­ the xerophilous dwarf semi-shrubs Courtesy Mongolia and then southward up to 45° Ula Ridge. It is the most north-western Anabasis brer;t'olia, Artemisia xero­ N.l. Several types of the desert steppes, point of Haloxylon ammodendron dis­ phytica, Reaumuria soongorica and which are distributed in Mongolia can be tribution area. The petrophytic Agropy­ especially Salsola passerina are co­ dominance here. Some shrubs (Cara­

Editors mentioned there: Stipa gobica-Artemi­ ron nevskii communities are found at the gana leucophloea, C. korshinskyi) can sia frigida; Stipa gobica-Reaumuria slopes of hills_ of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of

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Fig. 22. The profile across plains and lowmountains and fragment the vegetation map in the Eastern Mongolia (Somon Tumen Tsogt). of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vo/' 17,1995 41 Editors of Fig. 22. The profile across plains and lowmountains and fragment of the vegetation map in the Eastern Mongolia (Somon Tumen Tsogt). I. The legend of the vegetation map:

VEGETATION OF THE STEEP CUT LOWMOUNTAINS

Courtesy Grass-forb and forb-grass meadow steppes on the mountain chernozems 1. Festuca lenensis communities rich in petrophilous forbs (Filifolium sibiricum. Oxytropis filiformis. Amblynotus rupestris, Andro­ sace incana, Allium bidentatum, Alyssum lenense, Potentilla sericea) with Artemisia commutata, Stipa baicalensis and Spiraea aquilegifolia (petrophytic type).

Editors 11 Amblyonotus-rupestris-Androsace incana-Oxytropis filiformis communities. 2. Festuca lenensis-Oxytropis myriophylla with forbs (Clematis hexapetala, Stellera chamaejasme, Sanguisorba ojJicinalis, Silene of jenisseensis, Shizonepeta multifida), with Artemisia gmelinii and Dasiphora parvifolia in complex with Caragana microphylla­ Sti[la grandis and Spiraea aquilegifolia communities (petrophytic type): 2 . Festuca lenensis communities in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis and Spiraea aquilegifolia communities.

Forb-grass and grass-forb true steppes with shrubs on the dark chestnut soils 3d. Filifolium sibiricum-Festuca lenensis communities rich in petrophilous forbs (Oxytropis filiformis, O.myriophylla, Leusea unijlora, Courtesy Shizonepeta multifida, Sanguisorba ojJicinalis) with grasses (Stipa grandis, S.sibirica, Agropyron cristatum) and shrubs (Dasiphora parvifolia, Spiraea aquilegifolia, Armeniaca sibirica, Caragana microphylla, C.stenophylla) (petrophytic type). 4d. Artemisia gmelinii-Lespedeza dahurica communities with sedges (Carex korshinskyi, C.pediformis), grasses (Stipa sibirica, Agro­ pyron cristatum), forbs (Ulium pumilum, Iris dichotoma) and shrubs (Spiraea aquilegifolia, Armeniaca sibirica, Ulmus macrocarpa)

Editors (petrophytic type). 5. Filifolium sibiricum-Stipa grandis communities rich in forbs (Saposhnikovia divaricata, Adenophora stenanthina, Serratula cen­ of tauroides, Thalictrllm squarrosum, Medicago ruthenica, Stellera chamaejasme) in complex with Stipa grandis-Caragana micro­ phylla-Stipa sibirica communities (psammo-pelitophytic type).

VEGETATION OF THE DEGRADED LOWMOUNTAINS Grass-forb and forb-grass steppes on the dark chestnut soils

6.Courtesy Festuca lenensis-Pulsatilla bungeana-Arctogeron gramineum communities with Artemisia commlltata and Caragana stenophylla in complex with Stipa grandis-S.sibirica-Festuca lenensis communities (petrophytic type): 61• Festuca lenensis-Arctogeron gramineum-Androsace incana communities in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis communities; 2

Editors 6 .Festuca lenensis-Pulsatilla bungeana communities with Thymus dahuricus, Artemisia commlltata in complex with Stipa gran­ dis-S.krylovii-Caragana microphylla communities with annual forbs (Axyris amaranthoides. Chenopodium acuminatum); of 63• Medicago ruthenica-Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-Thymus dahuricus communities in compkx with Artemisia dracunculus­ Caragana microphylla-Axyris amaranthoides communities; 7. Filifolium sibiricum-Festuca lenensis communities with grasses (Leymus chinensis, Poa botryoides, Stipa grandis, Koeleria mac­ rantha, Stipa baicalensis) in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis communities with Polygonum divaricatum (hemipetrophytic type): 71• Filifolium sibiricllm-Lespedeza dahurica communities with Cleistogenes squarrosa and Artemisia commlltata in complex with Courtesy Stipa grandis-Caragana microphylla communities with Polygonum divaricatum; 72• Lespedeza dahurica-Artemisia commutata communities in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis-S.sibirica communities with Polygonum divaricatum; 73• Artemisia dracunculus-Stipa grandis-Axyris prostrata communities with Polygonum divaricatum.

8.Editors Stipa grandis-Koeleria macrantha-Poa botryoides-Cleistogenes sqllarrosa communities in complex with Stipa sibirica-Caragana microphylla communities (hemipetrophytic-hemipsammophytic type): of 81• Cleistogenes squarrosa-Poa botryoides-Koeleria macrantha-Stipa krylovii communities in complex with Stipa sibirica­ S.grandis-Caragana microphylla communities; 82• Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia frigida-Carex duriuscula communities in complex with Carugana microphylla-Stipa gran­ dis-S.krylovii-Leymus chinensis communities with annual forbs (Axyris amaranthoides, Chenopodium acuminatum, Salsola pestifera); 3•

Courtesy 8 Leymus chinellsis-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Carex duriuscula communities in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grall­ dis-S.krylovii-Axyris amaranthoides communities; 84• Leymus chinensis-Carex duriuscula-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia adamsii communities in complex with Axyris amarall­ thoides-Leymus chinensis-Carex duriuscula rich in annual forbs (Chenopodium acuminatum, Salsola pestifera) communities with Caragana microphylla. 9d.Editors Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica-Leymus chinensis-Thymus dahuricus communities with shrub (Caragana stenophylla) in complex with communities with of Stipa sibirica-S.grandis Caragana microphylla (hemipetrophytic-pelitophytic type).

VEGETATION OF THE OUVALS, HILLS AND PLAINS IN THE MOUNTAINS Grass steppes rich in forbs on the dark chestnut soils 10. Mixed forb (Serratula centauroides, Heteropappus aitaicus, Medicago ruthenica, Astragalus telluis, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Silene jenisseensis, Gypsophilla dahurica, Scabiosa comosa) communities with grasses (Stipa grandis, S.krylovii, S.sibirica, Poa Courtesy botryoides, Leymus chinensis, Festuca lenensis) in complex with Stipa grandis-S.sibirica-Caragana microphylla communities with Polygonum divaricatum (hemipsammophytic type): 10 1• Stipa grandis-Poa botryoides-Koeleria macrantha-Cleistogenes squarrosa communities in complex with Stipa grandis­ S.sibirica-Caragana microphyUa communities with Polygonum divaricatum; 2 Editors 10 • Lespedeza dahurica-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Leymus chinensis-Stipa krylovii communities in complex with Stipa grandis­ Stipa sibirica-Caragana microphylla communities with Polygonum divaricatum; of 103• Artemisia frigida-Stipa grandis-Cleistogenes squarrosa communities in complex with Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica­ Caragana microphylla communities with Polygonum divaricatum; 104• Thymus gobicus-Artemisia xanthochroa-Chenopodium aristatum communities in complex with annual Axyris amaranthoi­ des-Chenopodium acuminatum-Salsola pestifera communities with Caragana microphylla and Polygonum divaricatum.

VEGETATION OF THE VALLEYS AND GORGES IN LOW HILLS PENEPLANE Courtesy Sedge-grass rich in forbs meadow steppes and steppified meadows on the meadow-chestnut soils lId. Leymus chinensis-Stipa sibirica communities with forbs (Galium verum, Artemisia frigida, Serratula centauroides, Adenophora stenanthina, Polygonum divaricatum) and Bromopsis inermis (pelitophytic type). 12d.Editors Hemerocallis minor communities with grasses (Stipa krylovii, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Festusa lenensis) and forbs (Sanguisorba

of ojJicinallis, Iris dichotoma) in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa sibirica-Stipa grandis communities and Dasiphora parvifolia communities (psammo-pelitophytic type). Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

42 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of

13 1• Stipa grandis-Leymus chinensis communities with forbs (Sanguisorba ojficinalis, Adenophora stenanthina, Polygonum di­ varicatum, Phlomis tuberosa); 13 2• Leymus chinensis-Stipa grandis communities with forbs (Serratula centauroides, Adenophora stenanthina) and dwarf semi­ shrubs (Artemisia Jrigida, Kochia prostrata).

Courtesy VEGETATION OF THE PLAINS Forb-grass and grass-forb true steppes on the dark chestnut soils 14. Stipa krylovii-Stipa grandis-Leymus chinensis communities with forbs (Medicago ruthenica, Serratula centauroides, Thalictrum squarrosum, Galium verum , Euphorbia discolor, Allium tenuissimum) in complex with Stipa sibirica-Caragana microphylla Editors communities (pelitophytic type): 1 of 14 • Stipa grandis-Agropyron cristatum-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Leymus chinensis communities with wormwoods (Artemisia Jrigida, A.scoparia) in complex with Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica-S.krylovii-Caragana microphylla-Axyris amaranthoides communities; 14 2• Leymus chinensis-Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa communities in complex with Artemisia dracunculus-Stipa krylovii­ Stipa sibirica-Caragana microphylla communities; 143• Leymus chinensis-Carex duriuscula-Cleistogenes squarrosa communities in complex with Axyris amaranthoides and Ar­

Courtesy temisia dracunculus communities with Caragana microphylla. 15. Stipa grandis-Stipa krylovii-Agropyron cristatum-Koeleria macrantha communities rich in forbs (Serratula centauroides, Medi­ cago ruthenica, Heteropappus altaicus. Astragalus tenuis. Potentilla tanacetifolia. Allium anisopodium, A.tenuissimum, A.odorum) in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica communities (hemipsammophytic type): 15 1• Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum-Stipa grandis-Stipa krylovii communities in complex with Caragana micro­ Editors phylla-Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica communities; of 15 2• Cleistogenes squarrosa-Carex duriuscula communities in complex with Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica-Caragana microphylla; 15 3• Carex duriuscula-Artemisia Jrigida communities in complex with Carex duriuscula-Artemisia Jrigida-Chenopodium arista­ tum communities with Caragana microphylla; 15 4• Thymus gobicus-Agropyron cristatum-Carex duriuscula communities with Caragana microphylla.

Halophytic meadow vegetation Courtesy on the meadow-solochak and solonets soils 16. Complex Carex duriuscula-Leymus chinensis-Stipa krylovii communities, Carex enervis-Hordeum brevisubulatum and Hordeum brevisubulatum-Artemisia anetifolia communities.

Editors VEGETATION OF THE FLOOD-LANDS Meadows and shrub thickets of 17d. Iris lactea-Leymus chinensis communities; Potentilla anserina-Sanguisorba oJficinalis-Carex enervis communities with Hordeum brevisubulatum; Salix miyabeana communities.

18 1• Fallow and cereal crops; 182• Initial stage of restoration (1-3 years): Artemisia mongolica-A.macrocephala weed communities;

Courtesy 183• Leymus chinensis communities (3-7 years); 184• Mixed grass Leymus chinensis-Stipa grandis-S.krylovii-S.sibirica communities with Polygonum divaricatum and xeromesophilous forbs (Pulsatilla turczaninovii, Oxytropis myriophylla. Festuca lenensis) (10-15 years); 185• Stipa grandis-Stipa krylovii-Agropyron cristatum-Poa botryoides communities with Polygonum divaricatum in complex with Caragana microphylla-Stipa grandis-Stipa sibirica communities (second virgin lands) (30-35 years). Editors of Conventional signs: /- boundaries of the relief types, 1/- boundaries of the elements of relief (top, slope, shelf, etc.), 11/ - boundaries of the plots with different degree of degradation; a - settlement. b - winter cattle-breeding and sheeps farms. Ciphers 1-4 are used to desig­ nate the communities degraded by grazing of domestical ungulates (4 - is the highest degree of degradation). The communities, that degree of degradation need in more precise definition. are marked by index "d".

Courtesy 11. Mechanical composition and type of the soils: I - loamy sand, 2 -light loam, 3 - with break-stone, 4 - withBqcbris, 5 - with boul­ ders, 6 - sandy, 7 - sandy -loam layered structure; r .. - mountain chernozem, K3 - dark chestnut, K2 - chestnut, K2 - chestnut of highest degree of the degradation, Kn - meadow-chestnut, flr - meadow. Editors

of be mentioned. (The latter distributes on At the south on the loess hills Stipa the field station of the Joint Soviet­ the light soils.) The desert steppes differ brevifolia forms the open communities Mongolian complex expedition (LAY­ by some species that don't have a promi­ (LAYRENKO, 1959), RENKO, 1980a, 1981) . nent role, but distinguish the vegetation The Shargyn-Gobi pan vegetation is 3c. Mongol Altaian mountain of this sub-province from the neighbour­ typical for North Eastern Gobi sub­ steppe sub-province includes the Kob­

Courtesy ing Big Lakes Pan sub-province. The province. The bottom of the pan is oc­ do and Mongol Altaian mountain steppe distribution area of Iris bungei marks cupied by Haloxylon ammodendron districts according to V. I. GRUBOV and well the boundary the North Eastern communities. The unique peculiarity of A. A. YUNATOY (1952) and also some Gobi desert steppe sub-province (GRU­ the Shargyn Gobi vegetation is presence mountain massifs of Gobi Altai, which Editors BOY, EGOROVA, 1977). Stipa brevifolia of the Halimodendron halodendron A. A. YUNATOY attributed to the North of (Central Asian sp.) is sporadically met thickets (Iran-Turanian sp.). This iso­ Gobi desert steppe province. The in the steppes of this sub-province. Stipa lated location are insulated considerably Gurvan-Saikhan and Khurkh-Ula brevifolia has a broken distribution from the main distribution range, that is Ridges and other more low ridges on the area. It can be met in the south-east connected with Kazakhstan and Middle eastern outskirts of Gobi Altai can be desert steppe subzone of Mongolia Asia. The mountain massifs, which included into Gobi desert zone (Ev­ Courtesy and China, the low mountain belt of surround this pan, have a high mountain STIFEEV, RACHKOYSKAYA, 1976; LAY­ RIKHTGOFEN ridge (LAVRENKO, 1966) and belt with small glaciers and small plots RENKO, 1980b). A. A. YUNATOV (1950) in another districts of Central Asia up of Larix sibirica forests. look up the Mongolian Altai Mts. asa to Himalayas Mts. At the extreme The typical North Eastern Gobi des­ Editors separate province. Flora of the high west it extends up to Inner Tien Shan. ert steppes have been studied in details at mountains and partly mountains are of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 43 Editors of

m N 3495m

Courtesy 3400 Editors

of 3000 c 2800 III Courtesy 2600 B

2400 A Editors of 2200 Courtesy

1800

Editors 1600 A of 1425l-______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~2__ Water edge of the Ureg Nur Lake Northern slope Southern slope 11 _ :_''':'' :.... :: ~. Courtesy ','::., : .... " EZIJ~ '......

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of cl IDIm D~E~F_ III A_I Courtesy

Fig. 23. Altitudinal replacements of the vegetation in the northern part of the Mongol Altai Mts.

NorthernEditors slope. 11. Steppe. Steppified meadows and meadows steppes. Grass-forb (Thalictrum alpinum, Senecio campester, Aster alpinus, Galium verum, Valeriana officinalis, Gentiana macrophylla) communities with Dasiphora fruticosa. Ill. High mountain vegetation. A.of Psychrophytic meadows. Kobresia myosuroides communities with high mountain cryophytilous forbs (Polygonum ellipticum, Hedysarum . inundatum, etc.) and grasses (Helictotrichon mongolicum, Festuca altaica, Ptylagrostis mongholica, etc.) alternating with Dryas oxyodonta and Betula rotundifolia tundra. B. Kobresia meadows alternating with moss-lichen tundra (Cetraria, Cladonia, Alectoria sp. div.) and aggre­ gations of the high mountain cryophilous forbs (Parrya excapa, Driadanthe tetranda, Veronica macrostemon, etc.). C. Rocky placer with aggregations of the high mountain cryophilous forbs. D. Sub-nival rocky placer without vascular plants. SouthernCourtesy slope. I. Desert. Anabasis breviJolia-Stipa glareosa deserts with Chenopodium frutescens. 11. Steppes. Plain steppes. A. Dwarf semi-shrub-bunch-grass desert steppes. Stipa glareosa-Agropyron cristatum-Anabasis breviJolia desert steppes with Chenopodium frutescens. B. Dwarf semi-shrub-bunch-grass desertified steppes. Cleistogenes squarrosa-Stipa glareosa desertified steppes with Eurotia ceratoides. C. Bunch-grass dry steppes. Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa with Caragana pygmaea and petrophilous forbs (Orostachys spinosa, AlliumEditors senescens) alternating with petrophilous wonnwood (Artemisia rutifolia, A. santolinifolia) and shrub (Atraphxis frutescens, Caragana

bungei)of communities. Mountain steppes. D. Bunch-grass dry steppes. Agropyron cristatum---Stipa krylovii steppes with petrophilous forbs (Smelovskia alba, Oxytropis trichophysa, Thalictrum foetidum, Allium stellerianum, A. altaicum, etc.). E. Porb--bunch-grass steppes. Helic­ totrichon altaicum steppes with wonnwoods· (Artemisia monostachya, A. frigida) and forbs (Astragalus mongholicus, Trifolium eximium, Polygonum alpinum, Euphorbia humifusa). F. High mountain steppes. Festuca lenensis-Agropyron cristatum with Artemisia argyrophylla and high mountain cryophilous forbs (Thalictrum alpinum, Melandrium apetalum, Draba pygmaea, Thlaspi cochleariformis, Androsace dasyphyla,

PapaverCourtesy pseudocanescens) alternating with Carex rupestris communities. Ill. High mountain vegetation. A. Porb-grass cryophytic com­ munities Festuca brachyphylla-Helictotrichon mongolicum with high mountain forbs (Saxifraga sibirica, Potentilla nivea, Oxytropis oligan­ tha, Artemisia argyrophylla, etc.). B. Sub-nival rocky placer with aggregations of the high mountain cryophilous forbs (Dryadanthe tetran­ dra, Veronica macrostemon). Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

44 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of

m

2500 Courtesy

2300 Editors of 21100

1900 Courtesy

1700 Editors of 1500 11 B

1300 A Courtesy ...... '...... 1100 ...... ' ...... '...... ------­.. .. Editors A 900 of Northern slope Southern slope

A 1::::.. :::: ....:.:-1 B r·.<: :'.':':1 11

Courtesy A_B. 11 A~B~C~.... C_D~

Editors III A OIIIIJ B

of C_ IV A~B_ IV A_ Courtesy

Fig. 24. Altitudinal replacements of the vegetation in the Tsagan-Shibetu Mts. (north-western part of the Mongol Altai Mts.). Northern slope. I. Desert. A. Dwarf semi-shrub deserts. Nanophyton erinaceum deserts with Stipa glareosa and Cleistogenes squarrosa.

