TIIE NA.TIONA.L

~GAZIN E

'Butterfly' 'Argenteo­ 'Hogyoku' rnarginatntn'

Leat variations in tonns at Acer palmatum

dissectum dissectl1tn torm 'Ornatutn' The National HOR TICULTURA L Magazine

*** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information ***

OFFICERS EDITOR STUART M. A RMST RONG, PRESIDENT B. Y. MORRISON Silvel' Spring, Maryland 1\I ANAGING EDITOR HENR Y T. SKINNER, FIRST VICE-PRES IDF y r Washington, D.C. JA MES R. HARLOW

MRS. WALTER DOUGLAS, SECON D VICE-PR ES IDE NT EDITORIAL CO:I'IMITTEE Chauncey, New York & Phoenix, Arizona "VAlTER H . HODGE, Chainnan EUGENE GRIFFITH, SECRET,\RY J OI-lN L. CREECH T akoma PaTh, Maryland FR EDER IC P. LEE :\f1SS OLIVE E. WEATHER ELL. TRFASURER CONRAD B. LINK Olean, New l'm'k & Washington, D.C. CURTIS MAY

DIRECTORS The National Horticultural 1I'[aga­ zine is the official publication of the T erms EXjJiTing 1959 American Horticultural Society and is Donovan S. Correll, Texas iss ued four times a year during the Frederick VV. Coe, California quarters co mmencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted ~ [ is s Margaret C. Lancaster, MG1-yland to the dissemination of knowledge in :\[rs. Francis Patteson-Knight, Virginia the science and art of growing orna­ freema n A. ' Veiss, District of Columbia menta l , fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the his­ Terms Expil'ing 1960 torical, varietal, and cultural knowl­ John L. Creech, Maryland edges of materials of economic Frederic Heutte, Vi~'ginia and aes th e tic importance are weI· R alph S. Peer, Califomia comed and will be published as earl y as poss ible. The Chairman of the Edi· R . P. White, District of Columbia torial Committee should be consulted Mrs. Harry ''''ood, for m anusc ript specifications. Reprints, saddle-s tapled, will be fur­ nished in accordance with the follow­ Emeritus ing sched ul e of prices, plus postage, ~[r s. Robert Woods Bliss, District of Columbia and should be ordered at the time the Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, New York gall ey proof is returned by the author: Mrs. J. Norman H enry, Pennsylvania Copies 2 pp 4 pp 8 pp 12 pp Covers Mrs. Arthur H oy t Scott, Pel111s)llvania 100 $6.60 12. 10 25.30 36.30 12. 10

Entered as second class matter in Ihe post office at Baltimore, J'vIaryland, in accordance with the Act of August 24,. 19 12. Additional entry for Washing"n, D .C., was authorized July 15, 1955, in accordance with the pro­ VISIOns of SectIOn 132. 122, Postal Manual. A subscription to The National H orticu lural Magazi ne is included as a benefit of memhership in th e American Horti cultural Society, th e du es being .$5 .00 a yea r. 'rhe National Horticultural M,agazin'e

VOL. 37 Copyright, 1958, by THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, I NC . No.4

OCTOBER 1958

CONTENTS

D-warf Bearded . "WALTER 'WELCH ...... _...... 179 Dwarf Beardless Iris. STEPHEN F. H AMBLI N ...... 187 U nusual Gladiolus Species. PHILIP O. BUCH ...... 206 All .. America Annuals. W. R AY HA STINGS ...... 212 Los Angeles State and County Arboretum- The First Ten Years. GEORGE H. SPALDING ...... 220 Sasanqua , Their Introduction, Culture, and Use. FRANCIS ~E VOS ...... 228 Rare Conifers of Mexico. ERIC WALTHER ...... 241 A Book or Two ...... 247 The Gardeners' Pocketbook How to H andle Various South African Cormous Species in the Deep South ...... 257 Freezing Persimmons ...... _...... 258 Two Broad.. leaved Evergreen Shrubs ...... 260 The Effects of Heat Versus Winds and Soils on Plant Growth and Survival in Sou thern California ...... 260 A "New" Dutch Iris, and Others ...... 262 Odontadenia gmndifiom ...... 263 Dawn Redwood in ...... _...... 264

Dawn Redwood in Mississippi ...... c...... 265 Exploration for Ornamentals in Southern Braz il ...... 265 An Experience with Belladonna Lily ...... ,...... 265 Two Ground .. covering Species of Ardisia ...... 266 Publications available from the American Horticultural Society

THE BOOK Frederic P. Lee. Published by D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey and sponsored by the Society. 1958. 324 pages, 6 pages illustrated in color, 56 black and white illustrations. Cloth bound. $6.45, postpaid, special price to Society Members; $8.95, postpaid to non-members.

This handsome and unique book tells everything there is to know about , from setting out a few plants and keeping them healthy in a back­ yard garden to identifying rare specimens through a descriptive list of about 70 species and 3,000 varieties.

HANDBOOK OF HOLLIES

Harry William Dengler, Guest Editor and 26 contributors 111 various fields of holly growing. 1957. 193 pages, 1 color illustration and 61 pages of black and white. Paper bound. $3.00, postpaid.

Descriptive list of the North American, Oriental, and English species and varieties of hollies with their care and uses-planting, pruning, pests, diseases, propagation, hybridizing, landscape use, hedges, screens, barriers, topiary, bon­ sai, orcharding and cut arrangements.

ANNIVERSARY ISSUE A selection of a few of the classical articles that appeared in the previous 34 volumes of The National HOTticultuml Magazine. October 1955. 113 pages. Fmnklinia alatamaha illustrated in full color on the cover, 71 black and white illustrations. Paper bound. $1.00, postpaid.

Liberty Hyde Bailey's "The Joy of Growing Plants" commences the issue, followed by: The Gentle Art of Weeding, Roscoea, Some Californian Flower­ ing Shrubs, Neglected Native Plants, The Stewartias, Kalanchoes for the 'tVin­ dow Garden (19 species illus.), Franklin's Tree, Lewisia, Trilliums (11 species illus.), Notes on Ca1ochortus (14 species i1Ins.), and Erythroniums-all written by prominent names of horticulture. The pendent flowering raceme of Acer cissifolium See Page 247 Dwarf Bearded Iris

WALTER WELCH'~

It has been said by a notable breeder variety Keepsake, a hybrid of Socrates X that interest in any group of flowers is I. arenaria, the latter regarded by some in proportion to the development of the as a variety of I. flavissima. He later put group through breeding and hybridizing. out two Pumila Hybrids, named Alinda A conspicuous example of this is the and Violet Gem, though these were still modern dwarf bearded iris. As recently in the purple color range. Around 1~43 as ten years ago, when I began serious H. M. Hill introduced four new hybnds work in the exploration and develop­ from I. chamaeiris X I. arenaria breed­ ment of dwarf bearded iris, we heard ing, which practically established a new little of them; only old and inferior va­ type of dwarfs in commerce. There were rieties were available and dealers listed Tiny Treasure, Mist O'Pink, Cream a few in the back of their catalogues Tart, and Bronya. These were still merely as a service to their customers. within the purple and yellow range. In color they were restricted to tones of purple and pale yellow, and an occa­ MODERN DEVELOPMENTS sional near white form, and were mostly forms or deriva ti ves of a species called The first revolutionary change came I. chamaeiris, which is the largest and when I introduced two new varieties latest blooming of the dwarf bearded iris named Blarney and Primus; the first of species. a green amoena color pattern, the latter a variegata color pattern with yellow OLDER VARIETIES standards and reddish falls with border of yellow. From then onwards there has The varieties which were familiar in been a continuous flow of new colors that day were the introductions of the and patterns, each the first of its kind to Sass Brothers, among which were Sound be known in dwarf bearded iris. In the l\'Ioney, Tiny Tony, Rose Mist, and Lit­ following years came April Morn, the tle Jewel, and a few from Burchfield, as first real blue pumila; Lavender Dawn, Buzzer, Harbor Lights, Endymion, and a lavender hybrid from Balkana X 1_ Huron Imp. In addition to these there mellita; Blue Spot, the first neglecta were those old favorites, Coerulea, Azu­ color pattern of pure I. pumila extrac­ rea, and Atroviolacea. Little is known of tion; Sparkling Eyes, a Wabash type their origin even today. They are popu­ arrioena with white standards, viOlet falls, larly known as Pumila Hybrids, regarded white border and beard; Red Gem, our as derived from a cross of I. chamaeiris X I . pumila. first approach to red; Gay Lassie, the first of the Pinnacle type, with white Considering the undevelopment in standards, yellow falls with white bor­ this class of iris, and the restricted color der; Cherry Spot, a red amoena; and range, it is understandable that garden­ Little Joe, a black comparable with the ers had neg'lected them in the past, yet blacks in tall bearded iris. There are dwarfs have always maintained some in­ Bright White and My Daddy, whites of terest for rock gardens, in spi te of their the l. chamaeiris and I. pumila types, re­ deficiencies. spectively. There are unique forms not The first break from these older types found in other classes of iris, such as came when Paul Cook introduced his Dream Child, with blue standards, yel­ low falls, and Hullabalu, with blue standards, blended falls. Paul Cook put 'Walter Welch of Middlebury, , is president of the Dwarf Iris Society and supervisor of its test gar­ out a pinkish I. chamaeiris X I. arel1aria den and experimental research program. For his work hybrid named Promise, and there is a with dwarf iris he recently received the Hybridizers Medal of the American Iris Society. new deep orange called Fortissimo. [179] 180 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Today we can boast of practically all a limited supply of this species, but he colors and patterns known in the tall gave me a seedling which later became bearded iris, with the exception of pli­ quite famous as a parent, called Cook- cata and the new tangerine pinks, and 1546. This was apparently pure I. pu­ "ve expect to have these in time. mila, as a cytological test indicated it had In addition to the new colors and pat­ the expected 32 chromosomes and was terns there is an added variation ob­ typical in every way. Later I was able to tained from various color beards. We obtain those three pumilas of Robert have grown so accustomed to yellow Schreiner's named Sulina, N ana, and beards in tall bearded iris that until we Carpathia, which he had raised from see the dwarfs we are seldom aware of seed collected in the Balkan area of beards. It is almost unbelievable to note Europe. the effect that a contrasting beard can From these pumilas, intercrossed and have upon a flower. For example, in the crossed with other species and forms. blacks we have pure white beards, were developed most of the modern bronze, and deep violet. We have yellows dwarfs of today. In spite of the great di. wi th blue and violet beards; purples versity of new colors and forms already with orange, white, or blue beards, and achieved, the species I. pumila has not apparently any of these beards are inter­ as yet been fully explored or its full changeable at will by the breeder. inherent capacities become known. Another advantage in the dwarfs is that there is a variety of size, type, form, and season of bloom. If you have a IRIS PUMILA white in the I. chamaeiris type, that does not end your wants; you will need a I. pumila has possibly the greatest white pt,.mila, or various hybrid com­ color and pattern range of any known binations, each distinct and different species of iris, with the possible excep­ from each other in numerous ways. tion of I. attica which we like to consider By season of bloom is meant the range as the original diploid form from which within the dwarf bearded iris season I. pumila derived, though there are con­ limits. The I. pumila forms start first, flicting ideas on this, as yet. I. pumila a short time after the crocus, then come covers a vast range of territory, extend­ the Pumila Hybrids, followed by the I. ing from Austria, down the Danube chamaeil'is, I. mellita, and I. arenaria Basin, to the Black Sea and over into forms, but each overlapping, giving a the Crimea and Donets Basin area in duration of approximately five weeks. lower Russia. All forms have as a nor­ Apparently, season of bloom is tied in mal chromosome complement - thirty­ with size of plant, as the first blooming two chromosomes, that is, four sets of a forms are the smallest, as I. pwnila and basic number of eight chromosomes. I. attica, then the Pumila Hybrids, and Thus it 'is a tetraploid form, whereas lastly, the l. chamaeiris forms which are I. attica has two sets of eight with a total the largest. These range from four to of sixteen chromosomes. ten inches normally. Dykes distinguishes the I. pumila from From the above presentation you can I. chamaei1-is forms by the former's hav­ recognize that there has been a great ing no stem, the bloom rising on a long change from the older types of dwarf iris perianth tube, and its seed pods having to our modern developments. Perhaps the inner partition walls opening into you may be curious to know how this each other in the lower half of the pod. was achieved in so short a time. It is all The seed pod or ovary of I. pumila is due to the use of new species in our practically sitting on the , in work. I started work with the dwarfs contrast to most dwarfs which have the by intercrossing the ordinarily available pod at the top of the stem right under varieties, but soon learned that the po­ the flower. The pod is round, shaped tential was limited, that we needed some­ much like an acorn, with a sort of parch­ thing different for breeding materials. ment texture upon drying. The spathe A trip to Paul Cook's garden" where I valves are rounded and have close wrap­ saw some. plants of the species I. pu­ ping which distinguishes it from forms mzla, convlllced me that this was the ma­ of I. mellita and I. Teichenbachi which teri;11 that I needed. Paul Cook had only have longer and sharply keeJed spathes. OCTOBER 1958, VOLurvI E 37, NUMBER 4 181

An interesting point which has not clump of 1. pU11Ii la is a bouquet in it­ been brought out to my knowledge is self, literaJl.y a mass of color, sometimes the wide varia tion of the forms from dif­ covering the leaves entirely. For those fe rent localities . The forms na tive to who h ave never seen this wonderful spe­ Austria are rela tively coarse when com­ cies, and few gardeners know it as yet, it p ared with forms from other areas. The will come as a su rprise and fasci na te all leaves are wider, longer, more coarse; who see it. the tem is shorter, with fl ower barely a bove the leaves; and the bloom is larger BREEDING CONSIDER ATIONS in relation to plant size. T he daintiest I h ave dwel t particularly on I . pumila (orms I h ave seen come from the Cri­ because, in truth, it is the king of dwarfs, mean area. T hey h ave long and slender (or the breeder as well as for the gar­ stalks, well above the leaves, which are dener. But it by no means exhausts the often only two inches in heigh t. T he possibilities of des irable forms in other leaves are narrow, and the fl ower is small kinds of dwarfs. To date we have con­ and nicely in proportion. centrated more upon I . pwnila than oth­ T he Balkan forms appear to be inter­ er species, wh en actually as ye t we do not media te between these two types, very know wha t some of the other species dainty and desirable plants. T here is a have to offer. T he dwarfs offer a chal­ form, of which we h ave only one exam­ lenge to the breeder, the scientist, and p le, known as I. o 'etiea which was fo und the experimenter through their versa til­ on the isla nd of Crete, ou t ide of normal i ty. In the tall bearded and other classes 1. pumila territory, by a collector n amed of iris, the species are all of a h omoge­ A tchley in 1929. This form is somewhat n eous type, so closely related that the different from all other pumilas, having different species will intercross and, hav­ a slender and long stem resembling ing the same kind and number of chro­ somewhat those found in I . mellita. It mosomes, will exchange and segregate h as a tendency to smokey color and the out their full gametic range or full in­ texture of the flow er is reminiscent of herent qualities in various combinations. I . mellita, ye t its distinguishino' char- In the dwarfs we h ave species with di f­ . " 0 ferent kinds and numbers of ch romo­ ac t e n s ~I cs. and Its chromosome comple- men t mdIcate th at it is a pumila or a so mes, that are more distantly related. very closely related form. Rio-ht now ~hi s results in many cases in possibili­ this form is receiving a lot of a~ t e nti o n , tIes of combination effects different from from the fact that two different breeders those poss ible with homogeneous forms. An example is my Dream Child, where have . go t ~ en .pJicata color patterns by evidently a blue parent combined with a crosslllg It WIth a tall bearded plica ta. "We must not jump to conclusions, ho",,­ Pinnacle pattern paren t to produce a ever, thinking this form may have the hybrid with blue standards and yellow falls. plica ta fac tor inherent. I t is possible tha t 'when I . eTe tica throws a recessive ~ list of the dwarf bearded iris sp ecies white segregate, the plicata factor be­ avaIlable fo r breeding work would in­ comes dominant over the white recess ive, clude I. pwnila, l. attica, I. pseudopu­ thus giving expression. mz la, I . ehamaeiTis, I. Teiehenbaehi, I . ,!he growth habit of the pumilas re­ mellita, I. subbiflorG , I . aTenaTia, to n ame qUIres so me consideration. As is well the mos t important ones, too'ether with known, the botanical classification for iris listed as botanical f o r m~, varieties, dwarf bearded iris describes them as and subspecies (and some as merely syn­ early blooming, seldom attainino- twelve onyms), such as I . bosniaea, I . balkana, inches in height, and without br ~ n chin g , I . italiea, I . olbiensis, I . Tu bmmaTginata, the fl owers in a terminal cluster of one to and others. It will be years before we three buds. To compensate for the lack ha ve exhausted this vas t fi eld. of branching, one rhizome of I. pum ila I mention a few ma tters which may be will put out from four up to ten fl ower­ of interest to those who may be con­ ing stalks, each with a single terminal cerned wi th breeding dwarfs, as this fi eld fl ower, whereas with most iris there is is ve.ry. popular today among amateur one stalk rising from the end of each hybrIdIzers. From cy tological and breed­ rhizo me. The result is that each little ing tests, it has bee n found that there 182 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Dwarf Bearded Iris

Top: Cup & Saucer, a.GhamaeiTis-aTenaTia HybTid Lavende?- pink, five inches tall

Bottom: Spring Joy, an Iris pu.mila clone Neglecta pattern OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 183

