Journal of Botanic Gardens Conservation International

BGjournalVolume 3 • Number 2 • July 2006

Special issue: the botanic gardens of East Asia Contents

01 Editorial Editors: Etelka Leadlay, Anle Tieu and Junko Oikawa 02 Thoughts on scientific research in Chinese botanic gardens at the Cover Photo: Wuhan Botanical Garden, China beginning of the 21st century (Photo; BGCI)

Design: John Morgan, Seascape 04 BGCI supports collaboration between botanic gardens: the E-mail: [email protected] environment and artistic photo exhibition, Sound of Nature at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden Submissions for the next issue should reach the editor before 20th October, 2006. We would be very grateful for text on diskette or via e-mail, as well as a hard copy. 06 The management of living collections in Beijing Botanical Garden Please send photographs as original slides or prints unless scanned to a very high resolution (300 (North) pixels/inch and 100mm in width); digital images need to be of a high resolution for printing. If you would like 08 Achieving conservation and sustainability on different fronts – Hong further information, please request Notes for authors. Kong Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden BGjournal is published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). It is published twice a year and is Conservation of an endemic plant, Croton hancei in the Hong Kong sent to all BGCI members. Membership is open to all 10 interested individuals, institutions and organisations that Special Administrative Region support the aims of BGCI (see page 32 for Membership application form) 12 The botanic gardens of Macau Further details available from: • Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW 14 Restructuring Japan’s botanic gardens through a contract system UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 Email: [email protected], www.bgci.org • BGCI-Russia, c/o Main Botanical Gardens, 16 Status of ex situ conservation of threatened Japanese plant species in Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow 127276, Russia. Japanese botanic gardens Tel: +7 (095) 219 6160 / 5377, Fax: +7 (095) 218 0525, E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.ru • BGCI (U.S.) Inc., c/o Dan Shepherd, Director, 18 Plant conservation in South Korean botanic gardens 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225-1099, U.S.A. Tel: +1 718 623 7200, The present status of South Korean botanic gardens Fax: +1 718 857 2430, Email: [email protected] 20 www.bgci.org/us • BGCI-Netherlands, c/o Utrecht University Botanic 22 Developing an action plan for Fushan Botanic Garden: A dream for Gardens, P.O. Box 80162, NL-3508 TD, Netherlands. people who appreciate biodiversity Tel: +31 30 253 2876, Fax: +31 30 253 5177, E-mail: [email protected], www.bio.uu.nl/botgard 24 The history, conservation challenges and future tasks of the Botanical • BGCI-Canarias, c/o Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Garden at the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung Clavijo, Apartado de Correos 14, Tafira Alta 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain. Tel: +34 928 21 95 80/82/83, Fax: +34 928 21 95 81, 26 Conservation and the development of plant resources at the Botanic E-mail: [email protected] • BGCI – China and South East Asia, c/o Registry, Garden of Mongolia and the Institute of Botany Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569. Tel/Fax: +65 6467 4206, E-mail: Bian.Tan The Botanic Garden Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian @bgci.org, [email protected], www.bgci.org/china 28 • BGCI-Colombia , c/o Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Academy of Sciences: securing protection of rare and endangered Jose Celestino Mutis, Av. No. 61-13 – A.A. 59887, Santa plants in the Russian far east Fe de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Tel: +57 630 0949, Fax: +57 630 5075, E-mail: [email protected], www.humboldt.org.co/jardinesdecolombia/html/la_red.htm 30 Botanic gardens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) • BGCI-Deutschland, c/o Botanische Gärten der Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 171, 53115 Bonn, Book Notices Germany. Tel: +49 2 2873 9055, Fax: +49 2 28731690, 31 E-mail: [email protected] BGCI is a worldwide membership organization established 32 Forthcoming Meetings in 1987. Its mission is to mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well- How to join Botanic Gardens Conservation International being of people and the planet. BGCI is an independent organization registered in the United Kingdom as a charity (Charity Reg No 1098834) and a company limited by guarantee, No 4673175. BGCI is a tax-exempt (501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the USA and in Russia. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Boards or staff of BGCI or of its members

BGjournal replaces BGCNews and is published twice a year. BGjournal has been given a new name as the news section of BGCNews and Roots (Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review) is now contained in Cuttings which is published quarterly. There are 31 issues of BGCNews published twice yearly from 1987-2003. Editorial

On behalf of the botanic garden conservation through the cultivation of Over the past four years BGCI has community of East Asia, we are endangered plants, and; shoulder most been conducting the Investing in pleased to introduce this special issue of the education activities that are Nature programme throughout the Asia of BGCI’s BGjournal that focuses on related to the diversity and function of region. Supported by HSBC, it is has the botanic gardens of East Asia and plants, the relationship between them greatly helped to assist the botanic some of their work in education and and people and their conservation. gardens of the region expand their plant conservation. The production of efforts in conservation and education. this issue has been supported by the To support the activities of botanic The programme has not only enabled Mitsubishi Corporation in Japan as a gardens in Japan, China and Korea BGCI to fund a number of projects part of their assistance to develop the national botanic garden networks have within individual botanic gardens, but networking of botanic gardens in the been established. Since their also assist in the training of a large East Asia region. establishment, going back to 1965 in number staff in a wide range of topics. Japan, these networks have It is the intention of BGCI and the Unlike all previous issues of contributed to the activities of their botanic gardens networks of East Asia BGJournal, which were only published member gardens, including to continue the good work that has in English, the July 2006 issue has also conservation, environmental education, already started. Because of this, we been produced in Chinese, Korean, horticulture and recreation. would encourage all of the botanic Japanese and Russian and will be gardens of East Asia to join BGCI, take distributed to all of the botanic gardens However, with the speed of advantage of the resources and within the East Asia region. By doing environmental change in East Asia, the programmes it offers and, as so, we are keen to not only make the reduction of plant diversity is a reality. importantly, ensure that the global botanic gardens community To cope with such change, it is significance of the Asia region is fully more aware of East Asia, but also to recognized that as well as recognized throughout the world. encourage networking within the strengthening the domestic botanic region. We also hope that the East gardens networks, a network in the Prof. Hongwen Huang, Chairman, Asia issue of the BGjournal will be East Asia region, working together with Botanical Garden Working useful as a part of the development of BGCI, should be explored. It is felt that Committee of Chinese Academy the East Asia Botanic Gardens Network if the botanic gardens of this area can of Sciences at its first meeting. This first meeting is make contact with each other through to be held at the Kunming Botanical the network, we can take effective Prof. Jung Oh Hyun, President, Gardens in August 2006. action against the crisis facing the Korean Association of Botanic region’s plant diversity. Gardens and Arboreta Throughout the East Asia region there are now over 250 botanic gardens and As a part of this, all of the botanic Mark Richardson, Director, Asia the number is increasing. It is a blend gardens in the East Asia region are and Middle East Programmes, of several major institutions and many encouraged to not only interact with BGCI that are small with few staff and limited botanic gardens in their immediate funds. Although the scale of many area but also to look for any Prof. Mitsuo Suzuki, President, gardens is small, together they display opportunities to work with other Japan Association of Botanic a diverse collection of plants; assist botanic gardens throughout Asia. Gardens

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 01 01 Authors: Hongwen Huang and Ziyuan Duan

Thoughts on scientific research in Chinese botanic gardens at the beginning of the 21st century

economic crops is weak and alien sciences are in an era of molecular species threaten indigenous plants and biology and so research in botanic associated ecosystems. gardens faces a great opportunity as well as a grave challenge, for broadly- The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) based botanical research. regards botanic gardens as an essential resource for the development and 1 Research direction and targets utilization of plants and has 14 botanic • The focus should shift from plant gardens under their management. By collection and conservation to the 2004, CAS botanic gardens had identification, development and Above: Bamboo In the 21st century there are major introduced and conserved about 20,000 sustainable use of resources and collection at challenges to meet the demand for higher plant species, which is 60% of include the selection and evaluation Wuhan Botanical plant resources sustainably. Botanic the China Floristic Region and provides a for improved quantity and quality. Garden, Hubei gardens play an increasingly important resource pool for sustaining economic • Resource information should be (Photo: BGCI) role in plant conservation and their development in China. CAS has also set shared fully within China and sustainable development (Wyse up 90 specialized gardens, which form a conditionally across nations. Jackson & Sutherland, 2000). solid foundation for botanic research, • A conservation network should be development, utilization and set up that covers at least 80% of all The current status of wild conservation of plant resources, as well the native plants in China. plant resources and plant as public education in China. Since, • Chinese botanic gardens should conservation in Chinese 2004, they have had over 100 articles take advantage of their accumulated botanic gardens published in science journals (e.g. research and rich plant diversity and Science, Nature, Conservation Biology take a leading role in the East Asia China has over 30,000 species of and Molecular Ecology), three times Botanic Garden Network. higher plants, representing 10% of the higher than that in 2001. These include world total; the richest plant diversity, the discovery of two new pollination 2 Strengthen capacity and scientific after Brazil and Colombia. However, in mechanisms. These botanic gardens research the past 30 years, rapid economic have applied for over 100 patents and Development of specialized gardens development and population growth have had 50 approved and have and related scientific research has damaged the ecological cultivated and propagated nearly 20 new Botanic gardens should support the environment and reduced plant cultivars. development of specialized gardens for diversity and research into endemic and native plants especially conservation and development is Thoughts on scientific research those of economic value to enhance falling behind. For instance native in Chinese botanic gardens in China’s development. This will build on species are endangered, crop wild the early 21st century current plant collections. For instance relatives are becoming extinct, plant gardens for medicinal plants, bio-fuels genetic diversity is being lost (China According to Wagner (1972), “A botanic (taxa which are rich in carbon-hydrogen had 10,000 wheat cultivars and garden without scientific research is just bonds), amenity plants, fruits and varieties in 1949, but only 1,000 were a park. A botanic garden with scientific vegetables and plants which can be in cultivation in 1970s (FAO, 1998), research plays an important role in used for habitat restoration and research and development on social development.” Further, the life environmental protection.

02 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 02-03 Research and development centres for The content and objectives should be research into molecular biology and to: a) research and identify the status comparative biotechnology of plant resources in China to produce The plant resources held by botanic a Report on the current status of gardens provide valuable materials and China’s plant resources with an on- are important centres for research into going Report monitoring the dynamic comparative functional genomics, changes of China’s plant resources phytochemistry and proteomics as well every 3-5 years, b) enrich the as research into model genes and collections in China’s national herbaria, model plant species. This will support c) encourage experts in plant China’s current life science and taxonomy and horticulture, and biotechnology research. d) provide facilities for the new editions of Floras available in English and Development of information technology Chinese. An information management system for a National Botanic Garden System of Conclusion China should be set up to improve resource management within the Through defining the scope of research network, improve information retrieval, for Chinese botanic gardens as well as research and development and strengthening both the network and information exchange, and raise the capacity for botanic gardens in China, Distribution of the 14 botanic gardens Above: level of popular science education of the safety and sustainable use of plant under the management of the Chinese View of Kunming the general public and mass media. resources in China will be ensured and Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, can become a Yunnan (Photo: 3 Research topics and direction possible task. BGCI) Certain core research studies in China are essential for species recovery plans such as population genetics and breeding systems and the theory and practices of habitat restoration to conserve native plant species in situ. Shengyang Arboretum Turpan Beijing Research into living plant collections Eremophyte Botanical Botanical Garden and seed banks are strategically Garden important to conserve plant species Qinling and genetic samples. Botanical Garden