Editors B. Bunch-grass dwarf semi-shrub deserts. Nanophyton erinaceum-Stipa glareosa-Agropyron cristatum-Psathyrostachys juncea with Astero­ thamnus heteropappoides. II.Steppes. Plain steppes. A. Desertified steppes. Stipa krylovii-S. glareosa-Agropyron cristatum-Cleistogenes of squarrosa steppes with Nanophytin erinaceum. B. Dry steppes. Stipa krylovii-Koeleria macrantha-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia frigida steppes with Caragana bungei. Mountain steppes. C. Mixed bunch-grass steppes. Festuca lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata steppes with Galium verum, Dianthus versicolor, Veronica incana, Leontopodium ochroleucum alternating with Helictotrichon altaicum rich in forbs steppes and Carex pediformis-Helictotrichon altaicum meadow steppes with Coluria geoides, Polygonum alpinum, Scabiosa ochro­ leuca, etc. Ill. Forests. Mountain forests. A. Larix sibirica forests with shrubs (Lonicera altaica, Ribes nigra) and forest plants Courtesy (Calamagrostis obtusata, Lilium martagon, Atragene sibirica, Aquilegia sibirica, etc.). B. Boreal Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica forests with boreal species (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Arctous erythrocarpa, etc.) alternating with Betula rotundifolia thicket~. C. open woodlands Larix sibirica-Pinus sibirica with shrubs (Spiraea alpina, Dasiphora fruticosa) and high mountain species (Festuca altaica, Polygonum viviparum, Polemonium pulchellum, Trollius asiaticus). IV. High mountain vegetation. A. Tundra. Dryas oxyodonta-Festuca brachyphylla­ Editors Helictotrichum mongolicum tundra with Arenaria formosa, Pedicularis oederi, Thalictrum alpinum, Claytonia joanneana, etc. B. High moun­ of tain cryophytic meadows. Carex rupestris-Kobresia myosuroides with Arenaria formosa, Potentila gelida, Minuartia biflora, Saussurea schanginiana, etc. Southern slope. 11. Steppes. Sub-mountain steppes. A. Bunch-grass dry stepes. Agropyron cristatum-Leymus secalinus-Artemisia frigida steppes with petrophilous forbs dwarf semi-shrubs (Oxytropis tragacathoides, Dracocephalum foetidum, Goniolimon speciosum Artemisia santolinifolia) and shrubs (Lonicera microphylla, Caragana bungei). Mountain steppes. B. Forb-bunch-grass steppes. Poa attenuata-Leymus

Courtesy secalinus steppes with petrophilous forbs (Allium altaicum, Vicia costata, Lophanthus chinensis, Astragalus mongolicus, Smelovskia alba, etc.) and shrubs (Berberis sibirica, Lonicera microphylla). C. Bunch-grass rich in forbs steppes. Helictotrichon altaicum steppes with petrophilous forbs and dwarf semi-shrubs (Artemisia monostachya, A. santolinifolia, Chamaerhodos altaica, Astragalus mongolicus, Cerastium arvense, Leontopodium ohroleucum, etc.). D. High mountain steppes. Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata-Koeleria macrantha steppes with cryophilous

Editors forbs (Androsace dasyphylla, Oxytropis chionophyla, Trifolium eximium, Papaver pseudocanescens, etc.) alternating with Carex rupestris communities. IV. High mountain vegetation. Carex rupestris communities with high mountain forbs (Arenaria formosa, Saussurea of :chanRiniana, Potentilla nivea). Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

0 0 1120 88 0 "2 "eo 100 10 40 I~~ 1.!6.° ~,20" Editors Editors of \ Courtesy Courtesy

I.. • Editors Editors of

Courtesy Courtesy ~11'\~ Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy

Editors Editors \./ 1120 O! ... '0' 08' \ ".. of a8 C aB a a VI 1 : 1321 1331 134I 1 I I 135ITIJ36 [1]37 1 I 138 Courtesy Courtesy

Fig. 16. VI. Distribution of Lhc dwarf scmi-shrub--bunch-grass dcscn steppes: 32. Mongol Altaian; 33. Gohi Altajan ; 34. Dzhungarian; 35. Nonh-Western Gobian; 36. North Gohian ; 37. North Gobian ; 38. East Gobian. Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors I of Courtesy Courtesy Editors Editors of a a c --r-r-

V [·~2J I · ,26 27 f 1 1 1 1281 129 U' 130 Courtesy Courtesy

Fig. /5. V. Distribution of the bunch·grass and dwarf scmi -s hrub-bunch-grass descrtified steppes; 23. D7hungarian; 24. Mongol Allaian; 25. Gobi Allaian; 26. Dzhungarian; Editors Editors 27. Dzhungarian; 28. North-Western Gobi-Mongolian; 29. North Gobi-Mongo lian ; 30. North Gobi-Mongolian; 3/. North Gohi-Mongo lian. of Courtesy Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 45 Editors enrichedof with xerocryophilous high in north-west of Mongolian Altai and phylla steppes are distributed. The tops mountain Altaian elements; in high P. incornata - in Gobi Altai of the mountains are covered with the mountain these elements even prevail. In the north-western districts of cryophytic Carex and Kobresia mea­ In cryophytic meadows Kobresia spe­ Mongolia Altain some Middle Asia dows. Thus, there are two altitudinal

ciesCourtesy dominate, chiefly Kobresia smir­ and Iran-Turanian sp., for example belts in these ranges: the steppe belt novii (Dzhungaria-Altaian high moun­ Scaligeria setacea (Dzhungaria-Tien­ and high mountain one (fig. 23). tain sp.) and K myosuroides (Holarctic Shanian sp.), Eremostachys molucelloi­ In the central part of Mongolian arcto-alpine sp., which is also usual in des (Iran-Turanian sp.), Phlomis oreo­ Altai the "column" of belts is similar to

Khangai).Editors K. capilliformis (Mongolia­ phila (Middle Asian mountain meadow the above described one however the

Tienof Shan-Pamir Alaiansp.) is more steppe sp.) occur. high mountain belt is represented by rare species. K. humilis spread only in The communities with dominance the cryophytic cushion communities. Mongolian Altai and West Khangai. of North Gobi desert elements are Stellaria pulvinata, Potentilla nivea, These species can be found not only in distributed on the flat intermountain Saussurea saichanensis and other cryo­ high mountain Kobresia-Carex cryo­ pans (for example Achit-Nur one). The philous cushion plants prevail there.

Courtesy phytic meadows, but also in the high penetration of them on the bottoms of In the Tsagan-Shibetu massif, in mountain mixed bunch-grass steppes the inter mountain hollows can be the Jamat-Ula Range and Turgen one, with cryophilous forbs and two species: caused by the "pan's effect". that are located in the north-eastern and K. filifoUa (North Central Asia-Siberian The regularities of the Mongolian north-western part of Mongolian Altai mountainEditors sp. also wide spread in the Altai vegetation can be explained the altitudinal vegetation regularities mountainof steppes of the Khangai-Dahu­ by the altitudinal differentiation. differ considerably from the Central rian province) and K simpliciuscula A. A. YUNATOV (1950) described only Mongolian one. The boreal Larix and (Holarctic, basically arcto-alpine sp.) the single type of the belts "column" even spruce-larch forests grow on the occur mainly in high mountain and Mongol Altaian and attributed it to arid northern slopes; higher they are re­ sometimes even in mountain Stipa kry­ type. The recent investigations have placed by the Pinus sibirica open Courtesy lovii steppes (EGoROVA, 1967). shown that the altitudinal regularities woodlands and shrub thickets (Betula Some boreal species penetrate into in these mountain ridges have more rotundifolia) and then Dryas oxyodon­ this sub-province mainly into its north­ complicated character. It is necessary ta tundra, alternating with cryophytic

Editors eastern and north-western parts. Rho­ to distinguish a few specific variants of meadows and moss-lichen tundra. On dodendron dahuricum is the only spe­ the altitudinal "columns". the southern slopes Helictotrichon al­ of cies of five Rhododendron ones that The pedestals of the mountain ran­ taicum and Carex pediformis meadow occur in Mongolia. It grows in the ges which are situated on the northern steppes, which are absent in the central Larix sibirica forests in the north­ slope of the Mongolian Altai Mts. are part of Mongolian Altai grow (KARA­ western part of Mongolian Altai. Four covered with the desertified Stipa go­ MYSHEVA, 1988) (fig. 24). Thus this belt

Courtesy species of Vaccinium aggregation can bica--S. glareosa-Agropyron nevskii "column" can not be attributed to the be found in Mongolia; they are Vacci­ steppes, which are replaced higher by arid type and can be J;eferred to the nium vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus, V. uligi­ dry true Stipa krylovii and then mixed subboreal one. nosum, V. oxycoccus (Oxycoccus mi­ bunch-grass Festuca lenensis-Poa at­ The Gobi Altaian variant differs by

Editors crocarpus), and only Vaccinium vitis­ tenuata-Koeleria macrantha-Agropy­ the absence of the high mountain belt of idaea penetrates in Mongolian Altai. ron cristatum ones. At the high boun­ and by the poor development of the Three species of Pyrola have been dary of the steppe belt the cryophytic high mountain steppe sub-belt. marked for Mongolia, two of them, high mountain Festuca lenensis-Agro­ P. rotundifoUa and P. incornata, grow Py,on cristatum-Artemisia argyro- Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

46 KARAMYSHEVA z.v., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table 11. Descriptions of the higher mountain steppes. Formations: Festuca lenensis and Festuca kryloviana

Courtesy Nl! Nl! of columnes 1 2 3 4 N.! N.! of columnes 2 3 4

Dwarf semi-shrubs Leontopodium ochroleucum + 1-2 + Artemisia argyrophylla + 8-9 Melandrium brachypetalum + +

Editors Artemisia boreaUs + + Eritrichium paucitlorum + 1·2 Artemisia commutata 1-2 of + Gentiana decumbens + Artemisia frigida 10 Hedysarum pumilum 10 Artemisia santolinifolia + Iris tigridia + Ephedra monosperma + 2-3 Minuartia verna + + 1-2 Long-lived perennial Orostachys spinosa 2-3

Courtesy Grasses Oxytropis chionophyla + 3-5 Agropyron cristatum 3-5 + Oxytropis nitens + + Festuca kryloviana 2-3 20 25 Oxytropis uligantha 10 Festuca lenensis 25 30 20 Oxytropis strobilacea + Editors Helictotrichon asiaticum 1-2 Papaver pseudocanescens + of Koeleria macrantha 3-5 2-3 5-8 Patrinia sibirica + Leymus gmelinii + 1 Pedicularis abrotanifolia + Poa attenuata + 2-3 3-5 Pedicularis achilleifo!ia + Sedges, Kobresia Plantago komarovii + Carex macrogyna 20 Potentilla acaulis + Courtesy Carex melanathaeformis + Potentilla crebridens 1-2 Carex rupestris + Potentilla nivea + 5 Kobresia tilifolia 20 Potentilla sericea + Kobresia humilis 3-5 Pulsatilla campanella Editors + Kobresia myosuroides 1-2 10 Ranunculus pedatifidus + + + of Forbs Rhodiola rosea + Allium altaicum + Rumex acetosella + Allium amphibolium + Saussurea leucophylla + Allium !ineare + Saussurea saichanensis + Amblynotus rupestris Courtesy + + Saussurea schanginiana + + Androsace dasyphylla + 1-2 Saussurea subacaulis + Androsace villosa 1-2 Saxifraga hirculus + + Arenaria capillaris + 2-3 Senecio campester +

Editors Artemisia tanacetifolia + Sibbaldianthe adpressa + + +

of Aster alpinus + Silene jenisseensis + Bupleurum bicaule + Stellaria pulvinata 20 Campanula turczaninovii + Stevenia cheirathoides + Cerastium arvense + Thalictrum alpinum + + + Chamaerhodos altaica 12 Thalictrum foetidum 3

Courtesy Clausia aprica + + Thalspi cochleareforme + + Draba altaica + Tulipa unitlora 1-2 + Draba lanceolata + + Annual and biennial forbs Draba subamplexicaule + Androsace lactitlora + Editors Dracocephalum origanoides + Androsace septentriona!is + of Erysimum tlavum +

1. Festuca lenensis-Kobresia filifolia. Baijan-Khongor Aimak, Central Khangai. intermountain hllllllw near Khukh Nur Lake. H. - 2600 m. TCD' - 60-65 %. NQ 96K. 20.07.1972. 2. Festuca lenensis-Carex macrogyna-Kobresia myosuroides. Baijan-Khongor Airnak, Central Khangai. Gurvan-Bulak Somon. Courtesy the Gurvan-Bulak Mts .• southern macroslope. H.- 3080 m. TCD - 70-80 %. N!! 69K. 12.07.1972. 3. Festuca kryloviana-Kobresia humilis rich in cryoxerophilous forbs. Ubsu-Nur Aimak, Turgen Somon, Turgen River Valley. H. - 2350 m. TCD - 50 %. NQ 1OK. 08.07.1973.

Editors 4. Festuca kryloviana-F.lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Stellaria pulvinata. Khovd Aimak, the Dzhargalant Mts., eastern mac- roslope. H. - 2800 m. TeD - 75-80 %. NQ 270K. 08.08.1980. of

Note: The index of total. cover degree (in %) are presented in the tables II-XIII. Symbol "+" show species with total cover degree less than 1 %. Courtesy

Editors , TeD - Total cover degree of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 47 Editors of

Table Ill. Descriptions of the mountain meadow steppes. Courtesy Formations: Helictotrichon altaicum, Carex pediformis, Stipa zalesskii, Festuca lenensis, Festuca kryloviana

N.! N.! of the columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Editors

of Shrubs Berberis sibirica 10 Caragana bungei 1-2 1-2 5-8 Cotoneaster melanocarpa 1-2 + Dasiphora fruticosa 5-8 2-3 5-6 5 3-5 5-8 +

Courtesy Dwarf semi-shrubs Alyssum lenense + + + + + + + 1 Artemisia commutata + + + + 1-2 3-5 + 5-8 8 Artemisia frigida 3-5 + Artemisia santolinifolia + 1-2 Editors Dianthus versicolor + + + + + + 2-3 1 of Ephedra monosperma + Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + Thesium refractum + + + Thymus altaicus 2-3 3-5 2-3 Thymus gobicus + 8 8

Courtesy Long-lived perennial Grasses Agropyron cristatum + Agrostis trinii + 3-5

Editors Bromus inermis 1-2 1 1-2 + Festuca kryloviana of 20 10 Festuca lenensis 2-3 2-3 1-2 5-8 20 25 25 Festuca sibirica + Festuca valesiaca 2-3 Helictotrichon altaicum 35 20 40 5-8 12 5-7 + Helictotrichon schellianum 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 5-7 + Courtesy Hierochloe odorata + Koeleria macrantha 1-2 + 1-2 1-2 + 3-5 3 1-2 1 Leymus gmelinii 1-2 Phleum phleoides 1-2 1-2 2-3 + Editors Poa attenuata 2-3 2-3 3-5 5 3-5 2 2-3 of Poa botryoides Stipa capillata 2-3 1 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 Stipa zalesskii 60 Sedges Carex korshinskyi 5-8 2-3 25 +

Courtesy Carcx pcdiformis 10 25 10 20 10 45 5 20 18 Carex rupestris + Forbs Aconitum barbatum +

Editors Adenophora lamarckii + Adenophora stenanthina + + of Allium bidentatum + + Allium lineare +" + Allium prostratum 1 Allium schoenoprasum + Allium strictum + Courtesy Amblynotus rupestris + + + + 5-8 Androsace dasyphylla + Androsace incana + 3-5 + Androsace villosa 5-8 Editors Arctogeron gramineum + 10 of Arenaria capillarls + 1-2 5 Artemisia laciniata + + 1-2 Artemisia tanacetifolia 1-2 + Aster alpinus + 5 + 1-2 5 1-2 + 5 Astragalus adsurgens 1 +

Courtesy Astragalus austrosibiricus + + Astragalus mongholicus + + + Astragalus tenuis + Bupleurum bicaule 1-2 + 1-2 2-3 + + + 1

Editors Bupleurum multinerve + Bupleurum scorzonerifolium + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

KARAMYSHEVA Z.v., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia

Editors 48 of Table III (continuation)

Ne Ne of the columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Courtesy Cerastium arvense 2-3 + 1-2 Chamaerhodos altaica + 2-3 + 2-3 Chryzanthemum zawadskii Clausia aprica +

Editors Coluria geoides 1-2 12 + 12 8 +

of Cymbaria dahurica + Draba lanceolata + + Dracocephalum origanoides + Echinops latifolius 2 Galatella dahurica + Galium verum + + + + + 2-3

Courtesy + + Gentiana decumbens + + + + + 1 + Gentiana macrophylla + + Goniolimon speciosum + + Gypsophila patrinii 2-3 Editors Iris tigridia + + + + of Ixeridium gramineum + Leontopodium ochroleucum 3-5 3-5 1-2 1-2 + + 1-2 Leuzea uniflora + + Limonium flexuosum + Myosotis sylvatica +

Courtesy Onobrychis sibirica + + Orostachys malacophylla + + Orostachys spinosa + + + + + 1-2 Oxytropis chionophyla 3-5

Editors Oxytropis myriophylla + Oxytropis nitens 1 of Oxytropis strobilacea + + + + Papaver croceum + Papaver nudicaule + Patrinia sibirica + Pedicularis achilleifolia + Courtesy Pedicularis flava + + Pedicularis rubens + + Peucedanum histrix + + + + Phlojodicarpus sibiricus 1-2 Editors Phlomis tuberosa ~ + of Polygala hybrida 1-2 + + + Polygonum alpinum + Polygonum angustifolium + + Polygonum ellipticum Potentilla acaulis + + 5-X

Courtesy Potentilla bifurca + Potentilla nivea + Potentilla sericea 1-2 + 2-3 + Pulsatilla ambigua + + + + + Pulsatilla turczaninovii Editors + + Rumex acetosella + + + of Sanguisorba officinalis + 1 + + Saussurea saichanensis + Saussurea salicifolia + Scabiosa comosa 2-3 Scabiosa ochroleuca 1-2 + + Courtesy Schizonepeta multifida 3-5 1 3-4 + 5-8 Scorzonera radiata + Sedum hybridum + + Senecio campester + + +

Editors Serratula marginata +

of Sibbaldianthe adpressa + Silene jenisseensis + + + + Silene repens + Stellera chamaejasme 5 1-2 Thalictrum foeti dum + + + + Thalictrum petaloideum + + + + Courtesy Thlaspi cochleareforme + Trifolium lupinaster + + 1 Veronica incana 15 8-10 15 10 5-8 + Vicia multicaulis + + + + + Editors Y oungia tenuifolia + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 49 Editors of Table III (continuation)

.N'!! .N'!! of the columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Courtesy Annual and short-lived perennial Androsace filiformis + Androsace lactiflora + + Androsace septentrionalis Editors + + Dontostemon integrifolius + + of Erysimum cheiranthoides + Erysimum flavum + Euphrasia tatarica + + + + Gentiana acuta + Gentiana riparia + + + + Courtesy Fern Botrychium lunaria + Lichenes Aspicilia desertorum 3

Editors Parmelia vagans 4 of 1. Helictotrichon aItaicum-Carex pediformis rich in forb with Dasiphora fruticosa. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Under Khangai So­ mon, Western Khangai, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range, northern macroslope. H. - 1630m. Ten - 80 %. N!? 101K. 24.07.1973. 2. Helictotrichon aItaicum-H.schellianum-Festuca kryloviana-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Dasiphora fruticosa. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Khangai Somon, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range, the Torbchi-Obo Mts. H. - 1640m. Ten - 90 %. Courtesy N2 99K. 24.07.1973. 3. Helictotrichon altaicum-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Dasiphora fruticosa. Under Khangai Somon, Western Khangai, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range, northern slope. H. - 1650m. Ten - 80 %. N2 103K. 24.07.1973. 4. Festuca kryloviana-Helictotrichon altaicum-H.schellianum-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Dasiphora fruticosa.