DwaTf BeaTded his Top: Iris seedling H-530, typical Chamaeiris form Bottom: Little Bit, a Pwnila Hybrid, two inches tall, sma llest iris known-plant on ?-ight is about six inches tall 184 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE are three species with a basic number of OUTSTANDING VARIETIES eight chromosomes, all of which are ap­ As this is not a technical paper on the parently homologous and will interbreed scientific and breeding aspects of beard­ freely. These are I. pwnila, I. attica, and ed dwarfs, this brief explanation suffices I. pseudopumila. There is another group at present: I think for the record, as which have a basic number of twelve well as for suggestions to persons inter­ chromosomes, which will interbreed ested in knowing the best varieties avail­ compatibly. The chromosomes of these able today, that it is advisable to include two groups are differentiated in kinds here the latest Dwarf Iris Symposium of and numbers of chromosomes, to the ex­ the Dwarf Iris Society. These are known tent that they will intercross to produce as the' 50 BEST DWARFS. hybrids, but the hybrids function as am­ phidiploids or double diploids, that is, Sparkling Eyes-Amoena, std. white, f. each type operates more or less inde­ violet, 6% in. pendently, with no exchange of factors Ablaze-Variegata, reddish-orange beard, between the two chromosome groups. 5 in. This often results in dual or double ex­ pression simultaneously or in combina­ Veri-Gay-Variegata, white beard, 6 in. tion. Sometimes it will affect fertility Red Gem-Red bitone, dark beard, 7 in. when the balance of elements are un­ Li~tle Joe-Black self, bronze beard, 5 equal. In. Some of our most valuable varieties have been derived from advanced gen­ Butterball-Arenaria hybrid, yellow, 8 eration hybrids involving tall bearded in. iris X I. pumila. As these hybrids are R~d Amethyst-Red pumila, bitone, 4Y2 perfectly balanced, with two sets of tall In. and two sets of 1. 1nlmila chromosomes, Blazon-Maroon self, gold beard, 8 in. they are fertile and can be carried on to further generations. The first genera tion Cherry Spot-Red amoena, white beard, cross from tall iris X I. pumila produces 7 in. a group of hybrids known as Lilliputs, Inchalong-Pumila hybrid, light yellow, which are a new kind of Intermediate. 5 in. The older standard Intermediate was derived from tall iris X I. chamaein:s. Buster Brown-Arenaria hybrid, brown By crossing these Lilliputs b!,!ck to I. pu­ bitone, 8 in. mila, we get a typical dwarf iris, that is Orange Glint - Orange-yellow, orange with most of the characteristics of typical beard, 7 in. dwarfs. FI~xen-BILle pumila, white beard, 4Y2 There is one thing, however, which In. will bear some consideration. I. pumila Promise-Arenaria hybrid, pink, yellow has an anthocyanin inhibitor which sup­ beard, 5 in. presses the blue anthocyanin of tall iris, but not of I. pumila itself. This one has Dream Child-Blue std., yellow [., blue the scientists puzzled, trying to figure border. out how it functions. Thus, when you Honey Bear-Std. yellow, f. brown over­ cross tall iris with I. p"ttmila, the inhibi­ lay, 5 in. tor wipes out the tall blue or purple, April lVIorn-Blue pumila, white beard, leaving it white, except for whatever 4Y2 in. yellow may be present in the fall; hence Sky Patch-Blue bitone pumila, 4 in. only the pumila colors will give expres­ Violet Night-Deep violet self, violet sion in the hybrid. Our first red dwarf, beard, 6 in. Red Gem, came from Lights On X Nana, and we had crossed these with a Cup & Saucer-Arenaria hybrid, laven­ view to bringing down the red from der-pink, 5 in. Lights On. But later we learned through Path of Gold-Clear yellow self, yello'w experiments that the yellow parts of beard, 8 in. Lights On had combined with the pur­ Violet Gem-Pumila hybrid, dark vio­ ple of Nana, resulting in a reddish color. let, dark beard. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 185

Styl ish - Petu nia-purple, lavender beard, USES OF DWARF BEARDED IRIS 8 in. With a collection such as the a bove H anselmayer - Lemon pumila, white varieties, early spring will always be beard, 402 in. something to look forward to, as all flow­ Blue Spot - Pumila neglecta, white ers are reJatively scarce at that time of beard, 4~~ in. year. It is regrettable tha t many gar­ deners still are neglectful of the dwarfs Little Mohee - Pumila hybrid, brown in their plantings, for they are useful in bitone, 5 in. so many ways. 0 rock garden is com­ Primu -Variegata, white beard, 6 in. p lete without numerous clumps of th ~ Butch-Dark purple, pure white beard, dvvarfs set among their other low grow­ 6 in. ing plan ts, and no plan t will make a bet­ ter display of rich color in the garden. Lavender Dawn- Lavender self, laven­ der beard, mellita hybrid. I know of no better p lant for an edg­ ing at the fron t of the perennial borders. Whitone-Std. white, f. pale yellow, 8 in. They should be planted in individual Little Villain-Violet-black, white beard, clumps, each clump a different variety 7 in. or color, se t a bout ten inche apart, in a row alo ng the front of the border, anel Zwanimir-Yellow, yellow oeard, 7 in. about a foot back of the grass line. The Sulina-Pumila, violet, dark beard, 402 tall bearded or other iris can be planted in. just back of these, so that after the dwarfs h ave completed their display, Li~t l e Elsa-Std. white, f. pale yellow, 8 In. they do not interfere with the viewing of the later blooming iris. The dwarfs Tiny Treasu re-Arenaria h ybrid, light furnish a nice green edging for the re­ yellow, 10 in. mainder of the year. Az:urea-Pumila h ybrid, blue bitone, 6 I have a round bed six feet across, In. enclosed with a rock wall about sixteen Wee Admiral-Dark red-violet self, 7 in. inches high, ·with the top slightly round­ ed wi th dirt and some selected fancy Tiny Tony-Red-purple, yellow beard, stones interspersed awong the plants. In 7 in. this bed I grow thirty-eight different Beauty Spot - Onco-Reg-cham aeiris h y­ colors and patterns of pure I. pumila, brid, purple, 9 in. and this i, always an exciting- display for visitors. This bed is a solid mass of Atroviolacea - Pumila hybrid, red-pur­ color throughou t the early spring season. ple, 5 in. If yo u live on a hillside where you can Cr.eam Tart- Arenaria hybrid, yellow, 5 h ave terraces and stone walls, this is an In. opportunity for a most satisfying display Keepsake-Arenaria hybrid, yellow, 9 in. of color and small plants. With dwarfs M ist O 'Pink-Arenaria hybrid, lavender­ the plant character is almost as enjoyable pink, 10 in. as the flowers, as their dain ty propor­ tions and clean and nea t growth are a YI? - Arenaria hybrid, lemon-yellow, 9 delight for close and intimate viewing. In. The old-time gardeners used to have Moon Gleam - Sulphur yellow, yellow dwarf plantings near their doorways and beard, 8 in. along walks and paths. In visiting many Balkana-Purple, not the species. old and now abandoned houses, I still Sound Money-Yellow self, chamaeiris find masses of that old and favorite little type, 8 in. dwarf iris called Atroviolacea. This lit­ tle purple dwarf can be found in old Alinda-Pumila hybrid, red-purple, 7 in. cemeteries all oVer the country, where it Blue Band-Pumila hybrid, blue bitone, was carried along by the early pioneers, 5 in. and often it has increased to plots as Burchfield -Deep yellow self, yellow much as fi ve feet across, with no culture beard, 8 in. or care. 186 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

CULTURE in February or perhaps in June, and re­ montant blooming is not unusual. Ap­ The matter of growing dwarfs is quite parently the /. pumila forms are the most simple if a few fundamental rules ~re difficult to grow under these conditions. considered. We must remember two Im­ The leave~ of pumilas tend to die down pOl-tant things in the culture o~ dwarfs. during winter, whereas the I. chamaeiris These are drainao-e and sunshlOe. Al­ forms remain evergreen and in fact though dwarfs gI?OW in th~ pl~ins ~n show some growth during late fall. It is their wild state, they are pnmanly 11lll possible that this has some significance and mountain plants, and require good in the apparent better performance of drainage. More dwarfs are lost through the I. chamaeiris forms in these regions. lack of proper drainage than any other In parts of Australia and New Zealand a cause. They will not tolerate water similar condition prevails. Also in Eng­ standing around the plan~ f

STEPHEN F. HAi\mLIN*

:Most of the species of iris without this name for other species, there is no beards grow to more than a foot tall, and way to be certain of what will grow from thus, can scarcely be called dwarf. But this seed. Farrer Iris (1. farreri) is an there are truly dwarf forms of some of eight-inch relative of 1. spuria, violet in the taller species and several species that color. Bulgarian Iris (1. urumovi, syn. are really dwarf. A dwarf form (1. sibir­ I. sintenisi) (Fig. 12) from southern ica nana) of the Siberian Iris has been Italy, the Balkan peninsula to Asia listed, but it is apparently not in this Minor also grows to eight inches, with country, and imported seeds gave plants the standards deep blue purple; falls, about two feet tall, not unlike some seed­ white, veined, blue. These small Spurias lings of the true Siberians. With the should be extensively tried in this coun­ exceptions below noted, all beardless iris try, but at present all interest in Spuria prefer a moist, acid soil. A dwarf form species is put on the tall sorts. of the Water Iris (1. laev£gata) , the Tiny Water Iris, has been in J apanese lists, but has not been imported to be re­ THE ALGERIAN IRIS corded. Algerian Iris (1. unguicularis, formerly 1. stylosa) (Fig. 11) is not hardy to SPURIA GROUP severe cold, being native to north Africa, Portugal to Greece, and Asia Minor. In the Spuria group, one species, the In its native home it blooms in March, Lowly Iris (1. humilis) from Hungary so in regions of zero cold, it must be to Transcaucasia, rises to two inches, wintered in covered cold frame or in an with two small leaves on the stem. The unheated pit. It also imitates crocus tiny flower is blue-violet, close to the soil, in that it is practically stemless (two and blooms in May-June. The capsule inches), the flower being just above the h as two long teeth; the seeds have the mat of evergreen leaves. After blooming, papery cellophane-like coat of this group. the foliage makes huge tufts. The origi­ Seed is offered in Europe. Grass Iris (1. nal flower color was pale blue to purple graminea) , the plant of Linnaeus, from and very fragTant, but a dozen color central and southern Europe and the variations have been listed, from pure Caucasu s, is nearly a foot tall, the flat­ white to deep violet. In lands of little tened stem topped by the leaves. The frost it is excellent as a rock plant, bloom­ flowers are red-purple and bloom in May ing while it is still winter in our north­ with odor of ripe plums. Seed is offered ern states. It should be left undisturbed in this country, but as botany has used for many years as it resents transplant­ ing. This is the only rhizome species ' Stephen F. Hamblin of Lexington, Massachusetts, is professor emeritus of H arvard University, director of without beard that is tender to severe the Lexington (Mass.) Botanic Garden, Inc., author of cold. In zero regions plant the Vernal the Lexington Leaf/ets, and a specialist in hardy herba­ ceous plants. Iris (1. vema) instead. [187] 188 T H E NATIONA L HORT ICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE

AIVI ERICAN IRIS high, or a foo t or more. The small flowers h ave violet-blue falls, but the T he gem of the dwarf beardless species standards are but small bristles . It is ou r own Vernal Iris (I. verna) native blooms in June. It is curious as our from the hills of Kentucky and . northern representative of a group with The roots are wiry and black. T h e plant the standa}-ds almost abse nt. The Beach­ makes a very close clump, enlarging very h ead Iris is very easily grown in the rock slowly. The short fl at leaves are nearly garden or in front in the usu al h ardy evergreen. Usually, the fl ower is solitary border. Seed is at times avail able but and only fo ur inches above the soil, plants are rarely offered . ' rising stemless like a crocus in ]\Iray. The T he many beardless species of our color is deep p urple violet the s t a nd ard ~ R ockies and the V\Test Coast are rather large, CI.nd the fa lls with a vivid orange tall to be called dwarf, as they stand throat, contrasting well with the violet more than a foot tall as a group. In color. There are seed capsules, but so our eastern states they may not easily near the soil as rarely to be n oted ; so be grovvn, but evidently they are success­ division in spring is the usu al method ful in their native range. As their of propaga tion. T his plant withstands botany is somewh at confused, and a well the heat and drought of summer, sp ecial ~:)Ull e tin for this group is in bu t is bes t left undisturbed for many p re p ar~ t lO n by the American Iris Society, yea rs. Color forms h ave been listed, from we omIt them for the present. pure white to various lilac colors, but rarely are they offered . This is the m os t Arctic Iris (I . se tosa, or perh aps I. truly dwarf of beardless species, and de­ biglumis) is sim ilar to the Beachhead serves very wide planting, a sort of over­ Iris, ranging in arctic Asia from Siberia ~ i ze crocus, far more sh owy and vigorous to northern .J ap an and Alaska. The 111 north ern regions than the bulbous leaves are broad and sword-like, bu t s p e~ i ~s of the Juno and R eticulata groups short. T h e June fl owers are lilac to deep of Ins. It h as no n ear relatives, but per­ purple, the standards minute. Seed may haps hybrids could be made. be Imported, but th e tru e plan t is little seen in America . Cubeseed Iris (I . pTismatica) is a small swamp species of eas tern North Am.erica, bu tit :~T ill grow well in any EUR AS IAN IRIS mOIst border, as IS also true for th e Si­ berians. In fact, it is related to the Si­ T hese are a group of dwarfs of central beI:ian group, but the stem is partly Eurasia, .of which the Russian Iris (I. en­ soh d, not wholly hollow as in the true sata, (FIg. 4) or perh aps I . lactea) is Siberians. T he roots are tufted fibrous bes t known . I t ranges from the Ca ucasus with long slender subsurface st; lons lik ~ to J apan, in many geographic forms. to so me grasses. The narrow fo li age ' Nhile th e fl owers h ave n arrow segments blends with the grasses and rushes of the of violet-blue and it looks h armless enough at o ~ e foo t, after bloom in rVl ay­ s ~~l a mp s. In May-June there is a small lIlac fl ower (a t times a pair) on a stem June the folIage makes huge cl umps, like about one foot tall. The capsule is to a robust Siberian tha t h ad bloomed sharply 6-angled, very unlike tha t of the but little. The ca psule is very lono· and true Siberians. It is easily grown from narrow, with six ribs, on a long p ebdicel. seed, but separating the matted stolons Grow from seed, for sp ades are broken of old plants is somewha t of a task. on trying to divide old clumps. One Color fo rms, from pure white to purple plant is enough for a small o·arden. The or lavender, are known. In effec t, the foliage is nearly evergreen,b and unlike Cubeseed Iris resembles the California most of the beardless species, it thrives in h ea t, alkali, and neglect. Imported species, ~ nd being native it is very easily seed of the following species often turn grown 111 the eastern h alf of N orth America. out to be those of I . ellsa ta, as it is the most vigorous of all dwarf species : . O~r other eas tern dwarf beardless spe­ H yacinth Iris (I . ensata va r. hyo ­ Cles IS the Beachhead Iris (I. hooheri, cinthina) (Fig. 6) was found by Farrer formerly I. se tosa canadensis), wild on in Yunnan and Tibet. The flowers are our northern sea-beaches from Labrador soft blue, veined brown, with odor of to Maine. It may be but a few inches hyacin ths. U sually your seedlings are OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 189 fo und to be I . ensata or I . sibirica, but has faded. N a tive to Asia Minor and the H yacinth I ris is kno·wn in this cou n­ Iran, the Persian Iris is known in many try. forms and varieties, and is suited to a Pilgrim Iris (I. Tu thenica) (Fig. 8), warm dry spot in the rock garden. Spin­ an alpine relative of I. laevigata of R ou­ ster Iris (I. msenbachiana) is from mania, T urkestan, China and Korea, has T urkes tan. It bears white or violet one small leaf on the fo ur to eight inch standards, the falls are tip ped dark stem and a small royal purple fl ower in crimson pu rple, and it blooms in March­ May. The capsule opens at once when April. Its leaves are more curved than ripe (like to viola), so collected seed is those of the Persian I ris. It is h ardy, bu t rare, bu t it is o ffered in Eu ropean bo­ rarely seen. ta nic gardens. Palestine Iris (I . palaestina) from Bunge Iris (I. bungei) (Fig. 9) from Syria blooms after the leaves are devel­ h as n arrow stiff leaves, persist­ oped, but in winter, so it is not hardy ing at their base (as in California spe­ to zero cold. T he yellow fl owers are cies) . Flowers are rosy purple and bloom close to the earth. Scorpion Iris (I. alata) in May at six inches. Evidently it is not is n ot h ardy to frost (Spain and Al­ in cultiva ti on at present. Nor can we ge t geria) , the blue fl owers being two inches Infl a ted Iri (I. ventl·icosa) from north­ or m ore tall. It blooms from October ern Manchuria. Nor may we try T hin­ through J anuary. It can be used for a leaf Iris (I . tenuifolia) once wild from crocus effect in pots or in rock gardens the banks of the Volga River to cen tral of no frost. Asia, a sort of two-inch I . ensata, for it In the R eticulata section some fi ve or is only a botanical record at present. more species are crocus-like. T hey have Now we have three really tiny species a true b ulb, with no basal fl eshy roots. from ce n tral J apan to Korea. Little Tap They should be plan ted as crocus and Iris (I. min u ta) from J apan ese gardens are almost as hardy. T he long fo ur­ has stems fo ur to six inches tall, the sided leaves develop after bloom. Netted fl owers tiny and yellow, blooming in Iris (1. reticulata) (Fig. 10) has deep vio­ May. This is in this country as seed and let or red-violet flow ers four to six inches plants and it is the only dwa rf yellow high and blooms in April. Native to the beardless species. The Little J ap Iris is northern Caucasus and As ia Minor, it ve ry suitable for rock gardens, but with is wholly h ardy and common in northern much foliage a fter bloom . R oss Iris (I. rock gardens. There are many color l'ossi) is pale blue to lilac, blooms at forms, as Can tab, a deep blue. H arput four inches, and comes from Korea and Iris (I. histrioides) has deep blue flow ers Manchuria. It has bee n in gardens here. in March, two inches tall, and blooming The H enry Iris (l. h emyi) found in before the leaves appear. It comes from Kansu by F arrer, is yellow in fl ower, bu t northern Asia lVlinor. A variety majo?" evidently now only in herbariums. There is listed (Fig. 5) . Syrian Iris (I . histTi o) were other tiny species collected in has light blue flow ers at three inches in Chin ~l, but they are n ot in our gardens April among' foot-long leaves. It is a at present. na tive of Lebanon and Syria in the mountains. Christmas Iris (T. vaTtani) BU LBOUS IRIS has pale lilac fl owers blooming in ·March We h ave finished with the usual dwarf and again in September below the leaves. beardless species with or fibrous It is from the cold parts of Syria, but in roots. Several of the "bulbous" species zero winters is safes t in a coldframe. also are very dwarf in stature. In the Danfo rd Iris (I . danfoTdiae) (Fig. 3) of Juno group, the "root" is a bulb with Cilicia and Asia Minor, has yellow fl ow­ persistent, fl eshy roots below. Many are ers two to three inches high, blooming tall and leafy, bu t the Persian Iris (I. in April-May. Though hardy to much peTSica) (Fig. 7) and its kin are as stem­ fros t, it does not persist long in zero less as a crocus, and ask for similar cul­ climates. It blooms sparingly and rests ture. Persian Iris holds its solitary fl ower two or three years after blooming or is at two to three inches_ The standards are dead from na tural causes. It is available small, white, tinted lilac, and the falls in the trade. are dark purple. It blooms in April. Baker I ris (I. bakeriana) (Fig. 1), Tile narrow leaves grow after the fl ower fr om As ia Minor, has eight ribbed hollow 190 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE leaves like to some alliums. The March rock garden in hot dry summers the flowers are deep violet blue with a yel­ plants wilt badly so provide a moist, low patch on the falls, and are fragrant. humusy soil in part summer shade. There It is rare at present in this country. 1. are several color forms, but only the kolpalwwshiana from Russian Turkestan, pure white is generally available. A has V-channeled leaves, like to a tiny search of 'our mountains from to hemerocallis. The flowers are deep Georgia would provide new color forms. purple and bloom in April-May at one Dwarf Lake Iris (1. lacustris) is very inch. It is not at present in our gardens. similar, but smaller in all its parts. It has deep lavender flowers blooming at two to four inches in May. It is found DYKESIANA IRIS in moist sands about the Great Lakes and The strange group, the Dykesiana, has thrives in a moist rock garden. Increase a spiny corm and two sheathing leaves from seed is easy, and seed is at times on the short stem. They are native to offered. Palestine and thrive in lime and four Slender Iris (1. gracilipes) is native to months of drought. They have been in Japan, but much seen in our rock gar­ our California gardens and .could be dens. The stalk rises from six to ten hardy to much cold. Jaffa Iris' (1. grant­ inches, bearing several May blooming duffi) has yellow flowers, spotted purple, flowers, light mauve to lilac, the falls blooming at six inches in May. 1. masia with a stout crest, like to small butter­ is purple in color; the Black-spotted Iris flies poised for flight. The rhizomes are (1. melanosticta) is green-yellow, spotted small in a solid mat, but spring division black, and 1. aschersoni is green-yellow, is easy; or seed grows readily. A pure edged black. These may be but color white form is at times in the trade, and variations of the one species, 1. grant­ a double sport, pale blue, known as duffi· Since they are not generally "Blue Rose" is now offered. This Japa­ planted, there must be some difficulty in nese crested species is the only low non­ their culture. Apparently they prefer a bearded species ·with several flowers on warm desert. the stem. As a review of the dwarf beardless Iris that I have grown (or tried to grow) the DWARF CRESTED IRIS top of the list belongs to our 1. veTna Three small species are crested, but with its orange throat, 1. hooke?·i with its not beardless. Mention is made of our standards absent, and then little 1. min­ Crested Iris (1. cristata) (Fig. 2) and its uta because the flowers are yellow. The kin. This walks about by its slender Ruthenica and Ensata groups are foliage rhizomes, making new plants as it grows. plants, like stunted Siberians, while the The flowers are solitary, light lavender, California groups do not like hot dry and bloom in May at three inches. While eastern summers. Some of the Juno and gr:o~~ng .from seed ~s easy, increase by Reticulata groups bloom with crocus dlvlSlon In early spnng is simpler; also (but not in as great a show), while stem cuttings of the rhizomes can be others must be grown south of our line rooted in sand in early summer. In the of frozen ground. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUi\,IBER 4 191