There is also a need to set up a chemo- Nanjing resource bank for medicinal plants and Botanical Wuhan Garden a DNA bank for rare, endangered and Huaxi Sub-Alpine Botanical Botanical Garden endemic plants with an associated data Garden information platform. Another Sanxia Botanical Lushan necessary research topic is the Garden Botanical Garden biosafety of plant resources globally. Guilin Botanical References Garden Dinghushan Kunming Arboretum 4 China’s National general survey of Botanical ➡ Garden plant resources for the century FAO, 1998. The state of the Huanan A National general survey of plant world’s plant genetic Xishuangbanna Botanical Tropical Garden resources for the century is an urgent resources for food and Botanical Garden task to provide a solid scientific basis agriculture. FAO, Rome. for the formulation of China’s social ➡ Wagner W. H. 1972. and economic development strategies. Botanic research at botanic gardens. In: Rice P.F. (ed.) Proceedings of the symposium in a Hongwen Huang and Ziyuan Duan national garden system for Canada, Wuhan Botanical Garden Techn. Bull. Roy. Bot. Gard. Chinese Academy of Sciences Left: Medicinal Hamilton 6:1-6. E-mail: [email protected] plant collection at ➡ Wyse Jackson P. S. and Sutherland, Postal Address: Xishuangbanna L, 2000. International Agenda for Moshan, Wuchang, Wuhan Tropical Botanic Gardens in Conservation. Hubei 430074, China Medicinal Botanic Gardens Conservation Tel: +86 (0) 27 875 10007 Garden, Yunnan International, London, U.K. Fax: +86 (0) 27 875 10770 (Photo: BGCI)

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 03 Author: Duan Qi-wu, Xu Ling and Zhu Hong-xiang

BGCI supports collaboration between botanic gardens: the environment and artistic photo exhibition, Sound of Nature at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden

With sponsorship from a 2004/05 BGCI natural environment, ethnicity, cultures pebbles and various plant species. Travel Scholarship, two young and biological and cultural diversity in While the photo exhibition is the main technological staff members of the terms of visual effects and content. focus, local characteristics, tribal and Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic rainforest culture are integrated to Garden (XTBG), China, Duan Qi-wu 1.2 Photo composition show the beauty of nature. Planning and Yan Tao, undertook three-weeks The art pieces exhibited included and design staff cleverly exhibited training from 27 February to 20 March photos of KFBG’s two art festivals, landscaped gardens, decorated arts 2005 at Hong Kong’s Kadoorie Farm namely. “Dream Garden” (2003/04) and and behavioural arts. With variations in and Botanic Garden (KFBG). “Garden’s Whisper” (2004/05). Photos the size, shape, aspect ratio, and of tropical rainforest and tribal forest height, the displays were dynamic and During the study period, KFBG cultures are also displayed. interactive. Some panels also had organized artistic activities to turn the traditional bamboo buckets and sieves. theories of scientific education into 1.3 Display format These exhibits also demonstrated local practice, thus increasing the public’s Natural materials were used, such as Xishuangbanna characteristics and awareness of environmental bamboo, wood, rattan, plant seeds, cultural background of the ethnic conservation. Duan Qi-wu of XTBG actively maintained a close relationship with KFBG’s Education Department and the Xishuangbanna Prefecture Commission’s Publicity Department in the preparation of an activity on general scientific education on the theme of environment and the arts. The environment and artistic photo exhibition, Sound of Nature opened on 1 November 2005, and was well received by many different sectors.

1. Environment and artistic photo exhibition, Sound of Nature

1.1 Exhibition objectives The display of artist’s creations truly Right: shows the beauty and wonders of all Comments by life forms in nature. The exhibition visitors helps the audience to appreciate the

04 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 04-05 Left: Wylie Chu (Centre - Education Officer, Community Projects, Education Department, Hong Kong Kadoorie Farm 2. Further collaboration projects and Botanic Garden) giving 2.1 Collaboration projects with KFBG a guided tour to • Exchange and visits of scientific students education staff to enhance the work of general scientific education for Far left: Primary both parties and secondary • Research and evaluation of general school students scientific education methods visiting the • Collaboration in environment and art exhibition education: Hopefully XTBG will organize a scientific education exhibition on rainforest tradition and culture at KFBG • Collaboration in scientific education networking, e.g. projects related to geographic information system and long-distance video-recording • Collaboration in plant conservation research aiming at improving landscaped gardens and having more plant species minorities. The fun in nature (sound, conduct systematic survey studies on • Student exchange on a regular basis color, taste and shape) showed the visitors and project participants seamless harmony between the (including organizers) in different 2.2 Collaboration projects with other environment and nature. The buildings stages. organizations and the shade garden (for shade • Paper-making exhibition by tolerant plants) were arranged well so Staff from XTBG and KFBG understood minorities in Yunnan Province, to that the two could complement each each other better. Also, the process of promote the traditional paper-making other. It is an exhibition venue high in organizing the exhibition reinforced the • Formation of the Xishuangbanna both exhibition and landscape value. cooperation and exchange among Prefecture Museums Association, different professionals in the two which will bring these museums 1.4 Media coverage botanic gardens. together: Tropical Rainforest and News of the exhibition was posted on Ethnic Forest Culture Museum, the websites of the Chinese Academy 1.6 Further impacts Xishuangbanna Natural History of Sciences and Xishuangbanna KFBG and XTBG agreed on several Museum, Mengle Museum, Ji-nuo Tropical Botanic Garden. It was issues, including: the exchange and TribalMuseum, Bu-lang Tribal covered by the Xishuangbanna and visits of our scientific education Ecology and Culture Museum, and Mengla televison stations and department members, research Mengla County Ethnic Museum newspaper, the Xishuangbanna Daily. projects on general scientific education theories for botanic gardens, Duan Qi-wu, Xu Ling, 1.5 Results collaboration on environment and art Zhu Hong-xiang It was estimated that the exhibition education, more cooperation on Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic attracted up to 50,000 visitors. The scientific education networking, and Garden exhibition called for people to care and plant conservation research projects. Chinese Academy of Sciences love their environment, protect nature, During their visit, for the opening of the E-mail: [email protected] appreciate their traditional cultures, and exhibition (1st November, 2005) Postal address: protect biological and cultural diversity. KFBG’s Education Department gave a Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China training session to over 80 scientific Tel: 86-691-8715457 We adopted the Behavioral education interpreters of XTBG, so that Fax: 86-691-8715070 Observation Method, Questionnaire they could be better prepared for the Internet: Method, and Interview Method to exhibition. http://en.xtbg.ac.cn/default.aspx

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 05 Author: Zhao Shiwei and Zhang Zuoshuang

The management of living collections in Beijing Botanical Garden (North)

Right: Beijing Botanical Garden was founded Greenhouse at in 1956. The State Council authorized Beijing Botanical the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Garden (North) the Beijing Municipality to set up a new (Photo: Beijing botanic garden of state level in a west Botanical Garden suburb of Beijing. Subsequently, it was (North) divided into two gardens; the north garden was supported by the Beijing Municipality, while the south garden was annexed to the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The mission statement of Beijing Botanical Garden (North) is to: “promote the knowledge of plants to 2. Management objectives • trial species which are considered the public, conduct research, and 2.1 Conservation worthy of introduction into create a beautiful environment for • support ex situ conservation of plant cultivation in Beijing recreation through the collection and diversity by collection, propagation • breed new varieties of ornamental conservation of plant diversity and the and maintenance of taxa which are plants display of plants in attractive settings”. rare, threatened or endangered in • support scientific research in the the wild in accordance with garden as well as in other 1. Objectives of Beijing Botanical recognized and national strategies. institutions by growing and Garden • support in situ conservation of plant displaying plants of scientific The Objectives of Beijing Botanical diversity through research and interest in the garden Gardens are: education programmes undertaken • participate in cooperative research 1. Conservation: to collect a diverse in the garden projects with universities or institutes and well-documented collection of • conserve cold hardy ornamental living plants to be displayed in collections 2.3 Education horticulturally attractive settings. • actively participate in the • develop the gardens as an 2. Education: to promote public preparation of national strategies for educational resource, ensuring awareness and knowledge of plants biodiversity conservation and the information is accessible for all and the importance of their sustainable use of plants visitors and non-visitors (via internet conservation. • establish a national collection of and other multimedia) and to appeal 3. Research: to pursue botanical and plants through cooperation with to a broad range of interests and horticultural research programmes. other botanic gardens abilities 4. Recreation and tourism: to develop • develop the living plant collections the landscape to a high standard to 2.2 Research as the primary educational resource provide a place of recreation for • maintain accurate records of the and support their interpretation local residents and a tourist plant collections for scientific through a variety of means including attraction. reference plant labelling, a range of displays and visitor programmes

06 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 06-07 3.2 Criteria for new plants collections 3.3 Priorities for collections Left: Crab apple • conservation value – potential to Priorities should be given to the collection at support or promote conservation following categories of plants for Beijing programmes inclusion in ex situ conservation Botanical • educational value – relevance of • taxa that are in immediate danger of Garden (North) • ensure the collections support themes to support or promote the extinction (Photo:BGCI) horticultural interests and garden’s mission and objectives • taxa that are of local economic environmental and other educational • horticultural value – potential to importance messages which are of relevance to attract visitors or potential to be • taxa representing local ecotypes the community planted in the city • local flagship species or subspecies • enhance the diversity of collections • economic value that will stimulate conservation to improve their educational value • cultural value awareness • develop high quality educational • taxa that are of special scientific facilities which will enhance access The following plants meet the interest, such as narrow endemics to information and services and collections criteria: or geographical relics provide suitable settings for • wild taxa education programmes 1. species of educational value – 3.4 Sources of the plant materials plants with special economic, or Plant material can be acquired from the 2.4 Recreation and tourism cultural values following sources: • maintain, manage and develop the 2. species of conservation value • direct collection from the wild landscape to a high standard as the including: • exchange with other gardens primary means of supporting • rare and threatened species • purchase from nurseries recreation, thereby enhancing the • genera in which China has a • donations from other sources gardens’ value as a community and good number of species and tourism resource which could become a National Zhao Shiwei and Zhang Zuoshuang • manage and maintain the cultural Collection Beijing Botanical Garden (North) heritage properly, thus attracting • representative species of the Parks and Landscape Bureau of visitors local flora Beijing • encourage use by people of all ages • cultivated taxa E-mail: [email protected] Below: Crab including people from the city and • classic cultivars of Chinese origin Postal address: Wofosi Road apple collection visitors from other cities and • woody plants of ornamental Xiangshan Beijing, 100093, China at Beijing countries value and potential for urban Tel: (8610)62591283 Botanical • ensure all features and facilities planting Fax: (8610)62591283 Garden (North) supporting recreation activities in Internet: www.beijingbg.com (Photo:BGCI) the garden are integrated with the character of the landscape • make use of the plants and launch activities to attract visitors

3 The present situation of living collections 3.1 Plant collections The collection is composed of an outdoor and indoor collection. The outdoor collection includes the arboretum and the thematic gardens. The arboretum is divided into 4 parts and has been laid out systematically. The thematic collections are rose, paeony, ornamental peach, lilac, bamboo, Mei-flower (Prunus mume) and perennials.

The impressive conservatory attracts a great many visitors with a well- designed landscape and diverse plant species. The plants displayed include those from the tropical rainforest and desert, orchids, bromeliads, carnivorous plants, palms and many other plants. There are about 6,000 taxa.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 07 Author: Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden

Achieving conservation and sustainability on different fronts – Hong Kong Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden

Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Education in nature gardening, an organic festival, organic (KFBG), located on the northern slopes farmers’ markets… (the list goes on). of Tai Mo Shan, is a Hong Kong based We believe education is one of our We seek to provide visitors with a non-profit corporation, with a tradition most powerful conservation tools. pleasant experience as well as striking of agricultural aid dating back to the With years of conservation effort, and memorable encounters with our 1950s. In response to the rapid KFBG is now a lush hillside sheltering pristine natural environment, and economic expansion and the decline in streams, woodlands, orchards and thereby encourage people to farming in Hong Kong, KFBG was organic vegetable terraces. Not only is appreciate and forge bonds with realigned in the mid 1990s with the it a haven for local wildlife, but also a nature. new direction to promote nature unique nature classroom providing over education, sustainable agriculture and 20 educational displays featuring South Conservation in action the conservation of biodiversity in China biodiversity, native wildlife Hong Kong and the greater South conservation, organic farming and In adherence to our mission, KFBG has China region. The mission is now “to sustainable living. Every year, KFBG developed several teams to help increase the awareness of our offers diverse educational protect biodiversity in the region, relationship with the environment and opportunities, including school guided including departments of Flora and bring about positive change in the visits, nature-interpreter volunteer Fauna Conservation, and a China world through conservation and programmes, environmental arts Programme. education”. We tackle this on a programmes, wildlife habitat number of fronts. enhancement programmes, community Over the past years, KFBG has been actively conserving rare and Right: endangered plants, ranging from ferns Constructed to orchids. We have initiated native wetland tree nursery projects, both in Hong wastewater Kong and Guangdong, to encourage treatment reforestation with native species. With system helps close collaboration with Botanic treat organic Gardens Conservation International waste generated (BGCI), KFBG has actively conducted by our farm workshops and symposia to facilitate animals (Photo: information exchange, develop and KFBG) strengthen networks between botanic gardens nationally, regionally and internationally.