Editors Ubsu Nur Aimak, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range, the low mountain on the northern macroslope. H. - 1570. Ten - 90 %. N!? 97K. 24.07.1973. of 5. Helictotrichon aItaicum-Poa attenuata-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with shrubs (Berberis sibirica, Dasiphora fruti­ cosa), Ubsu Nur Aimak, Turgen Somon, Mongolian Altai, north-east part. H. - 2300m. Ten - 60 %. N2 15K. 09.07.1973. 6. Stipa zalesskii-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with shrubs (Dasiphora fruticosa, Cotoneaster melanocarpa). Ubsu Nur Aimak, Under Khangai Somon, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range. Torbchi Obo Mts. H. - 1630m. Ten - 95 %. N2 103K. Courtesy 24.07.1973. 7. Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Caragana bungei. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Khjargas Somon, the Khan-Khukhiin-ma Range Northern macros lope. H. - 1600m. Ten - 80-90 %. N243K. 15.07.1973. 8. Festuca lenensis-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Dasiphora fruticosa. Arkhangai Aimak, Eastern Khangai. low

Editors mountain near Tsetserleg. H. - 1700m. Ten - 50 %. N225K. 17.07.1970. 9. Festuca lenensis-Carex pediformis rich in forbs with Dasiphora fruticosa. Arkhangai Aimak, Eastern Khangai, low of mountain near Tsetserleg. H. - 1700m. Ten - 50-60 %. N2 26K. 17.07.1970. 10. Carex pediformis-Festuca lenensis. Sukhe-Bator Aimak, Munkh-Khan Somon. The Munkh-Khan Mts., the northern slope. H. - 1580 m. Ten - 70 %. N2 167.1Kh. 25.08.1989. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

50 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table IV. Descriptions of the mountain and plain meadow steppes. Formations: Stipa baicalensis and Filifolium sibiricum Courtesy .NI! oM of columnes 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 Shrubs Armeniaca sibirica + Editors Caragana microphylla 3 + of Dasiphora fruticosa 5-8 Dasiphora parvifolia 2 Spiraea aquilegifolia + Dwarf semi-shrubs Alyssum lenense

Courtesy Artemisia commutata + + Artemisia frigida + 2 Artemisia gmelinii 15 Dianthus versicolor + + + +

Editors Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + + Thymus dahuricus + + + of Long-lived perennial Grasses Agropyron cristatum 1 Agrostis trinii + Bromus inermis + 1 Courtesy Festuca dahurica " 4 Festuca kryloviana 4 Festuca lenensis + + Festuca sibirica 5 + 1 12 15 5 Editors Helictotrichon schellianum + 3 1 + + + of Hierochloe glabra + Koeleria macrantha + 1 1 + 3 + 2 Leymus chinensis 3 + 2 2 Leymus gmelinii + Poa attenuata +

Courtesy Poa botryoides + 10 + + 2 Stipa baicalensis 40 10 4 15 + 3 Stipa sibirica + + Sedges Carex korshinskyi 3 15 Editors + Carex pediformis 12 + of Forbs Adenophora gmelinii + Adenophora stenanthina + + Adenophora tricuspidata + Allium anisopodium + + + + Courtesy Allium bidentatum + + Allium lineare + Allium senescens + + + Allium tenuissimum + + + + Editors Androsace incana + + + Arenaria capiUaris of + + Artemisia integrifolia + Artemisia laciniata 5 Aster alpinus + + + + 2 Astragalus adsurgens 2-3 + + + + Astragalus melilotoides

Courtesy + Astragalus tenuis + Bupleurum bicaule 3 + Bupleurum scorzonerifolium + 2 + 1 + Campanula glomerata + Editors Chamaerhodos trifida + of Clematis hexapetala + Cymbaria dahurica + Delphinium dissectum + Chrysanthemum zawadskii 3 + 4 Echinops latifolius + +

Courtesy Erigeron oreades + Euphorbia palassi + + Filifolium sibiricum 7 12 20 40 15 30 Galium verum 1-2 + 1 1 1 Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 51 Editors of Table IV (continuation) .Nl! .Nl! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gentiana acutiloba Courtesy Gentiana + barbata + Gentiana decumbens + Gymnodenia conopsea + Gypsophyla dahurica +

Editors + + Haplophyllum dauricum +

of Hemerocallis + minor + + Heteropappus altaicus 2 + Heteropappus biennis + + + + Hieracium umbellatum + Iris dichotoma 1 Leontopodium leontopodioides + Courtesy 1 2 + + + Leontopodium ochroleucum + Lespedeza dahurica 3 + Lespedeza + hedysaroides + Leuzea uniflora

Editors 1-2 + + + + + Lilium pumilum + + of Linaria buriatica + + Linum sibiricum + Medicago ruthenica 2 5 + + Melandrium apricum + Orostachys malacophylla + Courtesy Orostachys spinosa + Oxytropis filiformis + Oxytropis myriophylla + 2-3 8 10 + + + Oxytropis nitens 30 + 2 7 Editors Oxytropis + + oxyphylla + Papaver nudicaule + of + Papaver rubro-aurantiacum + Pamassia laxmannii + Pedicularis rubens 2-3 Pedicularis striata 2 + 3 Pimpinella thellungiana + + Courtesy + + Phlomis tuberosa + Polygala sibirica Polygonum + angustifolium + + Polygonum divaricatum + + Editors Polygonum + valerii 3 3 of Potentilla acaulis + 7 PotentiIla leucophylla + + + + + Potentilla sericea + Potentil1a strigosa + Potentilla tanacetifolia 5-8 + +

Courtesy + Potentilla verticillaris + Pulsatilla bungeana + 2 + 5 Pulsatilla turczaninovii 5 Rumex acetosa +

Editors Sanguisorba officinalis 2-3 + 1 + 15 Saposhnikovia divaricata + of 2 + + Scabiosa comosa + + + + + + Schizonepeta multifida 3-5 + + + + Scorzonera austriaca + Scorzonera radiata + Scutellaria baicalensis

Courtesy 2 2 Scutellaria scordiifolia + + Sedum aizoon + + Sedum hybridum + Senecio campester + Editors Serratula centauroides + + + + of Silene jenisseensis 2 + + + + Silene repens + Stellera chamaejasme 5-8 5 3 3 + 10 Taraxacum officinalis + Thalictrum minus 3-5 +

Courtesy Thalictrum petaloideum + + + + Thlaspi cochleareforme 3 + + + + Trifolium lupinaster 5-8 2 + + + Valeriana officinalis + Veronica incana Editors + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

52 KARAMYSHEVA Z. v., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table IV (continuation)

.M! NI! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vicia amoena Courtesy 2 + Vicia cracca 2-3 Vicia multicaulis + Vicia nervata + Vicia unijuga + Editors Youngia tenuifolia + + of Fern Botrychium lunaria + Annual and short-lived perennial Artemisia scoparia + + Dontostemon integrifolius +

Courtesy Euphrasia tatarica + Halenia corniculata + Lichenes Parmelia vagans 2-3 70 70 Editors 1. Stipa baicalensis-Carex pediformis rich in forb with Dasiphora fruticosa. Arkhangai Aimak, Eastern Khangai, low of mountain near Tsetserleg. H. - 1720m. TCD - 70 %. N!~ 23K. 17.07.1970. 2. Stipa baicalensis-Oxytropis myriophylla with forbs. Sukhe-Bator Aimak, Tumen-Tsogt Somon, Tumen-Tsogt Mts. Eastern Mongolia. H.- 1225m. TCD - 90 %. N2 304.1Kh. 04.08.1991. 3. Stipa baicalensis-Oxytropis myriophylla with forbs and shrubs (Dasiphora parvifolia). Khentei Aimak, Somon Norovlin. Mongolian Dahuria, the Eren-Daba Mts. H. - 1180m. TCD - 85-90 %. N295.1Kh.31.07.1989. Courtesy 4. Stipa baicalensis-Festuca lenensis-Filifolium sibiricum with forbs. Khentei Aimak, Somon Norovlin. Mongolian Dahu­ ria. the Eren-Daba Mts. H. - 1150m. N2 56.1Kh. 04.07.1989. 5. Filifolium sibiricum-Festuca sibirica with petrophilous forbs. Khentei Aimak. Somon Norovlin. Mongolian Dahuria, the Eren-Daba Mts. H. - 1130 m. TCD - 80 %. N2 56.2Kh.05.07.1989 Editors 6. Filifolium sibiricum-Oxytropis nitens with forbs (Sanguisorba officinalis) and lichenes. Eastern Aimak. the Greater of Khingan Mts. The Plateau of bazalt. H. - 1100 m. Slope - W. TCD - 95-100 %. N2200. lKh. 20.07.1989. 7. Filifolium sibiricum-Carex korshinskyi with Festuca dahurica. Eastern Aimak, The plaines near the Greater Khingan Mts. H. - 920 m. TCD - 60 %. N2 81.1Kh. 17.07.1989. 8. Filifolium sibiricum-Oxytropis myriophylla with lichenes. Khentei Aimak, Mongolian Dahuria, the Eren-Daba Mts. (the Schusyn Ar Mts.). H. - 1150 m. Slope - N. TCD - 95 %. N2 92.1.2Kh. 30.07.1989. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA. vol. 17, 1995 53 Editors of

Table V. Descriptions of the forb-bunch-grass steppes.

Courtesy Farmations: Helictotrichon altaicum, Helictotrichon schellianum, Filifolium sibiricum, Festuca dahurica

.NI! .NI! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shrubs Editors Caragana microphylla + of Caragana pygmaea 2-3 Spiraea hypericifolia 3-5 Dwarf semi-shrubs Alyssum lenense + Artemisia changaica 2-3

Courtesy Artemisia commutata 5-8 Artemisia dolosa 3-5 Artemisia frigida 3-5 5-8 + + + 6 Dianthus versicolor 5-8

Editors Ephedra monosperma + Kochia prostrata of + Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + 1 2 Thesium refractum + Thymus altaicus 2-3 Thymus dahuricus Long-lived perennial Courtesy Grasses Agropyron cristatum 1-2 + 2 1 Bromus inermis 3-5 Cleistogenes squarrosa 3 2 + Editors Festuca dahurica 4 of Festuca lenensis + 3 Festuca valesiaca 3-5 23 Helictotrichon altaicum 20 2-3 Helictotrichon schellianum 10 Koeleria altaica +

Courtesy Koeleria cristata 1-2 5-8 Koeleria macrantha 2-3 2 1 + Leymus chinensis + 1 3 6 Poa attenuata 2

Editors Poa botryoides + 2 + Poa stepposa 5-8 4 of Stipa baicalensis + 3 + Stipa capillata 10 Stipa grandis 1 2 + Stipa krylovii + + Stipa sibirica + Courtesy Sedges Carex duriuscula + 2 Carex korshinskyi + + 2 + + Carex pediformis + 1 Editors Forbs of Adenophora stenanthina + Allium anisopodium + Allium bidentatum 1 + Allium lineare + + + + Allium odorum +

Courtesy Allium senescens + Amblynotus rupestris 1-2 + Androsace incana + Androsace villosa + Arenaria capillaris 3-5 Editors + Artemisia glauca + of Asparagus dahuricus + Aster alpinus 1-2 18 + Astragalus adsurgens 2-3 + Astragalus austrosibiricus + Astragalus inopinatus + Courtesy Astragalus mongholicus + Astragalus tenuis 1 + + Bupleurum bicaule + + + + Bupleurum scorzonerifolium 2-3 3

Editors Chamaerhodos trifida 2 of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

54 KARAMYSHEVA z.v., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table V (continuation)

.Ni! .Ni! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Courtesy Clematis hexapetala + Coluria geoides 15 Cymbaria dahurica + + + Dracocephalum origanoides +

Editors Echinops latifolius + Euphorbia discolor + + of Filifolium sibiricum 35 10 15 Galium verum 1-2 1-2 + + + + Gentiana decumbens 1 + + + Haplophyllum dauricum + Hedysarum fruticosum + Courtesy Hemerocallis minor + Heteropappus altaicus + + Iris dichotoma + + + Iris tigridia + + + Editors Leontopodium leontopodiodes + + of Leontopodium ochroleucum 2-3 + Lespedeza dahurica 3 Lilium pumilum + Lilium tenuifolium + Linaria acutiloba + Linaria buriatica Courtesy + + Linum sibiricum + Medicago ruthenica + + 4 Melandrium brachypetalum + Minuartia vema

Editors + Orostachys fimbriata + of Orostachys spinosa + Oxytropis arenaria + Oxytropis myriophylla + + Oxytropis nitens + 1 Oxytropis strobilacea 2-3 + Courtesy Papaver rubro-aurantiacum + Pedicularis achilleifolia + Peucedanum histrix 1 + Polygala tenuifolia + +

Editors Polygonum alpinum + Polygonum angustifolium of + PolygQnum valerii + + Potentilla acaulis + + + + + 1 Potentilla bifurca 1 + Potentilla leucophylla + Potentilla sericea + Courtesy Potentilla tanacetifolia + Pulsatilla ambigua + 5 Pulsatilla bungeana 2 10 Pulsatilla turczaninovii 1-2 + 5 Editors Saposhnikovia divaricata + 2 + + of Scabiosa comosa + + Scabiosa ochroleuca 2-3 Schizonepeta multifida 2-3 + + + Scorzonera austriaca + + Scutellaria baicalensis 2

Courtesy Scutellaria scordiifolia + Senecio campester + + Serratula centauroides + + + Sibbaldianthe adpressa +

Editors Silene jenisseensis 3-5 1 1 Stellera chamaejasme + + + of Thalictrum foetidum + + Thalictrum petaloideum + + Thalictrum squarrosum + + Thermopsis lanceolata 10 Thermopsis mongolica 2-3 Courtesy Veronica incana + Annual and short-lived perennial Androsace septentrionalis + + Artemisia scoparia 1 Editors Chamaerhodos erecta + + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 55 Editors of Table V (continuation)

.NIl .NIl of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Courtesy Chenopodium aristatum + Erysimum flavum + Gentiana squarrosa + + Lichenes

Editors Pannelia vagans 3 of 1. Helictotrichon altaicum-Coluria geoides with forbs and shrubs. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Tess Somon, eastern part of the Khan­ Khukhiin-Ula Range. H. - 142010. TCD - 70 % . .Nil 20K. 02.07.1977. 2. Festuca valesiaca with mesoxerophilous forbs. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Khjargas Somon, Western Khangai the Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Range. Southern macroslope. H. - 21s0m. TCD - 80 %. Ne s1K. 16.07.1973. 3. Helictotrichon schellianum-Poa attenuata rich in forbs. Arkhangai Aimak, Eastern Khangai, low mountain nears Tsetserleg Courtesy Somon. H. - 1700 m. TCD - 45-50 %. Ne 24K. 17.07.1970. 4. Flllfolium sibirlcum. Eastern Aimak, Somon Gurvan-Dzagal. Plain. TCD -SO %. H. - 740 m . .Nil70.2Kh. 09.07.1989. 5. Filifolium sibiricum with grass and forbs. Sukhe-Bator Aimak, Somon Tumen-Tsogt. H.-I09sm. TCD - 40 %. .Nil 1-3sKh. 30.06.1990.

Editors 6. Filifolium sibiricum with petrophilous forbs (Pulsatilla bungeana). Sukhe-Bator Aimak, SomonTumen-Tsogt.

of H. - 1140 m. TCD - 50 % . Ne 1-8Kh. 15.07.1990. 7. Grass-forb with Festuca dahurica steppe. Eastern Aimak. Cis-Khingan sand plain on the left bank of the Khalkhin-Gol River. H. - 740 m. TCD - 70 %. N!l 76.1Kh. 16.07.1989. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

56 KARAMYSHEVA z.v., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table VI. Descriptions of the mountain mixed bunch-grass steppes with forbs

Courtesy .Nl!N1 of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shrubs Caragana microphylla 3-4 Caragana stenophylla + + 3-5 2-3 Editors Dasiphora fruticosa +

of Dwarf semi-shrubs Alyssum lenense + Artemisia changaica + + Artemi'sia commutata 10 3-4 Artemisia dolosa + 5-8 5 Artemisia frigida Courtesy 20 5-8 + 3-5 3-4 Artemisia santolinifolia 1-2 + + Ephedra monosperma + + Ephedra sinica + Ptilotrichum canescens 5-8 2-3 1 Editors + Thymus gobicus 8 1-2 + 1-2 of Long-lived perennial Grasses Agropyron aegilopoides + Agropyron cristatum 10 5 3-5 2-3 3-5 + + Festuca lenensis 12 15 40 5-8 10 30

Courtesy Festuca sibirica 1-2 1-2 Festuca valesiaca 12 Helictotrichon schellianum + Koeleria macrantha 8 5-8 8 10 10 1-2 1-2

Editors Poa attenuata 3-5 10 8 2-3 8 20 + Stipa baicalensis 1-2 of Stipa krylovii + + 1-2 Sedges Carex duriuscula + Carex korshinskyi + 1 1-2 + Carex pediformis 2-3 Courtesy Carex stenophylloides + Forbs Allium bidentatum + + + + + Allium lineare + Editors Allium tenuissimum + of Amblynotus rupestris 2-3 + + Androsace incana + Androsace villosa 5 + 1 Arctogeron gramineum 1 + 2-3 4-5 Arenaria capillaris 2-3 1-2 + 2-3 + 4-5

Courtesy Artemisia tanacetifolia 1-2 Aster alpinus + 2-3 1-2 5-7 2-3 1-2 Astragalus inopinatus 1-2 20 Bupleurum bicaule +

Editors Bupleurum scorzonerifolium + + + + Chamaerhodos altaica + + of Clausia aprica + Cymbaria dahurica 2-3 Dracocephalum origanoides + + Echinops latifolius + + Eritrichium pauciflorum + Courtesy Euphorbia discolor + Gentiana decumbens + + Goniolimon speciosum + + Haplophyllum dauricum + Editors Iris tigridia + + + + of Krylovia eremophyla + Leontopodium ochroleucum + 2-3 Leuzea uniflora + Linaria acutiloba + + Linum sibiricum +

Courtesy Medicago ruthenica + + Orostachys malacophylla + + Orostachys spinosa + Oxytropis filiformis 3-5 3-5 5-8 5-8 1-2 Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 57 Editors of Table VI (continuation)

N!!N!! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Courtesy Oxytropis nitens 5 + 5 Panzeria lanata + + Papaver nudicaule + Pedicularis achilleifolia +

Editors Pedicularis flava + + 1-2 + Pedicularis striata of + Peucedanum histrix + + 1-2 + 2-3 Peucedanum vaginatum + Polygonum alpinum Polygonum angustifolium 1-2 1-2 + Potentilla acaulis 3-5 Courtesy Potentilla bifurca + + + 1-2 Potentilla conferta + 2-3 Potentilla sericea 2-3 1-2 2-3 2-3 3-5 + 1-2 Potentilla strigosa + Editors Potentilla viscosa + of Pulsatilla bungeana 1-2 Pulsatilla turczaninovii + + 1-2 1-2 Rheum undulatum + + 3-5 + Rhodiola rosea + + + Saussurea salicifolia +

Courtesy Scabiosa comosa + Schizonepeta multifida + Scorzonera austriaca + + Sibbaldianthe adpreSsa + + +

Editors Silene jenisseensis + + Silene repens + + of Smelovskia alba + Stellaria dichotoma + Thalictrum foeti dum 3-5 5-8 5-8 Thalictrum petaloideum + 1-2 Thermopsis dahurica + Courtesy Thermopsis mongolica + Tragopogon trachycarpus + Veronica incana + Veronica pinnata + Editors Youngia tenuifolia

of Annual and short-lived perennial Androsace septentrionalis + Chamaerhodos erecta + + Dontostemon integrifolius + + +

Courtesy Erysimum flavum + + Plantago komarovii + Veronica ciliata +

1. Festuca lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Agropyron cristatum. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Bukh Muren Somon, Mongolian Altai. Editors Bairam-Daba pass. H. - 2400. TDC - 65 % . N2 188K. 13.07.1978. of 2. Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata-Koeleria macrantha-Agropyron cristatum with forbs and Dasiphora fruticosa. Baijan­ Khongor Aimak. Gurvan Bulak Somon, Southern macros lope of Central Khangai, the Gurvan-Bulak Mts. H. - 2890 m, southern slope. TDC - 40 %. N277K. 13.07.1972. 3. Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata-Koeleria macrantha with forbs. Baijan-Khongor Aimak, Central Khangai, Southern mac­ roslope. the Bogd Ula Range. H. - 2550 m. TDC - 60 %. N2 52K. 07.07.1972.