ROBERT L . TAYLOa

Figure I Iris bakeriana 192 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

MrCHAEL CARRON

Figure 2 Iris cristata OCTOBER 1958, \,OLUi\ IE 37, NUMBER ·1 193

ROBERT l. TA YLQR

Figure 3 Iris danfordiae 194 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZlNE

Figure 4 Iris ensata OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 195

ROBERT L. TAYLOR

Figure 5 his histTioides major 196 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

LILIAN A . CUER?\SEY

Figure 6 Iris ensata vaT. hyacinthiana OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 197

Figure 7 Iris persica

The first published plate in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 198 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

GEORG E C. STEPHENSON

Figure 8 Iris 1'Uthen ica OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 199

Llll.-\ l\ .~. GlJER:":S LY

Figure 9 Iris bungei 200 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

DONALD F. MERRETT

Figure 10 Iris reticulata OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 201

DONALD F. MERRETT ©

Figure 11 lris unguicularis 202 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

LILIAN A. CUERNSEY

Figure 12 Iris urumovi OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 203

)

ROBERT L. T AYLOR

Figure 13 Iris histr-ioides major Iris danfordiae his var-tani alba his bakeriana (All natural size) 204 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

LILIA N A. GUER/,\SEY

Figure 14 Iris 1a custris OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 205

/

LILIAN A . GUERNSEY

Figure 15 Iris melanosticta. his grant-dutJi 206 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL iVIAGAZJNE

G. HAM PFLER, LONGWOOD GARDENS

A Colvillei T),pe Gladiolus Unusual Gladiolus Species

PHILIP O. BUCH

An avocation started over thirty years THE EURASIAN SECTION ago Ins been most rewardin$", not on!y in the realm of plant breedmg, but m All Eurasian gladiolus species have been found winter hardy in northern correcting many misconc~pt~ons rega:d­ ing gladiolus species. Fll1dll1g ar:d I~I­ New Jersey. Their native habitats ex­ tend roughly below a northerly arc run­ troducing several unknm~ r n speCIes m commerce, thereby provIdll1g new plant ning from Portugal to Poland to Afgh~n­ material for American hybridists' use, is tan and above a southerly arc runnIng was an unexpected pleasure. from the latter country to Morocco. Be­ cause of their habitats, some writers have Back in 1929, after some five years of referred to the group as Mediterranean amateur hybridizing, the ~u~hor: through species. Their native range is from sea an exchange of a new ong111atIOn (face level to heights of 7,000 feet or more. up type, then dubbed "alternatus"). with The color range of this section is rather the late William Edwin Clark, was Intro­ limited compared to the color ra~ge of duced to two species, Gladiolus byzanti­ the garden types, from pure whIte. to nus and Gladiolus pTirnulinw. The for­ pink or lavender and p,urr?le ~nd w~lte , mer required fall planting; the latter, lavender, with the maJonty In vanous spring, with the gar~en types. In a few hues or shades of purple. There are no years it was recogmzed that these two yellows or pure reds in this section. species were "immune" to the then ~ew threat to garden gladio lu s-~he thnps. A Dutch botanist confided to the au­ The first thought was to develop new thor that the so-called blue garden gladi­ thrip-resistant strains, but these two could olus were developed from crosses utili~­ not be bloomed together for crossing. ing G. byzantinus. In retrospect, thIS appears possible, since not o~ly that spe­ After becoming intrigued with these cies, but others of the sectIOn have a wildings, other species were gr.adually souo-ht out for testing and breedIng and pronounced tinge of blue about the blotches on the lower segments. It may to the continually growing collec­ add~d also account for the red-violet and white tion as they became available or were blotches so frequently seen in such gar­ found, mainly through correspondence den types and the fact that they are overseas. A backyard garden eventually usually short-lived. became a stud lot from which, over the years, many hybridists have dra~n new Eurasian gladiolus species. must be blood lines for their own expenments. planted in the fall, generally In October or November. They root very much like As time passed and new experien€es spring bulbs, which originate in the same accumulated, it was found that most of the summer-blooming African species g:eneral area, and, likewise, poke ~hrough the surface when the early sprmg sun then available were susceptible to thrip begins its warming endeavors. In May, damage. The reason, as deduced, was that they bloomed in the heat of sum­ June, and early July (in New Jersey), mer, a time and season ideal for the they flaunt their regal blooms, r~ng111g from less than an inch to 2Y2 Inches multiplication of the pest. Then, af~er across. Actually, most of them are small­ this realization, began a search for speCIes which would bloom in New Jersey be­ er than the miniatures we hear so much about these days. fore July, when the thrips ~sually ~e­ come active. The hardy EuraSIan speCIes The corms (not bulbs) should be set seemed to be ideally suited to this pur­ about four inches deep in a light, well­ pose. Some of the early ~uropean hy­ drained soil, either in rows, if you garden brids seemed to fill the bIll and, after that way, or in groups, in the hardy bor­ many years of searching, they, too, were der or rock garden. They may be l ~ft added. alone for years, while they gradually 111- [207] 208 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE crease in number; or, they may be lifted degrees below zero. In the deep South, after flowering, stored dry during sum­ it blooms early in May. mer, and planted out again in ~he fall. G. paluster. Grows to 18 inches, with In regions where alternate freezmg a~d 2 to 7 small lavender-purple flowers hav­ thawino- is normal throughout the Wlfi­ ing very. long lower segments a.nd the ter, a ~ulch to prevent heaving should typical white line. Blooms early lfi June be applied after the ground is frozen. and has withstood 20 degrees below zero. Early the following year, when the final G. segetum. Grows to 33 inches, has thawing has arrived, the covering may 6 to 12 light carmine-red flowers about be removed. Where the ground freezes I %, inches wide, with the white .median and remains frozen all winter, mulching lines bordered purple. Blooms lfi early is not necessary. Nature generally pro­ June. Has withstood 30 degrees below vides its own insulating material in such zero. The variant from Iran, var. Persia, areas-snow. grows to 27 inches, has 6 or 7 small, light Following is a brief description of the purple flowers with the typical white available Eurasian gladiolus species gen­ lines and a bluish tinge, in late Mayor erally winter hardy from around Port­ early June. Has withstood 10 degrees land, Maine, to the Great Lakes region, below zero. A white form, var. album, south and west to New Mexico and up grows to 24 inches, is unmarred by color, the Pacific coast: and is a shy bloomer in early June. Has withstood 16 degrees below zero. G. anatolicus. From Turkish Armenia. The literature claims several other Thought to be a selection from G. im­ species in this section but they have not bricatus, a variable species. Grows to 24 yet been found. G. triphyllus, from Cy­ inches, with 2 to 6 purple and white prus, and several from Iran, have not flowers, I inches wide, in mid-May. Its Yz withstood New Jersey winters. Corms of attractively ' folded lower segments differ G. byzantinus and G. segetum from Tu­ from all other species in this section. nisia and Egypt have also succumbed Has wi ths tood 14 degrees F ahrenhei t be­ here while their European grown rela­ low zero in New Jersey. tives go merrily on growing. G. byzantinus. Grows throughout southern Europe and northern Africa. THE EUROPEAN HYBRIDS One of the strongest of the section, grow­ Some of the earlier European hy­ ing to 30 inches, with 7 to 15 light brids, when found, seemed to fill the purple, 2 to 2Yz inch flowers, with the requirements of before-July bloom. It typical white median line edged darker is regrettable that more of them have purple on the lower segments, in early not been preserved. But what we do June. Has withstood 35 degrees below have are really worth while, considering zero. In , Indiana, and Michigan, the fact that they were created before it blooms from mid- to late May. In the large flowered garden types came in­ California, from mid-March to early to being. Some of the twentieth century May, and in the deep South, in mid­ hybdds have promise, too. April. The culture for these hybrids is much G. communis. From Switzerland. Grows the same as that suggested for the Eura­ to 34 inches, with 5 to 15 light purple­ sian species. The range of hardiness red flowers, about an inch wide, with the differs, however, which is understand­ typical purple-edged white median line. able, when one considers some of their Blooms in mid-June. Has withstood 20 ancestors came from the Cape region of degrees below zero. May in California. South Africa. They can be considered The flesh colored variant, var. carneus, winter hardy from Long Island, New has withstood 16 degrees below zero, and York, southward, across the mid-south is actually more tender than the type. and up the Pacific coast. The flowers, by today's standards, G. illyricus. Ranges from the Iberian would be classified from small to me­ to the western Balkan Peninsulas. Grows dium, being 3 to 4 inches across, but the to 18 inches, with up to 10 magenta color range is more variable. We find flowers in mid-June. These are an inch among these hybrids pinks and true reds wide and have the typical white median and other tones not found in the Eura­ line bordered purple. Has withstood 20 sian species. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 209

Colvillei Hybrids. The oldest known feet of snow above it) and indoors in a gladiolus hybrids, still available, origi­ pot, but no bloom is indicated as yet. nated in England in 1823. Flowers are It is said to be pale yellow, while the still sold regularly in the Covent Garden previously described hybrid is red. market in London. Of these, four are Tubergeni Hybrids. For years only still available, if one cares to search for Charm, a pretty rose-pink and white them: var. albus, creamy white; var. variety, made the grade. It is a small­ Toseus, pink; var. rubel', carmine red; flowered variety and blooms in early and var. The Bride, which is pure white, June in New Jersey and in early May in a sport that originated in Holland about the deep South. It has withstood 10 de­ a half century later. Incidentally, an of gTees below zero. Now a soft pink sport the first three varieties have a darker line of this variety, Warmunda, has been re­ running through the centers of the seg­ leased. This should do as well. ments. They all bloom in June, grow to about 20 inches, and have withstood 10 degrees below zero in New Jersey. CENTRAL AFRICAN SPECIES Flowers are abou t 21'2 inches across. It was thought that some species other Herald Hybrids. Originated in Hol­ than those known as "Cape" species land; these are the largest flowering early might prove hardy in New Jersey and gladiolus, with strong, stiff stems, and perhaps might flower early to avoid flowers comparable to the garden types thrip damage. Of those subjected to of today. Several named varieties have over-wintering tests outdoors, these suc­ been offered from time to time, mainly cumbed: C. coopeTi, C. quaTtinianus, a in reds and pinks, and they have with­ var. Sudan, C. psittacinus, and C. crassi­ stood 4 degrees below zero. They, too, folius. C. hookeri withstood 16 degrees bloom in June. below zero, but was frozen in bloom the following November. This has bloomed Nanus Hybrids. These are the next at Memphis, Tennessee, and is probably oldest hybrids still in commerce, com­ more suited to mid-southern or west monly called dwarf, or baby gladiolus. coast culture. The qtlartinianus type of They originated in the Channel Islands commerce has never bloomed here, but around 1855, grow to 15 inches and bear has bloomed in Virginia in November what we call small flowers. The range and in the deep South in October. C. of colors differs from the older Colvillei crassifolius had bloomed here the previ­ Hybrids because a number of different ous year in late September and in Au­ species were involved in their develop­ gust in southern California. These three ment. There are named varieties avail­ species should prove hardy in the mid­ able in various shades of salmon, orange, South. pink, and red, with various marking's, bu t there is not enough demand, so they Both C. dracocephalus and C. primu­ are sold in mixture by most dealers. l£nus withstood 16 below zero and Several of the group have withstood 10 bloomed, bu t at their normal blooming degrees below zero in New Jersey, and periods, August and July, respectively. have been involved in the development C. dmcocephalus blooms in early June of another hardy strain by the author. in the Deep South. They bloom in late J une in New Jersey, Naturally, hybridization has been go­ while in the deep South they start in ing on for several years, and the produc­ earlier or mid-lVlay. tion of hardy, early blooming gladiolus hybrids has been accomplished. One Tristis Hybrids. One of the most group of new hybrids will be introduced charming is a bigeneric hybrid originated shortly, others are being propagated or in England, named by the author Homo­ are still under test. Strange new forms glad after its parents' genera. This has and colorings have been produced, but withstood 10 degrees below zero but whether gardeners will accept them must must not really like the climate of New yet be proven. Veined flowers in various Jersey, as it refuses to multiply. It is colors and combinations are in existence very fragrant after dusk. in reminder of the Mourning Iris, 1. Another hybrid, just released in Hol­ susiana. At the opposite extreme, pure land last year, is Christabel. At this writ­ colored flowers without any markings ing it is under test outdoors, (with two also exist. 210 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

If one is accustomed to combating varieties bloom here in late July or early thrips, a number of eastern African spe­ August. . cies are available for the summer garden: In the deep South and III soutl~ern G. cooperi. Grows to 60 inches and California practically all of the Afncan produces an occasional side spike. Its species named above, and the E~ropean flowers are yellow with sparse, fine red hybrids, are winter hardy. All WIll stand lines. Blooms in early August. Pinkoop, light frosts, bu t if unusually cold ~eather a hybrid propagated by the author, has is forecast, such as occurred dunng the a salmon-pink ground color, otherwise, past winter of 1957-58, a mulch of dry very much like the type. straw should be provided to protect the G. hookeri. Tall, to 60 inches and foliage. This should be removed as soon bears 14 to 20 large scarlet flowers, wi th as the weather becomes clement again. orange on the lower segments. This In Florida and other "sun and sand" produces the largest cormels ever seen areas, mulching the surface of the soil by the author, up to an inch in diameter; may be required to conserve moisture on the longest stolons, up to a foot in and to permit conns to mature. length. In a compatible climate this could really spread. It blooms very late, SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES October or November, and is not advised north of Virginia. Most of the dainty gladiolus species G. melleri. This sends up its flmller from the Cape of Good Hope region may be grown outdoors only in frost-free spike first, with pink to flame flowers, areas, but some will stand as much as ten the leaves appearing later. Has not yet degrees of frost (22 degrees F.) for short bloomed here, but should be a summer periods. In other areas a cool greenhouse bloomer. In northern Nigeria it blooms is a necessity. Even a coldframe is useful from May to July. in some parts of the South. for the first G. psittacinus. One of the progenitors season, as they must be grown from of our garden types, gTowS to 30 inches seeds, excepting G. tristis) which is gen­ and bears 8 to 12 yellow flowers, heavily erally available in corms. Individuals lined red. Blooms in August. Two new are not permitted to import gladiolus varieties from Rhodesia are under test. corms from any part of Africa, so what­ G. qtLartinianus. A variable species, ever is imported must be in seed form. generally mottled or streaked red and All require fall plan ting, as they are yellow, suited better for the mid-south winter gro'wers, even in this hemisphere. because of its late blooming. Investiga­ They dislike high temperatures and wet tions by the author brought out the fact feet, and should be dried off after flower­ that this is the most widespread of any ing in late winter or early spring. The gladiolus species, and with different de­ southern gardener who can grow these scriptions in almost every locale.- Some wildings will be the envy of northern day the botanists responsible for correctly gardeners, for many are fragrant by day naming these species will, undoubtedly, or by night or both. vVith these and come to the conclusion of this auth.or: some of the larger African and even G. quartinianus as described from vari­ Eurasian species, a southern hybridist ous habitats are really different species, could have a ball, for in some sections of perhaps related. Two different varieties the South they forget their natural have been successfully grown by the au­ blooming time and actually bloom close thor: Sudan. Grows to 36 inches. Its enough together to be crossed directly flowers are similar to those of G. primu­ without the need of storing pollen. linus in shape, but are double the size. G. alatus. Grows 12 inches high and A pale yellow ground is so thickly over­ bears 5 to 10 fragrant turkey red flowers, laid with fine red lines that the flower banded with apple green. Blooms late appears tawny from a distance. It has a February in sou thern California. clear yellow blotch. Kivu. This was G. blandus. Grows 20 inches high and collected for the author at a height of bears 7 to 10 white or pale pink flowers, 7,000 feet on the shores of Lake Kivu in sometimes marked maroon. :Most vari­ the Belgian Congo. This has more red­ able. Blooms in June, and has possibili­ dish color overall. It has already pro­ ties in a mild climate. duced some unusual hybrids but seems G. brevifolius. Grows 24 inches high difficult to propagate itself. Both of these and bears 4 to 12 pink or lilac and OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 211

whi te flo wers. Produces a single leaf G. oTChidifloTUS. Grows to 18 inches after blooming. H as bloomed in the fall and bears <1 to 6 fragrant, greenish- to in sou thern California. yellovv ish-p urple fl owers. G. callisttts. Grows to 18 inches and G. pemuabilis. Grows to 24 inches bears 8 to 12 pale pink flowers, with a and bears 6 to 12 variable, fragrant flow­ faint fragrance. Blooms earl y in March ers whi ch may be [rom white to pale in southern California, in April in a pink to orange-scarlet, some marked northern greenhouse. chocolate brown. G. cal-inatus. Grows to 2<} inches and G. pillosus. Crows to 20 inches and bears lavender-blue fl owers, marked ye l­ bears 3 or 4 red-lilac fl owers, slightly low, very fragrant. Flowers in rvIay at smaller tban those of C. gHicilis, and at Kent, England. the same time. G. cannineus. Grows to 18 inches and C. tenellus. Grows to 18 inches and bears 5 or 6 transparent carmine flo wers. bears 2 to 5 fragran t, creamy flowers, The foliage appears after it blooms. tinged lilac. Blooms in fall in southern California. C. tTistis. Grows to 30 inches and bears G. cuspidatus. Grows to 3 feet and 3 to 6 creamy yellow flowers with varying bears 4 to 8 white or pale pink flowers with white-centered purple blotches. brown spots. Fragrant after dusk. Stands Blooms in rvI ay in southern California. shade and blooms early April in the south, February in southern California, G. gracilis. Grows to 20 inches and March at San Francisco. Var. concalor, bears 2 to 5 pale lilac-blue fragrant flovv­ ers, marked yell ow. Blooms late J anuary called by some C . concoioT, grows to in southern California. 30 inches and bears 3 or 4 pale char­ treuse-yellow fl owers, nocturnally fra­ G. gmndis. Grows to 30 inches and grant. Blooms 'wi th G. tl·is/is. bears 2 to 6 brown-marked pale yellow fl owers; these turn grayish a t night and With all this material now available, entire new races ca n and should be de­ emit a marvelous perfume. Blooms in July in southern California. veloped. New combina tions are now pos­ sible, particularly in the South and <:>n G. hiTsutuS. Grows to 20 inches and the Pacific Coast. Young gardeners wIll bears 3 to 6 deep pink flowers, with do well to consider hybridizing among white stripes . Very fragrant. Blooms these species-to devote a li fe time to it. early March in so uthern California. An unusual opportunity is now beckon­ G. odomtus. Grows to 30 inches and ing-new challenges to man's imagina­ bears 6 to 16 maroon flo wers, marked tion, to be accomplished by the serio~s with cream and brown, and fragrant. gardener by way of one of the most sa.tl ~ ­ Sends spike up first, the leaves, later. factory avocations known-the hybndl­ Blooms in fall in southern California. zation of plants. 212 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ALL-AMERICA SELECTIONS