On the fauna conservation front, our Hong Kong work ranges from wildlife rescue to habitat conservation. In 1994, an outdoor butterfly garden was established by planting the hillside with butterfly food plants; today it is one of

08 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 08-09 Left: KFBG is a lush hillside sheltering streams, woodlands, orchards and organic vegetable terraces – in foreground below line (Photo: KFBG)

Below: Farm guided visits for local kids (Photo: KFBG)

the best sites to observe butterflies primate) at Bawangling, enabling and moths in Hong Kong. With the effective conservation of Hainan’s last concept of close-contact education in tropical forest strongholds, monitoring mind, KFBG has established a variety the devastating trade in wild animals, of educational displays including a and channeling information to those raptor sanctuary, an insect house and who are able to influence conservation an amphibian and reptile house. management and attitudes. Through intimate contact with animals and plants and through on-site The way to sustainability interpretation, we aim to evoke visitors’ empathy and concern for wildlife; by We believe sustainability is the key to a linking these values to personal promising future. On the agriculture reversed, conservation must expand responsibility and the principles of front, we seek to support sustainable from a minority concern to a deep and sustainable living, we hope to help food production systems that integrate active commitment across society, stem the tide of the modern extinction human, environmental and economic founded on emotional, intellectual and crisis. considerations, and promote them in spiritual connection with nature. Hong Kong and the greater South Botanic gardens have traditionally been The KFBG’s conservation efforts are China region. We publicise the seen as pleasant landscapes, places to not limited to Hong Kong, but extend consequences of human resource use learn plant names, and sites of rare to the greater South China region. – our Ecological Footprint – and plant propagation. How can they make Since 1998, our China team has transmit a vision to bring it within a greater contribution to sustainability? conducted a series of rapid biodiversity natural limits. Within KFBG’s premises, The question deserves more thought assessments in over 50 forest areas we seek to develop institutional by botanists, conservationists, across Guangdong, Guangxi and practices and apply resource environmental educators, and visitors. Hainan. These have improved conservation measures that reduce With urgency, we need to expand the understanding of the distribution and energy and resource consumption. membership and positive impact of the status of many species, the Examples include a green procurement team that cares. conservation importance of their policy, the use of solar panels, a waste habitats and the urgent threats they recycling treatment and green building Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden face. In 2003, the China Programme design. In the long run, we aim to E-mail: [email protected] expanded its focus: in addition to develop KFBG itself as a model for Postal address: Lam Kam Road, forest ecosystem conservation and sustainable living. Tai Po, New Territories protection of critically endangered Hong Kong SAR species, the Programme promotes Our world is changing at a great rate Tel: +852 2488 1317 sustainable agriculture and sustainable under ever-increasing population, rapid Fax: +852 2488 3035 living in the region. Our major and senseless economic development Internet: www.kfbg.org engagements include conserving the and the resulting environmental Hainan Gibbon (the world’s rarest degradation. For this decline to be

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 09 Author: Joseph K. L. Yip, Eric Y. H. Wong and Patrick C. C. Lai

Conservation of an endemic plant, Croton hancei in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Taxonomy at the branch tips. The inflorescence is contributes to the study of the Hong a raceme, each female flower has 3 Kong flora and the genus Croton. For In 1997, staff of the Hong Kong styles and the upper part of each style instance, Chang and Kiu (2003) Herbarium collected an unusual shrub is 2-lobed. The flowers appear in spring examined the material from Tsing Yi of the family Euphorbiaceae from Tsing and the globular fruits set in summer. Island and compared it with specimens Yi Island, Hong Kong Special from Guangxi which were identified Administrative Region (HKSAR), China. This species was first discovered about earlier as C. hancei. Chang and Qiu After thorough examination by the 1850 by H. F. Hance on Hong Kong noticed differences in the male and experts from the South China Institute Island, but the specific location where female floral morphology and native of Botany, the shrub was confirmed to he collected the type specimen is habitat, and therefore described the be Croton hancei Benth. (Hong Kong unknown British botanist George Guangxi specimens as a new variety, Croton) which has been lost to botany Bentham described it as a new species C. hancei var. tsoi H. S. Kiu. This for over hundred and fifty years. in Flora Hongkongensis in 1861, based illustrates that the re-discovery is of on the specimen collected by Hance. scientific interest and value. C. hancei is a shrub about 2 m tall. The Since then, the species had not been young branches and inflorescence are found until 1997 when it was The natural population and its densely covered with stellate hairs rediscovered at a site on Tsing Yi habitat which are absent in other parts of the Island. The species is considered plant. The oblong leaves are net- endemic to Hong Kong as it is not Currently, the only known site of C veined, with short petioles and serrulate known in any other locality. hancei is a native woodland of margins, and usually densely crowded The re-discovery of C. hancei approximately 0.4 ha on a steep slope facing northeast in the southern part of Right: Natural Tsing Yi. This woodland is isolated habitat (circled) from the surrounding grassland by an of C. hancei on array of giant rocks and the ridge of Tsing Yi Island, the slope. Field observations and HKSAR (Photo: analyses of the floristic composition of AFCD) the existing woodland indicate that it might be the remnant of a primary forest which may have been preserved from the damage of occasional hill fires and other human activities in the past centuries by the shelter of the giant rocks and the steep and rugged topography.

In order to estimate the population size of C. hancei at the site, a field survey of the species was carried out in December 2005. As no C. hancei had been recorded outside the woodland at

10 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 10-11 with a 65% germination rate. Trial Left: Juvenile plots were also set up for reintroducing plants of C. the species to suitable natural habitats hancei and it is hoped that more populations conserved in of the species will become established the greenhouse in the wild. of AFCD (Photo: AFCD) Conclusion

Because of its conservation importance and botanical interest, C. hancei is recorded in Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong (Hu, 2003). Using the 2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the status of C. hancei in China is “Critically Endangered (CR)”. It is hoped that the above measures will guarantee its continued existence in nature.

Left: C. hancei in its native habitat. Insert: Fruits (Photo: the site, the woodland on the slope Department (AFCD) would be AFCD) was considered the typical habitat of consulted about the potential the species. Three permanent impacts on the SSSI. quadrats of 5m by 5m were randomly selected within the woodland to define Ex situ conservation and the sampling area for the estimation. reintroduction The population was estimated to be The AFCD has attempted to approximately 1700 individuals. propagate C. hancei since its Among the individuals surveyed, 53% rediscovery in 1997. Because and 14% of them were flowering and the site is difficult to access fruiting respectively and young and the population is small, seedlings were also observed in situ only limited material has been References which demonstrated that the collected. Some juvenile plants were population is in a healthy condition. collected and raised under nursery ➡ Bentham, G. 1861. Flora conditions. They have been kept in Hongkongensis. L. Reeve, London. Conservation measures AFCD’s greenhouse and raised in ➡ Chang, H. T. & Kiu, H. S. 2003. Shing Mun Arboretum for ex situ Noteworthy taxa from China In situ conservation conservation. Cuttings were also (continued II). Guihaia 23(2): 97-101. In view of the special botanical interest, taken from the natural population ➡ Hu, Q. M. (ed.) 2003. Rare and the site has been listed as a Site of which resulted in an 80% survival rate. Precious Plants of Hong Kong. Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The More encouragingly, the individuals AFCD, Hong Kong. SSSI is about 1.1 ha, covering the kept in the greenhouse produce woodland which contains the C. hancei flowers and fruits with viable seeds. Joseph K. L. Yip, Eric Y. H. Wong population, the surrounding grassland The seeds were subsequently sown and Patrick C. C. Lai and an array of giant rocks as a Shing Mun Arboretum protection buffer to the population. E-mail: [email protected] Left: Croton By listing the site as a SSSI, relevant Postal address: hancei in its government departments responsible c/o Hong Kong Herbarium native habitat. for planning and development of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Insert: Fruits HKSAR are made aware of the special Conservation Department (AFCD) (Photo: AFCD) scientific value of the site and due 7th Floor, 303 Cheung Sha Wan consideration of its conservation Road, Hong Kong SAR should be given. When developments Tel: (852) 2150 6900 in or near the site are proposed, an Fax: (852) 2376 3749 environmental impact assessment Internet: www.afcd.gov.hk would be required and the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 11 Author: Serviços de Zonas Verdes e Jardins

The botanic gardens of Macau

Macau is located on the southwest Currently the only sizeable botanical the Garden has Dendranthema bank of the Pearl River estuary, garden in Macau is the Seac Pai Van indicum, Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia, Guangdong province, China. It is Natural Park on Coloane Island. The Lonicera macrantha and Bombax composed of the Macau Peninsula, park covers a total area of 8,450 m2, ceiba, which are the ingredients for the Taipa Island and Coloane Island. and can be divided into six zones: “Five Floral Tea”; as well as Schefflera Although its total area is only 27 km2, heptaphylla, Ilex asprella and Macau has a population of almost half 1. Medicinal Plant Garden Eriobotrya japonica that are essential to a million. Given this population density, Developed in 1994 with an area of 550 make the “Twenty-Four Herbal Tonic with less than desirable urban greening m2, the Medicinal Plant Garden mainly Tea”. The Garden also has rare plants and natural resources, the role of the holds traditional Chinese medicines like Entada phaseoloides. Botanical Garden of Macau is collected from the wild and grown in important. trial grounds. The Garden has 137 2. Garden of Exotic Plants species, which are divided into 17 Covering an area of about 550 m2, the The history of botanic gardens in categories based on the medicinal Garden of Exotic Plants, built in 1994, Macau starts with the “Flower function of the plant. As the concept of has 53 interesting plants, such as the Nurseries” during the Ming (AD 1368- “tonic tea” in the Guangdong region “child-bearing” Kandelia obovata, the 1644) and Qing dynasties (AD 1644- has a long history, many famous herbs insect-eating Nepenthes mirabilis and 1911) when westerners introduced are grown in the Garden. For example, Drosera spathulata, the energetic many exotic plants. During the 18th Right: and 19th centuries, a wealthy Arboretum of Portuguese merchant rented his palace Seac Pai Van (now renamed the Camoes Garden) to Natural Park, the British East India Company. The Coloane Island garden of the palace was used to grow (Photo: Serviços exotic plants before sending them to de Zonas Verdes the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, UK. e Jardins) The Camoes Garden is still running a tree nursery with an area of 4,500 m2 and has a large number of old trees such as Mimusops elengi, Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis, Erythrina variegata and Syzygium cuminii. Another site called a botanic garden is the Flora Garden, which was used as a tree nursery by the Macau Governor Tomas de Sousa e Rosa in the 19th century. The Flora Garden is home to many unique and rare plants, such as Crescentia alata, whose leaf resembles the shape of a cross.