Courtesy 4. Festuca lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata with forbs. Baijan-Khongor Aimak, Ikh-Tarnis Somon, Eastern Khangai. H. - 1960m. TDC -70 %. N2 2K. 21.06.1971. 5. Koeleria macrantha-Festuca lenensis-Poa attenuata with mesoxerophilous forbs. Bajan-Khongor Aimak, Bulgan Somon, southern macroslope of the Khangai Mts., the Bogd Ula Mts. H. - 2690 m. TDC - 50-55 %. N2 52K. 07.07.1972.

Editors 6. Poa attenuata-Festuca lenensis rich in forbs with shrubs (Caragana microphylla, c.stenophylla). Khentei Aimak. The Khentei Mts., southern foothills of the mountain. Khamar-Daba Pass. H,- 1700m. TDC - 60-70 %. N2 lK. 17.06.1971. of 7. Festuca lenensis-F.sibirica-Koeleria macrantha with forbs and Caragana stenophylla. Central Aimak, Baijan-Dsurkh Somon, The Khentei Mts .• Khooltyn Daba Pass. H. - 1712 m. TDC - 60-65 %. NUK. 02.07.1970. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

58 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table VII. Descriptions of the lowmountain forb--bunch-grass steppes. Formation: Festuca lenensis

Courtesy .Nl!.N'!! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shrubs Amygdalus pedunculata 10 10 +

Editors Caragana microphylla + + + +

of Caragana pygmaea + + Caragana stenophylla + + Cotoneaster melanocarpa Dasiphora fruticosa + 10 Spiraea aquilegifolia 10 Dwarf semi-shrubs Courtesy Alyssum lenense + + + 2 + Artemisia commutata 4 + 2 Artemisia frigida Dianthus versicolor + + Editors Ptilotrichum tcnuifolium 1 + + + of Thymus dahuricus + 10 2 Long-lived perennial Grasses Agropyron cristatum + Cleistogcncs squarrosa +

Courtesy Fcstuca lcncnsis 4 15 30 7 25 10 Fcstuca sibirica + Hclictotrichon schclli anum + Koeleria macrantha + + + + 3

Editors Lcymus chinensis + 1 Poa botryoides 1 2 4 of Poa stcpposa + Stipa baicalensis z Stipa grandis + + Stipa krylovii 1 + + + Stipa sibirica + Courtesy Sedges Carex duriuscula 2 Carcx korshinskyi 2 2 + Carcx pcdiformis 2 Editors Forbs of Adenophora stcnanthina + Allium bidentatum + + Allium prostratum 6 + Allium vodopjanovii + 1 + Amblynotus rupestris + 2 1 +

Courtesy Androsace incana + + + 1 1 1 Arctogcron gramineum 3 1 1 Arcnaria capillaris 2 1 Astcr alpinus +

Editors Astragalus galactitcs + Astragalus mongholicus + + of Astragalus tenuis + Bupleurum bicaule 2 + + + + Bupleurum scorzonerifolium 3 Chamacrhodos trifida + 12 Chryzanthemum zawadskii + + + Courtesy Cymbaria dahurica + + + 1 2 Filifolium sihiricum 2 2 7 Galium verum 2 + 2 Gcntiana decumbens +

Editors Goniolimon speciosum + +

of Gypsophyla dahurica + Haplophyllum dauricum + + Hcteropappus altaicus + + + Hctcropappus bicnnis + Iris potaninii + Iris tenuifolia Courtesy + Leotopodium ochroleucum + Leuzea uniflora + Linaria buriatica + Mcdicago ruthcnica + + 2 + + Editors Orostachys malacophylla + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANqUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 59 Editors of Table VII (continuation) MM of colwnnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Orostachys spinosa 7 Courtesy + + + + Oxytropis filiformis + 3 1 + Oxytropis myriophylla + + Oxytropis nitens + + + + Oxytropis oxyphylla + + Editors Papaver croceum + of Pedicularis flava + + + Pedicularis striata + Polygonum angustifolium 1 + + + + + Potentilla acaulis + + Potentilla leucophylla + + + + Courtesy Potentilla sericea 2 1 + + 3 Potentilla tanacetifolia + + + Potentilla verticillaris + + + + Pulsatilla bungeana 8 + 1 + 5

Editors Pulsatilla turczaninovii + Rheum undulatum of + Saposhnikovia divaricata + Saussurea salicifolia 1 + + + Scorzonera austriaca + Sedum aizoon + Serratula centauroides + + + Courtesy Sibbaldianthe adpressa + Sibbaldianthe sericea + Silene jenisseensis + + + Stellera chamaejasme + + + Editors Thalictrum squarrosum 2 + of Veronica incana + Youngia tenuifolia + + Annual and short-lived perennial Artemisia scoparia 4

Courtesy Dontostemon integrifolius + Erysimum flavum + Gentiana squarrosa + Hackelia thymifolia + + Editors 1. Festuca lenensis-FiUfollum sibiricum with Amygdalus pedunculata. Khentei Aimak, Berkh Somon. Middle Khalkha, the Berkh of Mts. H. - 1200 m. TDC - 60 %. Nil 107.1Kh. 05.08.1989. 2. Festuca lenensis-Filifollum sibiricum with Amygdalus pedunculata, Dasiphora fruticosa. Sukhc Batnr Aimak. Middle Khalkha, the Delger Obo Mts. H. - 1200m. TDC - 60 %. Nil l00.IKh. 02.08.1989. 3. Festuca lenensis with petrophilous forbs. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Tumen-Tsogt Somon. Lowmountain. H. - 1300 m. TDC - 60%. Nil 1-5.1Kh. 22.06.1990. Courtesy 4. Festuca lenensis-Poa botryoides-Carex pediformis with petrophilous forbs. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Tumen-Tsogt Somon. Low­ mountain, H. - 1090 m. TDC - 40 %. N!! 0-2 Kh. 01.07.1990. 5. Festuca lenensis-Filifolium sibiricum with petrophilous forbs. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Tumen-Tsogt Somon. Eastern Mongolian, the top of the hill. H. - 1200m. TDC - 40 %. Nil III-l09Kh. 04.08.1991. . Editors 6. Festuca lenensis-Chamaerhodos trifida with shrubs. Sukhe Bator Aimak. Middle Khalkha, the Dzan Shyre Mts. H. -1300 m.

of TDC - 40 %. Nil 165.1.1Kh. 25.08.1989. . Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

60 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table VIII. Descriptions of the lowmountain and plain forb-bunch-grass steppes. Fonnations: Stipa baicalensis, Stipa grandis, Stipa krylovii Courtesy N!!N!! of columnes I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 7 8 Shrubs

Editors Armeniaca sibirica 5-8 Caragana microphylla 2-4 2-4 4-5 + + 3-5 1-2 of Caragana stenophylla 1-2 5 2-3 + + 1-2 Dwarf semi-shrubs Alyssum lenense + Artemisia changaica 1-2 Artemisia commutata + 2-3 2-3 + Courtesy Artemisia dolosa 3-5 Artemisia frigida + 10 2-3 2-3 + Ephedra sinica + Kochia prostrata + + 1-2 + Editors Ptilotrichum canesccns + + 1-2 of Ptilotrichum dahuricum + Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + Thymus dahuricus Thymus gobicus 1-2 Long-lived perennial

Courtesy Grasses Agropyron cristatum + 5-7 1-2 5 + + + 5-8 Cleistogenes kitagawae 2-3 + Cleistogenes squarrosa 5-7 5-7 1-2 4 2-3 5-8 Festuca lenensis Editors + Koeleria macrantha + 5 5 + + + 3-4 of Koeleria mukdenensis 2-3 Leymus chinensis 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 2 5-7 2-3 Poa attenuata 1 5-6 Poa botryoides + + + + Stipa baicalensis 35 30 20 25

Courtesy Stipa grandis 7 2 Stipa krylovii 3 10 25 18 Stipa sibirica + Sedges

Editors Carex duriuscula +

of Carex korshinskyi + 1-2 2 + Forbs Adenophora stenanthina 2 Allium anisopodium + 1-2 + Allium bidentatum + + Allium condensatum 1-2

Courtesy + + + Allium lineare + Allium odorum + Allium senescens 1 3-5 Allium tenuissimum + + + Editors Amblynotus rupestris 2-3 of Androsace incana 1-2 Anemarrhena asphodeloides 1-2 Arenaria capillaris + Asparagus dahuricus + + Astragalus adsurgens +

Courtesy Astragalus inopinatus 2-3 Astragalus melilotoides + + + Astragalus scaberrimus 5 + Astragalus tenuis + 3-5

Editors Bupleurum bicaule + 1-2 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium 10 + + of + Cymbaria dahurica + 1-2 + + 1-2 + Echinops latifolius + Euphorbia discolor + + + Galium verum + + Goniolimon speciosum + + Courtesy Haplophyllum dauricum + + + + Hedysarum gmelinii 1-2 Heteropappus altaicus + 1-2 + 1-2 + + Heteropappus hispidus + Editors Iris dichotoma 1-2 of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 61 Editors of Table VIII (continuation)

.Ni!.N'l! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Courtesy Iris tenuifolia + + Iris tigridia + Lespedeza dahurica 5-7 Leuzea uniflora

Editors Linum sibiricum + ~edicago ruthenica of + 2 + Olgaea lomonosovii 1-2 Oxytropis nitens 5-8 Oxytropis oxyphylla + Pedicularis venusta 1 Polygala sibirica + + Courtesy Polygonum divaricatum + Potentila acaulis 10 10 5 + Potentilla bifurca + + Potentilla conferta + Editors Potentilla leucophylla + of Potentilla sericea + Potentilla strigosa + Potentilla tanacetifolia 1 3-5 + + Potentilla verticillaris + + 1-2 Potentilla viscosa + 2

Courtesy Pulsatilla bungeana 2-3 Pulsatilla turczaninovii 3 Saposhnikovia divaricata + + • + Saussurea salicifolia + + + 1-2

Editors Scabiosa camosa + Schizonepeta multifida + of Scutellaria baicalensis 5-7 Scutellaria scordiifolia 1-2 + Senecio integrifolia + Serratula centauroides 5-7 1 + + 1-2 1 Silene jenisseensis + Courtesy Sibbaldianthe adpressa + + 1-2 Stellera chamaejasme 1 Thalictrum squarrosum + 3-4 1-2 + + Veronica incana 1-2 10 Editors Annual and short-lived

of perennial Androsace septentrionalis + Artemisia scoparia + + ehamaerhodos erecta + + + Dontostemon integrifolius + + + + + Erysimum flavum Courtesy + 1 Gentiana squarrosa + Lappula intermedia +

1. Stipa baicalensis-Cleistogenes squarrosa with forbs and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, C.stenophylla). Sukhe Bator Ai­ Editors mak, Erdene-Tsagan Somon. ~ddle Khalkha, the plain near Erdene-Tsagan. H. - 1000 m. TeD - 55 %. N!! 35K. of 01.07.1971. 2. Stipa baicalensis-Agropyron cristatum-Cleistogenes squarrosa with forbs and Caragana stenophylla. Sukhe Bator Aimak. ~ddle Khalkha, the Gantsyn-Tsagan-Gbo ~ts. near Plateau Dariganga. H - 1430 m. TeD - 70-80 %. N!! 37K. 07.07.1971. 3. Stipa baicalensis with forbs and Armeniaca sibirica. Eastern Aimak, western foothills of the Greater Khingan Mts., the

Courtesy Barun-Suul ~ts. H. - 943 m. TeD - 45 %. N!! 34K. 01.07.1971. 4. Stipa baicalensis with forbs and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, c.stenophylla). Eastern Aimak, the plain near Tamsag Bulak. H. - 700 m. TeD - 60 %. N!! IlK. 26.06.1971. 5. Forb steppe with Stipa grandis. Eastern Aimak. Eastern ~onglia. The plain, H. - 1050 m. TeD - 70 %. N!! 1l1.2Kh.

Editors 09.08.1989.

of 6. Stipa krylovii with mesoxerophylous forbs. Eastern Aimak. ~atad Somon, low hill plain. H. - R20 m. TCD - 70 %. N!! 157.1Kh. 19.08.1989. 7. Stipa krylovii-Leymus chinensis with forbs and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, C.stenophylla). Sukhe Bator Aimak. Er­ dene-Tsagan Somon. ~ddle Khalkha, peneplain near Erdene-Tsagan. H. - 1200 m. TeD - 40-45 %. N!! 36.K. 02.07.1971. 8. Stipa krylovii with xerophilous and mesoxerophilous forbs and Caragana microphylla. Arkhangai Aimak. Eastern Khangai. Courtesy low mountain near Tsetserleg Somon. H. - 1600 m. TeD - 55-60 %. N!! 22K. 17.07.1970. Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

62 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes o/Mongolia Editors of Table IX. Desciptions of the mountain bunch-grass steppes. Formations: Festuca lenensis, Agropyron cristatum, Stipa krylovii Courtesy N.!N.! of columnes 1 234 5 N.!N.! of columnes 1 234 5 Shrubs Bupleurum bicaule + + + 1-2 +

Editors Caragana bungei 5 5 Chamerhodos altaica + Caragana pygmaea of 2-5 Convolvulus ammanii + + + Dwarf semi-shrubs Dracocephalum fruticulosum 2-3 Alyssum lenense + + Dracocephalum origanoides + Artemisia changaica + Euphorbia humifusa + Artemisia commutata + + Goniolimon speciosum + Artemisia frigida + 10 3-5 5 16 Gypsophila desertorum

Courtesy + + + Artemisia obtusiloba 1-2 Heteropappus altaicus + + Ephedra monosperma 1 + + Iris tigridia + + Kochia prostrata 2-3 Limonium flexuosum + Ptilotrichum canescens + + Linum baicalense + Editors Thymus gobicus + Orostachys spinosa 1-2 + of Long lived-perennial Oxytropis filiforrnis 3-5 Grasses Oxytropis gracillima + Agropyron cristatum 7-9 14 25 3-5 2-3 Oxytropis nitens + Cleistogenes squarrosa + + Peucedanum histrix 2-3 + Festuca lenensis 18 18 5-7 Potentilla acaulis 1-2 2-3 10

Courtesy Koeleria macrantha 5-7 9 5-8 + 2-3 Potentilla bifurca + Poa attenuata 5 7 5-6 5-8 + Potentilla sericea 1-2 3-5 Stipa krylovii 2-3 10 1-2 10 30 Pulsatilla ambigua + Sedges Scorzonera austriaca 3-5 + +

Editors Carex duriuscula + 5-7 + Sibbaldianthe adpressa + Carex stenophyloides + z + Stellaria dichotoma + + of Forbs Thalictrum foeti dum + + + Allium altaicum 1-2 Therrnopsis mongolica 5 Allium anisopodium + Veronica incana 1-2 Allium bidentatum + Short-lived perennial and annual Courtesy Allium prostratum + Artemisia pectinata + Allium tenuissimum + Chamaerhodos erecta + Amblynotus rupestris + + Dontostemon integrifolius + + Androsace villosa + + Erysimum flavum + + Editors Arenaria capillaris 20 + Lappula interrncdia + of Arenaria meyeri 5-8 Lichenes Aster alpinus 1-2 Parmelia vagans 40 35 Astragalus brevifolius 3-5 2-3 +

1. Festuca lenensis-Agropyron cristatum-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata with petrophilous forbs. Baijan Khongor Aimak,

Courtesy Bogd Somon. Central Khangai, Southern macroslope. H. - 2520m. TCD - 50-55 %. N2 15K. 27.06.1972. 2. Festuca lenensis-Agropyron cristatum-Stipa krylovii-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata- Artemisia frigida. Baijan Khongor Aimak. Bogd Somon. Central Khangai, Southern macroslope. H. - 2300 m. TCD - 50-60 %. N2 16K. 27.07.1972. 3. Agropyron cristatum-Festuca lenensis-Koeleria macrantha-Poa attenuata-Artemisia frigida. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Sagil Somon. North-eastern part of Mongolian Altai. Norh-western slope of the Tsagan-Shibetu Mts. Daltyn-Daba Pass. H. - 1870 m. Editors TCD - 40-45 %. N2 147K. 03.07.1978. of 4. Stipa krylovii-Poa attenuata-Agropyron cristatum. Ubsu Nur Aimak. Turgen Somon. North-eastern part of Mongolian Altai, mountain near Achit Nur Pan. H. - 1950m. TCD - 35 %. N2 61K. 22.07.1977. 5. Stipa krylovii-Artemisia frigida with Caragana pygmaea and C.bungei. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Sagil Somon. North-eastern part of Mongolian Altai, foothills of the Tsagan-Shibetu Mts. H. - 1400 m. TCD - 70 %. N2 20K. 01.07.1977. Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 63 Editors of Table X. Desciptions of the plain bunch-grass dry steppes. Formations: Stipa krylovii, Stipa grandis, Cleistogenes squarrosa Courtesy .Nil .Nil of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shrubs

Editors Caragana microphylla 5-8 3-5 3 + + 10 Caragana pygmaea 2-3 5-6 of Caragana stenophylla 2-3 + + 2-3 + + + 15 Dwarf semi-shrubs Artemisia adamsii 1-2 + 3-5 + Artemisia frigida 5 + 1-2 4 6 10 Ephedra sinica 1-2 Courtesy Kochia prostrata + + Ptilotrichum canescens + Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + Long lived-perennial Editors Grasses of Agropyron cristatum 5 1-2 + + 5-6 1 9 Cleistogenes squarrosa 12 10 10 3-5. 14 7 5 + 15 Koeleria macrantha + 10 1-2 + 1 + 2 + Leymus chinensis + 1-2 + 1-2 + + 7 4-5 Poa botryoides 5 1-2 + + +

Courtesy Stipa grandis + 1 15 20 20 20 25 Stipa krylovii 18 20 40 + + 3-5 Sedge Carex duriuscula + + +

Editors Carex korshinskyi + 1-2 5-7 + Forbs of Allium anisopodium + + + + + Allium bidentatum + + + + + 1-2 Allium odorum + + Allium senescens + Allium tenuissimum + + + + Courtesy Arenaria capillaris + Asparagus dahuicus 1-2 + Astragalus galactites 1-2 + + + + + Astragalus laguroides + Editors Astragalus melilotoides +

of Astragalus scaberrimus + + Bupleurum bicaule + 2-3 2 + Bupleurum scorzonerifolium + Convolvulus ammanii + Cymbaria dahurica + + + + + + + Euphorbia discolor Courtesy + + + Galium verum + Haplophyllum dauricum + + + + Heteropappus altaicus + + + + + Iris tenuifolia + Editors Lespedeza dahurica 2-3 of Limonium bicolor + Lynaria buriatica + Medicago ruthenica + + Orostachys thyrsiflora + Oxytropis myriophylla +

Courtesy Potentilla acaulis + Potentilla bifurca + + Potentilla conferta + Potentilla nudicaulis /'. +

Editors Potentilla strigosa + Potentilla tanacetifolia of + + + Saposhnikovia divaricata + Saussurea salicifolia 2-3 + Serratula centauroides + + + Sibbaldianthe adpressa + + + Sibbaldianthe sericea + Courtesy Thalictrum squarrosum 1-2 Veronica incana + Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

64 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Table X (continuation)

.Nl! .Nl! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Courtesy Short-lived perennial and annual Artemisia palustris + + Artemisia scoparia + + 1-2 2-3 + 1 2 Editors Chamaerhodos erecta + + + of Chamaerhodos sabulosa + Chenopodium acuminatum + Chenopodium aristatum + + + + Chenopodium strictum + 1-2 Dontostemon integrifolius + + +

Courtesy Eragrostis minor + Lepidium densiflorum + Salsola australis 1 Salsola collina + 1

Editors Salsola pestifera + + of 1. Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum with Caragana microphylla. Khentei Aimak, Under Khan Somon. Central Mongolia (Middle Khalkha), denudative plain. H. - 1000 m. TCD - 50 %. NQ 4K. 19.06.1971. 2. Stipa krylovii-Koeleria macrantha-Cleistogenes squarrosa with Caragana microphylla and C.stenophylla. Sukhe Bator Ai­ mak, Bain-Term Somon. Eastern Mongolia, plain. H. - 1200 m. TCD - 50-60 %. Nil 6K. 21.06.1971. 3. Stipa krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Tumen-Tsogt Somon. Plain. H. - lllOm. TCD - 50 %. Courtesy NQ 113.1Kh. 09.08. 1989. 4. Stipa grandis-S.krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa with Caragana microphylla, C.stenophylla and psammophilous forbs. Eastern Aimak,Eastern Mongolia, plain near Tamsag Bulak Somon. H. - 600. TCD - 30-35 %. NQ 14K. 27.06.1971. 5. Stipa grandis-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Carex korshinskyi with Caragana stenophylla. Central Aimak, Unzhul Somon. Middle Editors Khalkha. plain near Somon. H. - 1250 m. TCD - 50-55 %. Nil 001K. 23.06.1972.

of 6. Stipa grandis-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia frlgida. Eastern Aimak, Matad Somon. Eastern Mongolia. TCD - 60 %. 950 m. NQ 134.1Kh. 13.08.1989. 7. Stipa grandis-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia frigida. Eastern Aimak, Tamsag Bulak Somon. Eastern Mongolia. Plain. TCD - 40 %. 650 m. NQ 150.1Kh. 18.08.1989. 8. Stipa grandis-Leymus chinensis. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Erdene Tsagan Somon. Middle Khalkha, plain. H. - 1130 m.