Zinnia Blaze All .. America Annuals

W. RAY HASTINGs*

What are the All-America Selections? Some of the new varieties were devel­ How do they operate and how do they oped from simple crosses and then se­ provide the important horticultural re­ lected for several to a number of years leases each year? for trueness to a type and color. Sports, First, we are reminded that there are natural mutations, were another means plant breeders around the world. They of obtaining new varieties. are using the best varieties and strains How were we to evaluate them? Re­ already in commerce for hybridizing. liable seedsmen were anxious for novel­ Selfing, crossing, double crossing, back ties but were wary of them until checked crossing, treating with X-rays, nuclear in their own trial grounds or sent to rays, drugs and chemicals, as well as several good customers for their reports. making and truing selections, provide Only a few seed firms had trial grounds plant material which may be superior to of their own and there was but little present varieties or may answer a desir­ flower seed breeding or extensive grow­ able new garden purpose. ing done in America before World Whether it is for size, vigor, uni­ War 1. formity, color, floriferousness, or for With European sources disrupted dur­ drought, heat, cold or disease-resistance, ing and following that war, demand and the plant breeder works for something necessity seemed to create extensive new and desirable. His new variety must growing of flower seeds, as well as more be different or distinctly superior to vegetable seeds at suitable places in others of its kind and type if it may be America. Foundation or planting stocks recommended or may become popular were "run down" and seed growers, here with gardeners. and abroad, had a rebuilding job of sav­ .Extensive promotion by a large seed ing planting stocks only from the best firm could and sometimes did call public and truest plants of each variety. Then attention to a new introduction. If it came improvements, new selections, new proved desirable and perhaps widely strains and new varieties from America adapted, other leading seedsmen grew and from abroad. it and offered it. After several years such a new variety might become a standard ORGANIZATION variety, listed in the seed catalogues and In 1932 at Atlanta, Georgia, the South­ by seed dealers for convenient local ern Seedmen's Association endorsed, and purchases. Many good varieties were formed a commi ttee to provide for, the lost for lack of promotion. And, the testing of proposed new varieties before cost of promotion was frequently, if not introduction. This included both flow­ usually, more than total sales of a new ers and vegetables. We used available introduction. general trial grounds and started a few in sections not represented but where ·w. Ray Hastings of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is resident judges and institutions or firms executive secretary and treasurer of the All-America Selections, an organization sponsored by several seeds· had the confidence of the seedsmen. All m~n's associations for the operation of competitive America Selections were started with tnal grounds and trials for the introduction and evalua. tion of new annual flowers and vegetables. ten flower and ten vegetable judges, who [213] 214 THE NATlONAL HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE

ALL-AMER ICA SELECTIO~S

Cynoglossum Firmanent OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER '1 215 composed the committee or council. French type marigold against a large These have been increased gradually to mum-flowered African type marigold. twenty-six for fl owers and twenty-three Comparisons are made with the nearest for vegetables. or most simil ar varieties already in com­ Plan t breeders, seed gTowers and in tro­ merce. ducers from around the world were solicited for trial entries. New varieti es theretofore h ad been kept secretively AWARDS until introduction. There were 250 en­ If a judge believes an entry is suffi­ tries received the second year of trials. ciently different to be given a new variety The chairrnan, later executive secre­ name, rather lhan perhaps an "im­ tary [with the annual election of officers proved" strain, and he believes it worthy and directors, and inco rporation as a of introduction, he may consider voting non-profit horticultural, education al in­ it award points. If recommended for in­ stitu tion ] receives all en tries and se nds troduction but perhaps not for award, he equally divided samples to each judge. may vote it one or two points. If he be­ Entries are given code numbers only lieves it is worthy of bronze medal award, for source and priority identifi cation. and but few receive higher awards, he Each judge is responsible for his trials may vote it three or four points. If he and their protection. All-America Selec­ believes it very superior and particularly tions trials are open to everyone for in­ desirable, he may recommend a si lver spection, however, noting and photo­ medal. For an outstanding h orticultural graphing during the growing season. achievement, h e can recommend a gold On annuals, each judge h as two years medal. All these considerations are given in 'which to get a fair and indicative trial according to the entry behavior and per­ of each entry. Entries are requested at formance at this trial location and under least two years before any expected com­ his soil, atmospheric and climatic condi­ mercial distribution. Previous distribu­ tions. tion would disqualify an entry for award. For minimum award consideration by News value and cooperative promotion the nine AAS directors, elec ted by the must be provided. judges, an entry needs over half the It is usu ally known after first year judges recommending it and a total of trials whether an entry has a chance for at least two and a half award points award. Award points may be voted by average from all reporting judges. For each judge according to his evaluation. silver medal award, two-thirds of the Total award points determine any award, judges must recommend it and vote an such as bronze, silver or gold medal. R e­ average of three and a half points from gional or special purpose "recommenda­ all the judges . For gold medal award, tion" may be given without actu al a·ward. three-fo urths of the judges must recom­ If a judge fails to get a fair trial the first mend it and vote an average of four and year, he is sent another sample for second a h alf points [rom all of the judges. The year trial, so possible award points voted Directors presen t their award recommen­ the second year by one or more repeat dations to the open Council meetings for trial iudges may bring an entry into an acceptance or rejection. award class or qualify it for a higher There has'n't been a gold medal award award. si nce Fire Chief, the first red petunia, There h as never been a satisfactory introduced in 1950 . One should rate score card for judging varieties of flow ers awards h owever, for the particular year or vegetables. We shall confine this and previous introductions of its kind. article to flowers reproduced from seeds, Fire Chief was the first real red or scarlet­ most of which are annuals or are treated red petunia. Plant breeders used it im­ as such. mediately to produce other and superior There are several types or classes of reds. In 1952, a first generation or true petunias, zinnias, marigolds and other hybrid red multiflora petunia Coman­ flow ers. We can hardly score one flower che, considerably superior to Fire Chief, against another kind nor one class was introduced as a bronze medal win­ against another. All have their uses and n er. Again in 1957, a still superior and desirabilities. It would be unfair or richer colored R ed Satin petunia re­ unrealistic to judge the value of a dwarf ce ived only a bronze medal a t introduc- 216 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ALL-AMERICA SELECTIONS

Marigold Glitters OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 217

tion. Tpese were all with plain petalled, high so gardeners may always depend on medium sized flowers. its selections as the newest and best of This red "blood" also was successfully their kinds and colors to date. And, it is bred into the larger and frilled flowered noted that, from results of the trials re­ hybrid grandiflora petunia Fire Dance, ported in detail to their entrants, most with a flashlight yellow throat to en­ of the entries are never introduced. That hance its brilliance. It received a bronze is a distinct and economic advantage to medal award as did several others of the all concerned. new hybrid grandiflora class. Ballerina of salmon, Prima Donna of rose-pink, and the 1!!58 winning light salmon-pink REPORTING May time are representative of this highly Reporting each judge's description, prized new group of vigorous bedding comments and evaluation of an entry to petunias. its owner provides the cheapest and per­ Therefore, a bronze medalist may be haps best information he could get on and usually is more desirable than a pre­ the merit of the variety. He finds how vious silver or gold medal winner of it performs under the various conditions similar type and color. Unless the year over America and is guided on whether of award or introduction is considered, it is worth introducing although not one should not be too concerned about awarded. On the other hand, judges the particular medal award. If a new often suggest methods of further breed­ variety is recommended as an All-Amer­ ing and selection for future re-entry, if ica Selection, one may be assured that it the variety shows particular promise. is generally believed distinct, worthy and Such reporting provides valuable in­ the best of its coloring and class to date. formation to a breeder. That is a reason While a new color may be desired for why federal and state institution plant certain garden or cutting purposes, such breeders, as well as commercial and ama­ does not imply that it is the choice of all teur hybridists, enter their promising colors in its flower class. People have new varieties and "lines" in the AAS different color preferences and arrange­ trials. ment designs. The first pink or pink It was reported that an AAS award shade in an alyssum, perhaps a heather to a state institution flower entry was pink, would be considered of particular responsible for not only the retraction value. We might then hope for a deeper of an appropriation cut but also an ad­ color, possibly rose-pink, to be developed dition of many thousand dollars to later. Meanwhile, we shall honor and further its plant breeding work. This plant the first pink alyssum, just as we award was for the development of rust­ appreciated Lilac Gem until Violet Gem resistant snapdragons when the disease and Royal Carpet were created. had about ruined the market for snap­ Some day a plant breeder may produce dragons. Now snapdragons are back in a white marigold, a yellow sweetpea, a the "big four" mos t popular garden real blue petunia or snapdragon. All­ flowers and with much better plants, America Selections encourages those blooms and colors than ever before. F 1 quests for horticultural achievement and snapdragons for garden as well as green­ if the subjects are meritorious and desir­ house planting are now on the march, able, will award and publicize those new with a full range of colors on exciting varieties as widely as possible to assure plants among the 1958 entries. successful introduction. Meanwhile, there Breeding and producing more interest­ are improvements in present color ranges, ing, attractive and satisfactory flowers for for clearer colors, more vigorous and the greatest of avocations or hobbies, uniform plants, earlier and longer flow­ home gardening, is one of the most satis­ ering, more flowers, disease and weather fying occupations a person can choose. resistance, for more interesting and satis­ But with a million new homes a year factory gardening. and a million families to make them A number of entries, although non­ livable and attractive, it is not enough winners, are still worthy of introduction. to produce finer varieties. The public AAS does not disparage them in any way. must know of them, desire and plant It does wish to keep its award standards them. 218 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

BODGER SEEDS~ LI M ITED

Cosmos Sensation Radiance OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 219

'When AAS was founded in 1932, there and most popular of their kinds. Prob­ were bu t a handful of garden edi tors or ably all h ave been used in hybridizing colum nists. T h e Garden Club move­ towards the creation of further improve­ ment was beginning to grow. Flower ments. sh ows were developing. People seemed Examples of winning varieties which to have more time and become more in­ remain the popular choice of their kinds teres ted in their homes and gardening. include Midget Blue ageratum, R oyal Press releases on the new All-America Carp et alyss um, Rosalie antirrhinum, Selections were sent to the home and McKana Giants aquilegia, Light Blue garden magazines, farm jou rnals and the (early giant) as ter, Toreodor (cocks­ larger new papers. T h e press carried the comb) celosia, Jubilee Gem cornflower, n ews of better gardening. to the p ublic. Pink Queen cleome, Fies ta (Klondyke) Garden columns and p ages grew. Gar­ and Giant Se nsation cosmos, Firmamen t den cl ubs h ad interesting new subjects cynoglossu m, Westwood Beauty dianthus, and varieties to p lant, discuss and ex­ Indian Summer (annual) hollyhock, hibit. R adio broadcas ters began to an­ , l\T hite King larkspur, Giant King (a n­ n ounce the n ew winners. Now, television n u al) lupine, F airy Bouquet linaria, sho'ws them. Glitters (double) and Naughty Marietta ' l\Te presently h ave several hundred (s ingle) marigolds, Pearly Gates and garden editors and writers. Most n ews­ Blue Star morning glories, Golden Globe papers h ave garden editors or writers n as turtium, Ballerina and R ed Satin assigned to garden subjects. AAS thus petunias, R oggli Swiss Giant p ansies, serves the press. I t is of special service to Salmon Glory phlox, Blue Bedder salvia, the garden seed industry which supports Cuthbertson (sp ring fl owering) swee t­ it through voluntary subscriptions. But, peas, T orch ti thonia, Floradale Beauty the benefit is primarily fo r the gardening verben a, Blaze (giant cactus) zinnia. public. T h e gardener, n ovice or experi­ Others _mi ght well b e named as well enced, is assured of meritorious varieties as n ew types of fl owers containing addi­ if he or she looks for the certification tional and very desirable colors which mark of AAS on the p ackets or in the continue to enhance garden interest and catalogu es. Only the award winners can sa tisfaction. carry that registered mark or name. 'l\Tith assurance of successful introduc­ tion through widespread cooperative pro­ motion of the seed industry, together WINNERS with the press, radio and television, it is W e mentioned that newer and better to the distinct advantage of plant breed­ varieties displace some of the older win­ ers from around the world to enter their ners, as is na tural, however, a number prospective varieties in the All-America of the earlier winners remain as the bes t Selections trials. 220 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A section in Entertainers Garden-one ot four recently completed Home Demonstration Gardens in the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum Los Angeles State and County Arboretum The First Ten Years

GEORGE H. SPALDlNG*

In Southern California, the San Ga­ fornia Horticultural Institute, one of briel Valley is one of the more favored the oldest horticultural organizations in areas in the nation, climatically speaking. the area, recognizing the need for such The Los Angeles State and County a scientific and educational institution, Arboretum (LASCA) is located on the had set up an active arboretum commit­ northern edge of this valley, just east tee. The area around Los Angeles was of Pasadena, in the beautiful city of thoroughly investigated and the present Arcadia, just twenty-five minutes from location of the Los Angeles State and the center of downtown Los Angeles. County Arboretum selected. The com­ The hundred and twenty-seven acres mittee then convinced State and County comprising the Arboretum were the officials of the value of an arboretum to heart of the famous Rancho Santa Anita, the community and in 1948 it was pur­ once part of the Mission San Gabriel chased jointly by the State and County, lands. The first private owners were just in time to save it from subdivision. Hugo Reid and his Indian wife, Donna The site contains one of the few nat­ Victoria, a woman of charm and culture, ural bodies of water in Southern Cali­ to whom the Mission fathers had given fornia and is set against the spectacular the land in appreciation of her house­ background of the San Gabriel Moun­ keeping services at the Mission. The tains. In addition, it has within its Rancho had several owners between boundaries three old buildings, remind­ 1841, when the Reids finally received ers of its historic past. Two of these title to the property, and 1875 when it was buildings, the "Queen Anne Cottage" purchased by the fabulous E. J. "Lucky" and the coach barn, are now restored to Baldwin. Baldwin had extended the the gaudy glory of their Victorian origins. holdings to more than sixty thousand The park-like area between these two acres at the time of his death. Between buildings is a favorite haunt of the 1907, when Baldwin died, and 1947 the famous Baldwin peacocks. A few pair estate was divided among his heirs and imported by Baldwin in the late 80's a goodly portion, of it sold and subdi­ have now gone wild and increased to a vided. The hundred and eleven acres of flock of a hundred and fifty birds. The the original State and County purchase third building, Hugo Reid's adobe, is were the final section left undeveloped in the process of being restored and and plans had already been drawn for a should be completed in 1959. The his­ subdivision of this area. torical preserve where the buildings are In 1948 Los. Angeles County was the located is in the center of the Arboretum only major metropolitan area in the on the south bank of the lagoon. It gives United States that lacked an arboretum a unique opportunity to show two im­ or botanic garden. The Southern Cali- portant phases of California history; the simple agrarian life of the "Hide and Tallow" era, the early 1800's, and the ' George H . Spalding is Superintendent of the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum and has enjoyed lavish mode of living which followed the seeing its rapid development during the decade of his stewardship. discovery of gold in 1849. Around this [221] 222 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

£ragmen t of the past is developing one progressive County Board of Supervisors of the most modern arboretums in the was demonstrated when it voted unani­ World. mously to create a County Department In 1947 the California Arboretum of Arboreta & Botanic Gardens to assume Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organiza­ managerqent of the Arboretum, leaving tion, was formed to administer the Arbo­ the Foundation free to devote its ener­ retum for the County. The Foundation gies to those activities of benefit to the Board of Trustees was composed origi­ Arboretum which could not be carried nally of the members of the Southern on with tax funds. The rapid progress California Horticultural Institute Arbo­ being made in development is largely a retum Committee augmented by other result of this enlightened decision. public spirited citizens with wide horti­ A good master plan is a prerequisite cultural and historical interests. This for a successful arboretum. In develop­ Board formulated the master plan and ing the plan for the Los Angeles State began development of the grounds. It and County Arboretum it was decided also set up a list of nine objectives which to use geographical and ecological group­ is the guide for development of the ings rather than the plant family group­ Arboretum. Under these objectives the ings commonly used in older arboreta. Arboretum is to serve as: The four major areas of the Arboretum 1. A horticultural center for Southern are devoted to plantings from the four California. areas of the world which have a climate 2. A cen ter for the introduction, test­ similar to this section of Southern Cali­ ing and improvement of plants fornia - South Africa, the lVIediterra­ adaptable to Southern California. ' nean, Australia and Central and South 3. A gardening school for training America. gardeners, garden superintendents, The plantings in general are approxi­ propagators and other skilled per­ mately one half to two-thirds completed. sonnel. The Australian section already contains 4. A center of research and scientific a collection of more than three hundred study, working in collaboration species and varieties of Eucal'yptus and with educational institu tions and, approximately two hundred species of with Federal, State and County de­ Acacia, to mention two of the major partments of agriculture. groups. In the South African section the 5. An information center maintaining n~e.adow of composites attracts many VIsItOrs and the A loe collection is ou t­ a complete catalogue of all plants cultivated in Southern California, standing. The South American and lVIed­ where specimens can be readily iterranean sections have lagged due to identified, and practical advice storm drain construction, which was given on planting, propagation and co.mpleted last year and rapid progress cultivation. WIll now be possible in the area. 6. A library and herbarium. In addition to above mentioned sec­ tions there are special gardens and dis­ 7. A publication center for bulletins, play areas. The Oriental section con­ books and pamphlets of horticul­ tains those plan ts from all sections of the tural, botanical and historical in­ Orient which will grow here. The Herb terest. garden is one of the largest in the coun­ 8. A preserve of early California try and its fast development is largely architecture and authentic histor­ due to the active interest and support of ical gardens. the Southern California Unit of the H erb 9. A bird sanctuary. Society of America. A Jungle area, lo­ The Foundation is also responsible for cated on the north side of the lagoon, is the fine orchid collections which the a n:ajor attraction for young and old. Arboretum has and for two new green­ In It many of the scenes for the Tarzan houses to house them. Foundation mem­ and other jungle movies have been bers take a keen interest in the Arbore­ filmed. The Palm and Bamboo section tum and donations of books, botanical contains over sixty kinds of bamboo and prints, plants and equipment for re­ an .excellent representation of the palms search are received from this source. whIch can be grown in this area. In 1953 the in terest and support of a On Tallac Knoll, a small hill in the The A1"boretum Herb Garden developed in coopemtion with the Southern California Unit of the Herb Society of America.