12 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 12-13 Serviços de Zonas Verdes Left: A Corner e Jardins of the Medicinal E-mail: [email protected] Plant Garden in Postal address: the Seac Pai Instituto para os Assuntos Cívicos Van Natural e Municipais Park , Coloane Parque de Seac Pai Van Island (Photo: Coloane, Macau SAR Serviços de Tel: +853 870277 Zonas Verdes e Fax: +853 882247 Jardins)

Mimosa pudica, Solanum mammosum 5. Pteridophyte Walk with beautiful fruits, and Euphorbia The Pteridophyte Walk was built in tirucalli that can generate energy. 2001. Its aim is to conserve wild ferns in Macau by ex situ conservation and 3. Garden of Fragrant Flowers to cultivate ferns commonly used in Built in 1985, this Garden, also covers Macau. There are 72 wild fern species about 550 m2, is full of fragrant flowers in Macau, representing 3% of total fern with 32 species including Rosa species in China. The Pteridophyte multiflora, Jasminum sambac, Michelia Walk has 50 fern species. figo, and Osmanthus fragrans. This collection of flowers gives the Garden 6. Imported Plant Trial Zone both a pastel colour and a constant Also built in 2001, the Imported Plant fragrance throughout the year. Visitors Trial Zone has an area of about 300 m2. are welcome to experience the marvel The Trial Zone has contacts with 176 of fragrance therapy in this peaceful scientific research organizations in 55 environment. countries. So far over 100 plant species have been successfully 4. Arboretum introduced into cultivation. Most of the In the 1980s, the extensive single- introduced plants are trees for species plantation of Pinus massoniana pedestrian sidewalks or urban greening on the outlying islands was devastated and medicinal and succulent plants. by the pest Hemiberlesia pitysophila which launched a large-scale Due to the limited land in the territory, reforestation project involving 421 ha. it is important to make good use of the The Arboretum, covering an area of parks and gardens of Macau, while 6,500 m2, was set up in 1986 and organizing complementary activities opened to the public in 1997. With such as visits, study trips, seminars, over 100 tree species belonging to 40 ecotours and exhibitions on plants and families, this Arboretum is a gene bank horticulture. These scattered parks and for tree species in Macau. It supplies a gardens can form a powerful network wide range of species for reforestation for urban greening and the and some exotic species. Outside the conservation of biodiversity in the city. Arboretum is a pond for people to enjoy fishing. Although the Arboretum’s major objectives are scientific research and environmental education, it also provides nice scenery and recreation.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 13 Author: Mitsuo Suzuki

Restructuring Japan’s botanic gardens through a contract system

Right: Display of medicinal plants at Higashiyama Botanical Garden, a local government garden in private sector. In the past, facilities The difference is that a local Nagoya (Photo: such as museums and sports centres government employee (public official) BGCI) have been directly or indirectly deals with the management of the managed by local government; now botanic garden and most of the work is the management is contracted out to carried out by staff hired separately by suitable companies or organizations. the organization. Botanic gardens have also been made a target of this system. However, under the newly created contract system, local government Formerly, botanic gardens were submits the annual budget required to managed by government employees. manage the botanic garden and then Furthermore, the staff were employed recruits a company or organization to by local government and each year the manage the garden with the budgeted The botanic gardens of Japan are required budget was officially funds. With regard to management currently undergoing a large wave of approved. Garden entrance fees and policy and procedures, the plans restructuring. any other income was a form of local provided are evaluated and the government revenue and if there was management is entrusted to an In Japan there are over 200 botanic any shortage in operating expenses, a organization deemed to be appropriate. gardens of various types and sizes as supplementary budget was prepared to The selection of organization is made well as facilities with some botanic deal with the situation. In cases where every 2-5 years. Any increase in profits garden attributes. Among these, gardens are managed by an achieved through cost reduction or approximately 130 relatively large organization set up by a local public increased entrance fees are kept by gardens are members of the Japan body, this basically remains the same. the organization. Application of this Association of Botanical Gardens Right: View of (JABG). About half of these gardens greenhouses at were established by local government the Botanic at a prefecture, city or town level and Gardens of are either managed directly, or by a Toyama. This group set up by the local government. garden belongs Now, the management system of these to the Toyama botanic gardens is about to change in prefecture and is a significant way. an active botanic garden in Japan There has been an extensive review of for research, local government administration conservation systems in Japan due to a cut back in and education. budget and government staff. Linked (Photo: BGCI) to this is a contract system that began in 2003 to reduce costs and improve services to residents. The system also aims to increase the contribution of the

14 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 14-15 system to botanic gardens began in 2004 and is already in place in three gardens, with a further 29 gardens scheduled to be managed in this way in 2006. As of February 2006, each local government is in the process of selecting the organization to be entrusted with the management of the botanic gardens with a decision having been made in 18 of these gardens. A number of gardens will continue to be managed by the same organizations but there are also instances where different companies or organizations have been appointed.

As this system is applied, there are many problems and issues of uncertainty. The greatest uncertainty is ultimately whether contract organizations really possess the vision and staff with the necessary knowledge and skills to properly operate and manage a botanic garden. Botanic gardens not only maintain plant Above: View of Each botanic garden maintains collections but are facilities that Higashiyama collections of plants from all over the cultivate and conserve plants for the Botanical world that have been introduced and long term. The Association and each Gardens, a local cultivated during the garden’s history. garden attribute the difficulty of government Many gardens possess and display maintaining the activities to the contract garden in rare and endangered plants. system whose main aim is cost Nagoya (Photo: Ultimately, there is a risk that these reduction. It is unfortunate that botanic BGCI) collections will suffer and disappear gardens have fallen into this state due and their value for scientific research, to the sweeping trend of administrative Left: Annual conservation, display and education reform aimed at local government since presentation of will be irredeemably reduced. As months observing designs, tending Japan’s economic crash in the 1990’s. research projects already mentioned, the main point of landscape projects and cultivating undertaken by this system is cost reduction. plants. However, the process of At the moment, it is necessary to raise the staff at the Accordingly, because management is appointing a garden management awareness and understanding about Botanic Gardens undertaken with a limited cost outlay, organization will occur every 2-5 years the role of botanic gardens and ensure of Toyama in cases where revenue from entry fees so it is to be expected that taking a that local governments appoint (2006). Under a is insufficient it is easy to anticipate long-term perspective will be difficult. organizations that will adequately contract system reductions in management costs and manage botanic garden activities. Also research in staff. Furthermore, it is also possible The objective of the JABG is to there is a need to highlight the problem botanic gardens that highly skilled workers will be facilitate communication between in the community to mobilize public might be replaced with low cost staff in order to botanic gardens in Japan; to increase opinion for good management of the reduced. (Photo: control labour costs. A high level of understanding and address issues by gardens. Further, it is important to BGCI) skill and deep understanding of plants sharing relevant information from inside check that each garden under contract is necessary to cultivate, manage and and outside the country and; undertake is operated well and to understand the Sign of Malus conserve the plants of botanic development of botanic garden situation clearly. micromalus at gardens. In order to achieve this, time activities. Given that the tax system in the Kochi needs to be spent on the education Japan offers no benefit to providers of Mitsuo Suzuki Prefectural and training of staff. To be able to private contributions, the Association’s Botanical Garden, Tohoku University Makino Botanical effectively display plants, it is operating expenses are largely covered E_mail: Garden. Dr. necessary to spend long years and by membership fees. There have [email protected] Tomitaro Makino already been withdrawals from the Postal address: was a famous Association by the new contract Kawauchi 12-2, Aoba Japanese organizations which have stopped Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN botanists and membership payments as a means of Tel: +81 22-795-6760 named this cost reduction. As more new Fax: +81 22-795-6766 plant. (Photo: organizations are selected, it is likely Internet: www.biology.tohoku.ac. BGCI) that this precedent will be increased. jp/garden

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 15 Author: Tomohisa Yukawa

Status of ex situ conservation of threatened Japanese plant species in Japanese botanic gardens

Right: Introduction botanic gardens. Since the start of the Polemonium survey, the Environmental Agency kiushianum at In the last six years, the Conservation published a revised Red List (2000). Shinjuku Gyoen of Endangered Plants Committee of This Red List with 1835 threatened taxa National Garden the Japan Association of Botanical was used in the analysis of the data. in June 2005. Gardens (JABG) and the Tsukuba However, it is to be expected that due The plant was Botanical Garden of the National to the timing of the survey some target displayed as part Science Museum have undertaken two species might not be listed. of the Investing surveys on the Status of ex situ in Nature conservation of threatened plant Response travelling species in Japan. The first survey exhibition, ascertained the work on threatened A response was received from 87 of “Plants for Life - plant species by association members the 137 member gardens Conserving and was published by the (approximately 64%). Of these, 30 Threatened Conservation of Endangered Plants gardens (approximately 22%) Plants Species”. Committee (2001). In the second responded “no relevant plant species”. This species is survey, detailed data concerning the There was a swift response from endemic to the threatened Japanese plant species gardens that have developed their own Bonin Islands held by each garden was collected and databases which indicates that a It is likely that the total of 695 and critically analyzed (Yukawa, 2004). Some of the database is thought to be an important threatened plant taxa held in endangered with results, apart from sensitive information facility for managing living collections. association gardens is lower than the only one such as the habitat has been posted As this was a complicated survey the true figure as this was a complicated specimen in the on the JABG website (2004). This response rate is considered fairly good. survey and the earlier Red List was wild. It is a paper summarises the results of the However, as there was no response used. However, it is clear that the target species second survey to illustrate the status of from 50 gardens and 30 gardens had conservation status of threatened plant for restoration biodiversity conservation in Japanese no relevant species indicates that there species in Japanese botanic gardens is by Tokyo botanic gardens. are many gardens that grappling with grave. Further the diversity within University the problem of conserving biodiversity. species is low and there is only original Botanic Garden Survey Procedure habitat date for 30% of the accessions. (Photo: BGCI) Results A copy of Red List Plant Edition Conclusion (Environmental Agency, 1997) was sent The results are shown in Figure 1. The to the JABG members for them to total number of threatened plants in ex It is proposed that all Japanese botanic indicate if they held any of the 1536 situ conservation was 3730. This gardens should aim to conserve all taxa listed as extinct, threatened or comprised 695 taxa (approximately Japanese plant species as either living semi–threatened. The data for each 38% of the 1835 target taxa from the plants, seeds or spores, however, the taxon was entered on an MS Excel Red Data Book Vascular Plant Edition) first priority is the conservation of spreadsheet (Table 1). The fields are (Figure 1a). 459 taxa (66%) had three threatened taxa. The list of those taxa similar to BG Plants, the database of accessions or less (Figure 1b) and 30% which are in ex situ conservation in cultivated plants for research purposes (1103) accessions were of wild origin members gardens is posted on the which has been developed by university (Figure 1c). JABG website and will provide the

16 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 16-17 Taxa conserved 4 or more Wild source ex situ 1 accession accessions or its progeny 695 242 236 1103 Taxa not (35%) conserved (38%) (34%) (30%) ex situ Other 1140 2627 (62%) (70%)

2 accessions 148 (21%) 3 accessions 69 (10%)

a) Number of threatened taxa in b) Number of accessions of each taxon c) Origin of accessions (total number ex situ collections (total number of (total number of taxa 695) of accessions 3730) threatened taxa 1835 Environmental Agency, 2000) Below: Rhododendron Figure 1 Summary of the results of the survey on the status of ex situ conservation of threatened Japanese plant species in boninense at botanic gardens Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden baseline for Japanese botanic gardens ➡ Threatened Plant Species Committee, in June 2005. 1. Holding institution number as they make progress towards the ex 2001. Conservation Status of The plant was 2. Accession registration number situ conservation of threatened Threatened Plant Species Survey displayed as 3. Family name Japanese taxa. The Association (former survey) questionnaire results. part of the 4. Japanese family name 5. Generic name members can obtain more detailed Japan Association of Botanical Investing in 6. Specific epithet information through the executive Gardens Magazine 35: 159-166. Nature travelling 7. Infra-specific name office of the JABG. The results of this ➡ Yukawa, T., 2004. Conservation exhibition, 8. Classification – 1: seed plant, 2: gymnosperm, 3: pteridophyte, 4: moss survey will be used for the Status of Threatened Japanese “Plants for Life 9. Japanese name development of activities of the JABG Indigenous Plant Species in - Conserving 10. English name and every garden. Japanese Botanical Gardens and Threatened 11. Local name (dialect name) 12. Holding institution Future Initiatives. Japan Association Plants Species”. 13. Type of material in conservation – Acknowledgements of Botanical Gardens Magazine 38: This species is 1: living plant 2: cutting 3: seed 39-44. endemic to the 4: spore 5: pollen 6: tissue culture 7: other 8: unclear I wish to express my deep gratitude to Bonin Islands 14. Conservation status – 1: not threatened the members of the JABG who Tomohisa Yukawa and critically 2: threatened 3: extinct 4: unclear cooperated with this survey especially Tsukuba Botanical Garden endangered 15. Section within garden 16. Herbarium specimen (number and the Conservation of Endangered Plants National Science Museum with only one herbarium code) Committee. Part of the expenses for E-mail: [email protected] specimen in the 17. Date of acquisition this research were covered by a Postal address: wild. It is a 18. Source of acquisition 19. Acquisition institution number scientific research grant (subject 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, target species 20. Material received – 1: living plant 15201050) from the Ministry of Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan for restoration 2: cutting 3: seed 4: spore 5: pollen Education, Culture, Sports, Science Tel: +81 (0)29-853-8475 by Tokyo 6: tissue culture 7: other 8: unknown 21. Origin – 1: accession collected from the and Technology and the National Fax: +81 (0)29-853-8998 University wild 2: accessions obtained from Science Museum. Internet: Botanic Garden propagation of wild material 3: http://www.tbg.kahaku.go.jp (Photo: BGCI) accessions other than 1 or 2 4: unknown 22. Place of origin References 23. Offer conditions – 1: provide on request 2: consider providing on request 3: ➡ Environmental Agency, 1997. Red provide on payment 4: will not provide 5: offer conditions undecided Data List Plant Edition. Environmental 24. Detailed information Agency, Tokyo (1) Flowering, fruit bearing, etc. ➡ Environmental Agency, 2000, (2) Classification (3) Flora Revision, Japanese Threatened (4) Morphological characters Species – Red Data Book – 8 Plants I (5) Physiological attributes (vascular plants), Natural Environment (6) Ecological attributes (7) Propagation method Research Centre, Tokyo. (8) Other ➡ Japan Association of Botanical 25. Reference Gardens, 2004. Status of ex situ conservation of threatened Japanese Format for database of Japanese plant species in Japanese botanic threatened plant species maintained in gardens http://www.syokubutsuen- botanic gardens kyokai.jp/ accessed 5 May 2006