Courtesy TCD - 50 %. NQ 32.2Kh. 20.06.1989. 9. Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum-Leymus chinensis-Artemisia frigida with Caragana stenophylla and C.mic­ rophylla. Central Aimak, Unzhul Somon. Middle Khalkha, plain near Somon. H. - 1200 m. TCD - 50-55 %. NQ 20K. 23.06.1972. Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, VO!. 17, 1995 65 Editors of Table XI. Descriptions of the plain and mountain bunch-grass dry steppes.

Courtesy Formations: Festuca valesiaca, Agropyron nevskii, Stipa kirghisorum, Stipa krylovii, Stipa klemenzii

N!!N!! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Editors Shrubs Amygdalus pedunculata + of Atraphaxis frutescens Caragana bungei + 12 Caragana microphylla 2-5 Caragana pygmaea 1-2 1-2 + 1-2 + Caragana stenophylla + + Courtesy Dwarf semi-shrubs Ajania trifida 2 Artemisia adamsii + Artemisia caespitosa + Editors Artemisia commutata +

of Artemisia frigida 8 1-2 10 + 10 10 Artemisia klementzae 1-2 Artemisia monostachya + Artemisia obtusiloba + Ephedra sinica + + + Kochia prostrata 4-5 Courtesy + + + + Oxytropis tragacanthoides Ptilotrichum canescens + + Ptilotrichum tenuifolium + Long-lived perennial Editors Grasses of Agropyron cristatum 2-3 + + 2 3 Agropyron nevskii 10 Cleistogenes squarrosa 3-5 2-3 5 + Festuca valesiaca 25 Koeleria cristata 2-3

Courtesy Koeleria macrantha 1-2 + Leymus chinensis 1-2 Poa botryoides + Poa stepposa 1-2

Editors Psathyrostachys juncea + Stipa capillata 3-5 of + Stipa glareosa + Stipa gobica + Stipa kirghisorum 25 Stipa klemenzii 10 15 12 Stipa krylovii 18 + Courtesy Stipa orientalis 3-5 Sedges Carex duriuscula + + Carex korshinskyi + + + Editors Care x stenophylloides + of Forbs Allium anisopodium + Allium bidentatum Allium lincare + Allium mongolicum +

Courtesy Allium polyrrhizum 3 Allium tenuissimum + Androsace villosa + Arenaria capillaris + + 2-3

Editors Asparagus dahuricus + + Aster alpinus + of Astragalus laguroides + Bupleurum bicaule + + + + Convolvulus ammanii + + + Cymbaria dahurica + + + Dianthus ramosissimus + Courtesy Dracocephalum foetidum 4-5 + Euphorbia discolor + Euphorbia humifusa + Euphorbia mongolica + Editors Haplophyllum dauricum + + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

66 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of

Table XI (continuation)

.MI.MI of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Courtesy Heteropappus altaicus + Heteropappus hispidus + Iris bungei + Iris potaninii + Editors Iris tenuifolia + + of Lagochilus ilicifolius + Limonium bicolor + Linaria buriatica + Orostachys fimbriata + Orostachys spinosa

Courtesy Oxytropis aciphylla + Panzeria lanata + Peucedanum histrix + Potentilla acaulis 5-7 + 2-3

Editors Potentilla bifurca + + + Saussurea salicifolia 3-4 + of Scorzonera divaricata + Serratula centauroides + + Sibbaldianthe adpressa + + Silene jenisseensis + + Stellaria dichotoma + + Courtesy Thermopsis lanceolata + Vicia costata + Youngia tenuifolia + + + Annual and short-lived Editors perennial

of Artemisia scoparia + + Chamaerhodos erecta + Dontostemon integrifolius 3 + Salsola collina + Lichenes Parmelia vagans 5-8 30 Courtesy

1. Festuca valesiaca-Stipa capillata with Caragana bungei and c.pygmaea. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Barun-Turun Somon. Plain. H. - 1300 m. TCD - 50-55 %. N!! 20K. 14.06.1978. 2. Agropyron nevskii-Stipa orientalis with petrophilous iorbs and shrubs (Caragana bungei, Atraphaxis Jrutescens). Ubsu Nur Editors Aimak, Sagil Somon. Foothills of the Khan-Khukhiin Ula Range. H. - 1720 m. TCD - 25-30 %. N!! 36K. 28.06.1978. of 3. Stipa kirghisorum with Caragana bungei. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Tes Somon. The Godzor Mts. H. - 1570 m. TCD - 40 %. N!! 16K. 12.06.1978. 4. Stipa krylovii-Artemisia frigida with Stipa glareosa and S.gobica and shrubs (Caragana microphylla, c.pygmaea). Central Aimak. Middle Khalkha. plain. TCD - 25-30 %. Yunatov (1974). 5. Stipa klemenzii-Cleistogenes squarrosa. Sukhe Bator Aimak, Asgat Somon. Middle Khalkha, low hills. H. - 1070 m.

Courtesy TCD - 40 %. N!! 29.1Kh. 19.06.1989. 6. Stipa klemenzii-Artemisia frigida. East-Gobi Aimak. The Khutliin-Bajan-Obo Mts. low hills. H. - 1100 m. TCD - 30 %. NI! 179.1Kh. 31.08.1989. 7. Stipa klemenzii-S.krylovii-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Agropyron cristatum with petrophilous forbs and Caragana pygmaea.

Editors Middle Gobi Aimak. Central Mongolia (Middle Khalkha). the Shire Ula Mts. H. - 1497 m. TCD -25 %. Ng 13K. 06.07.1970. of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 67 Editors of Table XII. Descriptions of the lowmountain and plain desertified steppes. Formations: Stipa glareosa, Agropyron nevskii, Agropyron cristatum, Festuca valesiaca,

Courtesy Stipa sareptana

MM of columnes 1 Z 3 4·1 4·II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Editors Shrubs Atraphaxis frutescens 2 of Caragana bungei + + Caragana leucophloea + Caragana pygmaea 3 + 1 1-2 + + 8 + Dwarf semi-shrubs Ajania achilleoides + 1-2 Courtesy Ajania trifida + Alyssum lenense 3 Anabasis brevifolia + Artemisia caespitosa 2 1-2 2-3 + Editors Artemisia commutata + of Artemisia frigida 10 10 15 + + 1-2 2 + + Artemisia klementzae 8 Artemisia nitifolia 2 Artemisia schrenkiana + 15 10 10 20 Artemisia xerophytica +

Courtesy Ephedra sinica + 1-2 Eurotia ceratoides 1 + + + Kochia prostrata + + 1-2 3-5 + + + Nanophyton erinaceum 18 13 Ptilotrichum canescens

Editors + + Long-lived perennial of Grasses Agropyron cristatum 4 3 + + + 2-3 + 10 4-5 + Agropyron nevskii 8 Cleistogenes songorica 3-5 8 Cleistogenes squarrosa 2-3 1-2 2-3 2-3 10 2-3 Courtesy Festuca tschujensis + 10 Festuca valesiaca 18 5 15 18 Koeleria cristata 15 2-3 1-3 8 5-8 Poa botryoides + 3-5 1-2 Editors Psathyrostachys juncea + 10 of Stipa glareosa 10 10 7 + 5-7 14 4 Stipa gobica + 8 4 Stipa sareptana 7 8 7 1-2 3-5 12 18 + Sedges Carex duriuscula 1 + + 1-2 + + Carex sabulosa 1-2 Courtesy Carex stenophylloides 1-2 Forbs Allium anisopodium Allium mongolicum + + + + + Editors Allium polyrrhizum 1-2 + of Allium tenuissimum + + Amblynotus rupestris 1 Asparagus gobicus + + Asterothamnus heteropappoides 3 5 3-5 1-2 Astragalus brevifolius + +

Courtesy Astragalus delutus + Astragalus galactites 1 + Astragalus laguroides 1 + + Astragalus monophyllus +

Editors Bupleurum bicaule + + + + Convolvulus ammanii + + + + + + + + of Dracocephalum fruticulosum + + + Goniolimon speciosum + Gypsophila desertorum + + + Haplophyllum dauricum + + Hedysarum gmelinii + Courtesy Hedysarum pumilum 1 Heteropappus hispidus + + 1-2 + + + Iris bungei + + Iris tenuifolia 1-2 + Editors Lagochilus ilicifolius + + of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

68 KARAMYSHEVA Z. v .. KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes of Mongolia Editors of

Table XII (continuation)

N!!N!! of columnes 1 2 3 4-1 4-11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Courtesy Melandrium viscosum + Orostachys spinosa + + Oxytropis aciphylla + +

Editors Panzeria lanata + Peganum nigellastrum of + + Potentilla acaulis 6 5-8 5 2-3 1-2 5-6 Potentilla astragalifolia + + + Potentilla bifurca + + Scorzonera austriaca + + + + 2-3 + + + Scorzonera divaricata + Courtesy Sibbaldianthe adpressa + + + Stellaria dichotoma + + Veronica pinnata + Vicia costata + Editors Vincetoxicum sibiricum + of Youngia tenuifolia + Annual and short-lived perennial Artemisia pectinata + + Artemisia scoparia + +

Courtesy Bassia dasyphylla + Chamaerhodos erecta + Chamaerhodos sabulosa + Coryspermum mongolicum + +

Editors Dontostemon crassifolius + Dontostcmon senilis + + of Eragrostis minor + Salsola collina + Salsola pestifera + + Lichen Parmelia vagans 3-5 Courtesy 1. Stipa glareosa-S. sareptana-Agropyron cristatum-Artemisia frigida with Caragana pygmaea. Ubsu-Nur Aimak. North­ eastern part of Mongolian Altai. Ureg Nur Lake hollow. H. - 1600 m. TCD - 35 %. 2. Stipa glareosa-S. sareptana-Artemisia frigida with Asterothamnus heteropappoides. Ubsu-Nur Aimak. North-eastern part of Editors Mongolian Altai. Ureg Nur Lake hollow. H. - 1600 m. TCD - 35 %.

of 3. Agropyron nevskii-Stipa glareosa with shrubs (Atraphaxis frutescens, Caragana pygmaea, C.bungei). Ubsu-Nur Aimak. North-eastern part of Mongolian Altai. Achit Nur Lake hollow. H. - 1860 m. N2 175K. 9.07.1978. TCD - 20-25 %. 4. Festuca valesiaca-Koeleria cristata communities (I) in complex with Nanophyton erinaceum-Artemisia schrenkiana com­ munities (II). Ubsu Nur Aimak. Khjargas Somon. Western Khangai, the Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Rangle, foothills of northern macroslope. H. - 1020 m. TCD: 1- 60 %; II - 35-40 %. N238K. 14.07.1973.

Courtesy 5. Festuca valesiaca-Nanophyton erinaceum-Artemisia schrenkiana. Ubsu-Nur Aimak, Khjargas Somon. Western Khangai, the Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Rang, foothills of northern macroslope. H. - 1050 m. TCD - 40-45 %. N237K. 14.07.1973. 6. Stipa sareptana-Festuca tschujensis-Artemisia schrenkiana with Caragana pygmaea. Ubsu Nur Aimak. Turgen Somon. Mongolian Altai, Ureg Nur Lake pan. H. - 1730 m. TCD - 40 %. N2 19K. 10.07.1973. 7. Stipa sareptana-Festuca valesiaca-Artemisia schrenkiana. Ubsu-Nur Aimak. Dzun-Gobi Somon. Western Khangai, the Editors Khan-Khukhiin-Ula Range, foothills of the northern macroslope. H. - 1090 m. TCD - 60 %. N285K. 17.07.1973. of 8. Agropyron cristatum-Stipa glareosa-Kochia prostrata with Asterothamnus heteropappoides. Ubsu-Nur Aimak. Umne Gobi Somon. Alluvial plain of the Burgastyn Gol Rives. H. - 1700 m. TCD - 20-25 %. N2 57K. 21.06.1978. 9. Stipa glareosa-Cleistogenes squarrosa-Artemisia klementzae. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Dzun Gobi Somon. Borig-Del-Els sand massifs, hollow. TCD - 50-55 %. N, 23K. 14.06.1978. 10. Stipa gobica-S.glareosa with Caragana pygmaea. Middle Khalkha. TCD - 19-20 %. Yunatov, 1974: 69p.

Courtesy 11. Stipa gobica-S.glareosa-Cleistogenes songorica. Middle Khalkha. TCD - 17-20 %. Yunatov, 1974: 45p. Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 69 Editors of

Table XIII, Descriptions of the plain desert steppes.

Courtesy Fonnations: Stipa glareosa, Stipa gobica, Allium polyrrhizum, Stipa klemennzii

N!! N!! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Shrubs Editors Caragana pygmaea + 5 + + of Caragana stenophylla + Zygophyllum xanthoxylon + Dwarf semi-shrubs Ajania achilleioides + + + + Ajania fruticulosa +

Courtesy Anabasis brevifolia 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 3-5 5-8 3-4 2 Artemisia caespitosa 1 + Artemisia frigida + + 10 Artemisia xerophytica + 1-2

Editors Chenopodium frutescens 2-3 5-8 Convolvulus fruticosus of + Eurotia ceratoides + + + + Kochia prostrata + + + Ptilotrichum canescens + + + Reaumuria soongorica 1-2 + 2 Salsola passcrina + 3-5 4 Courtesy Long-lived perennial Grasses Agropyron nevskii 1-2 Clcistogencs songorica + Editors Cleistogenes squarrosa + 1 of Stipa klemcnzii 8 Stipa glareosa 10 12 4-5 18 10 8 3 2-3 Stipa krylovii Stipa gobica 5-8 3 3-5 Sedges

Courtesy Carex duriuscula + + + + Carex stcnophylloides + + Forbs Allium bidentatum 3

Editors Allium mongolicum 4 Allium polyrrhizum + 2-3 12 of Asterothamnus heteropappoides 1-2 + + Astragalus brachyphyllus + Convolvulus ammanii + + 2 Gypsophilla desertorum + '+ + + + Guedenstaedtia monophylla + Courtesy Heteropappus altaicus 2 10 Heteropapus hispidus + + Iris tenuifolia + Lagochilus ilicifolius + + Editors Olgaea lcucophylla + of Orostachys spinosa + Oxytropis aciphylla + + Oxytropis monophylla + Potentilla astragalifolia + + + Potentilla bifurca

Courtesy Rheum nanum + Scorzoncra austriaca + Scorzonera divaricatum + + + Scorzonera pscudodivaricata + Zygophyllum rosovii Editors + Annual forbs and grasses of Artemisia macrocephala + Artemisia pectinata + + + + + Artemisia scoparia + + Bassia dasyphylla + Dontostemon crassifolius + Courtesy Dontostemon integrifolius + Dontostemon senilis + + + Eragrostis minor + + Lepidium densiflorum + Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

70 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes a/Mongolia Editors of Table XIII (continuation)

:IV!! :IV!! of columnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Courtesy Plantago minuta + Salsola pcstifcra + + + +

1. Stipa glareosa-Anabasis brevifolia-Asterothamnus heteropappoides. Ubsu Nur Aimak. Turgen Somon. Mongolian Altai.

Editors Urcg Nur Lake hollow. H. - 1500 m. TeD - 20 %. NQ 23K. 10.07.1973.

of 2. Stipa glareosa-Anabasis brevifolia with Chenopodium frutescens. Ubsu Nur Aimak. Naran Bulak Somon. Alluvial plains of the Naran River. H. - 1350 m. TeD - 10-15%. NQ 68K. 22.06.1978. 3. Stipa glareosa-Chenopodium frutescens-Anabasis brevifoIia. Ubsu-Nur Aimak, Ulgii Somon. Peneplain near Somon. H.- 1650 m. TeD - 10-15 %. NQ 149K. 07.08.1979. 4. Stipa glareosa-Chenopodium frutescens-Anabasis brevifolia with Caragana pygmaea Ubsu Nur Aimak. Naran Bulak So­ mono Peneplain. H. - 1300 m. TeD - 25-30 %. NQ 74K. 22.06.1978. Courtesy 5. Stipa glareosa-Anabasis brevifoIia-Reaumuria soongorica. Ubsu Nur Aimak, Khjargas Somon. Western Khangai. the Khan­ Khukhiin-Ula Range. foothills of southern macrosope. H. - 1260 m. TeD - 10-15 %. NQ 56K. 16.07.1973. 6. Stipa gobica-S.glareosa-Anabasis brevifolia. TeD - 15-20 %. Yunatov (1974:64). 7. Stipa glareosa-S.gobica-Amlbasis brevifolia-AlIium polyrrhizum. Bajan Khongor Aimak. Bogd Somon. Southern foothills of Editors Khangai. H.- 1240 m. TeD - 10-15 %. NQ 13K. 25.07.1972. of 8. Stipa gobica-S.glareosa-Salsola passerina. TeD - 12-15 %. Yunatov (1974:64) 9. Allium polyrrhizum. Sukhe-Bator Aimak. Khaldzan Somon. Low hills. H. - 1030 m TeD - 5 %. NQ 189.1Kh. 01.09.1989 10. Stlpa klemenzii-Artemisia frigida-Salsola passerina. Sukhe-Bator Aimak. Khankhoryn Somon. Middle Khalkha. Plain. H. - 870 m. TeD - 25 %. NQ 181.1Kh. 31.08.1989 Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN.BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 71 Editors of PE310ME KJIlIMaT). YIMCHHO B 3TlIX pcmOHax Oco6eHHOCTH cocTasa JKH3HeH­ npOXOilHT 3ana):lHaH 1I BOCTOqHaH rpa­ HbIX 4K>PM. KaK 1I BCC CTcnHhIC CO- npe,nHCJlOBHe. TCPPlITOPIUI, 3aIDI­ HlIL\hI YJIhTPaKOHTlIHCHTaJIhHOro Bo­ 06lllCCTBa EBpa3lIaTcKoro YMCPCUfloro TbIC CTcnHoH paCTlITeJIbHOCTblO, co­ CTOqHOC1I6upCKO-UCHTPaJIhH0a3lIaTCK­ nOHca, MOflroJIbCKHC CTcnH C