The ArboTetum tmde ma1"Ji) Phoenix dactylifera) (f01"egTOund) Washingtonia palms as seen in a view across the lagoon.

[223] 224 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL lVIAGAZINE

Interior and exterior views of the aluminum lath house OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 225

A portion of the lath house and nursery area

southwestern corner of the Arboretum, tion, and heated by forced air. The head are the beginnings of an Economic plant house contains the most modern equip­ collection, an embryonic Flowering Tree ment, metal potting benches, steam gen­ collection and one of the finest collec­ erator, etc. In addition, there is a well­ tions of ornamen tal figs in the U ni ted equipped plant records office with label States. At the crest of the knoll is a making equipment, seed cleaning equip­ Tropical garden for those plants which ment, and ample room for files and stor­ are tender in this area. Orchard heaters age. Complete records have been main­ are provided here for winter protection. tained on all plant material and seed The beginnings of a Biblical garden are received since the first seed was planted immediately adjacent to the tropical in 1949. Last spring the second green­ garden. A new addition this year is a house unit was put into operation with garden devoted exclusively to roses de­ improved forced air heat and humidity, veloped by Southern California rose all electronically controlled. breeders. The administration building, occupied During the past three years an active in November 1956, contains offices, small building program has begun to develop. lecture hall, and temporarily, the library. The first greenhouse of the propagating It is already inadequate and plans have range was completed two years ago. It been completed for a new wing which is 34 x 100 feet, of aluminum construc- will house library, herbarium and lee- The new ATboTetum administmtion building and gatehouse

ture rooms. A modern service building scaping, Home Gardening, Plant Iden­ has just been put into use containing up­ tification, Orchard Culture, Botanical to-date facilities for fertilizer and tool Sketching and Nature Study, to mention storage as well as special screened com­ a few. Courses for Juniors are not neg­ post bins and large soil mixing area, in lected either, and over a hundred and addition to garage and shop. seventy children were enrolled in the In 1956, completion of the gatehouse various courses offered during the past with adequate turnstiles enabled the year. Adult enrollment since 1956 has Arboretum to be opened to the public exceeded two thousand. on a seven-day-a-week basis. Attendance The second main function is research, has doubled each year since it has been both fundamental and applied. Most of open and it is expected that attendance the fundamental research will be done this year will exceed a quarter of a mil­ with grants from various sources and is lion. The grounds are open daily for just getting under way. The testing and pedestrian traffic and, in addi tion, jeep introduction of new plants from all over train tours, conducted by trained guides, the world has been carried on for ten are available on regular schedules week­ years and two new plants of particular ends and by appointment during the value for Southern California have been rest of the week. The trains are furnished introduced this year. Several more are and maintained by California Arbore­ ready for dissemination and will be in­ tum Foundation as part of its service for troduced shortly. The large collections the Arboretum. of Ettcalyptus, Acacia, Callistemon and Education is one of the two main other bottle brush groups, Eryth1-ina and functions of an Arboretum. Our pro­ South African bulbs will provide a rich gram, started in 1956, is expanding in a source of material for plant breeders and phenomenal manner. This expansion is for critical taxonomic studies of many entirely due to the tremendous demand genera of plants. by the public for classes in Home Land- Forest and brush fires do tremendous [226] OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 227 damage each year in So u them California. The National Horticultural Magazine) A .\Ayogram in cooperation with County Volume 35, Page 35, J anuary 1956. and '"State forest services is under way A "first" of major importance was aimed at locating and testing plants with achieved at the Arboretum on May 24th a high degree of fire resistance for use in when four Demonstration Home Gar­ replanting burned over areas. To date dens were opened to the public. These the ge nus Gistus appears to offer several gardens, sponsored jointly by California promising species. Other genera are also Arboretum Foundation and Sunset Mag­ being tested. azine, were designed and built to help Addition of a plant pathologist and home owners discover the wonderful an entomologist will give impetus to re­ world of living in and with their gardens search in these fields. One of the fir t in Southern California. The words pathological problems to be studied 'w ill HOME and DEi\IONSTRATION are be the root fungus which is ravaging keys to how and why the gardens were the fine old Coast Live Oak, so much a designed and built. First, they were part of our native landscape. 'iIVork is planned for the homes of real people. also being carried on with pla nt hor­ Second, they were designed to demon­ mones. strate h ow to use hundreds of new and In Sou thern California considerable old building materials, as well . as new differences in maximum-minimum tem­ plant introductions and old plants in peratures are not uncommon within very new settings. These gardens are a demon­ short distances. To improve LASCA's sO-ation of many ideas rather than a tes ting and introduction program several single approach to garden layout and test stations in areas of different climatic design. They are planned for flexibility. conditions are planned. The first of these, Furnishings and plants will be changed located on the i\Iojave Desert in the by the season; structures may be altered, Antelope Valley near Palmdale "vas remodeled, rebuilt-to tryout new ideas placed in operation a year ago. It has and new materials. These gardens are proven highly successful and a second proving tremendously popul~r. tes t station on the ocean n ear Playa del Ten years ago, a small group of civic­ Rey is planned to go into operation minded people had an idea that they later this year. In addition, the Lux felt would improve and benefit Southern Arboretum in Monrovia, which h as been California and Los Angeles County in a part of the Arboretum for several years, particular. The Los Angeles State and provides a completely frost-free test area. County Arboretum is the realization of On July 1, 1958, the Department of that idea, and illustrates in the finest Arboreta & Botanical Gardens ass umed way how local government and private administration of the beautiful Descanso capital and energy can work together Gardens in La Canada, California. See, for the benefit of the whole community. 228 THE NA TIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

R.OBERT L. TA YLQR

A typical single sasanqua Sasanqua Camellias, Their Introduction, Culture, and Use

FRANCIS DE Vos*

The first time I saw sasanqua camellias brings out an association of sasanquas growing was seven years ago at the with C. sinensis (the commercial source United States National Arboretum, of tea) that could account for the wide­ Washington, D. C. They had just fin­ spread occurrence of this species in the ished blooming, but their ever-attractive coastal areas of China: "The petals of glossy foliage caught my eye and aroused this plant called by the Chinese Cha­ my curiosity. The next autumn, after Whaw or Flower of Tea, from their re­ reading the camellia literature, talking semblance to each other, and likewise with camellia enthusiasts, and seeing the flowers of the Arabian Jasmine, are sasanquas in flower, I was convinced that sometimes mixed among the teas in order this long-neglected species deserved wider to increase their flavor. The Camellia use in our gardens. The copious litera­ sasanqua, which grows upon the tops and ture on sasanquas during the past five sides of mountains, is assiduously culti­ years indicates that many others felt as vated. It bears a nut from which is ex­ I did. The following account of their pressed an edible oil equal to the best introduction, culture, and use is intended imported from Florence." to encourage gardeners to plant them in It is not altogether clear when the first areas where they will grow. sasanqua reached the Western World. In the early 1600's the Dutch East India Company had an outpost in Nagasaki on THE INTRODUCTION OF the Island of Kyushu, where C. sasanqua SASANQUAS is indigenous, but there is no record that Although it is said that Camellia sa­ it attempted to establish this species in sanqua is found in the wild state on the western Europe at this date. It is strange, mainland of China, on the Islands of also, that Phillipp Franz von Siebold, Formosa and Hainan, and in the foot­ who was intensely interested in plants hills of the Himalayas in Indo-China, and who served in Japan from 1823 to there is some doubt as to whether the 1829, with the Dutch East India Com­ species is indigenous to those areas. It pany, did not introduce this species. Al­ is known that many plants native to though he later established a nursery in Japan, including some azaleas, had an Leyden, Holland, which contained many interim home in China before being in­ Chinese and Japanese plants, including troduced into western Europe. Buddhist the still popular Tricolor and Donckelari monks and others traveling between the varieties of Camellia japonica, there is two countries well could have introduced no record of his having introduced any the sasanqua into China at a very early sasanquas. date. The following note by Sir George The most widely cited account of the Stanton in An Historical Account of the introduction of sasanquas appears in Embassy to China, published in 1797, a paper by 'N'illiam Beattie Booth (see reference at end of this article) in which -Francis de Vas is a horticulturist by profession and assistant director, United States National Arbore­ he said of C. sasanqua, "Introduced in tum, Washington, D. C. The Sasanqua camellIas are 1811 by the Honorable Court of Direc- one of his several special interests. r229] 230 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ROBERT L. TAYLOR

Showa- N o-Sakae Camellia sasanqua clones: Velvety Dainty Bess OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 231 tors of the East India Company in the that nobody knew where plants could be Cuffnels by Captain vVellbank from Ja­ found in the wild. He later learned that pan." Booth apparently took his infor­ these camellias belonged to the Chinese mation from H01'/US Kewe·nsis. species C. hiemalis and were imported J. R. Sealy concluded from his studies, to Japan abou t 1925. however, that the true C. sasanqua of The "Kan-Tsubaki" group of camellias Thunberg was not introduced into con­ has many of the characteristics that one tinental . Europe until 1869 and into might expect in a hybrid arising from England' until 1879, and that the earlier a cross between Camellia japonica and introdU(;tions were of the species C. mali­ Camellia sasanqua. Shishi-Gashira, the flam apd C. oleileTa. most widely grown variety, begi ns bloom­ In picking up the sasanqua's trail in ing in mid-November after most sasan­ the United States, I found the fir t men­ quas have finished flowering. The flow­ tion of a sasanqua in the 1822 catalog ers have the substance and lasting quali­ publishe:d by William Prince of the Lin­ ties characteristic of japonica varieties, naean ~,otanic Garden in Flushing, and its flower buds can withstand tem­ Long Island, New York. He listed a tea­ peratures below eighteen degrees Fahren­ leaved sasanqua caIled Lady Bank.' An­ heit (the critical temperature for sasan­ other listing appeared in the 1827 cata­ qua flower buds) and still produce good­ log of Joshua Pierce, ""ho had a nursery qual~ty flowers . It is also interesting to at Linnaean Hill: Rock Creek, near note tliat Camellia hiemalis is a tetra­ Washington, D. C. n Sealy's conclusions ploid, which is the chromosome situation are correct it is more likely that these that one would expect from a cross be­ early "sasanguas" in this country also tween the diploid C. japol1ica and the were C. maliflom, which was introduced hexaploid C. sasanqua. into England in 1816 and was recorded Currently, and probably for many as flowerin~ under glass in Boston and years to come, the varieties of C. hiemalis Philadelphia in 1835. There are no will be offered in the trade as varieties records of sasanguas being imported of C. sasanqua. Of the following varieties directly to this country from the Orient listed in Camellia N omenclatuTe pub­ before the 1900's. lished by the Sou them California Camel­ The sasanquas found in American lia Society, only two, Shishi-Gashira nurseries and gardens today were l~rgely (syn. Beni-Kan-Tsubaki) and Showa-No­ imported directly from Japan or \ aised Sakae (syn. Usubeni), are widely avail­ from seed received from Japan q.y such able: well-known camellia men and firms as E. A. :McIlhenny, Toichi Domoto, Tsu­ Beni-Suzume (syn. Linnet) - Deep kasa Kiyono, and Kosaku Sawada and the pink shaded white, small, double. Coolidge Rare Plant Gardens. Some of Bill Wylam-Deep rose, large, semi­ our ea;lier varieties, such as Rosea, prob­ double with fluted petals. ably came from Europe, and more re­ Bonsai Baby-Deep red, small to rose ~ently W . E. Wylam of the Huntington form double. Botanical Gardens, San Marino, Cali­ fornia, imported a few from Australia. Chiri-Tsubaki (syn. Pink Shishi-Gas­ hira) , ligh t pink, double. Christmas Candles-Bright red, large THE WINTER FLOWERING semi-double. "SASANQUAS" Elfin Rose-Rose pink, azalea form, It was while visiting the principal double. camellia nurseries around the cities of Kobe, Osaka, and Kyoto, Japan, in J an­ Gigantea-Red, large, single. uary, 1955, that Eikichi Satomi, Director Jaune (syn. Fortune's Yellow Camel­ of the Japanese Camellia Society, first lia) -White with large center of became aware of the winter-flowering yellow petaloids and. a few stamens "sasanquas." He learned from the local of darker yellow, medium anemone nurserymen that these win ter-blooming form. "sasanquas" were grouped together un­ der the name "Kan-Tsubaki," that only Kan-Tsubaki--Crimson pink, medium, garden varieties were to be found, and semi-double. 232 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZ1NE

Camellia sasanqua 'Rosy Mist,' large pink) single (above) shrub)" (below) close-up view of the {lawen OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 1 233

Camellia sasanqu,a 'Mine-No-Yuki,' large white) peony form flower: (above) shrub; (below) flowers 234 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Camellia sasanqua 'Jean May,' shell pink) laTge ) double {lo wen

Camellia sasanqna 'Choji-Guruma,' anemone fonn {low eT) so lfeTino pUTple OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 235

Kara-Gorol110--Deep pink, very small, Camellia N omenclatt~1"e as being assign­ semi-dou ble. able to the Vernalis group: Meoto-Zaki-Pink, touched and edged Dawn (syns. Gin-Ryu, Gin-Ryo)­ white, medium, semi-double with Whi te, sometimes suffused pink, curled p etals, producing two flow ers semi-double. in each bud. Hiryu (syn. Hiryo) - Deep crimson Sandan-Ka-Deep pink, tiered double. red, rose form, double. Sandan-Zaki-Rose, medium, semi­ Hiryu-Nishiki (syn. Hiryo-Nishiki) double with three flowers sometimes -Crimson splashed white, rose produced from a single bud. form, dou ble. Shishi-Gashira (sy n. Beni-Kan-Tsu­ Hoshi-Hiryu-Sport of Hiryu, crim­ b aki) -Red, medium, semi-double son, dotted white. to double. Kamakura - Shibori - R ed, shaded Showa-No-Sakae (syn. Usubeni) -Soft ·w hite, small, single. pink, occasionally marbled white, Kyo-Nishiki - White, striped pink, medium large, semi-double to rose single. form double. Showa-Supreme - Soft pink, large peony form. LANDSCAPE MERITS Winsome-'itVhite edged pink, semi­ Although sasanquas have been in cul­ double to anemone form. tivation in this country for over 50 years, it is only in the last ten years that they have emerged from the s ~adow . of OTHER SASANQUA-LIKE their illustrious cousin, C. Jap'omca. CAMELLIAS Some of the reasons for this long period In addition to the "Kan-Tsubaki" of obscurity are, paradoxically, the same group there is another group of varieties as those for which they are acclaimed to­ that are often sold as sasanquas but h ave day, namely, single flow ers, early flower­ in recent years been ass igned to a group ing, and open growth habit. known as Vernalis. Double and semi-double camellia fl ow­ ers have long been favored by the public Dawn, the most widely grown variety over single-flowered types. Since most in the Vernalis group, was imported sasanqua blooms ar~ single, they w~re from J apan by the Alvin Nursery Com­ passed over along WIth many of the sm­ pany, Alvin, Texas, in 1909, and first gle-flowered japonicas. In recent years, distributed by K. Sawada of Overlook however, gardeners h ave come to. a Nurseries, Mobile, Alabama. It has been greater appreciation of the fact that Slln­ fr ~ quently stated that this variety is . a plicity is an a ttribute of beauty. hybrid between C. sasanqua and C. Ja­ Camellia shows h ave had much to do ponica, but this has b e~ n dispro~ed by the evidence that Dawn IS a dIplOId a nd with popularizing camellias .. . Sin.ce c.a­ not a tetraploid as would be expected mellia enthusiasts enjoy partIClp atmg m from such a cross. these shows, and since sasanquas bloomed too early to be included, they Although D awn is often cited as being were little planted. D.espite .this h andi­ particula;ly cold-resistant, it has been cap, they h ave become m creasmgly pop.u­ disappointing· in its performance at t~e lar. No other woody plant grown m National Arboretum. The flowers begm temperate regions can ma~ch the lat.e­ opening in the W ashington, D. c., area ness and showiness of theIr floral dIS­ during late December and J anu ary, play, which s t ~rts in late September and when there is virtually no chance of a continues until severe fros ts cu t them sufficiently long frost-free period du~in.g cl own, usually in late November in the which their flowers can develop. ThIS IS Washington, D. c., area. sad indeed, for from Norfolk, Virginia, The loose open growth h abit of. many southward alono- the east coast, and else­ s~sa nqu a varieties was long consIdered where that ca~ellias are grown, this is ofte of their main drawbacks as a garden one of the real gems in camellia col­ plant. Along with a greater appreciation lections. fot' single flowers has come an awareness The following varieties are listed in that the long slender branches clothed 236 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Forms of Camellia sasanqua and C. hiemalis foliage