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 17 Author: Song Ki-Hun

Plant conservation in South Korean botanic gardens

Right: Jeffersonia dubia at Hantaek Botanical Garden (Photo: Song Ki-Hun) Map of South Korea showing the distribution Below: Restoration of Hylotelephium of botanic gardens ussuriense into the wild by staff of designated as Hantaek Botanical Garden (Photo: ex situ Song Ki-Hun) conservation agencies

Korea Hantaek Botanical Botanical Garden Garden Korea has successfully built a strong foundation for economic development starting in the 1970s. However, it neglected to include the protection of the environment and South Korea is now Key-chungsan faced with the extinction of various animal and plant species. Under these circumstances, the Ministry of Environment has put forward plans to conserve rare and endangered species by conservation in situ and ex situ. For this purpose, in situ conservation is currently being implemented through legislation, while ex situ conservation is largely entrusted to botanic gardens.

Thus far, five botanic gardens have Halla been designated ex situ conservation Arboretum agencies for plants: Halla Arboretum, Jeju Province; Hantaek Botanical Yeomiji species for Garden, Gyeonggi Province; Yeomiji Botanical conservation and Garden Botanical Garden, Jeju Province; restoration: Rodgersia Key-chungsan Botanical Garden, tabularis, Crypsinus Gyeongsangbuk Province and Korea hastatus, Eutrema wasabi, Jeffersonia Botanical Garden, Gangwon Province. dubia, Iris odaesanensis, Iris dichotoma, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Hantaek Botanical Garden, Key- Abeliophyllum distichum, Brasenia chungsan Botanical Garden, and Korea purpurea, Paeonia obovata, Thalictrum Botanical Garden are privately owned. coreanum, and Corylopsis coreana. Hantaek Botanical Garden grows 12 Key-chungsan Botanical Garden

18 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 18-19 are recognized for their importance as Left: Wildflower ex situ conservation agencies. They will meadow at continue to promote in earnest various Korea Botanic projects to conserve, propagate and Garden, restore endangered species. This will Gangwon maintain the biodiversity of life in Korea Province through artificially propagating wild (Photo: Song plants in danger of extinction, which Ki-Hun) are difficult to conserve outside their habitats and to restore them to their proper habitats.

Song Ki-Hun Secretary General Korean Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta E-mail: [email protected] Wonji-dong 104, Seochu-gu Seoul 137-150, Korea Tel: +82 (0)2-593-6435/ 02-575-6441 Fax: +82 (0)2-575-6441 Internet: www.kabga.or.kr steadily propagates and restores 10 gilva, Isoetes japonica, Cymbidium local plants from Ulleungdo Island and nipponicum, Chloranthus glaber, the east coast of the Gyeongsangbuk Euchresta japonica Benth, Cymbidium Province: Cotoneaster wilsonii, Trillium kanran, Paliurus ramosissimus, Saururus tschonoskii, Iris odaesanensis, chinensis and Hibiscus hamabo). Jeffersonia dubia, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, The designation of ex situ conservation Bupleurum latissimum, Scrophularia agencies is essential to establish a takesimensis, Lilium cernuum, and preventive system to minimize the Thalictrum coreanum. Lastly, Korea extinction of Korean native plant Botanical Garden has 10 species species. There needs to be ex situ identified for ex situ conservation: conservation measures for endangered Jeffersonia dubia, Rhododendron species as well as strong measures for aureum, Paeonia obovata, Iris in situ conservation of wild species. odaesanensis, Echinosophora koreensis, Arctous ruber, In this regard, Korean botanic gardens Eleutherococcus senticosus, Brasenia purpurea, Thalictrum coreanum, and Leontice microrrhyncha.

On the other hand, Halla Arboretum, Above: Iris which is managed by Jeju City, odaesanensis conserves 12 local species of Jeju Island: Hibiscus hamabo, Aerides Left: Iris japonicum, Cymbidium kanran, Quercus odaesanensis gilva, Paliurus ramosissimus, Euchresta bed at Key- japonica Benth, Saururus chinensis, chungsan Brasenia purpurea, Sarcanthus Botanical scolopendrifolius, Chloranthus glaber, Garden (Photo: Neofinetia falcata, Cymbidium Song Ki-Hun) lancifolium, and Asplenium antiquum. Yeomiji Botanical Garden managed by Buguk Development Co., Ltd. plans to develop artificial propagation techniques for 12 species of plants in danger of extinction and protected wild plants, and restore them to their habitats in Jeju island (Aerides japonicum, Diapensia lapponica, Psilotum nudum, Quercus

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 19 Author: Song Ki-Hun

The present status of South Korean botanic gardens

The history of Korean botanic gardens On the other hand, some people were arboretum had collections of began in 1922 when the Hongneung concerned that the numbers of botanic taxonomic groups such as the Arboretum, Seoul was developed in the gardens were growing in quantity but Magnoliaceae and Aquifoliaceae; one Forestry Experiment Station in without the support of a basic public and two private arboreta Cheongnyangni. However, botanic infrastructure. Recognizing this collected species for special purposes gardens have declined through a period problem, the Korea Forest Service such as landscape trees and native of colonization, war and subsequent commissioned an expert group to plants; and six public and two private poverty that took place afterwards. It make a survey of Korean botanic arboreta collected mainly for the was only in the 1960s when botanic gardens, which is described below purpose of the acquisition of genetic gardens opened one after another, such (Korea Forest Service, 2005). resources. as Kwanak Arboretum, Gyeonggi Province; Chollipo Arboretum and The group surveyed eighteen gardens Fourth, a survey of the management of Gowun Botanic Garden, and looked at staff skills, the number collections in the gardens found that Chungchungnam Province and of taxa, plant collections policies, 12 of the 18 arboreta surveyed Keechungsan Botanic Garden, collections management, the source of managed them properly while six of Gyeongsanbuk Province. As the culture collections, research, visitor numbers them were unsatisfactory. Five of them of enjoying botanic gardens gradually and education. maintained regular records, six of them spread among the public and the inadequately, and seven of them did national economy improved, many new First, it was discovered that the not keep any records. The Below: Gowun botanic gardens and arboreta were number of skilled botanic staff was management of plant records is in its Botanic Garden, constructed during the last few years. very low compared to major botanic early stages in Korea and the Chungchungnam There are now 38 botanic gardens gardens in foreign countries. A assignment of accession numbers and Province (Photo: established or under construction, and shocking result was that ten public the labels that are required for the Song Ki-Hun) several dozen are planned. arboreta did not access to even one collection, display, and propagation expert. Privately-owned arboreta had was only well-managed in one one to eight experts. institution, eleven are in the planning stage and six did not have any plans. Second, a survey of the number of Label management also requires taxa for 18 botanic gardens revealed expertise, expense and effort; seven of that three had less than 1,000 taxa, them produced and maintained their eleven had between 1,000 and 2,000, own labels, ten managed only partially and four over 3,000. Chollipo with purchased labels and one did not Arboretum had the highest number use them at all. with 10,318 taxa. Fifth, a survey of the source of plant Third, a survey of collection policies for material revealed that only five of them each botanic garden found that six have registered for Index Seminum. For public arboreta and two privately domestic exchange of plant species, owned arboreta focus on local native eleven of them had exchanged with species in line with the ecology of the three or more Korean arboreta or area; one public and one private botanic gardens while seven depended

20 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 20-21 on purchasing material. Three of them obtained exotic species through exchanges with five or more foreign arboreta or botanic gardens while three collected only limited species through a few foreign arboreta or botanic gardens. Twelve of them purchased exotic plants from other arboreta or seed merchants.

Sixth, research was found to be very poor except for some arboreta. Regardless of public or private arboreta, almost no research projects were carried out by the arboreta themselves or by others using the collections.

Seventh, a survey of visitor numbers to botanic gardens showed that one has less than 10,000 visitors per year on average, four between 10,000 and 100,000, nine between 100,000 and 500,000, and two over 500,000. This shows a great discrepancy with the number of visitors to botanic gardens in developed countries. or botanic gardens. Even after the international botanic gardens through Above: Garden establishment of botanic gardens, they mutual cooperation is significant for all of Morning Eighth, education in arboreta was should actively seek to exchange plant human beings on earth. Calm, Gyeonggi surveyed such as guidebooks, genetic resources through regular Province exhibitions and events. Eleven exchanges with domestic and References (Photo: Song organizations provided guided tours international botanic gardens by Ki-Hun) but six did not and three of them registering for Index Seminum. ➡ Korea Forest Service, 2005 trained guides and used them regularly, Moreover, for systematic information ➡ Republic of Korea, 2001. but thirteen did not. On the other management of the acquired species, Act # 7167. Establishment and hand, nine of them organized regular the history and origin of the material, promotion of arboreta (March 28th, exhibitions and events each year while place of seed collection, display, 2001; revised February 9th, 2004) six did not. Only three of them had propagation and propagation methods Seoul, Republic of Korea guidebooks, tours, guide training must be built into a database to enable programmes, exhibitions. Three of continuous tracking. Song Ki-Hun them had no education activities. Secretary General Third, to stimulate research projects, Korean Association of Botanical To address these problems, the expert the Korea Forest Research Institute Gardens and Arboreta group presented various suggestions and forest environmental research E-mail: [email protected] to the Korea Forest Service for the centres of each province must Wonji-dong 104, Seochu-gu, future development of Korean botanic collaborate to promote joint research Seoul 137-150, Korea gardens, which are summarized below. projects between the Korea National Tel: +82 (0)2-593-6435/02- Arboretum and regional or privately 575-6441 First, arboreta and botanic gardens are owned arboreta. Fax: +82 (0)2-575-6441 required to clearly state their plan to Internet: www.kabga.or.kr acquire a minimum number of experts Fourth, to improve the public’s when registering their establishment understanding of botanic gardens and Right: with the government. There is a promote the importance of plants, well- Chollipo government Act that promotes the organized education programmes to Arboretum work of arboreta and there are grants train guides on botanic gardens are (Photo: Song available for arboreta (Republic of needed. Ki-Hun) Korea, 2001). This report briefly commented on the Second, for the management and present status of Korean botanic exchange of plant genetic resources, gardens and their future tasks. The most efforts must be made to acquire plant important thing to remember, however, is species through reliable tree nurseries that the development of domestic and

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 21 Author: Wen-Liang Chiou

Developing an action plan for Fushan Botanic Garden: A dream for people who appreciate biodiversity