Xy6cyryJIEditors (ccnepHcc 50° c. Ill.) 1I CHlI­ KlIC "OCTpOBa" BCTPC'faIOTCH ilaJICKO KPYUHO- H llJIOTHOilCPHOBHHHbIC 3JIa­ :lKCHHbIC OKpalIHbI ropHOro MaCClIBa Ha lOre CTcnHOH 30HbI (ilaxc B nOJI10- KH, MOUroJIbCKHC ,-"cnlI C

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:lKCof B 30HY TYHilP, npClIMYlllCCTBCHHO r061IHCKOro ArITaH, 3anMHbIC OTpom floTpaBhH, npMqCM cm KOJIUqCCTBO U no lO:lKHbIM CKJIOHaM rop 1I KOPCHHhIM DOJIhIIIOro XlIHraHa. 06lImpHhIC ilC­ COCTaB 3KOJIOrMqCCKUX rpyllll MCIDICT­ 6cpcraM pCK. TaKlIC nplIpOilHhIC OCO- JIIOBlIaJIhHO-npOJIIOBlIaJIhHbIC paBHMIIhI CH C CCBCpa fla IOr BJIOJlh KJIUMaTMqC­ 6CHHOCTlI cBOHCTneHHbI TOJIbKO YJIb­ C HaH60JIee H1I3KHMH OTMCTKaMH B CKOro rpa}lHCflTa ynJIaxHCHHH. TPaKOHTHHCHTaJIbHOMY BOCTO'fHOClI- CCBCPO-BOCTOqliOH 'faCTlI CTpaHbI (560 TOJIhKO B MOJ-IroJIlIU, a TaK:lKC B 61IPCKO-UCHTpaJIbHOa3HaTCKOMYCourtesy CCK­ M Ha}l yp. M.) qCPCilYIOTCH C MeJIKOCO­ COCCJIHCM 3a6aHKaJIhC U BO BIIYTPCH­ TOpy ITaJICapKTlIKlI. nOqHlIKaMlI 1I HM3KOroPMIMlI. ArIJIIO­ HCR MOHromm B KMTac, BCTpCqalOTCH npHpo,nHble YCJlOBHJI. KJIlIMaT BHaJIhUblC 03CPUbIC paBHHHbI C ClICTC­ pa3HOTpaBHhIC CTCIlM U3 Filifillium si­ MOHroJIlIH XapaKTCp"3YCTCH PC3KOH MOH 03CPHbIX Bna}llIH 1I KpynHbIX biricum. ITOJIYKYCTapHlfqKU 06pa3YIOT Editors KOHTlIHCHTaJIbHOCTblO, qTO npOHBJIHCT­ nCCqaHbIX MaCClIBOB XapaKTCpHbI }lJIH ilOMUHHPYIOlllYIO ClIHY1HIO TOJlhKO B of CH, B ncpBYIO OqCPCilh, B CYPOBOCTH lana}lUOH qacTH. OC06CHUOCTblO HB­ COo6lllCCTBax nYCTbIlIlIbIX, a 'raK:lKC B 31IMHCro ncp"Oila, COnOCTaBlIMOro C JIHCT~ 06lllCC BhICOKOC nOJIO:lKCUlIC nCTpoqJHTlIhIX U ncaMM0tPHTHbIX Ba­ CYPOBOCThlO KJIlIMaTa rpCHJIaHillIlI. TCpPlITOplIlI MOHroJIlIlI Ua}l YPOBHCM puaHTax HaCTOHlllUX CTcncR. MHHlIMaJIbHbIC t HHBapH ilOCTMraIOT MOpH (60JICC qCM 80 % cTpaHhI JIC:lKMT B ropHhIX CTCllHX B 06HJIUU npo­ MaKClIMaJIhHhIC HIOIDI - -40,Courtesy _45°; t Ha BhICOTC CBbIIIIC 1200 M). U3paCTalOT paCTCUUH, UMClOlllUC

140-150Editors MM Ha lOre, np"qCM OKOJIO X3f1TCH, XaflraH, MOHroJIbCKOro ArI­ :lKHT KYCTapHlIKaM (npCHMYlUC'-''TBCUHO

90of % H3 HlIX BbIlla):laCT B JICTHlIC MC­ TaH, DOJIhIIIOro XlIflraua. TCMHOKaIll­ BlIJIbI p. Caragana, a TaK)KC Spiraea, CHL\hI, qTO onpCilCJIHCT OTCYTCTBlIC TaHOBbIC, KarnTaHOBbIC 1I CBCTJIO­ Cotoneaster, Dasiphora. Amygdalus, JICTHCro 3aCYIIIJIlIBoro 1I cyxoro nc­ KarnTaflOBhIC rrOqBhI CMCIDIIOTCH no­ Armeniaca 1I ilp.). B OTJIH'lffC OT Ka- p"OilOB. CJICilOBaTCJIhlIo C CCBCpa Ha IOr B nOil- 3axcTaHa, B MOUrOJIhCKHX CTCIJ}jX 01'­ 31IMOH Ha):l 60JIhIllCH qaCTblO n~p­ 30flax flaCTOHlllHX H onYCTbIHcflflhIX CYTCTBYIOT J

plITOplIlICourtesy MOHroJIlIlI YCTaHaBJIlIBaCTCH CTcncH. B nycTbIHubIX CTCllHX roc­ UO B 06lIJIHH npOH3pa,-"aIOT JICTflC­ YCTORqlIBbIR aHTlIL\lIKJIOH, npellHT­ nOJICTBYIOT 6YPbIC nycTbIHflo-cTcnflbIC oceHflHC OilflOJIeTIIlIKlI. maBUhlM 06- CTBYIOllllIH npoHlIKHOBCHlIlO BJIa:lKHoro nOqBbI. pa30M OilUOJICTflUC BUJIhI p. Artemisia, 1I cpaBHlITCJIhHO TCnJIoro B03ilyxa C OC06CHUOCTblO CTcnHbIX nOqB a TaK:lKe Dontostemon, Chamaerhodos, Editors 3ana):la. HC3HaqlITeJIhHaH MOlllHOCTb MOHroJIlIlI HBJ1HCTCH lIX JICrKlIR Mcxa­ Bassia, Axyris U ).lp.

CHCroBOroof nOKpOBa (5-10 CM), H1I3KlIC HlIqCCKl1H COCTaB: npc06JIa}laIOT JIcr­ MXlI 1I JlfflIla~I1UiKI1 HC CBOR­ OTp"L\aTeJIhHhIC t np"BOilHT K my6o­ KoCyrJIlIHlICThIC 1I cynCCqaflhIC, qaCTO ,-"BCUUbI CTcn}JM MOll! ()JlfflI. TOJIhKO B KOMY npOMcp3aHlIlO nOqBhI,

CCilHCMYEditors Ka3axcTaHY) 1I BOCTOqHOR cTpaHcHlIC COJIOHL\OB H COJIOHUCBaTbIx roJIbCKHMH BbrnBJIHKlTCH M11 01 HC cnc­ MOHroJIlIlI (BJIaxHhIH MYCCOHHhIH Pa3HOCTCR 10HaJIbflbIX THnOB nOqB. L\mimqCCKlIC cPJIOPHCTUqCCKIlC OCO- of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

72 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of 6CHHOCTM nOCJICAHMX. TaK, B BOCTOq- • Hemiaria, Tetracme, Ziziphora, Feru­ TOqHOCM6MPCKO-IJ.cHTPaJIbHoaJMaTcKo­ HO-CBponCHCKMX M KaJaxCTaHCKMX la, Piptatherum, Nanophyton, Rindera, ro YJIbTPaKOHTMIICHTaJIbHOro CCKTopa CTCIDIX AOMMHMpyroT KOBbIJIM M3 CCK­ Cicerbita, Syrenia MAp. IIaJICapKTMKM. Ha 3ana)J;C B)J;OJIb rpa­ QMM Stipa, JIMlIIb M3pC)J;Ka BCTpC­ Bo cpnopc MOHroJIbCKMX CTcnCH HMQbI C 3ana)J;HocH6MPCKO-KaJaxCTaH­

Courtesy qaJOlllHecH B 3alla)J;HOH MOHroJIMM. B npoc.rrC)KHBaJOTCH cpnOPMCTH'lCCKHC CBH- CKMM KOHTMHCHTMbHbIM CCKTOPOM M . MOHroJIbCKMX CTcnHX rocnoACTByroT 3M C BOCTOqHbIMM pcrnOIIaMM .llpeBHC­ Ha BOCTOKC no rpaHMUC C IIPHTMXO­ KOBbIJIM M3 CCKQMM Lciostipa (Stipa ro CpeAH3CMbH (B lIOHHMaHHM M.f. IIo­ OKCaHCKMM MYCCOHHbIM CCKTOPaMM krylovii, S. baicalensis, S. grandis, nOM), TorAa KaK BO cpnopc IIpMqCP­ MMCIOTCH KOHTaKTHbIC ("6ycpePHbIC") Editors S. cap illata, S. sareptana). ,llBa no­ HOMOPbH M KaJaxcTaHa npOHBJIjJCTCH 30HbI, rAC paclIpocTpaHCHbI CTcnM "rn- of CJICAHMX BMAa lIIMpoKO pacnpOCTPaHC­ POACTBO C pacTMTeJIbHOCTblO 3ana)J;HOH 6PMAHOro" COCTaBa M . HaMIOAaeTCH HbI B KaJaxCTaHC M 3axOAHT TOJIbKO B qa'-'TM .llPCBHCro CPCAH3CMbH, OC06eH­ npOHMKHOBCHHC "BOCTOqHb1X" M "3a­ 3alla)J;Hyro qaCTb MOHroJIMM. IIeTpoCP­ HO C APCBHCH IIaHHOHMCH H CTcnHOH na)J;HbIX" cpnOPMCTMqCCKMX reo:mCMCH­ MHTHOCTCnHOH BMA Stipa orientalis (M3 cpnOpOM KaBKa3a M MaJIOM A3MM. B TOB. CCKQMM Barbatac) TaK)KC BCTCpqaeTCH CTcnHOM cpnopc MOIIroJIMM BbmeJICHO CTcnHbIC co06IIIeCTBa B ropax Courtesy Ha 3ana)J;C. Stipa sibirica (M3 CCKQMM 5 KpynHbIX rcorpacpMqCCKMX rpynn: MOHroJIMM nOApaJAeJIHIOTCH Ha BbICO­ Achnathcropsis) npOM3paCTaeT B PaJ­ 1) IO)KHOCM6MPCKO-CCBCPOMOHroJIbCKaH; KOroPHbIC, roPHbIC, HM3KoroPHbIC, Ho06paJHb1X TMnax CTcncH. B nyc­ 2) C06CTBCHHO MOHrOJIbCKaH; 3) QCH­ npcAropHbIC, MeJIKOCOlIOqHbIC, PaB­

Editors TbIHHb1X CTC11HX rocnOACTByroT KOBbIJIM TPaJIbHoaJMaTCKaH; 4) Jana,nHonaneapK­ HMHHb1C H KOTJIOBMHHbIC, lIpM aTOM M3 CCKI(MM Smirnovia (Stipa gobica, TMqCCKO-3ana)J;HOMoHroJIbCKaH; 5) BOC­ Ka)K)J;b1H M3 STMX Bb1COTHO-lIOHCHb1X of S. klemenzii, S. glareosa; nOCJICAHMH TOqHOaJMaTCKaH. 3m rpynnbI nOApaJ­ TMnOB Co06IUeCTB OTJIH'laeTCH npMcyT­ BMA npOM3paCTaeT TaK)KC B qyHCKOH AeJIHIOTCH na 60JIee MeJIKMC. HanpM­ CTBMCM rpynn TaK HaJbIBaCMbIX "AMCP­ CTcml B BOCTOqHOM KaJaxCTaHC). MCP, rpynna 4 060CAMHHCT lIPMqCPHO­ cpePCHUMpyroIUMX" BMAOB, KaK npaBM­ CTcmlblC BMAbI p. Festuca AOMMHMpy­ MOPCKO-KaJaxCTaHCKO-3ana,uHOMOHroJIb­ JIO, HC BCTPCqaJOIIIMXCH B ApyrMx TM­

Courtesy lOT JIHlIIb B ropHbIX M nCTpocpMTHbIX CKHC, BOCTOqHOKaJaxCTaHCKO-3ana,uno­ nax C006IUeCTB. CTcnHX MOHroJIMH, TorAa KaK B IIPM­ MOHroJIbCKMC, CpeAHCaJMaTCKO-3ana,u­ TpYAHO BbmeJIMTb OC06b1C cpopMa­ qCPHOMOPbC M Ka3axCTaHC CTCnHaH IIOMOHroJIbCKMC reoaJICMCHTbI. K 5-0H UMM, KOTOPbIC 6bIJIM 6b1 npMypOqCHb1 OBCHHMQa Festuca valesiaca llIHPOKO rpynnc OTHOCHTCH MaHbqXCYPCKMC, K onpCAeJICHHbIM BbICOTHbIM nOAnOH­

Editors pacnpOCTpaHCHa BO BCCX 30HaJIbHbIX AaypO-MoHroJIbCKMC, AaypO-BOCTOqIIO­ CaM. TaK, Festuca lenensis, F. krylo­ of TMnax CTcnCH OT JIyroBbIX AO onYCTbI- MOHroJIbCKMC MAp. BMAbI. viana AOMMHMpyroT B BbICOKOroPHbIX HCHHbIX. 06lllHe OOraHllKO-reorpacl»lI'Iec­ KPMOKCCPOCPMTHbIX CTCIDIX, HO npOM3- 06b1qHbIMM KOMnOHCHTaMH onyc­ KHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH cTenaoii pac­ paCTaIOT M B CPCAHC- H HH3KOroPbHX. TbIHCHHb1X CTcnCH KaJaxcTaHa HBJIjJ­ THTeJIbHOCTH. fJIaBHbIC 6OTaHMKO-rCO­ cI>OPMauHH Helictotrichon altaicum, IOTCH BMAbI p. Artemisia M3 1l0ApoAa rpacpMqecKMC 3aKOHOMCPHOCTM pac­ Poa attenuata TaK)KC, KaK M cpopMa­ Courtesy Seriphidium. ITMIIIb HCKOTOPbIC BMAbI TMTeJIbHOCTM 06YCJIOBJICHbI: IIIMPOT­ UMM Festuca tschujensis, Agropyron M3 aToro nOApoAa (Artemisia graci­ HbIMH M3McnCHHHMM KJIMMaTa B COOT­ nevskii OTHOCHTCSI K TMnH'IHO roPHbIM, lescens, A. terrae-alba, A. schrenkia­ BCTCTBMM C KJIHMaTMqCCKMMM rpa,uMCH­ HO IIIMPOKO BCTPCqaJOTCH B HM3KO­ na, A. sublessingiana) MrpaJOT cymc­ TaMM (YBeJIHqCHMCM 3acyrIIJIMBOCTM roPbSIX, a nOCJICAHHC ABC CPOPManMH Editors CTBCHHyro CPMTOUCHOTMqecKyro pOJIb B KJIMMaTa M YCHJICHMCM MHTCHCMBHOCTM npCACTaBJICHb1 M B lIpcAroPbHX, M B of CTCIDIX 3alla)J;HOH MOHroJIMM. focnoA­ COJIHCqHOM pa)J;ManMM), AOJIroTHbIMM MeJIKOCOlIOqHMKax. fOPbI HC TOJIbKO CTByroIUMC B MOHroJIMM BMAbI p. Arte­ (MCpMAMOHaJIbHbIMM) CMCHaMM (YBeJIM­ BbI3bIBaIOT Bb1COTHo-nOHCHb1C CMCHb1 misia OTHOCHTCH K nOApOAaM Arte­ qCHMC KOIITMHCHTaJIbIIOCTM KJIMMaTa), PaCTMTeJIbHOCTM, HO M OKaJbIBaJOT misia M Dracunculus. B nYCTbIHHbIX BbICOTIIo-nOHCHOH AMcpcpePCHUManMCH BJIHHnMC Ha 3aKOHOMCPHOCTM pacTM­ CTCIDIX AOMMHMpyroT HC nOJIbIHM, a M paJHo06paJMCM aAacpMqCCKMX (noq­ TeJIbHOCTM Ha npcAropHbIX paBHMHax Courtesy nOJIYKYCTapHMqKM M3 CCM. Chenopo­ BCHHO-rpynTOBbIX) YCJIOBMH. ("npeAropHO-I)'MMAHaH 30HaJIbHOCTb") diaceae (Chenopodium, Anabasis, Sal­ PyCCKMC reo60TaHHKH TPa)J;HUMOH­ H B MC)KI'OPHbIX BlIa)J;MHax ("KOTJIO­ sola MAp.), CCM. Compositae (Ajania) HO BbmeJIHIOT CJICAyroIUMC 30HaJIbHbIC BMHHbIH acpcpeKT"). OCo6eHHOCTM M

Editors M CCM. Tamaricaceae (Reaumuria). TMnbI CTcnCM (IIIMpoTHaH AMcpcpepeH­ palHoo6paJMC nO'fBCHHo-rpYHTOBbIX HMCeTCH 60JIbIIIOC qMCJIO MOH­ UManHH): YCJIOBMH 06YCJIOBJIMBaJOT BbmeJICHMC of roJIbCKMX, BOCTOqHOCM6MPCKO-MOHroJIb­ 1. ITyrOBbIC CTcnM; PaJJIH'lHbIX aAacpM'fCCKMX MPMaHTOB CKHX, AaypCKO-BOCTOqHOMOHroJIbCKMX 2. HacTOHIIIMC HJIM TMnMqHbIC CTClIM: CTcnCH (lICaMMOCPHTHbIX, lIeTPOCPMT­ BMAOB M POAOB, KOTOPbIC HC npOHM­ a. PaJHOTPaBHbIC M 60raTopaJHO­ HbIX, raJIocpMTHbIX M T. A.). KaJOT Ha 3alla)J; B KaJaxCTaHCKMC CTC­ TpaBHbIC ACPHOBMHH03JIaKOBbIC OcHoBHble 30HaJlbHble H BbICOT­