Top: 'Hiodoshi,' vaTiegated; Bottom) fTOm left: 'Pink Dauphin,' 'Willow Leaf,' 'Shishi-Gashira,' and 'Daydream' OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUNIBER -1 237

in glossy dark-green foliage add an artis­ sasanquas can be adapted to colder re­ tic touch to the garden that cannot be gions if given some protection. The obtained with most japonica varieties or principal barrier to their successful cul­ with many other plants. There are also ture from Washington, D. C., northward, compact and low-spreading types among in areas where they would be bush· the 200 or more varieties of this versatile hardy, is the slower rate of bud develop­ species reported to be in the nursery ment. Since high temperatures are trade. The excellent evergreen foliage of necessary for bud development and early the varieties Willow Leaf and Hugh flowering, plants in cooler regions would Evans makes good background for flow­ not flower in time to escape freezing ering deciduous shrubs. The varieties temperatures. The flowering time for Cleopatra, Rosea, Narumi-Gata, and any particular variety becomes progres­ Tanya can be made into outstanding sively later the farther north it is grown. hedges. Almost all varieties can be effec­ A case in point concerns the outstanding tively espaliered. There is much varia­ double white variety Mine-No-Yuki tion in the foliage. which is highly satisfactory every year from Norfolk, Virginia, southward, but HARDINESS AND RANGE OF has had only one good year in seven at USEFULNESS the National Arboretum. Contrary to popular belief, C. sasan­ qua is no more and perhaps is even less CULTURE cold-hardy than C. japonica. Where Sasanquas are easy to grow. Their ease limited numbers of varieties of the two of culture is somewhat reflected in species have been grown together in the fact that hundreds of thousands are areas that usually experience five degrees used each year as grafting understock for above zero and sometimes lower winter japonica varieties. The vigorous, com­ temperatures, the japonicas have in­ pact root systems of sasanquas assure variably stood up better. Moderate to successful transplanting and rapid re­ severe foliage burning in addition to establishment. They are commonly be­ some killing back of late growth was lieved to be more tolerant of poor noted in the sasanqua collection at the drainage than japonica stocks. Although National Arboretum after a severe cold bare-rooted one- and two-year-old plants spell during the winter of 1957-58. Dur­ can be re-established, best results have ing this cold snap, temperatures stayed been obtained with canned or balled between four and twelve degrees for two stock. days, and there were almost constant The basic cultural requirements for winds of 25 to 40 miles per hour. J apon­ sasanquas are a well-drained acid soil ica camellias growing in the same vicin­ fairly high in organic matter and a sur­ ity came through with little or no injury. face mulch of such organic material as There is, however, a marked difference pine needles or leaves. The "filtered in the bud-hardiness of the two species. light" beneath high-trimmed pines seems Observations at the National Arboretum to be best, in that ample light pene­ on a number of sasanqua varieties re­ trates through for good flower-bud pro­ vealed that temperatures below eighteen duction while sufficient shade is provided degrees so severely damaged unopened during the winter to prevent leaf burn­ buds that they failed to open, or if they ing. The sasanqua can be grown, how­ did open the flowers were of very poor ever, in a variety of light situations from quality. Most C. japonica varieties in full sun, where it develops its maximum bud will withstand temperatures of at compactness and greatest flower produc­ least ten degrees without serious impair­ tion, to full shade, where it is sparse ment of flower quality. flowering and usually open in habit. The present range of usefulness of Camellias are generally planted during sasanquas for their flowering effect ex­ late fall and winter in the South. For tends along the Pacific Coast from South­ colder regions spring planting seems ern California to Washington State, to be best as it enables the plant to throughout the South, and along the become well established before cold Eastern Seaboard to Washington, D. C. weather sets in. The most important Scattered, small, but successful, plant­ thing to keep in mind about the actual ings outside this range indicate that planting operation is that plants should 238 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ROBERT L. TAYLOR

Camellia sasanqua 'Papaver' OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUiVIBER 4 239

ROBERT L. TAYLOR

Camellia sasanqua 'White Butterfly' and 'Orchid' 240 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE not be set any deeper than the level at * Jean 'May-Shell pink, large, double. which they were previously grown. Deep *Ko-Gyoku (syn. Little Gem) -Pink planting is one of the major causes of bud opening pinkish white, medi­ camellia failures following transplanting. um, rose form, double. How much fertilizer to use on camel­ lVline·No·Yuki - White, large peony lias depends to a great extent on the form. level of nutrients in the soil and the *Miss Auburn - Small, single, white physical condition of the natural sur· center with pink margin. rounding soil mass. The well-drained *Narumi-Gata (syn. Oleifera, but not sandy loams at the Norfolk Municipal the species C. oleifera) - White Gardens in Norfolk, Virginia, although shaded pink, large cupped, single. low in nutrients, grow excellent camel­ *Orchid - Lavender-pink, large, single lias year after year without fertilizing. with cluster of stamens in center. Since most gardeners do not have such *Papaver (syn. Rosea Papaver) - Soft soils, one application of cottonseed meal pink, large, bell-shaped, single. at the rate of 15 pounds per 1000 square *Pink Snow-Light pink with lavender feet (8 to 10 ounces per plant), or a trace, large, semi-double. commercial azalea-camellia fertilizer, ap­ *Rosea-Deep rose-pink, medium, large plied as directed, just prior to new single. shoot growth in the spring should suffice. *Rosy Mist (syn. Rosea Magnifica)­ Pink, large, single. PROPAGATION Setsugekka-White, large, s_emi-double. Although sasanquas can be propa­ *Shishi-Gashira (C . hiernalis var.) - gated from cuttings taken at any time Red, medium, semi-double. after the new growth has become slightly *Showa-No-Sakae (C. hiernalis var.) hardened, best results have been ob­ (syn. Usubeni) -Soft pink, occa­ tained in the Washington, D. C., area sionally marbled white, medium with cuttings taken from late July large, semi-double to rose-form through September. Cuttings treated double. with root-inducing powders will root *Splendor (syn. Rosea Grandiflora) - within six to eight weeks. Delicate pink with darker pink to­ TROUBLES ward edge, very large, semi-double. Tanya-Deep rose-pink, single. The sasanqua is virtually a trouble­ *White Glory-White, large single with free shrub. Infestations of scale mites ruffled petals. and aphids are usually light and' can b~ *'tVillow Leaf-White margined pink, controlled by spraying with dormant medium, single. miscible oils and malathion. Yae-Arare-White edged pink, large RECOMMENDED VARIETIES single. Although 200 or more sasanqua, or sasanqua-like, varieties are offered by the FURTHER READING nursery trade, only a small number con­ For the reader who desires further informa tion sistently appears on the recommended on sasanqua camellias, the following books and lists of growers and collectors. The fol­ article& are recommended_ lowing varieties are among the most Booth, William Beattie- " History and Descrip· tion of the Species of Camellia and Thea," popular. at pr~sent and they are gener. and "The Varieties of Camellia japonica That ally avaIlable 111 the trade. The asterisk Have Been Imported from China," Trans, indicates sufficient trials in Washington, Hart_ Soc. of London .. Vol. VII, pp. 519·562, D. C., at the National Arboretum to war. Pl. 14, 1830. rant recommenda tion for comparable Camellia Nomencla t u?-e- -Sixth Revised Edition, The Southern California Camellia Society, climatic areas. 1958. *Cleopatra-Rose pink, semi-double, de Vas, Francis-"Sasanqua Camellias, Autumn compact upright growth. Treasures," Plants & Gm-dens, New Series, Vol. '~Crimson Tide-Red, single with ruf­ 12, No.3, 1956. Hume, H. H.- Ca mellias in Ame,-ica., Revised fled petals. edition, ]. Horace McFarland Company, 1955. Dawn (C. vernalis var.) -White, some­ Sealy, J. R.-"Species of Camellia in Cultiva­ times suffused pink, semi-double. tion," lOUT. RO)Ial Hart. Soc., Vol. 62, No.8, *Hiodoshi-Crimson splashed and mar­ pp. 347-369, August 1937. The Ca mellia R eview-"Sa sanqua Issue," Vol. bled white, large, single. 16, No.8, July, 1955 . Rare Conifers of 11exico

Eric 'Nalther*

Another flying trip was recently un­ 8,000 feet elevation. Maximum height dertaken by the writer to Old Mexico, usually does not exceed 40 feet or so. mainly in search of further knowledge In Eng~and this sp~cies is hardy only in o! Echevena, a genus of about 150 spe­ the mIlder countIes. In California CIes of succulents, natives of Mexico and while hardy, it should not be exposed t~ our Southwest, whose rosettes of leaves such cu tting winds as are often found are usually beautifully colored and vel­ along the seacoast in summer. The vety. Numerous other plants seen by me gracefully drooping needles are borne in made m?re or less lasting impressions. clusters of three, four, or five, and are UnquestIOnably the various conifers striking for they may become as much as were notable. In Mexico City itself one foot long or more. The IVlontezuma ChapuJtepec Park was revisited, and its extensive plantations of the Montezuma or Rough-barked Mexican Pine (Pinus Cypress (Taxodiwn mucT017atum) ad­ montezumae) is found at somewhat mired. Some o~ these trees were planted higher levels than P. patula. It differs b~fore ~h.e Spamsh Conquest. On a pre­ in its darker green foliage which is some­ VIOUS VISIt to Oaxaca we had stopped at what less drooping than that of P. patu­ Santa Maria del Tule, where grows the la, and usually rather shorter. Its nee­ largest tree of this species. We had, dles number three to eight, mostly five, however, to discount severely the stories in each cluster. This species is somewhat of its great age, as well as the repu ted hardier than P. patula, both in Califor· visit to it by Alexander von Humboldt, nia and in Europe, and less susceptible who never got as far as Oaxaca. This to wind-burn. old tree is now receiving some care and At still higher elevations is found the should survive for a long time to come. Aztec or Twisted-leaved Pine (Pinus In the lower hills surrounding the teocate) growing in the mountains near Valley of Mexico is the native home of the Zempoala Lakes, where we went to ~he Mexican Cypress (Cupl'essus lusitan­ re-collect EcheveTia cTassicaulis, and also zca) nowadays planted widely both here found Gentiana spathacea both in flower and elsewhere throughout the 'Norld. and seed. Our companion on this trip The. specific name appears rather mis­ was Sr. E. Matuda, to whom we are in­ leadmg, for this is not native to the debted for accurate determinations of Iberian Peninsula, nor is it from India the pine species involved. Just below this as its other common name, "Cedar of pine-belt we saw some specimens of one Goa," might imply. C. lttsitanica has an Mexican species of C [etl~m, presumably extensive range in Mexico. It varies in C. mexicana, which should be tried in form rather widely which accounts for California, at least because of its highly the numer0l!S synonyms, as C. lindleyi, ornamental foliage. The leaves may reach C. ~enthamz, and others. The largest a length of ten inches and are finely vel­ speCImen seen grevl,l at Villa Obregon. vety and undulate - margined. They Here in California this cypress is grown would make this an attractive ornamen­ to sor,?e extent, but does not appear to tal even if its flowers were not so highly be reSIstant to the serious fungus disease, fragrant. Seeds should prove practicable Coryneum cardinale. to obtain. A new toll-road, built recent­ More success seems to attend the culti­ ly, makes access easy. vation of the various Mexican Pines, not On another excursion to rather high only in California, but in Europe as elevations on Popocatepetl and Ixtacci­ well. Most striking of these is the Jele­ huatl, the two dormant volcanoes that cote or Spreading-leaved Pine (Pinus dominate the skyline southeast of Mexi­ patula). The tree seen grew on the Ser­ co City, we met with the Timberline rania de Ajusco, near Eslava, at about Mon t~zuma Pine (Pinus hartwegii) sometImes regarded as a variety of Pinus - Resea rch Associale, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. montezumae. It forms the tree-line at [241 ] 242 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ERIC WALTHER

Taxodium mucronatum zn Chapultepec Park) Nlexico City OCTOBER 1958, VOLUi\IE 37, NUMBER '1 243

ERIC WALTHER

Pinus patula 244 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

W . H. HODGE

EI Tule, a magnificent Montezuma Bald Cypress tree located at Santa Maria del Tule, nea?" Oaxaca, in southern Mexico within a chtl1"chyard where it has escaped the effects of vandalism that mar so many of the unpmtected and defense­ less of our natural wonders. An ever increasing number of tourists from the United States and fTOm f01"eign lands visit this tree, one of Nature's marvels and a most interesting specimen of tree gTOwth that has endured thTOugh the centuries. See page 246 for exposed tl"unk section.

about 13,000 feet. It occurs on rock­ for the first time in our travels. outcrops in an extensive grassland com­ On a previous visit to this part of posed of tall tussock-grasses which are Mexico we were struck with the beauty one of the few things that can live on the of an evergreen shrub or small tree first volcanic ash that covers the upper levels. seen in flower only, near Encarnacion in Lupinus elegans, Penstemon campanu­ Hidalgo. There was no seed, but at least latus, and Senecio calcarius are a few of we recognized it as a species of the fam­ the plants that share this extraordinary ily Theaceae. It turned out to be the habitat. On the rocks outcropping from little-known Ternstroemia sylvatica of a these ash-slopes we also found Echeveria genus otherwise known in cultivation pumila to be native. We thereby estab­ only on the basis of the Japanese Tern­ lished it at a definite Mexican locality stroemia (1'. japonica) . In the latter the OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 245

Cupressus lusitanica) the Mexican cypress) in the lower hills surrounding the Valley of Mexico 246 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ERIC WALTHER

Taxodium mUCTOnat1l7n. A close-up view of the exposed trunk of El Tule. See Page 244.

flowers are too small to be ornamental demonstrate the suitability of this spe­ and the value of the plant resides in the cies for at least California gardens. foliage, often strikingly green turning Another field trip, arranged by mem­ .red. In the Mexican species the flowers bers of the newly organized Mexican may be as much as one inch in diameter, Cactus & Succulent Society, took us to with pure white petals and a tuft of the Sierra de Pachuca. Here at Omit­ golden stamens in the center. The flow­ lan, the Mexican "White Pine (Pinus ers are deliciously fragran t, scenting the a)'acahuite) was seen. It has the typical air for a long distance. At a later date five needles and a deciduous sheath. we found this in fruit near Tenancingo, This species has done well in cultiva­ and the resultant plants have now been tion, not only in California but also in grown in local gardens in California for England where in the Wisley Gardens some years. Here the flowers do not of the Royal HO'fticultural Society we seem to expand as they do in Mexico, recently saw a fine young specimen bear­ but still are just as fragrant. Seed has ing an abundance of cones. Near Omit­ been borne locally, and cu ttings can be lan, at Hda. del Carmen, a definite na­ rooted, so that wider trials of T. syl­ tive locale was finally established for the vatica are practicable. We know of fine commonly culti va ted EcheveTia elegans, specimens in Sou them California that previously known only from cultivation. A Book or Two

Maples Cultivated In the United States 2. Botanical Classification and Cullivars and Canada. Alfred Rehder's arrangement in his Bibliocr­ Brian O. Mulligan. .'\merican A sociation of mphy Of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs (Arnold Botanical Gardens and Arboretums. (Available Arboretum, Mass., 1949) has been taken as the mo t modern on the genus. In it, Acer is di­ from Secretary C. Fenninger, Box 216, "V. vided into two Section , Acer and Necrundo the Lima, Penn ylvania.) 1958. 56 pages. Illus­ latter containing only A. neuundo, the El­ trated . . 2.00. (Library). Bo~ der, and A. cissifolium from Japan. Section Acer The American Association of Botanical Gar­ IS ubdivided into thirteen Series, of which the dens & Arborewms has been responsible for largest .(in cultivation) are SjJicata (13 species) , two previou publications on cultivated plant of conta1l1111 g the large-leaved Oregon maple, the a single genus: Lilacs for Ame'rica (Apri l 1942; s),ca more maple, A. ginna/a, A. stJicatum and rev. Oct. 1953), and Crab APtJles for A mel'ica others: and ,1'[acrantha, whose thirteen repre­ (July 1943; re:'. Sept. 1955), although the for­ sentauves are all Asiatic in origin and comprise mer was publtshed by the Arthur Hoyt Scott some of the most elegant and charming small Horticultural Foundation of Swarthmore, Penn­ trees for our gardens; amoncrst them are A. sylvania, and not by the Association. davidii, A. pensy/vanicllm, A . orufinenJe and A. The late t addition to this series i Maples tegmentosum; three of these four grow success­ Cultivated in the United States and Canada. fully at the Arnold Arboretum, near Boston. Based on information collected from twenty­ Of the other eleven Series, Platanoidea, named four of the major botanical gardens and arbo­ for and including the well-known Norway retums i~ the U. S. A. and Canada, its prime maple, is n.ext in number of species, having eight purpose IS to show what species, varieties and 111 cultivatIOn; then follows Pa/mata, with six, other subdivisions of maples, in the genus Acer, all from eastern Asia, excepting the Vine maple as 11'<;11 as hybrids, are now being grown there, [rom western north America; Campestria, Sac­ and Just where each can be seen. Since maples Cha1'ina and Trifo/£ata have fiv e each. Three have not yet, like the lilacs, crab apples, a nd Series, Glabm (A . glab1'um) , lntegritolia (A. some other well·known groups of garden plants, oblongum) , and Indivisa (A. car1Jinifolium) each produced a vast number of cultivars, there ha show only one species. been no necess ity to grade these for quality, as was done in the earlier examples. Characters are provided by which these various The twenty-four institutions represented in· Series may be distinguished. The numbers cultivated are: clude, in Canada, those at Montreal; Hamilton, Ontario; Ottawa, and Vancouver, British Colum· Species 68 bia; in the United States, the Arnold Arbore­ Sub·species or varieties 37 tum; . Cornell; Brooklyn and New York; the Forms or cultivars 160 Morns Arboretum, Philadelphia, the U. S. H ybrids 7 National Arboretum; the Morton Arboretum, T ota l -2""70";2::---- Lisle, Illinois; the Botanical Garden' In forms and cultivars A. palma tum is, of the Los Angeles State and County Arboretu~ course, preeminent, with no less than 65; the at Arcadia; the Strybing Arboretum in Golden University of "Vashington Arboretum has a col­ Gate Park, San Francisco, and three others also lection of 50, imported from Japan, 1940-41. in California; the Finch Arboretum at Spokane, The only other species with any large number W'ashington, and that of the University of Wash­ are the Norway maple, having twenty· four re­ ington at Seattle. corded, the sil ver maple (A. sacchm'inum) with Among the contents of the new work are thirteen, and the syca more maple (A. pseudo- sections on: 1J[atanus) with twelve. 1. Geographical Distribution A separate alphabetical list of thirty cultivars This shows that maples are found throughout indicates the species to which each is related. almost the whole of the northern hemisphere, Of the 105 species, sub-s pecies or varieties, except in desert regions, as far north as so u thern twenty-nine, or nearly 28 per cent, are only to Canada, southern Scandinavia, Siberia and Man· be found at one institution. In addition, a churia; southwards they extend as far as Mexico number of cultivars, especially of A. pa/matum, and Guatemala in North America; in North are in the sa me category, so that there is need Africa from Morocco to Tunis; and in Asia, by for much propagation and distribution in the far the richest continent in maples, through future. Siam and Indo·China to the Philippine Islands, 3. H ybrid Maples Java, Sumatra and Celebes. Species from the Of the seven found in cultivation, four are of Himalaya n foothills and south-west China can nursery or garden origin in Europe (A. dieckii, be grown outdoors in San Franci co as well as A. du.rettii. A. zoeschense, and a nameless hy­ in the Los Angeles area, but are not or scarc<"i)' brid between the Tapane eA. miyabei and Eu­ hardy in Seattle or around W'ashington, D. C . . ropean H edge maple, A. camjJ('slre) . Another is [247] Maples illustrated for this review are in the collection a t the University of "Vashington Ar­ boretum, Seattle_ (Campus Studios)