Right: and the sustainable use of plants 1.1.3 monitor wild populations of Amentotaxus through education programmes. threatened plants and integrate formosana Li • coordinate and integrate the above ex situ conservation to ensure propagated from issues through research, education, the sustainable use of plants. a cutting. It is and practical actions. 1.1.4 ensure staff understand the endangered (EN) This article briefly describes the action relevant legislation. and a priority plan for FBG which was developed candidate for The Fushan Botanic Garden (FBG) using a SWOT analysis. 1.2 ex situ ex situ belongs to the Taiwan Forestry Ensure the selected plants or conservation Research Institute (TFRI) and Objectives and actions seeds/spores are conserved ex (Photo: Wen- occupies1097 ha in the mountains of situ and enable them to be Liang Chiou) north-east Taiwan. It was established in 1. Conservation objectives sustainably used. 1990 and opened to the public in 1992. 1.1 in situ To achieve this objective, FBG The garden has natural forest with 30 Conserve an ecosystem which should: ha for exhibiting the plant collection. It provides an example of the 1.2.1 prioritize the target plants. This is a site of long-term ecological natural ecosystem, flora and should include a National Plant research (LTER) in Taiwan with about fauna of north-east Taiwan. Collection of Taiwan. FBG could 20 research projects each year collaborate with other undertaken by scientists of various To achieve this objective, FBG institutions to grow economically institutes and includes the first large- should: important plants to take the scale subtropical forest plot in the 1.1.1 enhance communication pressure off wild plants. world. FBG has a section to grow between the local government 1.2.2 identify plant collections for threatened or endangered species and aboriginal people to raise display and education. The which is also used for education. The their awareness of the present collections of trees and garden has an education centre and importance of biodiversity. The shrubs could be augmented with produces interpretation material. aboriginal people could be thematic collections such as involved in conservation e.g. epiphytes which are adapted in The Mission of FBG is to: patrolling, collecting and the humid habitat and herbs for • ensure the conservation and growing plants for FBG, which education as well as commercial protection of biodiversity in FBG, would improve their economic use. both in situ and ex situ and to well-being and lessen the 1.2.3 implement ethnobotanical provide material for science, hunting pressure. research and collections. This environmental monitoring and 1.1.2 promote, invite, and collaborate research will work closely with education and the maintenance of with other institutes to undertake the aboriginal people. genetic resources. research into the distribution, 1.2.4 maintain a seed bank at the • enhance the knowledge of useful reproductive biology and headquarter of TFRI. plants, collect, grow and display management of wildlife to 1.2.5 collect and identify seedlings. these plants to conserve genetic provide feasible strategies to Develop a herbarium of resources and make people aware of ensure the sustainable use of seedlings at different the importance of biological diversity these natural resources. developmental stages, grown at

22 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 22-23 FBG, to aid identification of 2.2. Promote FBG as a resource materials collected in the field. for academic education and The lack of knowledge of training seedling morphology is one of the main problems of research To achieve this objective, FBG into forest dynamics. should: 1.2.6 manage the living plant 2.2.1 provide the garden’s resources collection. to universities. In particular materials for the taxonomy and 2. Education objectives: ethnobotany, and facilities for horticultural teaching and 2.1 To enhance visitors’ research. FBG also has awareness of the importance accommodation and a of biological diversity and the restaurant. sustainable use of plant 2.2.2 collaborate with universities and resources other research institutes and encourage university students to To achieve this objective, FBG use the resources for research. should: 2.2.3 organize symposia, workshops 2.1.1 enhance staff awareness of the and/or training courses on spirit of the Convention on relevant topics. Biological Diversity and the 2.2.4 offer the facilities to government Global Strategy for Plant institutes and NGOs for Conservation. meetings on related subjects. 2.1.2 increase the number of This will favour good policies for volunteers and organize them environmental development. • establish a network of all botanic Above: View of properly. gardens in. Although the gardens garden (Photo: 2.1.3 train travel agency guides. 2.3 Develop FBG as a centre for are located in different regions, all BGCI) About half of FBG’s visitors are environmental education for are easy to reach. A network will organized by travel agencies. elementary schools avoid overlap in effort and maximize FBG should give training the use of resources; every botanic courses and issue badges for To achieve this objective, FBG garden should develop their unique qualified guides. should: programmes and share the 2.1.4 publish a local Flora as soon as 2.3.1 train FBG’s staff to understand a experience and common tools used possible. child-friendly programme. such as the record system. The 2.1.5 display living plant collections 2.3.2 invite school teachers or experts network can extend to other which illustrate plant diversity. to participate in the programme organizations, such as museums, 2.1.6 use the natural ecosystem for development. national parks, tourist authorities, interpretation. In particular, the 2.3.3 encourage volunteers to be the media, and so on, to use the function of the natural forest and involved in this programme. limited resources to the maximum. water resources. Most of the volunteers of FBG • integrate management of different 2.1.7 improve the education are teachers of elementary objectives to ensure that work is programmes of the education schools and could assist in the undertaken in a way which meets centre. For example, a programme design. the objectives in the defined time programme on ‘evening ecology’ 2.3.4 enhance teachers’ awareness and within the budget. to help people understand the and skill in environmental • circulate the draft plan to all staff cycle of a day in nature and education through courses at and outside FBG in order to get interpret research data for the FBG. feedback and comment. public. • evaluate the plan periodically to 2.1.8 develop relevant interpretation Further recommendations ensure its feasibility and systems for different groups of achievability. visitors. Other recommendations which will support the action plan and thus help Wen-Liang Chiou implement the objectives on Division of Forest Biology Left: conservation and education are to: Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Interpretation at E-mail: [email protected] the Nature • modify the access facilities for Postal address: Centre (Photo: visitors such as the young and old 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 100, Min-Hsiung and those with special needs. Taiwan Chou) • implement more and wider research Tel: +886-2-23039978 to provide theoretical, empirical, and Fax: +886-2-23076220 practical actions. Internet: http://www.tfri.gov.tw/

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 23 Author: S. Chiu and T. Yang

The history, conservation challenges and future tasks of the Botanical Garden at the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung

Right: • Monsoon Rain Forest: this is an The environment in which the conservatory at northeastern monsoons alternate the Botanical with southwestern monsoons and Garden (Photo: the vegetation is characterized by BGCI) dense thickets and highly branching trees with coarse and dry leaves. • Littoral Forest: this forest include species possessing buoyant fruits for sea dispersal. • Coral Atoll: trees grow in the cracks in the porous coral and are characterized by thorny forests along the ridges, aerial roots in the valleys (Ficus sp.) and buttresses on mountain slopes. • Eastern Lowlands: this area is confined to alluvial cliffs and steep terraces. This area has a collection of 50 species including the relic and endangered Taitung Cycad (Cycas taitungensis). • Orchid Island: a tropical volcanic The Botanical Garden associated with • Northern Lowlands: this vegetation island off the southeastern coast of the National Museum of Natural is influenced by the northeastern Taiwan which possesses a Science was planned and designed in monsoon and these exhibits vegetation with a closer March, 1994, established by January represent a humid environment with phytogeographical affinity with the and opened to public in July, 1999. tree ferns and Machilus-Quercus Philippines than Taiwan. The main objective of the museum’s broad-leaved forest species. garden is to provide a 4.5-ha “green • Central Lowland: this vegetation has The giant glass conservatory simulates space” for city dwellers to experience the mildest and most favourable the complex rain forest with towering Taiwan’s native plants at close climate for plants and represents a trees, epiphytic bromeliads, orchids quarters. It also provides a landmark, deciduous as well as a broad- and wetland as well as fish from the a towering greenhouse with a diverse leaved mixed forest. Amazon River. collection of rain forest species from all • Southern Lowlands: this is one of over the world. the most important agricultural The collection of living plants is regions and the destruction of currently about 200 families with 2000 The themes of the exhibits in the native vegetation has resulted in the species and varieties. It includes an Garden reflect the museum’s scientific emergence of wasteland and areas orchid collection (over 200 taxa), a collections and research, in particular of secondary growth. palm collection (over 157 taxa) and Taiwan’s lowland ecology. Begonia collection (nearly 100 taxa).

24 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 24-25 Currently, there are plans and Propagation Station in Sinshe on Left: Visitors to to design a palm garden Arisaema species, ferns and medicinal the Botanical and Australia garden. plants. It also plans to collaborate with Garden (Photo: The Australian the National Taichung Agricultural BGCI) government presented Senior High School to expand the two Wollemi Pines nursery station. In the next ten years, it (Wollemia nobilis) to is expected that the Garden will achieve commemorate the a collection of 10,000 species, become a major tourist destination at Taichung, an important venue for scientific Left: Map of the research a large outdoor classroom for Botanical school groups and an internationally Garden (Photo: The Botanical Garden also holds a recognized botanic garden. BGCI) series of special exhibitions and events such as a ‘feast of mushrooms’, In the future, the role of botanic invasive plants which was associated gardens in education and conservation, with a symposium and work shops, particularly relating to the sustainable events such as Daylilies and use of plant resources and achievement Carnations for Mother’s day, Water of local and global sustainability will Lilies and Lotus for summer festivals, increase in importance, and gardens Chryanthmum/Helianthus for autumn Museum’s anniversary in 2005. should work collectively to focus the festivals, and Poinsettia for winter A press conference and special message and thus increase the holidays. These exhibitions increased exhibition was held which introduced efficiency of such a programme. the collections of living plants and the concept of conservation to the informed people about plants in public. S. Chiu and T. Yang relation to their lives. Further, all the Department of Botany and related educational activities and Cooperative projects are already in Botanical Garden demonstrations for the exhibitions were place with the National Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] fully-booked shortly after the University Experimental Forest in Sitou Postal address: announcement. During the museum’s for the cultivation of bamboo, fern National Museum of Natural 20th anniversary, on a very cold new medicinal plant species as well as Science year’s day, the garden visitors even National Taiwan University Highland 1, Guancian Rd, Taichung, Taiwan Below: Visitors exceed two thousand. The Orchid Experimental Farm in Meifong to Tel: +886 4 23226 940886- to the Botanical Association in Taiwan also holds its cultivate ferns. The Garden is also 4-23226940 Garden (Photo: exhibitions in the Garden which working with the Seed Improvement Internet: www.nmns.edu.tw BGCI) encourages interest and research.

The Garden is supported by the Naturalist Center which was opened in 1995. Visitors can bring their own herbarium specimens for identification and use the microscopes and reference guides or seek assistance. There is also another prominent plant- based display at the museum called the ‘Made in Taiwan Project’. This exhibition uses over 130 different plants of Taiwan collected from the 13 different areas to make hand-made paper to create artworks reflecting the different areas.