Courtesy nM, HanpHMCp p.p. Amblynotus, Arc­ CTcnM; Ho-nOHCHble THllbI cTeneii. B ncpc­ togeron, Cymbaria, Saposhnikovia, 6. CYXMC ACPHOBMHH03JIaKOBbIC 'fCHb TMnOB CTcnCM BKJIIO'fCHbI KaK Sibbaldianthe, Dontostemon, Filifo­ CTcnM; IIIMpOKopacnpOCTpaHCHHbIC M TMnM'f­ lium, Anemarrhena, Stellera, Panze­ 3. OnycTbIHcHIIbIC nOJIYKYCTapHMq- HbIC, TaK M PC)J;KMC CBOc06paJHbIC no Editors ria, Schizonepeta, Olgae, Lespedeza M KOBO-ACPHOBMHH03JIaKOBbIC M ACP­ CBOCMY COCTaBY M XapaKTCpHbIC TOJIb­ of MHornc ApyrMC. HCKOTOPbIC POAbI HOBMHH03JIaKOBbIC CTcnM; KO )J;J1H OTAeJIbHb1X pcrnOHOB CTpaHbI. 06blqHbIC B KaJaxCTaHCKMX CTCIDIX 4. IIYCThIHHbIC nOJIYKYCTapHMqKOBO­ Bcc OH OTJIMqaJOTCSI APyr OT Apyra (HanpMMCp, Centaurea, Jurinea) B ACPHOBMHH03JIaKOBbIC CTClIM. CO OMMHaHTOB M COAOMMHaH- MOHroJIMM npeACTaBJICHbI HCMIIOro­ 3rM 30HaJIbHbIC TMnbI HBJIjJIOTCH TO M P CyTCTBMCM rpynnbI "AMW- qMCJICHHbIMM BMAaMM, a APyrnc, TaKMC rJIaBHbIMM nOApaJAeJICHHHMM B lIpcA­ PCH IUMX" BMAOB. Courtesy KaK Crambe, Trinia, Verbascum, Side­ CTaBJICHHOM Ha CTp. 21-23 - cnMCKC BbICOKOroPHbIC CTcnM XapaKTCpM- ritis, HC BCTPCqaJOTCH BOBCC. OCHOBHbIX TMnOB MOHroJIbCKHX CTC­ 3yroTCSI AOMMHMPOBaHMCM KaK TMnM'f­ TOJIbKO B 3alla)J;Hyro MOHrOJIMIO ncH. HO CTcnHbIX KCCPOCPMTHbIX BMAOB, TaK npOHHKaJOT TaKMC POAbI, KaK Onosma, EOJIbIIIaH qaCTb TCpPMTOpMM MOH­ M cnCUMcpM'fCCKMX BH.lI.OB KPMOKCCPO­ Editors Coluria, Eremostachys, Helichrysum, roJIHM pacnOJIaraCTCH B lIPCAeJIax Boc- CPMTHOro paJHOTpaBbH, 'faCTO C no- of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 73 Editors of ):{yrnKOBIi):{HOH qmPMOH pOCTa, Ii npIi­ CPlfTHhlX Ii nCTpocpIiTHhlX BapIiaHTax CPCPCHUIiPYIDIUIiX" BIiAOB, POAOB, PC)KC MCCbio apKTO-aJIbnIiH:CKIiX BIi):{OB (Ca­ onycThIHcHHhIX cTcncH. CCMenCTB. rex rupestris, BIi,llhI p. Kobresia)_ ITYCTbIHHhIC CTcnIi, ::lIlAeMIiqllhIC Ha TCpPHTOpIiIi MOHrOJIIm BbU1C­ nyrOBbIC roPHbIC Ii HIi3KOroPHbIC AAA UCHTPaJIhHOH A3lflf If He lfMCIO­ AAIOTCjI 3 npoBliHUHH: Courtesy CTcnIi - C006IUCCTBa C ):{OMIiHIipOBa­ IUI1C aHaJIoroB B APyrn:X apIiAHbIX 1. XaHraHcKo-J],aypcK~ ropHiUl HIieM Me30KCepmlmJIbHbIX Ii KcepOMe- 06JIacnx IIaJIeapKTIiKIi, cqmpMIipoBa­ nCCOCTcnH~ npOBIiHUIijI C TpCMjJ 30qmJIbHbIX ):{epHOBIiHHbIX, pbIXJIo):{ep­ HbI rnncpKcepocpIiTHbIMIi KOBbIDjIMII, no):{npoBIiHHIijIMIi: a) 3ana,uHoxaHran­ HOBIiHHbIX Ii KopHeBIiIUHhIX 3JIaKOB, JIYKaMIi Ii nOJIYKYCTapUIiqKaMIi. CKOH; 6) 0pxoH-HIi)KHCCCJICHrnHCKon; Editors OCOK II npIiMechIO 60raToro paJHO­ CBOAHble Ta6JIlIUbl onIiCaHIIH: (CTp. B) HCpqIiHCKO-OHOHCKOH. of TpaBMJ., KOTOPOC 'laCTO npe06JIa,uaeT 46-70) AaIOT npc,uCTaBJICHIiC 06 oc­ 2. MOHI'OJlbCK~ CTCUHiUl llPOBIiIl­ no nOKphITIiIO Ii 3anacaM cpIiTOMaCChI. HOBHhIX TIinax CTencH. BbI,IleJICIIO 56 UlliI C AB~ nOAnpOBHHUIijIMI1: B HaCTmIIUIIx pa3HOTpaBHo-):{ep­ 30HaJIbHbIX, BbICOTHO-nOjICHhIX, rco­ a) Cpc,uHeXaJIXaCKOH, 6) BOCTO'lHO­ HOBIiHH03JIaKOBbIX CTemIX rocno):{­ rpacplI'leCKIiX Ii ::lAacpH'lCCKIiX TIinOB. MOHroJIbCKon. CTBYIDIUYID CIiHYJIiIO qmPMIiPYIDT ):{ep­ liOTalOlKo-reorpaclJWlecKoe paHo- 3. CeBeporo6IiHcKiUl nYCTbIHHO- Courtesy HOBIiHHhIC 3JIaKIi, conyrcTBYIDIUCC HHpOBaHHe )laypo-MOHrOJlbCKOH CTcnHiUl UpOBIiHUAA C TPCMjI no):{npo­ pa3HOTpaBbC OTHOCIiTCjI K rpynnc (UempaJIbHOO3HaTCKOH) no,no6JIacTH. BIiHUIijIMIi: a) IIo,unpoBliHUHeH KOT­ MC30KCCPOCPIITOB Ii KCCPOMC30cpIITOB. B CXCMe paiiOHlfPOBaHlliI npc,u­ JIOBlfHbl EonbIIIHx 03ep, 6) CCBCPO­

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74 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of REFERENCES DASHNJAM B., 1974 - Flora and the steppe GERASIMOV LP., NOGlNA N.A. (Eds.), 1984 - vegetation of Eastern Mongolia. AN The soil cover and soils of Mongolia. AGROCLIMATIC REFERENCE BOOK OF KARA· MNR.Ulan-Bator: 147s. (mong. ). Nauka. Moskva: 190s. (russ.). GANDA DISTRICT, 1962 - Gidrome­ DAVAZHAMTS Ts., 1954 - The pastures and GOLUBKOVA N.S., KAMELIN R.V. (Bds.),

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Courtesy Bogdo in the Transaltaian Gobi. - Bannikova LA., Medvedev L.N. fitokhor) in Eastern Mongolia under GRUBOV V.I., 1976 - The sums of the (Eds.). Geograraphia i dinamica ras­ the influence of man and its depiction floristical investigations in the Mon­ titel'nogo i zhivotnogo mira MNR. on the large scale maps. - Dokl. golian People's Republic for last 20 Nauka. Moskva: 30-34 (russ.). Ac. Sc. USSR, 336 (4): 548-554 years (1955-1974) - Lavrenko E.M., Editors BERESNEVA LA., 1988 - Meso and micro­ (russ.). Rachkovskaya E.I. (Eds.). Structura i of climatic resources of the Mongolian DMITRIEV P.P., KHUDJAKOV 0.1., 1989 - dinamica osnovnych ecosistem Mon­ People's Republic. - Sokolov V.E., Zoofactor as a cause of the pattern gol'skoi Narodnoi Respuhliki. Lenin­ Shardarsuren O.(Eds.). Prirodnye structure of the soil cover in the grad. Nauka: 7-16 (russ.). uslovija, rastitel'nyi pokrov i zhivot­ Mongolian dry steppes. - Dokl. Ac. GRUBOV V.I., 1982 - Key to the vascular nyi mir Mongolii. Puschino: 15-38 Sc. USSR, 304 (3): 757-762. (russ.) plants of Mongolia (with an atlas).

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Editors sert plant communities in Northern Akad. Nauk. GUGK MNR.Moskva­ ings of the International Symposium Ulan-Bator: 66-69(russ.). of grassland vegetation. August 15- of Gobi. Problemy ecologicheskoi mor­ pholgii rastenii. - Tr. Mosk. Ova. Is­ EOOROVA T.V., 1967 - Cyperaceae - Yun­ 20, 1987. Science Press. Beijing. pyt. Prir. Otd. bioI., 17: 239-255 caceae. - Grubov V.L(Ed.). Ras­ China: 191-193. (russ.). tenija Tsental'noi Azii. Nauka. Len­ GRUBOV V.I., EOOROVA T.V., 1977 - Lilia­ BORISOVA I.V., POPOVA T.A., BUYEVICH Z.G., ingrad. 3: 120s. (russ.). ceae - Orchidaceae. - Grubov V.1. 1987 - Phenology of Mongolian EVSTIFEEV Yu.G., RACHKOVSKAYA E.I., 1976 (Bd.). Rastenija Tsentral'noi Azii. Courtesy steppe communities. - Bot. Zh., 72 - On the question to the interrelation Nauka. Moskva-Leningrad. 1: 138s. (2): 177-189 (russ.). of the soil and vegetation covers in (russ.). BRAUN-BLANQUET J. AND PAVIARD J: 1922 - the southern part of the MPR.­ GRUBOV V.I., YUNATOV A.A., 1952 - The Vocabulaire de sociologie vugutale. Lavrenko E.M., Rachkovskaya E.L main peculiarities of the flora of the Editors Roumegous and Dehan. Mountpellier. (Bds.). Structura i dinamika osnov­ Mongolian People's Republic in the of 17 p. p. nych ecosistem Mongol'skoi Narod­ connection with its division.- Bot. CHICHAOOV V.P., NATSAG ZH. (Bds.), 1990- noi Respuliki. Nauka. Leningrad: Zh. 31 (1): 45-64. (russ.). Geomorphology [Map]. Mon- 125-144 (russ.). GUBANOV LA., HILBIG W •• 1993 a - Biblio­ gol'skaja Narodnaja Respublika. EVSTIFEEV Yu.G., RACHKOVSKAYA E.I.. 1977 graphia Phytosociloigia: Mongolia. Natsional'nyi Atlas. Akad.Nauk. On the interrelation of Allium Pars 11 - Excerpta botanica. Sec.

Courtesy GUGK SSSR - Akad. Nauk. GUGK polyrrhizum Turz. with the soil­ B.30 (1). Gustav Fischer Verlag, MNR. Moskva - Ulan-Bator: 26-27 ground conditions. - Bot. zh .• 62 (5): Stuttgart-New York: 63-81. (russ.). 684-690 (russ.). . GUBANOV LA., HILBIG W. , 1993 b - Biblio­ CLIMATIC MANUAL OF MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S FLoRENSOV N.A., KORGUEV S. s. (Eds.)., graphia Phytosociloigia.' Mongolia.

Editors REPUBLIC, 1971. Ulan-Bator: 150s. 1987 - The geomorphological map of Pars 11 - Excerpta botanica. Sec. (mong. ). the Mongolian People's Republic. Sc. B.30 (2). Gustav Fischer Verlag, of DANERT S., GEIER S., HANELT P., 1961 - 1 .' I 500 000. GUGK. Moskva: 4sh. Stuttgart-New York: 81-119. Vegetationskundliche Studien in Nor­ (russ.). GUBANOV I.A., KAMELIN R.V •• 1988 - New dostchina (Mandschurei) and der In­ GAMS H., 1918 - Prinzipierifragen der vascular plants revealed in the MPR ner Mongolei. - Feddes Repert., 139: Vegetationsforschung. Vierteljah­ for the last years. - Sokolov V.E., 5-144. resschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zurich: Shardarsuren O.(Eds.). Prirodnye Courtesy DASHNJAM B., 1966 - The vegetation of the 293-493. uslovija. rastitel'nyi pokrov i zhivot­ Eastern aimak of the Mongolian GERASIMOV LP., LAVRENKO E.M., 1952 - nyi mir Mongolii. Puschino: 189-218 People's Republic and its economic The main features of the nature of the (russ.). use. - Avtor .... kand. bioI. nauk. Mongolian People's Republic. - Izv. GUBANOV LA., KAMELIN R.V., BUDAN· Editors Leningrad: 25s. (russ.). ANSSSR.Ser.Geogr. 1: 27-48 (russ.). TSEV A.L.. GANDBOLD E., DARIIMA SH., of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETIA, vol. 17, 1995 75 Editors of 1989 - New findings of the Eastern Ula Range and of the southern part mation of· the disturbance of the Mongolian flora. - Bot. Zh., 74 (2): . of the Ubsu-Nur Pan. - Lavren­ steppes ecosistems and its separate 255-267. ko E.M., Rachkovskaya E.I.(Eds.). components in the Easthern Mongo­ GUBANOV LA., KAMELIN R.V., DARIIMA SH., Structura i dinamica osnovnykh eco­ lia. - Karamysheva Z.V.(Ed.) -

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GUBANOVEditors LA., KAMELIN R.V., DARIIMA SH., On the some botanical-geographic KOMAROV V.L., 1908 - The introdaction to 1987 - The new habitats of the rare regularities of Khangai in the con­ flora of China and Mongolia. 1: 175s. of plants of Mongolia. - Bjull. Mosk. nection with its division. - Lavrenko (russ.). Ova Ispyt. Prir. Otd.bioI., 92 (1): E.M. (Ed.). Rastitel'nyi i zhivotnyi KORCHAGIN A.A., 1976 - The structure of 114-128. (russ.). Inir Mongolii, Nauka. Leningrad: the vegetation communities. GuruCHEVA N.P.DMITRIEV P.P., 1983 - The 7:26 (russ.). Lavrenko E.M., Korchagin A.A. interrelations between the vegetation KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., BUlAN-ORSHIKH KM .• (Eds.). Field geobotany. 5. Nauka. Courtesy cover and the animals. - Lavrcnko. BEKET U" SUMERINA lJu., 1984 - The Leningrad: 320s. (russ.). E.M.(Ed.) Gomaja lesostep' Vos­ vegetation of the Dzhargalant-ula KOROTKOV I.A., 1976 - The geographical tochnogo Khangaja. Nauka. Moskva: Mts. - Izv. AN MNR, 3: 44-56 regularities of the forest distribution 172-180. (russ.) (mong. ). in the MPR.- Bot. Zh., 61 (2): 145- HANELTEditors P., 1970 - Vorkommen und Verge­ KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., DASHNJAM B.(Eds.), 154 (russ.).

of sellischaftung von Nanophyton eri­ 1990 - Vegetation [Map].- Mon­ KRYLOV A.G., RECHAN S. P., 1967 - The naceum (Pall.) Bge. in der Mon­ gol'skaja Narodnaja Respublika. types of the cedar and larch forests golischen Volksrepublik. Arch. Natur­ Natsional'nyi Atlas. Akad. Nauk. of Mountain Altai. Nauka. Moskva: schutz und Landschaftsforsch., 10. GUGK SSSR - Akad. Nauk. GUGK 222s. (russ.). (1): 19-40. MNR. Moskva-Ulan-Bator: 72-73 LAVRENKO E.M., 1940 - The steppes of the W., Hn.BIGCourtesy 1981 - Bibliographie pflanzen­ (russ.). USSR.- Shishkin B.K. (Ed.). Ras­ soziologischer Arbeiten bber die KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., LAVRENKO EM., RACH­ titel'nost' SSSR.2. AN SSSR. Mosk­ Mongolischen Volksrepublik. Biolo­ KOVSKAYA E.I., 1969 - The boundary va-Leningrad: 1-265 (russ.). gische Ressourcen der Mongolischen between the steppe and desert regions LAVRENKO E.M., 1941 - On the interrela­ Volksrepublik. 1. Martin-Luther­ in Central Kazakhstan. - Bot. Zh., tion between plants and the environ­ Editors Universitllt. Halle-Wittenberg: 55-69. 54 (4): 513-527 (russ.). ment in the steppe phytocoenoses. - Hn.BIGof W., 1991 - Bibliogrphia phytosocio­ KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., RACHKOVSKAYA E.L. Pochvovedenie. 3: 42-58 (russ.). logica: Mongolia. Excerpta botanica. 1973 - Botanical geography of the LA VRENKO EM., 1942 - On the provincial Sect.B.28 (4). Gustav Fischer Verlag. steppe part of Central Kazakhstan. division of the Eurasian Steppe Re­ Stuttgart-New York: 245-309. Nauka. Leningrad: 278s. (russ.). gion. - Bot. Zh .. 27 (6): 136-142 KAMELIN R.V., GUBANOV LA., DARIIMA SH., KARAMYSHEVA Z.v., SUMERINA I.Ju., BE­ (russ.).

Courtesy 1985 - The addition to the Mongo­ KET U .• BUIAN-ORSHYKH KM., 1985 - LA VRENKO E.M., 1947 a - The concepts and lian flora. - Bjull. Mosk. Ova. Ispyt. Pflanzengeographische Untersuchun­ units of the geohotanical division. - Prir. Otd. bioI., 50(5): 112-118 gen im Western der Mongolishen Lavrenko E.M.(Ed.). Geobotaniches­ (russ.). Volksrepublik. - Bioloische Ressour­ koe raionirovanie SSSR.AN SSSR.