FloweTing bTanch, female t?-ee, Ace?- capillipes (toP); flowering bmnch, functionally female only, flowers green, AceT davidi (bottom)_ Next page: Male flowering branch, Acer tegmen­ tosum (toP); fruiting b?-anch, Acer sieboldianum (bottom)_ Leaf vaTiatio11S in the forms of Acer palma tum, the Japanese maple, are shown on the front cover, and the frontispiece is Acer cissifolium, male tree, flowers green, in st?-ict pendent raceme, about 4 inches long_ [248] OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 249

A. senecaensis, a natural hybrid from Rochester, New York, (A. leucodenne X A. saccharum); the other two are man-made, A. rubrum X A. sa.ccharintlm, at the National Arboretum, Wash­ ington, D. C., and A. davidii X A. 1'u{inerve, at the University of -Washington Arboretum, Seattle. In addition, a hybrid has been produced at the Department of Botany, University of Ver­ mont, using pollen of A. macrophyllum on the sugar maple, A . saccharum. A note on recorded chromosome counts amongst maples is added here. Of a total of twenty-eight species on which work has been done most are diploids, but three are triploid (A _ cQ.)·pinitoliu.m, A. pse11.do-platanus, and A. saccharinu.m (all of different Series), while one is octoploid (A. rubrum) _ 4. Maples for various Purposes (a) Large shade trees-50 feet or more. Nine species are suggested, including the Oregon, Norway, sugar and red maples. A warning is given against planting unless ample space is available. (b) Smaller Ornamental Maples-20 to 35 feet. Twenty-one species are named, amongst them the trident maple from Japan (A. buergerianum) , David's maple, the Paperbark maple (A. griseum) , Montpellier maple (A. monspessu.lanum) , Japanese maple (A. palma­ t·um) , and A. ru.finenJe from the same country. (c) Maples for Fall Color This list is subdivided by leaf color into five sections-red, red and yellow, orange, yellow, and orange-brown, and includes twen­ ty-six species, well indicating the great value of many maples for this conspicuous feature. 5. Propagation of Maples A comprehensive and detailed account follows on this essential part of maple cultivation, writ­ ten by tlae fonner propagator at Arnold Arbo­ retum, Roger Coggeshall. Increase by seeds is first covered, both under glass or ou tdoors; then by softwood cu ttings under mist and under plastic; both these latter methods are now being used more exten­ sively in commercial practice. The older nursery methods, by grafting and budding, are also fully described and their advantages. or disadvantages mentioned. A bibliography of twelve recenl items on the subject concludes this very prac­ tical article. 6. List of Cultivated Maples This occupies about two-fifths of the whole pllblicati(JD, commeHGing " wi~h A. acuminatum Wall. ex D. Don, and ending with the hybrid A. zocschense Pax. To those familiar with Crab Apples of Ame1'­ ica it will offer no difficulties in interpretation, and in some respects is simpler, lacking any let­ ters or figures to indicate size or color of flowers or fruits. Included, however, are the names of the botanists responsible for describing each species or l€sser category, with the date of pub­ lication, the country or region of origin, the common name, if any, and in as many instances as possible data on introduction to cultivation.

~-- 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Following these details are pairs of capital subject not only as a botanist, horticulturist, letters indicating at which institutions each plant historian, gardener, hybridizer, and so on, but is growing. has lived with it and for it all the time, no mat­ Bold face type is used for valid botanical ter how the battle raged (for it has raged on names in all categories, italics for synonyms, occasion) or whom the adversary, known or sus­ small capitals for cultivars. The last differs pected, might be! We can only say, in the phrase slightly from both the Crab Apple and Lilac that is sO' often used by English reviewers in the lists, where large capitals indicated accepted Literary Supplement of the London Times, "this names of standard horticultural varieties, but work will have to be taken into account by any yet makes cultivars quite distinct from botanical one who touches this field." species and varieties. "Vith the most painstaking care, Dr. Traub The following example will serve: (Acer) has examined all the botanical material in the cappadocicum Gleditsch (1785) (A. laetum taxonomic field and as a l-esult has taken the C. A. Mey. (183 1» old family groups apart and put them. together S. Russia to Himalaya. AA , ML, MS, l'vlT, again on the basis of his findings. He has as­ RO, US. sembled an herbarium on which to' sustain his Plants obtained from A. Lavallee, Segrez, points of view, has grown the materials in his France, by AA in 1878. own garden, and lived with the matter. One f. rubrum (Kirchn.) R ehd. (1922) BC, ML, could hardly ask for more. RO, UW This reviewer is not competent to pass any Intra. to England, 1846. opinion on the wisdom of the results, their ac­ The Japanese maple, Acer palmabum, has re­ curacy, and so on, and has no wish so to do. quired special treatment because of its unique There can be only admiration for the devotion and remarkable variation, especially in foliage and tireless work that has gone into the whole characters, and consequent problems in identi­ project. fication. Subdivision into three sections has been The parts of the book that come closest to the made: interests of the amateur gardener and garden (a) Botanical varieties and: forms. club member are as carefully done, and as com­ This is based on the arrangement in Rehder's plete. Whether or not one will agree with or Bibliog'-aphy of Cultivated Tl'ees and Shrubs even enjoy some of the inclusions, as for example (1949), with the addition of related cultivars the suggestions quoted from actual use, of sched­ under each variety, of which there are four; for ules for shows, mayor may not please anyone examples, under var. dissectum we find eight, beside the originators of the same. Certainly the under var. linearilobum only one. topics offered as ti ties for "artistic arrangements" (b) Lesser taxa, to include names of Latin on page 207 could bring a chuckle or two from form, such as 'Aureo-variegatum,' 'Filicifolium,' anyone in their senses! But doubtless there are and 'Involutum.' Here we have eight such those who have to have such crutches. names, with five sy nonyms referable to different Don't overlook Appendix B. That is the best va.ieties. part of Dr. Traub's work. (c) Japanese cu I ti vars B. Y. M. An alphabetical list of forty cultivars bearing names of Japanese origin, such as 'Aoyagi,' 'Harusame,' 'Murakomo,' and 'Sangokaku,' the Hawaiian FloweTS & Flowering Trees. coral bark maple. One exception in nomencla­ Loraine E. Kuck & Richard C. Tongg. Charles ture is 'Butterfly,' but the plant concerned was E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont and imported from Japan. Nine of the forty can be Tokyo, Japan. 1958. 158 pages. 140 color referred to various varieties of the species; two illustrations. $7.50. of them probably belong to 01 her species; 'Ayai­ The two authors, whose Modern Tropical Gar­ gasa' to A. sieboldianllm and 'Murasame' to A .. den has been invaluable to warm-country land­ shirasawanum. scape designers, have now produced a pretty 7. Bibliography little handbook with color paintings reproduced The book concludes with a bibliography of (by six-color offset lithography) on nearly every twenty-one items, arranged Chronologically, be­ page to serve as an identification guide to the ginning with Dr. E. V. Bretschneider's Histo,'y at ordinary plants in most tropical regions. Most European Botanica.l Discove"ies in China. (1898), of the subjects are commonly cultivated in Flor­ invaluable for date on introduction of maple ida and southern California as well as in Hono­ species to Europe, and ending with "New lulu. As the authors point out "The purpose of Chromosome Counts in Acer and Fraxinus," by this book is to answer the eternal question of J. W. Wright, published in the MOTris Arbo­ visitors to the tropics: 'What flower is that?'" retum Bulletin (May 1957). The book well serves this purpose. A number of photographs have been added to " Most everyone knows that every flower and this publication in order to make it more useful plant we see in Hawaii is a traveler or the as well as attractive. They include illustrations descendant of a traveler. Each kind must have of maple trees, of flowering branches, of leaves crossed at least two thousand miles of salt water and of fruits of various types. to get to the islands. For the Hawaiian chain B. 0. MULLIGAN has always been an island group, since it was formed. No land bridges ever existed to the The Amaryllis Manual. continents along which plants and animals could make their way." Hamilton P. Traub. The Macmillan Com­ The brief descriptive texts are uniformly good, pany, New York, 1958. 338 pages. Illustrated. although it is unfortunate that careles& editing $7.50. (Library). has left some gl a. ring mistakes. (Printed in Ja­ This volume presents what amounts to a life pan) . work from the author, who has approached his EowrN A. MENNINGER OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUJ'I'IBE R 4 251

Exotica. Pictorial Cyclopedia of I ndoor gen us, a ll of its varied forms of growth an.d Plants. blossoms were lumped under the one genenc name of iHesembTyanthemum. It seemed obvious Alfred Byrd Graf. R oehrs Company Book that some division of this genus m ust occur, but Departmen t, Rutherford, New J ersey. 1957. until careful study of living material co uld be 643 pages. 4,000 illustrations. $17 .50. mad"1 it was well-nigh impossible to be sure of This is basically, of course, an illustrated book dried specimens that bore no resemblance to of foliage and fl owering plants grown in green­ the plump a nd water-fllled living plants. Ob­ houses and in the homes as decorative material. viously, the best a uthorities for this work were T he illustrations, for the most pan, show the colleclors of these plants in their native Africa plants as a close up of the leaf or flower; in or persons having access to large private o.r some cases, the entire plant, or a suffic ient p ublic collection. Dr. Schwantes, of the UTI!­ amount to make it possible to identify. The versity of Kiel, fa lls in this latter class as hiS en7. liant to the point of gaudiness. La~pranthes 420 pages. Illustrated. $25.00. (Library). conspicu,us has almost flu orescent fuchSia flowers which reflect light to an exten t that they color The mid-day fl owers or Mesembryanthemaceae the surrounding rocks. . have always been a fascinating and baffi mg The above is only a lillIe of the mater.!al group of succulen ts. Until 1921 when N. E . covered in Dr. Schwan tes' book. There are 111- Brown of Kew first undertook to break up the teresting notes and accounts of collecting expedi- 252 THE NATIONAL HORTrCUL TURAL MAGAZlNE tions in southern Africa which help to round The Species Problem. out the picture of this varied desert region and its plants. Excellent photographs of numerous Edited by Ernst Mayr. The American Associa· species are found throughout the book and eight tion for Advancement of Science, Washington, color plates in addition show plants of particu­ D. C. , 1957. 395 pages. $8.75. lar interest. Most ga• .rdeners will be little concerned with To the amateur who has become particularly what criteria taxonomic botanists should use in interested in growing the very dwarf, compact delimiting a plant species and determining what members of the family, Dr. Schwantes' treatment i'ndividuals of a plant population fall within or of Lithops and Conophytums will be of consid­ withol'lt a particular species. The book is a sym­ erable interest and help in growing the more posium on this problem presented at the 1955 difficult species. meeting of the American Association for Ad­ Vera Higgins must be thanked for the excel­ vancement of Science. There are articles by lent job she has done in translating this book eight distinguished botanists, zoologists, paleon­ from German. Her own great knowledge of suc­ tologists, and physiologists, covering the species culents has been of immeasurable help it! this problem with regard to both plants and animals. work. My one regret was that no bibliography In general the discussion revolves around two was presented. A few references are found competing species concepts, the morphological throughout the text but it would be difficult to concept, i.e., degree of difference bas€d on form find them again after reading through the book. or anatomy, and the biological concept, i.e., reo A minor annoyance, but one that is common productive isolation of one group of plants from wheFe illustrations are referred to in the tex t, another and inability to hybridize. The bio­ is thC2 lack of a cross Feference to let the reader ' logical concept, of course, cannot be applied to know where the text can be found for a par­ plants that reproduce only or largely asexually. tiCldar figure. Some gardeners probably wonder about the Certainly for the ardent lover of succulents wide pattern of variation among plants given the this will be a fascinating book to read and refer same species name and the occasional inability to often, if only in the hope of obtaining some of some such plants to hybridize despite their of the unbelievable plants described. The book being in the same species. Other gardeners may is well printed and well illustrated, which makes wonder about the minute differences that fre­ thC2 high price understandable. quently lead taxonomic botanists to placing in F. W. COE different species plants that bave no observable differences of importance to a gardener. Both groups of gardeners will be interested in this book. They will come out with their own views as to whether either the morphological or the Flower Chronicles. biological concept is a panacea in classifying the complex plant communities that arise and dis­ Buckner Hollingsworth. Rutgers University appear over the years as evolution proceeds. Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1958. 302 They will, however, have some appreciation why pages. Illustrated. $5.00. absoluteness and finality in defining a species is The author has shown keen interest, under­ close to an impossibility in most instances. standing, and research in the recorded histories The studious gardener who finds this volume of plants as they relate to the history of man­ to his liking will probably be inspired to move kind, during the past several years. She has had up from the species level to the genus level and published many articles of her findings, experi­ read Plant Genem, Their Nature and Defini­ ence, and speculations. Five of her " plant his­ tion, a symposium conducted at Cornell Uni­ tories" have appeared in this Magazine: "Nastur­ versity and published in 1953 by the Chronica tiums," (Oct. 1952); "Iris," (April 1953); Botanica Company. " Peony," (April 1954) ; "Lily;' (April 1955) ; and FREDERIC P. LEE the "Saffron Crocus," which appeared in the last issue. "Prehistoric Flowers," appeared in the September 1952 issue of the Massachusetts Horti­ cult.ural Society'S H01'ticultu?'e; "Peony, the Food of Kings," in the March 1%4 issue of The Bulle­ tin at the Garden Club at Ame1'ica; and an Depth and Design in Flower article on the Lily in the July 1953 issue of The Arrangement. Home Ga1'den Magazine (Now incorporated with Flower' G1'ower). Emma Hodkinson Cyphers. Hearthside Press, The present book brings together these titles Inc., New York. 1958. 118 pages. Illustrated. and adds histories on the Rose, Tulip, Daisy, $3.95. (Library). Poppy, Cornflower, Primrose, Dahlia, Marigold, Emma Hodkinson Cyphers' latest addition to Pinks and Carnations, and Narcissus. Anotber the long list of books she has written on flower aJ;ticle on books and flowers give the overall arranging is an important addition to this kind sources and records the thdll of discovery. of " art." The last section of the Chronicle contains a The present title has many line drawings as fat bibliography of almost 200 works in the fields well as photographic engravings and will help of cookbooks, still room books, herbals and books the student to understand that elusive quality abo.ut herbals, pharmacy, medicine, archaeology, which can make or mar an arrangement. Here antlqll1ty, heraldry, plant hunters, and tbe like, is the key to the why and how to achieve which Mrs. Hollingsworth combed for her stories sculptural thickness and to emphasize the im­ -all of which s,h e tells in an exciting, invigor­ portance of space. The basis of good design pre­ ating, and factual manner, and a style of story­ sented in a new and pleasing manner. telling all her own. F. P.·K. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 253