The second stage of development is to increase and strengthen the living collections and expand the attractions. This will include the introduction of more seasonal attractions such as blossom announcements, special exhibitions on conservation research and the development of souvenirs.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 25 Author: Gunjilmaa Byambaa

Conservation and the development of plant resources at the Botanic Garden of Mongolia and the Institute of Botany

The Botanic Garden of Mongolia was • Maintenance of living collections, ex scheme and production of an established in eastern Ulaanbaatar in situ and in situ conservation, information file on its cultivation. The the 1970’s in order to conserve the propagation of rare and endangered department has produced dissertations native and rare flora of Mongolia and native taxa to provide a living plant (10), internal reports and bulletins, provide economically useful plant and in vitro gene bank books and news items for the public, species for agriculture, forestry and • Research into the biological activity monographs (320), standard and horticulture. It is part of the Institute of of the forms selected for cultivation technical manuals, proposals, Botany of the Mongolian Academy of (e.g. Mongolian medicinal plants) in strategies and illustrations. Sciences which consists of five relation to the environment and local departments: Plant Systematics, Plant use. Detailed morphological and chemical Anatomy and Physiology, Forest • Cultivation and selection of exotic research has been undertaken on over Phytosociology, Vegetation Ecology, plants 100 Mongolian species for vegetable and the Botanic Garden and plant • Development of protocols for the dyes (60 genera of 40 families) such as resources. cultivation of plants for each genus Rheum (10 sp.), Galium and Urtica. Technological protocols have been The garden occupies 32 ha with Wild collection of 133 species of plants defined to make colours such as ornamental trees, shrubs, herbs and is prohibited by law and 128 higher yellow, green, brown, and pink, black bulbs (with special collections such as and lower species are registered in the and blue for wool and cashmere under Paeonia and Iris), trial grounds and Red Book of Mongolia (Shiirevdamba, varying conditions. The department greenhouses. It has 19 staff which 1997), which supports their has also undertaken a project on bee consists of 13 scientists (five with conservation. Over 20 endangered breeding which has led to an increase higher degrees - D.Sc. and 4 Ph.D.) plants are now in cultivation in income for the production of honey and 6 technical specialists. There are and related. 56 native taxa in cultivation (see Figure Study of economic plants 1). Since its foundation, the garden The aim of this work is to study: the Institute of Botany has undertaken research on the distribution of rare, endangered and breeding of ornamental trees and economic plants, the economic The Institute of Botany employs 54 shrubs, landscape design and evaluation of plants (such as medicine, scientists (most with higher degrees construction, greening the capital and painting materials and fruits) and including 9 D.Sc., 19 Ph.D, 21 M.Sc.). published city garden manuals and protocols for their use. adopted 20 standards, certified by the Current research topics are: State Centre for Standardization. For example, the department has • Plant systematic and taxonomy worked on the development of rare and • The bio-resource, bio-ecological, Present work focuses on native economic plants such as cytological and physiological • Research into the ecology and Thermopsis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, researches of useful, rare and infraspecific variation, cultivation, Adonis mongolica and Cistanche endangered plants threats, conservation and breeding deserticola and Hippophae rhamnoides • The long-term monitoring research of native ornamental and useful (Ochirbat, 2005). The research of growth, development and shrubs for greenhouse and outside includes the distribution, biological and dynamics of forest cultivation industrial use, restoration, ecological • Vegetation dynamics in different and economic aspects, assessment zones

26 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 26-27 and Technology, Kanazawa University, Gunjilmaa Byambaa Left: Greenhouse Japan; Institute of Geobotany and E-mail: [email protected] for introducing Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Postal address: plants into the University, Halle, Germany; Institute for Institute of Botany, Mongolian garden (Photo: Desert Research, Israel; Krasnoyarsk Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Institute, Russia. Jukov avenue-77, Ulaanbaatar-51, Botany) Mongolia Since 1970, the Joint Russian- Tel: +976 (11) 451837/451996/ Below: Mongolian Complex Biological 451014 Hippophae Expedition (JRMBE) has undertaken Internet: rhamnoides large-scale integrated research in http://www.mas.ac.mn/en/ berries Mongolia. The main aim of this (Photo: expedition research work is bio- www.floral resource studies, eco-biological images.co.uk) • The biology of introducing plants assessment and developing into cultivation in the botanical procedures for its proper use, garden restoration and conservation. The • The technology of increasing fertility, work plan of this cooperation covers a regeneration and cultivation of wide range of topics: vegetation and stored germplasm flora, plant cover, botanical and • Climax vegetation, succession and geographical studies, agricultural and changes of Orkhon-Selenge valley pastureland, forest and animals. meadow and steppe ecosystem References The Institute collaborates with research institutes and universities in over 15 ➡ Ochirbat G., 2000. Wild countries such as Russia, USA, Japan, Seabuckthorn [Hippophae Germany, China and Israel. These rhamnoides L.] areas, its forms and include: the A.N.Severtsov Institute of outlook for use in Mongolia. The Ecology and Evolution Russian 2nd International Seabuckthorn Academy of Sciences (RAS); the Association Conference, Beijing, Komarov Botanical Institute RAS; the China. http://www.icrts.org/ Baikal Institute for Natural Resources, meetings/isa2005 accessed 30 May RAS; the Institute of Botany, Chinese 2006 Academy of Sciences (CAS); the ➡ Shiirevdamba T., Shardarsuren O., Institute of Ecology and Geography Erdenejav G., Amagalan, Ts. and CAS; Department of Botany, University Tsetsegmaa,Ts. (eds)., 1997. Museum, University of Tokyo, Japan; Mongolian Red Data Book. Ministry Okayama University of Science, Japan; for Nature and Environment of Graduate School of Natural Science Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.

Native taxa in cultivation at the Botanic Garden of Mongolia

Alliaceae Liliaceae Crassulaceae Allium altaicum Lilium pumilum Rhodiola rosea T. hybridus A. condensatum L. martagon Sedum aizoon Adonis mongolica A. macrostemon L. dahuricum S. purpureum Clematis tangutica A. obliquum L. buschianum Delphinium elatum Leguminosae Asteraceae Hemerocallis lilio- Ranunculus japonicus Sophora flavescens Aster altaicus asphodelus Scrophulariaceae A. alpinus H. minor Geraniaceae Lancea tibetica A. mongolicus Tulipa uniflora Geranium pratense A. sp Polygonatum odoratum Iridaceae Plumbaginaceae Echinops latifolius Asparagus sp Iris bungei Goniolimon speciosum Brachanthemum I. dichotoma Paeoniaceae mongolicum Labiatae I. flavissima Paeonia anomala Chrysanthemum zawadskii Lamium album I. halophila P. lactiflora Olgaea leucophylla Phlomis tuberosa I. lactea O. lomonossowii I. potaninii Polygonaceae Hypericaceae Rheum undulatum I. sibirica Caryophyllaceae Hypericum ascyron Campanulaceae I. tenuifolia Dianthus versicolor Campanula glomerata Ranunculaceae I. tigridia D. sp Anemone crinita I. ventricosa Trollius asiaticus I. sanguinea

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 27 Author: Alexander V. Galanin

The Botanic Garden Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: securing protection of rare and endangered plants in the Russian far east

Apart from the North Caucasus, the The area was not glaciated in the South Russian far east has the richest Pleistocene as in northern Europe and plant diversity in Russia. The region, during the humid epochs, forest including the Amur River Basin, species were dispersed westward to Khabarovsk region, mountainous the Khentei Mountains and during arid region of Sikhote-Alin Range, Khasan epochs, steppe species spread District and southern portion of eastward reaching the Sikhote-Alin Primorskii Krai has over 4,000 vascular Mountains. The fall of temperature in plants. glacial times caused migrations of boreal and arctic-boreal species The reason for such high floristic southward, so they reached the diversity is due to a complex mountains of Korea. This explains the geological history, weather extremes complex mixture of geographic and and a centennial cyclic climate change genetic elements in the local floras of between the arid and humid epochs. the South far east. Typical examples include Ayan Spruce (Picea ajanensis) and Shrub Pine (Pinus pumila), in the Sikhote-Alin vegetation, which quite often grow with Aralia manshurica and Rhododendron fauriei. Another Above: example is Filifolium sibiricum, a Endangered dominant species of the Dahurian plant Hepatica steppes which inhabits meadows of Blagoveshensk asiatica in the Botanical the Khanka Lake area. park area of Garden Botanic Garden Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Almost half of the plant species Botanical FEB RAS (Photo: Nakhodka Garden included in the Red Book of the Botanical Marina Garden Russian Federation. Plants (1988) (83 Koldaeva) species including 6 cryptogamic plants Vladivostok and 6 Gymnospermae) are found in the Botanical southern part of the far eastern region. Garden This includes 24 woody plants such as Map to Microbiota decussata. A significant show the number (22 of 83) endangered species distribution grow on Sakhalin Island and/or Kuril of botanic Islands. Many species of the South gardens in the Russian far east are at the northern or Russia far east southern limits of their range and are

28 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 28-29 schmidtii, Viburnum wrightii, Dioscorea nipponica, Armeniaca manshurica, Quercus dentata, Iris ensata, I. ventricosa, Cypripedium calceolus, C. macranthon, Paeonia lactiflora, P. obovata, etc. This work requires the development of horticultural techniques (e.g. potting compost, seed storage, mycorhiza treatment, pest control). Every year the Garden undertakes expeditions to the South Primorskii Krai, Sikhote-Alin Range, Amur River Basin and Sakhalin Island to collect seed and investigate habitats therefore rare, sensitive and vulnerable, of native species. particularly to global warming. However, anthropogenic factors such The Garden has two satellite gardens, as logging, forest fires and industrial Blagoveshensk, Amur region and and urban development are more of a Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Island, Above: Local threat to rare species than climate which significantly widens the scope endemic change and the construction of dams for growing rare and endangered Microbiota and power stations threaten species of species, because many plants do not decussata in the wetlands and marshes. tolerate the climate of Vladivostok. Botanic Garden There is a plan to create another FEB RAS Nature reserves and national parks, in satellite garden in Nakhodka, 500 km (Photo: Marina the South Russian far east (13), play an north of Vladivostok. It is also hoped Koldaeva) important role in the conservation of that the network of botanic gardens in endangered species, but these species the Russian far east will be enlarged by Left: are vulnerable due to few and small botanic gardens in Khabarovsk, Endangered populations and are easily disturbed. Magadan and Petropavlovsk- plant Princepia For this reason the priority of botanic Kamchatskii. The endangered species sinensis in the gardens is to conserve rare and of the region, including Wrangel Island Botanic Garden endangered species through living and South Primorskii Krai can then be 300 organizations which includes FEB RAS collections. The Botanic Garden of the held as living collections. Attempts to endangered native Manchurian plants. (Photo: Marina Far Eastern Branch of the Russian grow Arctic and Low Arctic plants in For the last three years the number of Koldaeva) Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) has Vladivostok Botanic Garden have not visitors to botanic gardens has collections with many rare species of been successful. increased several times and reached Top left: the Manchurian flora (e.g. Araliaceae, over 80,000 in 2005. A garden website Endangered paeonies, irises, lilies, Trapa nutans). Another solution is to increase the was created in 2005 and is constantly plant The collections now include about awareness of local people and updated to promote plant Epimedium 50% of all endangered vascular plants encourage endangered species to conservation. macrocephalum of the Ussuri flora (mixed conifer- become fashionable and planted in listed in the broadleaved zone of South Russian far municipal parks and local private It is not enough to declare species as Red Book of the east) listed in the Red Book of the gardens rather than increasing the endangered and list them in the Red Russia Russian Federation. These are: number of individuals in botanic Book; their habitats need to be Federation Magnolia obovata, Microbiota gardens. Botanic garden staff provide studied, they need to be proactively grows naturally decussata, Taxus cuspidata, Juniperus information to the public through conserved in nature, propagated in in the park area sargentii, J. rigida, Rhododendron popular guidebooks, booklets, articles botanic gardens and grown in private of Botanic fauriei, R. schlippenbachii, Pinus and offer free advice and planting collections, gardens, and parks. Garden FEB densiflora, Aralia cordata, Betula stock for local residents to grow RAS (Photo: endangered native plants in their Alexander V. Galanin Marina gardens. These taxa will then be Botanical Garden - Institute Koldaeva) conserved in cultivation. Today Taxus Far Eastern Branch cuspidata, Magnolia, Paeonia, lilies and Russian Academy of Sciences Left: Rhododendron are grown in urban Makovskogo st, 142 Endangered landscapes, especially around offices 690024 Vladivostok plant Fritillaria and universities in Vladivostok. Far Russian Federation camtschatcensis eastern plants are also found in the Tel: +7 (4232) 330657 Princepia garden collections of European Russia, E-mail: [email protected] sinensis Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic Internet: http://gardens.narod.ru countries. Every year the botanic garden distributes a seed list to 250-

BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) 29 Author: Ri, Wan Ik

Botanic gardens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)