KARAMYSHEVAEditors Z. V., 1981 - The vegetation cen der Mongolischen Volksrepublik. Moskva-Leningrad: 9-13 (russ.). 5. Martin-Lither-Universitllt: Halle­ LAVRENKO E.M., 1947b -

of map of the Mongolian People's Re­ The Eurasian public. - Geobot. kartograf. 1981. Wittenberg 109-115. Steppe Region. - Lavrenko E.M. Nauka. Leningrad: 3-21 (russ.). KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., VOLKOVA E.A., RACH­ (Ed.). Geobotanicheskoe raionirova­ KARAMYSHEVA Z. v., 1982 - The peculi­ KOVSKAYA E.L, SUMERINA I.Ju.,1987 - nie SSSR. AN SSSR. Moskva-Lenin­ arities of the highmountain vegetation The vegetation map of the Mongolian grad: 95-110 (russ.). of the Mongolian People's Republic. People's Republic. - Geobot. kar­ LAVRENKO EM., 1948 - On the concepts of Courtesy - Izuchenie i osvoenie flory i ras­ tograf. 1987. Nauka. Leningrad: 5-26 the botanical-geographic division of titel'nosti vysokogorii. 2. Ras­ (russ.). Palaearctic. - Bot. Zh, 33 (1): 157 titel'nost' vysokogorii: Tez. dokl. KHou H. Y., 1979 - The Vegetation map of (russ.). VIII Vsesojuzn. sovesch. Sverdlovsk: China. Sc. 1 " 4 000 000. Peking. LA VRENKO EM., 1952 - Mikrocomplexity Editors 38-39 (russ.). 4sh. and mosaika of the steppe vegetation

KARAMYSHEVAof Z. v., 1986 - The main KHou H. Y., 1983 - The vegetation map of cover as a result of animals and features of the highmountain vegeta­ China. Sc. 1: 14 000 000. - Ann. plants activity. - Tr. BIN AN SSSR. tion of the Mongolian People's Re­ Missouri Bot. Gard., 70: 509-548. Ser. 3 (8): 40-70 (russ.). pUblic. - Kamelin R.V. (Ed.). Ras­ KHRAMTSOV V.N., DMITRIEV P.P., 1993 - LAVRENKO E.M., 1954 - The steppes of the titel'nyi pokrov vysokogorii. Nauka. The methods and criteries of to-day Eurasian Steppe Region: its geogra­

Courtesy Leningrad: 121-127 (russ.). status estimation of the steppes eco­ phy, dynamics and history. - Vo­ KARAMYSHEVA Z. v., 1988 - The latitu­ sistems. - Gunin P.D., Vostoko­ prosy Bot., 1: 155-191 (russ.). dinal and longitudinal changes of the va E.A.(Eds.). Metodologija otsenki LAVRENKO E.M .• 1956 - The steppes and Mongolian mountain vegetation. - sostojania i kartografirovanija eko­ agricultural lands on their place. -

Editors Kharkevich S. S. (Ed.). Rastitel'nyi sistem v ekstremal'nykh uslovijakh. Lavrenko E.M.(Ed.). Rastitel'nyi Inir vysokogomych ecosistem Puschino: 68-83 (russ.). pokrov SSSR. Pojasnitel'nyi tekst k of SSSR.Nauka. Vladivostok: 262-273 KHRAMTSOV V.N., DMITRIEV P.P., 1995 - "Geobotanicheskoi karte SSSR". (russ.). Transformation of the composition M. 1 : 4 000 000. 2. Akad. Nauk. KARAMYSHEVA Z.v., BANZRAGCH D., 1976a and horizontal structure of steppe Moskva-Leningrad: 595-730 (russ.). - Some botanical-geographic regu­ communities in East MongOlia under LAVRENKO EM., 1959 - On the steppe larities of the central and western anthropogenic influence and its re­ vegetation of loess hills in the east­ Courtesy parts of Khangai (Mongolian People's flection on large-scale maps. ern part of the Gan'su province in the Republic.). - Bot. Zh., 61(5): 593- Geobot. kartograf. 1993. S.- KNR. - Izv. AN SSSR Ser. bioI. 5: 605 (russ.). Petersburg: 22-41 (russ.). 714-728 (russ.). KARAMYSHEVA Z.V.,BANZRAGCH D.• 1976b - KHRAMTSOV V.N., DMITRIEV P.P., KHuDJA­ LAVRENKO E.M., 1966 - The botanical­ Editors The vegetation of the Khan-Khukhiin- KOV 0.1., LIM V.D .• 1993 - The esti- geographic observations in the desert of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

76 KARAMYSHEVA Z.V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of of the Gan'su passage and on the 1986 - The steppes of Eastern Khan­ 1926 - Physical-geographic and soil­ northern outskirts of Nan'-Shan'. Bot. gai. Nauka. Moskva: 182s. (russ.). botanic investigations in the region of Zh., 51 (12): 1816-1823 (russ.). LAVRENKO E.M., KARAMYSHEVA Z.V.(Eds.), basin of the Uber-Dzhargalante River LA VRENKO E.M., 1968 - On the next prob­ 1993 - Steppes of the former Soviet and headwater of the Ara-Dzharga­

Courtesy lems of the investigations of the Union and Mongolia. - Coupland lante River. - Severnaja Mongolia, 3: vegetation cover in the connection R.T.(Ed.). Ecosystems of the World. 85-163 (russ.). with the botanical-geographic divi­ 8B. Natural grasslands. EIsevier. PoPOV M.G., 1915 - The botanical-geo­ sion. - Vasilevich V.I., Tikhomi­ Amsterdam-London-New York-To­ graphic essay of the Sulutan-Uiz-Dag

Editors rov B.A.(Eds.). Osnovnye problemy kyo: 3-59. Mts. - Pochvennye expedicii v bas­ sovremennoi geobotaniki. Nauka. Le­ LAVRENKO E.M., KARAMYSHEVA Z.v., NIKU­ seinakh rek Syr-Dar'ii i Amu-Dar'ii. of ningrad: 45-69 (russ.). UNA R.I., 1991 - The steppes of Moskva: 1: 63-80 (russ.). LAVRENKO E.M., 1970 a - The provincial Eurasia. Nauka. Leningrad: 144s. RACHKOVSKAYA E.I., 1977 - On the zonal division of the Central Asian subre­ (russ.). division of the southern part of the gion of the Eurasian Steppe Region. - LAVRENKO E.M .• NIKUUNA R.I., 1984 - The MNR.- Tr. Inst. Bot. AN MNR.IDan­ Bot. Zh., 55 (12): 1734-1747 (russ.). position of the dry steppes in the Bator, 2 : 40-52 (russ.). Courtesy LAVRENKO E.M., 1970 b - The provincial scheme of the botanical-geographic RACHKOVSKAYA E.I., 1986 - Geography division of the Black Sea-Kasakhstan division of the MPR. - Lavren­ and typology of the Mongolian desert subregion of the Eurasian Steppe Re­ ko E.M.(Ed.). Sukhie stepi MNR. vegetation. - Prirodnye uslovija i gion. - Bot. Zh.. 55 (5): 609-625 Prirodnye uslovija (Undzhul somon). biologicheskie resursy MNR.Tez. Editors (russ.). Nauka. Leningrad: 6-11 (russ.). dokl. Moskva: 100 (russ.).

of LAVRENKO E.M., 1970 c - The botanical­ LAVRENKO E.M., SUMERINA I.Ju., 1977 - RACHKOVSKAYA E.!., 1993 - The vegetation geographic observations in the Barga The materials to the investigation of of the Mongolian Gobi deserts. Nau­ steppes and the North-Eastern Chi­ the geography and phytocoenology of ka. St. Petersburg: 193s. (russ.). nese plain. - Rabotnov T.A.(Ed.). the Central Asian plants. 3. North­ RAVSKlI E.L, 1972 - The salt-accumulation Theoreticheskie problemy fitotseno­ Gobian dwarf semi-shrub Artemisia and climate of Inner Asia in the An­

Courtesy logii i biogeotsenologii Nauka. Mos­ caespitosa Ledeb. as indicator of de­ tropogene. Nauka. Moskva: 335 kva: 74-94 (russ.). sert steppe subzone. - Lavren­ (russ.). LAVRENKO E.M., 1972 - The materials to ko E.M. (Ed.) Rastitel'nyi i zhivotnyi ROZHEVITS R.Yu., 1934 - The genus Stipa the investigation of the geography mir Mongolii. Nauka. Leningrad: 27- L- Shishkin B.K. (Ed.). Flora of the and phytocenology of the Central 46 (russ.). SSSR.2. AN SSSR. Leningrad: 79- Editors Asian plants. 1. Steppe petrophyte of LAVRENKO E.M.. VOLKOVA E.A., KARA­ 112 (russ.). of the Central Asia Arctogeron grami­ MYSHEVA Z.V., RACHKOVSKAYA E.!.. SHALYT M.S., 1938 - The steppe vegetation neum (L.) DC. - Bot. Zh., 57 (12): 1986 - The botanical-geographic in­ of the Askanija-Nova Reservation. - 1580-1589 (russ.). vestigation in the Mongolian People's Izv. Krymsk. Ped. Inst., 7: 45-132 LAVRENi:O E.M., 1973 - On some particu­ Republic. Prirodnnye uslovija i bi­ (russ.). laries of the plant community struc­ ologicheskie resursy Mongol'skoi SKVORTSOV A.K. (Ed.). 1983 - The flora of

Courtesy ture of the Central Asian steppes. - Narodnoi Respubliki: Tez. dokl. the Eastern Khangai. Nauka. Mosk­ Bot. Zh., 58 (11); 1603-1607 (russ.). Moskva: 55-56 (russ.). va: 1848. (russ.). LAVRENKO E.M., 1978 - On the steppe and LAVRENKO E.M., VOLKOVA E.A., KARAMY­ SOBOLEVSKAJA K. A., 1950 - The vegetation desert vegetation of the Mongolian SHEVA Z.v., RACHKOVSKAYA E.I., BE­ of Tuva. AN SSSR. Novosibirsk:

Editors People's RepUblic. Probl. osvoenija KET U., BUJAN-ORSHIKH KH., TSEDEN­ 140s. (russ.). pustyn'. 1: 3-19 (russ.). DASH G.. 1988 - The botanical­ SOCHAVA V.B., 1979 - The vegetation co­ of LAVRENKO E.M.(Ed.), 1980 a - The desert geographic and cartographic investi­ ver on the thematical maps. Nauka. steppes and northern deserts of the gations in the Mongolian People's Novosibirsk: 185s. (russ.). Mongolian People's Republic. 1. The Republic. - Sokolov V.E., Shardar­ SOKOLOV V.E., KAMELIN R.V. (Eds.), 1986- natural conditions. Nauka. Leningrad: suren O.(Eds.). Prirodnye uslovia, The bibliographical index for the re­ 182s. (russ.). rastitel'nyi pokrov i zhivotnyi mir sults of the investigations of the Joint Courtesy LAVRENKO E.M., 1980b - On the position Mongolii. Puschino: 348s. (russ.). Soviet-Mongolian Complex Biological of the Bulgan somon in the scheme of LlVEROVSKII Yu. A.,KORNBLJUM E.A., 1960 - Expedition of the AN USSR and AN the botanical-geographic division of The zonality of the soil cover of the MPR.1960-1980. IEMEZh. Moskva: Mongolia. - Lavrenko E.M.(Ed.). submountain territories. - Izv. AN 177s. (russ.). Editors Pustynnye stepi i severnye pustyni SSSR. Ser. geogr., 3: 41-60 (russ.). STEPANOVA E.F .• 1962 - The vegetation of MNR.1. Prirodnye uslovija. Nauka. LUKICHEVA A.N., 1964 - Asia. Vegetation. and flora of the Tarbagatai Range. Leningrad: 7-12 (russ.). [Map. Sc.1:25 000 000]. The Physi­ Kazakhst. Akad. Nauk. Alma-Ata: LAVRENKO E.M.(Ed.), 1981 - The desert cal-geographic Atlas. Akad. Nauk. 434s. (russ.). steppes and northern deserts of the GUGK. Moskva: 110-111 (russ.). TSVELEV N.N., 1968 - Graminae. - Gru­ Mongolian People's Republic. 2. The MEL'NIKOV P.I., 1974 - Geocryological boy V.1. (Ed.). Rastenija Tsentralnoi

Courtesy field station investigations. (Bulgan conditions of the Mongolian People's Azii. 4. Nauka. Leningrad: 246s. somon). Nauka. Leningrad: 260s. RepUblic. Nauka. M08kva: 1988. (russ.). (russ.). (russ.). TSVELEV N.N., 1976 - Poaceae of the LAVRENKO E.M.(Ed.), 1984 - The dry step­ NOGINA N.A. (Ed.), 1978 - The soil cover URSS. Nauka. Leningrad: 7888.

Editors pes of Mongolia. I.Natural conditions of the basic natural zones of Mongo­ (russ.). (Undzhul somon). Nauka. Leningrad: lia. Nauka. Moskva: 274s6 (russ.). VITVITSKlI G.N., ZHAMBAAZHAMTS 8.(Eds.), of 167s. (russ.). NOGINA N.A.(Ed.), 1980 - The soil map of 1990 - Climate [Maps]. - Mon­ LAVRENKO E.M.(Ed.), 1988 - The dry step­ the Mongolian People's Republic. Sc. gol'skaja Narodnaja Respublika. pes of Mongolia. The field station in­ 1:2 500 000. GUGK. Moskva: Ish. Natsional'nyi Atlas. Akad. Nauk. vestigations (Undzhul somon). Nauka. (russ.). GUGK SSSR - Akad. Nauk. GUGK Leningrad: 237s. (russ.). PAVLOV N.V., 1929 - Introduction to the MNR. Moskva-man-Bator.: 54- Courtesy LAVRENKO E.M., BANNIKOVA LA.(Eds.), vegetation cover of the Khangai 58(russ.). 1983 - The mountain forest-steppe of Mts. - Predvaritel'nyi otchet botan. VOLKOVA E.A., 1984 - Vegetation of the Eastern Khangai. Nauka. Moskva: expedicii v Sev. Mongolii za 1926g.: southern Mongolia mountains. - 189s. (russ.). 3-72 (russ.). Aftor. diss. kand. bioI. nauk. Editors LAVRENKO E.M., BANNIKOVA LA. (Eds.), POL YNOV B.B., KRASHENINNIKOV I.M., Leningrad: 21 s.(russ.). of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETlA, vol. 17, 1995

Editors 77 of VOLKOVA E.A., 1988. - Vegetation map of WALTER H., Box E., 1976 - Global classifi­ YUNATOV A.A.,DASHNJAM B.,GERBIKH A.A., the Tumen-Tsogt somon (Mongolian cation on natural terrestrial ecosys­ 1979 - The vegetation map of the People's Republic). - Geobot. kar­ tems. - Vegetatio, 32. (2): 73-8l. Mongolian People's Republic. tograf. 1988. Nauka. Leningrad: 38- WALTER H., LIETHH .• 1960 - Klimadia­ Sc. 1.- 1 500 000. Akad. Nauk.

Courtesy 45. gramm Weltatlas. Fischer Verlag. GUGK. Moskva-Leningrad: 4sh. VOLKOVA E.A., 1992 - The high mountain Jena, 1: 3-9. (russ., mong.). vegetation of Mongolia. - Bot. zh., YUNATOV A.A., 1950 - The main features YURTSEV B.A., 1974 - The steppe com­ 77 (11): 24-38 (russ.). of the vegetation cover of the Mon­ munities of the Chukotka's tundra and

VOLKOVAEditors E.A., 1994 - Botanical geography golian People's Republic. Acad. Nauk the pleistocene "tundra-steppe". - of the Gobi and Mongolian Altai. - SSSR.Moskva: 233s. (russ.). Bot. Zh., 57 (4); 484-501 (russ.). of Tr. Bot. Inst. RAN. S. Petersburg. YUNATOV A.A., 1954 - Fodder plants of YURTSEV B.A., 1978 - Some question of the 14: 132s. (russ.). the pasture and hay meadows in the steppe communities classification of VoLKOVA E.A., RACHKOVSKAYA E.I., 1980 - Mongolian People's Republic. Akad. the Nort-Eastern Asia. - Bot. Zh., 63 The vegetation map of Dzhungarian Nauk SSSR. Moskva-Leningrad: (11); 1566-1578 (russ.). Gobi. - Geobot. kartograf. 1980. 352s. (russ.). YURTSEV B.A., 1981 - Relict steppe com­ Courtesy Nauka. Leningrad: 24-39 (russ.). YUNATOV A.A., 1974 - Desert steppes of plexes of the North-Eastern Asia. VYSOTSKII G. N., 1915 - Ergenja.- the the Northern Gobi in the Mongolian Nauka. Novosibirsk: 168s. (russ.). culture-phytilogical essay. Tr. People's Republic. Nauka. Leningrad: Bjuro po prikl. botan. 8 (10-11): 132s. (russ.). Editors 1113-1436 (russ.). of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

78 KARAMYSHEVA Z. V., KHRAMTSOV V. N. The steppes ofMongolia Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

Dr. Zoja V. Karamysheva Dr. Vladimir N. Khramtsov Komarov Botanical Institute RAS Komarov Botanical Institute RAS Department of Geography and Department of Geography and

Courtesy Cartography of Vegetation Cartography of Vegetation Prof. Popova Street, 2, Prof. Popova Street, 2, St.Petersburg, 197376, Russia St.Petersburg, 197376, Russia Fax:(812)234-45-12 Fax:(812)234-45-12

Editors E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

BRAUN-BLANQUETlA, vol. 17, 1995 79 Editors of CONTENT

INTRODUCTION 5 Courtesy NATURAL CONDITION ...... 6

PLANT GROWTH-FORM PECULIARITIES...... 11 Editors

of PECULIARITIES OF MONGOLIAN STEPPE FLORA. . . . . • ...... 12

CENERAL BOTANICAL-GEOGRAPHIC REGULARITIES OF STEPPE VEGETATION...... 15

LATITUDINAL (ZONAL) DIFFERENTIATION...... 19 Courtesy LONGITUDINAL (MERIDIONAL) DIFFERENTIATION ...... 19

AL TITUDINAL REGULARITIES...... • ...... 20 Editors of EDAPHIC REGULARITIES...... 20

MAIN ZONAL AND ALTITUDINAL TYPES OF STEPPES...... 20

Courtesy I. CRYOXEROPHYTlC FORB-BUNCH-GRASS AND CUSHION FORB-BUNCH-GRASS STEPPES ...... 23

H. FORB-GRASS. GRASS-FORB AND FORB-SEDGE MEADOW STEPPES...... 23

Editors III. FORB-BUNCH-GRASS AND CAESPITOSE FORB STEPPES...... 24 of IV. BUNCH-GRASS AND RHlZOMATOUS GRASS DRY STEPPES ...... 25

V. BUNCH-GRASS AND DWARF SEMI-SHRUB-BUNCH-GRASS DESERTIFIED STEPPES ...... 26 Courtesy VI. DWARF SEMI-SHRUB-BUNCH-GRASS AND BUNCH-ONION DESERT STEPPES ...... 27

BOTANICAL-GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF DAHURIA-MONGOLIAN (CENTRAL ASIAN) Editors SUBREGION ...... 28 of

DAHURIA-MONGOLIAN "BLOCK" OF PROVINCES ...... 30

1. The Khangai-Dahurian mountain forest-steppe province ...... _. 30 Courtesy 2. Mongolian steppe province...... 35

3. North Gobi desert steppe province...... 37 Editors

of TABLES (II-XIII)...... 46

PE3IOME ...... 71

REFERENCES ...... 74 Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of

Universita degli Studi di Camerino Centro Interdipartimentale Audiovisivi e Stampa

Courtesy febbraio 1996 Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy

THIS IS A BLANK PAGE Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy VOLUMES DE LA SERIE

Editors 1. Matuszkiewicz W. - Die Karte der potentiellen natOrlichen Vegetation von Polen (1984). of 2. AA VV. - Studi sulla flora e vegetazione d'ltalia (Volume in memoria del Prof. Valerio Giacomini) (1988).

3. AA VV. - Spontaneus vegetation in settlements. Proceedings of the 31 th Symposium of the International

Courtesy Association for Vegetation Science (Frascati, 11-15 Apri11988) (1989).

4. Richter M. - Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsentwicklung und Standortwandel auf mediterranen Rebbrachen (1989). Editors of 5. Falinski J.B., Pedrotti F. - The vegetation and dynamical tendencies in the vegetation of Bosco Quarto, Promontorio del Gargano, Italy (1990).

6. Ferro G. - Revisione della vegetazione segetale mediterranea ed europea dell'ordine Secalietalia (1990). Courtesy 7. De Lillis M. - An ecomorphological study of the evergreen leaf (1991).

8. AA VV. - Mountain vegetation (Proceedings of the International Symposium, Beijing September 1986) (1992). Editors of 9. Ivan D., Donita N., Cold ea G., Sanda V., Popescu A, Chifu T., Boscaiu N., Mititelu D., Pauca-Comanescu M. - La vegetation potentielle de la Roumanie (1993).

10. Orsomando E. - Carte della vegetazione dei Fogli Passignano sui Trasimeno (n. 310 - Carta d'ltalia I.G.M.1. -1:

Courtesy 50000) e Foligno (n. 324 - Carta d'ltalia I.G.M.I. - 1: 50000) (1993).

11. Buchwald R. - Vegetazione e odonatofauna negli ambienti acquatici dell'ltalia centrale (1994). Editors 12. Gafta D. - Tipologia, sinecologia e sincorologia delle abetine ne lie Alpi del Trentino (1994). of

13. Gehu J.M., Biondi E. - La vegetation du littoral de la Corse. Essai de synthase phytosociologique. (1994)

14. SiniscalcoC. -Impactoftourismonfloraandvegetation inthe Gran Paradiso National Park (NW Alps, Italy) (1995). Courtesy 15. Nakhutsrishvili G. - The vegetation of Georgia (Caucasus). (in corso di stampa).

16. Biondi E. - (in corso di stampa). Editors of 17. Karamysheva Z.V., K,hramtsov V.N - The steppes of Mongolia. (1995).

18. Pedrotti F. (a cura di) - Volume per il conferimento della Laurea honoris causa al Professor Jean-Marie Gehu. (1996) Courtesy Editors of Courtesy Editors of Courtesy