(Oleaceae), Echinosophora koreenis There is also a Museum of Botany in (Leguminosae) which are monspecific the Central Botanical Garden for genera and economic species with high science and technology with a medicinal values. The Action Plan herbarium which holds 200,000 proposes the establishment of a state specimens. The Central Botanical seed bank in collaboration with the Garden publishes a regular Bulletin. present seed banks for the It has established relations with 30 conservation of the rare species of countries to share information. It has North Korea. published two volumes of the Flora of Above: The main botanic garden in the Korea, A Reference to trees of View of Central Democratic People’s Republic of Korea The Central Botanical Garden (20 ha) is economic value, Plants of economic Botanical Garden (DPRK) is the Central Botanical Garden divided into 14 sections which include value in our country and an illustrated (Photo: Regine built the foot of Mt. Taesong in ornamental plants, economic plants, an book on the Korean Flora which has Jahn) Pyongyang in 1959 (Secretariat of the orchard, an experimental plot, a tree contributed to the country’s botanical CBD, 1998). The DPRK has also built nursery, a herbarium and a development and spread of knowledge small botanic gardens in every meteorological observatory. It is about plants. provincial city and near Mt. Paekdu estimated that about 8,500 plant (Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province) species are cultivated in the Central References for the conservation of alpine plants. Botanic Garden, of which 2,500 species There are other gardens in significant are native. The systematic garden has ➡ Secretariat of the CBD, 1998. The areas of biodiversity such as Mt. Oga 480 native trees species and 500 National Biodiversity Strategy and (Hwapyong County, Jagang Province) species of herbaceous plants. The Action Plan of the Democratic and Ongjin (S. Hwanghae Province medicinal herb garden features exhibits People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) Yangdok). In 1998, apart from the of 500 species of medicinal herbs. The Part 1: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/ Central Botanical Garden, DPRK had 14 orchard section occupies 2.4 ha and world/kp/kp-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf provincial botanic gardens, 3 arboreta, has more than 1,000 trees which grow accessed, 4 April, 2006. and 21 city or County county gardens. in Korea and abroad. Among them are Part 2: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/ An arboretum of 100 ha was being built Persimmon (Diospyros sp.), Hazel world/kp/kp-nbsap-01-p2-en.pdf near the Central Botanic Garden with (Corylus), Ribes sinanense and Jujube accessed, 4 April, 2006. the aim of preserving 2,500 species (Ziziphus jujuba). This section will through collecting saplings. support research for propagating fruit Ri, Wan Ik trees of high economic value and enrich Vice Director and Head of The National Biodiversity Strategy and the botanic knowledge of working Research Action Plan of the DPRK states that people and schoolchildren. The Central Korea Central Botanical Garden there are plans to improve their Botanic Garden also grows the E-mail: [email protected] information systems and study the Kimilsungia (Dendrobium ’Kim Il Postal Address: breeding systems of endangered and Sung’cultivars) and Kimjongilia (Begonia Daesong-Dong, Daeson District, rare species. In particular the Central x tuberhybrida cultivars ‘Kimjongilhwa’) Pyongyang, DPR Korea Botanic Garden should cultivate rare greenhouses and an orchard of plants Tel: +850 2 18111 plants such as Pentactina rupicola which have been given, which forms an Fax: +850 2 381 4060 (Rosaceae), Abeliophyllum distichum “international friendship botanic garden.

30 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 30 Book Notices

Biodiversity and the precautionary at Plantlife International and his son, Patrick principle: risk and uncertainty in Hamilton who is a Research Fellow at the Papers of a Discussion Meeting Issue conservation and sustainable use University of Exeter, UK have more than a organized and edited by Balmford, Reviewed by Kerry Waylen lifetime’s experience of plant conservation. P.R. Crane, R. E. Green and G.M. Mace, 2005. The “precautionary principle” means that It provides a fascinating primer on plant Philosophical Transactions of the Royal action to avert serious or irreversible conservation which will provide insights to Society B 360 (1454) environmental damage may be required both students and people already working in These papers are available on the Royal before scientific certainty of the harm exists. conservation. It makes no assumptions but Society Website: This may sound like common sense, and it thoughtfully describes causes and courses http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/ is a common clause in many international of action with examples which link livelihood laws. However, what does it actually mean support and plant conservation. It has an for practical conservation? This book is the excellent chapter on the values people place Taxonomy and plant conservation: The result of a major project to answer this on plants and their uses, which forms a cornerstone of conservation and the question, to establish exactly when and how useful foundation for plant conservation with sustainable use of plants to take action to protect the environment. any social group. Reviewed by David Galbraith

The book contains case studies of It underlines the importance of botanic This is an important volume for anyone conservation projects across the world, from gardens for research, conservation and concerned with either the conservation of Asia to Argentina, to examine experience in education and as centres of information plant diversity or the relevance of taxonomy application of the principle, its effect on about plants. It includes a good list of to non-taxonomist audiences. A festschrift in making decisions in the face of uncertainty, references. honour of the 75th birthday of Professor and the implications for local livelihoods. Vernon Heywood, Taxonomy and Plant It finishes by analysing and summarising the Alan Hamilton and Patrick Hamilton, 2006 Conservation is a mixture of topics ranging implications and challenges for biodiversity Earthscan, London, UK, 304 pp. from the relevance of taxonomy to the conservation and sustainable use, and ISBN 1-84407-083-2 (Paperback) £24.95, Convention on Biological Diversity to includes a useful appendix with summary ISBN 1-84407-082-4 (Hardback) £80.00. introductions to the technical and guidelines for the precautionary principle’s Earthscan, 8-12 Camden High Street, philosophical issues in taxonomy and application. Working through these London, NW1 0JH, U.K., systematics to detailed case studies of chapters, with authors from many Tel: +44 (0)1903 828 800, taxonomic and conservation systems, and perspectives, provides important insight into Fax: +44 (0)2073 878998, even some databases and networks. The the principle, and helps to clarify the many E-mail: [email protected], topical coverage is broad although the challenges and controversies associated Internet: www.earthscan.co.uk geographic emphasis is European. The with it: for example, the principle should not influence of Heywood’s promotion of the be used as an excuse for unfair trade role of botanic gardens in conservation and restrictions or protectionism. Beyond extinction rates: monitoring wild the development of networks, is nature for the 2010 target unmistakable. Implementing the precautionary principle will never be simple, but this book provides This meeting was organized to develop a Particularly helpful are chapters which valuable support for its application in process for reporting against the 2010 target directly address the gap between plant conservation. for reduction of the current rate of loss of taxonomy as a science (where molecular biological diversity which was agreed at the approaches are becoming ever more Rosie Cooney and Barney Dickson (eds.), 2002 World Summit on Sustainable important and debates rage about cladistics) 2005. Development. It consisted of 19 papers and use of the products of that science by Earthscan, London, UK, 314 pp. which addressed biodiversity trends for practitioners in other disciplines who need ISBN 1-84407-277-0 (Paperback) £22.95, plants and animals. It included a paper on usability and stability in the names that can ISBN 1-84407-276-2 (Hardback) £80.00. ‘Measuring the fate of plant diversity: be applied to particular organisms. This Earthscan, 8-12 Camden High Street, towards a foundation for future monitoring volume makes admirable efforts to fill that London, NW1 0JH, U.K., and opportunities for urgent action’ (E. Nic gap. Tel: +44 (0)1903 828 800, Lughadha, et al.: 359-372) which argued Fax: +44 (0)2073 878998, that as most biodiversity indices do not Etelka Leadlay and Stephen Jury, 2006. E-mail: [email protected], include plants focus should be made on Cambridge University Press, UK, 300 pp. Internet: www.earthscan.co.uk. major vascular plant families for which there ISBN 978-0-521-60720-9 (Paperback) is a taxonomic baseline and assessment of £35.00, ISBN 978-0-52-84506-9 (Hardback) the conservation status of species from £70.00. Plant conservation: an ecosystem these families. It was suggested that this Cambridge University Press, approach should be done using herbarium specimens The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge in combination with GIS techniques and the CB2 2RU, UK., This is the latest volume in the People and existing network of field workers. This would Tel: +44 (0) 1223 326050, Plants Conservation Series. The authors, also contribute to target 2 of the GSPC, a Fax: +44 (0) 1223 326111, Alan Hamilton who has worked in many preliminary assessment of the conservation E-mail: [email protected], parts of the world as WWF’s Plants Officer status of all known plant species. Internet: www.cambridge.org. and now as Manager of the Plant Conservation and Livelihoods Programme

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 31 31 Forthcoming Meetings

August 22 - 26, 2006 September 18 – 22, 2006 April 16 – 20 April, 2007 EGER, HUNGARY PRUHONICE, CZECH REPUBLIC WUHAN, CHINA

1st European Congress of Fourth European Botanic Garden 3rd Global Botanic Gardens Congress Conservation Biology Congress Building a sustainable future: the role of botanic gardens This meeting is being organised by the For further information please contact European Section of the Society for Petr Hanzelka, Prague Botanical The 3rd Global Botanic Gardens Conservation Biology to promote the Garden, Nadvorni 134, 171 00 Prague Congress is being organized by Wuhan development and use of science for 7 – Troja, The Czech Republic. Botanical Garden and BGCI. The call the conservation of European species Tel: +420 234 148 111, for papers has been posted on the and ecosystems, and to make sure Fax: +420 233 542 629, website. Please visit the website and that conservation policy is firmly E-mail: [email protected]. register your interest at underpinned by the best available www.3gbgc.com. scientific evidence. For further information, please contact: September 25 – 28, 2006 http://www.eccb2006.org/ UMAN, UKRAINE May 22 – 25, 2007 BANGKOK, THAILAND International Scientific Conference ISC September 10 – 14, 2006 2006 1st International Biodiversity Congress: OXFORD, UK Ancient parks and botanical gardens – Working Together for Livelihood scientific centres, biodiversity Security, Food Security and Ecological 6th International Congress on conservation and protection of Security for Life on Earth Education in Botanic Gardens historical and cultural heritage The Nature of Success: Success for For details, contact Nature This conference celebrates the 210th E-mail: Ram Bhandari anniversary of the foundation the [email protected] or This meeting is being hosted by the National dendrological park “Sofiyivka”. [email protected] University of Oxford Botanic Garden For further information please contact and organised by BGCI, the University the Conference Secretariat: of Oxford Botanic Garden and the Miss Galina Vernyuk, ISC 2006, September 5 – 9, 2007 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. National Dendrological Park CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA For information, contact the Education “Sofiyivka”, Kievska Street 12/a, Department, BGCI, Descanso House, Uman, Cherkassy Region, Ukraine, 5th Planta Europa Conference on the 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, 20300. Tel: +38 04744 38204, conservation of wild plants in Europe TW9 3BW, U.K. Fax: +38 04744 37294, Working together for Plants Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, E-mail: [email protected], Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956, Internet: http://www.sofiyivka.org.ua Provisional dates. Pre-registration from E-mail: [email protected], May 2006. Conference website to Internet: www.bgci.org/education follow: congress. March 19 – 23, 2007 http://www.plantaeuropa.org/ SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA

3rd International Orchid Conservation Congress

For more information, please contact Jorge Warner, Email: [email protected].

32 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (2) • 32 How to join Botanic Gardens Conservation International

The mission of BGCI is to build a Institutions can join BGCI for the following benefits: world network for plant conservation. • Membership of the worldwide plant conservation network It was founded in 1987 and now • Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack (upon joining)* includes over 525 member • Regular publications: institutions in 115 countries, working - the regular newsletter, Cuttings together to implement the - BGjournal – an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) International Agenda for Botanic - Roots - environmental education review (2 per year) Gardens in Conservation and the - A wide range of new publications new Global Strategy for Plant • Invitations to BGCI congresses and discounts on registration fees Conservation. • BGCI technical support and advisory services

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A BGCI Patron Institution 5000 8000 7500 B Institution member (budget more than US$2,250,000) 600 1000 940 C Institution member (budget US$ 1,500,000 - 2,250,000) 440 720 660 D Institution member (budget US$ 750,000 - 1,500,000) 300 500 440 E Institution member (budget US$ 100,000 - 750,000) 160 250 220 F Institution member (budget below US$100,000)* 75 120 110 *Generally applies to institutions in less developed countries

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J Conservation donor (BGjournal, Roots and Cuttings plus more) 160 250 220 K Associate member (Cuttings and BGjournal) 356050 L Associate member (Cuttings and Roots) 356050 M Friend (Cuttings) available through online subscription only (www.bgci.org) 10 15 15

*Contents of the Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack: The Darwin Technical Manual for Botanic Gardens, A Handbook for Botanic Gardens on the Reintroduction of Plants to the Wild, BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 past issues), Roots - environmental education review (2 past issues), The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens, BG-Recorder (a computer software package for plant records).

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