Alodem Japanese Al·t of Flower by fifteen inches, and each has a covering sheet A n-angements. VI. with the subject painting in black and white and desC1~lptlons of the ma terial, container, etc. in Seika N ishizaka. H ana no-S hiori-S ha, Kobata EnglIsh and Japanese. Kyo to City, Japan. Distributed by Charles E: Tuttle Company, Rutla nd, Vermont &: Tokyo, J apan . 1956. $7.50. On Publishing Books Seika Nishizaka does a very beautiful job of expla1l1111g the purpose of the modern Japanese The . " book collec tor" and the curious, are often 1I1terested in how certain books come a rt of flower arrangements, and we let Miss aboH.t, the background of the authors, the Michikc: Nakata do the tranSlating: "Styles in publIshers, the fine art of book making (!), as 1I1du stnal and fine arts change with the times. well as the contents of the books. Many titles This is because they are the creation of the have arrIved on the market in the past few years people of those particular periods, and because hav1l1g sound texts as w:lI as being works of art, the cuuent of the times and the idea of the and have had the sa tlsfy1l1g Oriental influence of men who created them are reflected in the prod­ subject matter and manufacture. In the last uct, which, of co urse, is to be expected. I s ue of this Magazine, one such book was re­ "I t is only 25 years since we first published VIewed "The J apanese Art of Miniature Trees Hana, our monthly magazine devoted to flower and Landscapes," a nd the following behind-the­ arrangements, but during this period there have scene-account of ItS producer should be of in­ been considerable changes in floral art. With the terest. purpo e of recording the changes in the manner of flower arrangement for posterity and, at the The sw inging sig·n in front of the tall old red same tllne, of popularizing Japanese floral art bookshop on South Main Street in Rutland abroad, thereby contributing to the beauty and Vermo.nt, reads: "Charles E. Tuttle Company' plea m e in their daily lives, we first published EstablIshed 1832." Actually the Tuttle Com: our first volume of Modern Japanese A ,·t of pany's predilection for books and publishing Floml Arrangement in 1936. • • • Since then goes back much farther-to the famous Eliza­ fiv e volumes have already appeared, as much as bethian printer of the 16th century, Richard 70 per cent of these books having been exported. Tottel of London. T he important date in the Now, as I send forth this sixth volume, I am Tuttle saga, however, is 1832, when George Al­ at a loss to find fitting words to express my bert Tuttle (1816-1885) ,a yo ung man of sixteen, appreciation to the overseas lovers of floral started work as a printer in Vermont. Several art. • .. .. distinct Tuttle enterprises in Rutland today "From the time Japan was defeated in World trace theIr .hlstory back to the time George ·War II we lost our faith in age-old beliefs, our started pnnt1l1g ,a nd selhng books under his own very fo undations of thought were shaken, and imprint a few years later. George Albert Tuttle the tendency to depend more and more upon the was the first figure in what proved to be a West grew stronger. We went so far as to discard Vermont dynasty of printers, for his four sons our virtues and become enamored of ·Western and their so ns went into the printing and book­ civilization ...... selling business . . "The same has often been repeated in the George Tuttle's grandson, Charles E. Tuttle hIstory of Japanese art and is not a ca use fo r (1878-1943), spent five years in a mail order alarm. With the passage of time, I believe, what book house in Chicago, developing an interest is good has been absorbed and had a beneficial in old and rare books in the process. Returning effect on healthy developments, but the art of to Rutland, he added an antiquarian book de­ floral arrangements is yet in an aO"e of tra nsition partment to the numerous activities of the Tuttle and confusion, as it were, underg~ing the pangs Company, which then included everything from of bath. printing official state reports to selling wallpaper. . "Two conflicting trends are ever increasing Charles E. Tuttle, Jr., the present proprietor 111 then- WIde dIfference. One clings to the tra­ of the firm, has known and handled and sold dItIonal manner, and thinks of flower arrange­ books from before he can remember. H e ab­ ment as limited strictly to the use of plants . .... • sorbed book knowledge and book values with The other, to give full satisfaction to their crea­ his ABC's. Book selling on the road as a, youth, tive urge, break through traditions and restric­ and a Groton and Harvard education, increased tions . placed on floral art in making free use of his competence. Before the war he went into the dead trees, stones, iron, glass, plastics and all business as his father's partner. other possible materials .... ". No one, how­ At the end of the war, the younger Charles E. ~ver , should declare which is right and which Tuttle, then a Captain in the Army, found him­ IS wrong...... ''''e must, however, acknowledge self with the Civil Information and Education the fact that such new creations by progressive Section of General MacArthur's general head­ perso ns must have con tribu ted a freshness to quarters occupying Japan. Tuttle inevitably the tradition-bound conservation " .. .. and gravitated to the famous Kanda street of book­ proved to be an impetus to growth • .. "." shops-and with his specialized knowledge Without a friendly debate for a temporary quickly discovered treasure-trove almost beyond feeling of what progression or regression may imagination: fabulous old volumes long out of have been reached in the present volume, there print, vast stores of English, American, and are some splendid examples of what must have European books form the libraries of prewar satisfied the arrangers' "creative urges," and foreign residents and Japanese collectors. Some others, which must be examples of splendid were worthless; many were interesting curiosi­ creative urges. ties; others were priceless. It was a "find" such The book has eleven pages containing a as a book dealer might dream of for a lifetime short history of the movement; 24 painting by and never discover, and Tuttle immediately be­ Tatsushi HigUChi, nicely reproduced, about ten gan buyi ng. 254 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Soon he also began selling, first th rough a An Easy Guide to House Plants. concession in the big Takashimaya Department Store, then in the Army PX's, and in his own Arno and Irene Nehrling, Hearthside Press, stores in Kanda and Okinawa. Inc., New York, 1958, 100 pages. Illustrated. $2.95. (Library) , His early market was almost as fabulous as This is a handy and small book for the his first book-finds; Japan in the late forties and amateur grower of house plants-it will not sat­ early fifties was teeming with eager Americans, isfy the serious collector. military, dependents, and DAC's, thousands of them avid to learn about the strange and fasci­ There are chapters on desig'ning planters, nating country in which they found themselves. using potted plants for terraces, p lant require­ There was a tremendous need for books on ments, propagation, special purposes for plants, Japan, and Tuttle undertook to meet it. flowering bulbs and growing plants under arti­ ficial light-all most attractively illustrated with In addition to importing from the United drawings by Charlotte E. Bowden. There is also States every available title on Japan, Tuttle be­ one chapter of thirty pages on "A Dictionary of gan his own publishing program, which has Favorite H0use Plants" with names of and cul­ grown to include practically every aspect of tural directions for many of the better known Japanese culture-art, language, cookbooks, lit­ house plants. erature, manners and customs, games and sports, GRACE P . WILSON history, guidebooks, etc. The Tuttle firm now operates under the mot­ to "Books to Span the East and West" and is carrying on a flourishing two-way trade, export­ Complete Guide to HaTdy PeTennials. ing books on Japan and the Far East to America and importing into Japan, American books and Frances Perry, Charles T. Branford Company, magazines of every possible description. Newton Centre, Massachusetts. 1958. 288 pages. Illustrated. $5.75. (Library). The book is illustrated by such well known artists as the Australian flower painter Paul Jones, Pamela Freeman, and Dorothy Fitchew. Flowen Native to the Deep South. The book makes a worthy addition to the gar­ Caroline Dorman. Publishing agent: Claitor's den book shelf, Here is a comprehensive listing, Book Store, 241 North Street, Baton Rouge 2, arranged under species headings, with height, Louisiana. 1958. 176 pages. Illustrated. In growth span and time of f1owerino-, and details color and black and white. $7.50. of cultivation for the plant described together This very definitely and as the author says, is with historical information and the lore with a book written and planned for the amateur. Its which they are associated. text is a model of lucidity and brevity. The It may come as a shock to some American few technical terms are defined simply and many gardeners to find many of the subjects listed for are further clarified by the drawings in the early border planting are held to be roadside weeds part of the book. in the United States, But the book was written The selectioN of plants to be included, after by an Englishwoman, primarily for the English the arbitrary exclusion of woody plants, must garden, where goldenrod is often seen gracing have been difficult, but again, most of the plants the best of the perennial borders. discussed and shown are species that all would F. P. -K. see, if they know how to look. The notes on cultivation are few, and mostly cautionary! The enormous value of the book lies in the FloweTing Plants tTom Cuban GaTdens_ illustrations, whether they are colored or line drawings in familiar black and white. These are The Garden Section of the Woman's Club splendid, and catch tbe character of the plant of Havana, Criterion Books, New York. 1958, amazingly, even in the portioHs shown, for it was 365 pages. Illustrated. $6,95. (Library). not possible to draw the entire plant in many Here is an excellent handbook of common cases. The most interesting feature to the re­ tropical trees, shrubs, vines, and other garden viewer, is that the drawino-s show no treatment subjects, written and illustrated by a group of to indicate light or shade~ but depend entirely flower-minded women who live in the tropics on the perfect drawing, and such contributions and really know their plants. Each subject is that can be made by patterns of venation or Illustrated with a line drawing that may be hand color markings, with a skill that has some paral­ colored, and is described in 150 words, first in lels in Oriental work. Having spent endless English, then in Spanish. hours in making scientific drawings in the field These Havana women published the first of entomology, the reviewer looks on this work edition of this work in 1952. It met such a with particular delight. spontaneous demand that it was soon out of If one has any regrets, they would be that print, They realized its shortcomings, and they Miss Dorman could not or did not lend her set out to compile a new edition that met pre­ keen observations to more details of habitat vious objections. They have succeeded hand­ which is briefly even succiHctly given, and to somely. Some 40 new subjects have been added some sl~ggestions as to the methods of growing to make the second edition of this book more wlid thmgs from seed, when seed would be ripe, complete. '~hlCh plants would be. furnished with explo­ The book is highly recommended to those who sIve capsules, and all that kind' of thing, which like a quick, ll!uthoritative guide to common one is positive she knows I tropica 1 ga I'd en pIa n ts, B. Y. M. EDWIN A. M E NNINGER OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER '1 255

Plant Buyer's Guide of See d and Plant Guide L ist to Plants, Strybing MateTial in th e Tmde. Sixth Edition. Arb01'etum, San Francisco. Edited by H . Gleason Mattoon. Massachuse tLs Eric Walther and Eli zabeth McClin tock Stry­ H orticultural Society, Bos ton, J"fassachuse tts, bing Arboretulll SocieLY, San Francisco: Cali­ 1958. 298 pages. $15.00. fo rnia. 76 pages . . 1.00. T his is an admirable work and one tha L is Anyone who li ves within visiting distance of really as vital a part of a reference library as a the Strybll1g Arboretum, or who intends to visit dictionary. One can only offer Mr. Mattoon the Arborewm with Ill ore than casual interest and his co-workers, a vote of thanks for all the will find this small b ooklet of great val ue. Th~ weary h ours that must have gone into the com­ rboretum, wluch IS located inside the bound­ pilation of all these data. a n es of Golden Gate P ark in San Francisco, con­ The plan of this edition i rather different lams ma ny rare and unusual plants which are from that of the la t, for res ponsibility for sup­ made. more lIlteres tll1 g by the material given in plying sources of the horticultural forms of the LhlS Ii t. The locallon of the plant in the Ar­ more important plant groups i now turned over boretum as well as its place of origin is given. to the officers properly designated in the na­ diagram and map make it quite easy to locate tional organizations for: Africa n Violet, Begonia, plants and a n 1l1dex of common names is very Bromeliad, Camellia, Chrysa n themum, Dahlia, helpful fo r those not fam iliar with the Latin Delphinium, Epiphyllum, Fruit, Small Fruit, names. Fuchsia, Geranium and Pelargonium, Gladiolus, H emerocallis, Hibiscus, H olly, Iris, Lilac, Li ly, Narcissus, N uts, Orchids, Peon y, Phlox, Rhodo­ dendron and Azalea, R ose, and T ulip. T he Commel'cial Flower Forcing. The Funda­ officers of these groups wil! change perhap an­ mentals and Their Pmctica l Application nually, so that one may have con iderable corre­ spondence before getting the da tao In the one to the Culture of Gl'eenhouse Crops. expel'ience of this type of inquiry that has fa llen Sixth Edition. to the lot of the rev iewer, the society in question did not have real answers and the one suggestion Alex Laurie, D . C. Kiplinger, and Kennard S. offered proved to be without value. T he con­ 1 elson. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., tention of the society that lists of named varieties New York. 1958. 509 pages. Illustrated. $9.50. (Library) . or clones would make an unwieldy volume and one that would be out of date annuall y, is T here have been ma ny changes in the com­ perfectly correct no matter how one may regret mercial production of florist crops since the the necessity for the change. fifth edition was published in 1948. The rapid changes in transportation, introd uction of more One notes with some interest that in the lists labor saving devices, additional research in plant of nurseries cited under the several headings nutrition and in photoperiodism and tempera­ noted above, there are nurseries tha t are not ture have made this sixth edition necessary. represented by their products in the pages of the book. The a uthors have taken each of the topics disc ussed and brought them up to date. The There are the usual number of typographical rewriting has been more extensive than in pre­ errors, with which the reviewer has a most vious editions. New topics have been intro· sympathetic feeling, none noted so far, that could duced such as plastic covered structures and not be solved by using a little imagination. One greenhouse cooling with descriptions of the can only praise the success of the whole under­ several systems that are in use. The chapter on taking and not cavil at the few things not en­ the environment has been extended and rewrit· joyed! ten to include the latest research as it applies B. Y. M . to florists' crops. Certain sections of the book have been reorganized to include new practices and materials as the use of liq uid fertilizers, and th.e new fertilize rs and pest control materials. Th e Directory of A merican H Ol-ticulture The discussion for each of the major crops has been made more complete by putting together, fM 1958. not only the general cultural requirements but Carol H . 'Woodward, Editor. The American also p ropagation, pes t control, and marketing. Horticultural Council, Inc., available from U nder ch rysanthemums there are included the Donald Wyman, Secretary, Arnold Arborewm, schedules for ou t of season growing of this plant. Jamaica Plain 30, Massachusetts. 1958. 72 The flowering and foliage plants are covered as pages. $1.50, postpaid. well as the bedding plants. The importance of . . . a cu \Ten t address book of 418 na tional, following plants at present is shown by increased regional, and state horticultural organizations in space being gi ve n to their discussion. the United States, complete with information on The au thors have done an effective job in the pres idents, secretaries, and publications of assembling much information and condensing it these organizations, at the time of printing. into a fo rm that is easil y followed and read. The names and addresses of 103 American T hose who have found the past editions of so botanical gardens and arboretums, 61 non­ much value will find this edition of equal or commercial garden centers, 294 universities, col­ greater use. As a tex tbook it has one lack: there leges, and junior colleges teaching horticulture are no bibliographies included for either the and related subjects, as well as information on general chapters or those covering the specific major horticultural periodicals in this COll lltry crops. and their editors, are also provided. C. B. L. 256 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

New Em Modem Guide to House Plants. Be Your Own NUTSe ryman. Ann ·Warren. New Era Books, Clinton, Con­ Robert Scharff. M. Barrows & Company, New necticut. 1958. 128 pages. Illustrated. $.79. York. 1957. 223 pages. Line illustrations. This is a small paperback, with excellent m a- $3.50. (Library). terial in it. It appears to be addressed chIefly This is an intriguing book, but one can only to the urban gardener who will have to depend wonder what the people who own and operate on commercial so urces not only for plants them­ real commercial nurseries think of it. The title selves but for soil and everything else that goes might well have been, "How to Beat the Nurs­ with growing house plants. The only necessity ery Prices, and Earn a Little on the Side." that the reviewer did not note is an offer for It contains basically, all the fundamental in­ sale of plant stands, l'acks, shelves, etc. Every­ formation that will make the home owner who thing else is offered on page 128. The only re­ is willing to work, wait, and spend a limited gret, in the reviewer's mind, is the use of the amount of money, a small nurseryman. It offers most distressing kinds of fancy pots as illus­ sugges tions as to sale of surplus, but has no re­ trated on page 19. They are hideous and they ference to actual cost production prices, "since are not easy to use, es pecially when the time overhead is low," and no reference at all to the comes for getting the plant out for replacement inevitable inspections that State authorities re­ or repotting. quire for shipping. Nearly everything that is discussed is the kind The information is sound. The suggestions of plant material that one would buy of a florist. pertinent. The area that is served is northern There is also careful note of those plan ts that and a few of the comments added for the sake usually do not do well in the house, that one of appearing to cover the whole fi eld, are not may receive as a gift with only the Christmas too well chosen, as for example " the magnolia, poinsettia missing. eucalyptus, palm, and pepper trees on the other The text is remarkably good, and well worth hand, are best situated in Southern States." Of reading, even if nothing in the world would in­ these, only magnolia and some palms would do duce you to grow a houseplan t! The sugges­ for Sou them States, the rest better for California tions on troubles and management, though not and parts of the southwest. under those terms, are splendid. The only serious omission in the opinion of The section on African violets seems to have this reviewer is that he did not find it if present, most of the absolutely vital facts, though there a warning, that if your nursery expands, it will is an alarming understatement in regard to the turn into a task master that requires almost 24 number of named varieties in trade, and no sec­ hours a day, seven days a week, and all the tion .that really tells of what happens when the weather-free time in the year. The only relief owner starts to propagate the things, an over­ will come when it rains, as any nurseryman can flow of the whole house, even the ba throoms tell yo u! And even then if you have gone in for being free ... . but no matter. R ead it by all greenhouses, your time is not your own. means, and you will find more for your money That there are delights in growing small stuff here than in some more pretentious books! on to maturity, no one can deny or would wish B. Y. M. to, but be warned, your time will be no longer your own, the more successful yo u become. B. Y. M. 1001 Africc{)(/, Violet Ques tions Answered by Twelve Ex perts. H elen Van Pelt Wilson, Editor. D. Van Nos· trand Company, Inc., Princeton, New J ersey. 1958. 384 page. Illustrated. $4.95. (Library). GaTdening, Forcing, Conditioning and The title tells the contents of this book and DTying fOT Flower Anangements. the African violet enthusiast will read each chapter, the introductions to all of the contribu­ Arno and Irene Nehrling. Hearthside Press, tors plus all 1001 questions a nd answers, agree­ Inc., New York. 1958. 228 pages. Illustrated. ing or disagreeing as they read along. $3.95. (Library). This book covers a tremendous field-the only The questions are arranged into logical groups or sectIOns dealing with such topics as book devoted to planting for fl ower arrangement culture, soils and fertilizers, propagation, green­ known to the reviewer-and perhaps could have house growing, showing, shows, and the troubles been better handled in several books, each treat­ -their cause a nd cures. The questions were pro­ irIg only a small portion of the titled subjects. vided by the co n tributors plus a number from The information, insofar as it could possibly the African Violet Magazine. Some 'are so simi­ have been published in a single book, is prac­ lar as to confuse some readers. And when it tical and there is really a lot of data in the comes to the so il in which to grow this plan t 228 pages. There are 65 photographs and color yo u can hnd Just about an y recipe you want, plates and dozens of line drawings, good, by even the measurements by the coffee can, gal­ Charlotte E. Bowden and Charles A. Mahoney. lon, quart, cups, tablespoons, by parts and b y F. P. -K. volume. All this adds up to the tact that Afri­ can violets are tolerant plants but are easier grown in a so il, loosened with organic matter; a well aerated, well drained soil. This is a book for the hobbyist, and the begin· ner will find ans"ers to his Cjuestions. C. B. L. The Gardeners' Pocketbook

How to Handle Various South Af­ timbers to hold them at a proper distance rican Cormous Species in the apart as well as far enough above the soil Deep South surface to allow perfect drainage. "Some such system might work with Although the editor has had really you, the flats being placed under cover excellent results from the corms of vari­ the end of May, and either replanted or, ous ixias, sparaxis, tritonias, watsonias with the addition of fertilizer, placed out and other genera of South African origin, of doors in October. ;; ;; ;; ;; I think the the winter of 1957/ 58 with its continued greatest difficulty for you would be the cold and unusual lows played havoc with early September or October rains, which them. All tend to make foliage growth would stimulate the corms into growth in autumn and while they have endured and flower at a time when they would be some frosts that burned the tips, and nipped. then recovered, they did not survive well "I usually have about seventy five per­ the continued cold and the lows of the cent flowering from small offsets han­ past season. dled in this way, and in almost every Some of the material had come from case they form good offsets for planting a member in California, Dr. L. T. Peery the following fall, also enough to make of Hayward, who raises them all but the system self perpetuating. My own perhaps more sparaxis than others and experience, using this system, is that I in some strains not generally available in seldom lose many of them, unless the the East. In wri ting to Dr. Peery of the temperature is below 24 ° F. Perhaps a season's losses, the reply came back which sheet of pliofilm might give what little is quoted in part as follows. protection might be needed in an un­ "In regard to the Sou th Africans in usually cold spell." your part of the country, during an or­ As the editor has enough to do with dinary winter there, as long as the tem­ things that do not have to be taken out perature does not go below about 24 of containers and stored for the summer, degrees, I suspect the best bet would be he doubts if he will follow this advice, to grow the smaller corms in containers but he has tried it out in part, leaving as I do a good many of them here. I his corms in the flat which in turn was make small flats about 12" x 18" or so, kept in a cold frame that was clo~ed and either four or six inches deep. I use tight after May first to keep out ral?S these mainly to grow on small offsets, and not opened to the weather agam which here, in most cases, reach flower­ until autumn was cold enough to be ing size the following spring. These called chilly, a term that you can define blooming size corms I can give away or to suit yourself. The corms planted as use to renew my supplies for permanent small things did grow to maturity and planting. When the corms are ripe, I did flower the following spring as Dr. empty them from the containers and Peery indicated they would. They were store them in tins of some sort for the not then removed from the flat, but left summer, replanting them in the autumn once more in situ, no food or soil added, either ou t of doors or in the same flats and given an identical treatment. They using the same soil in which they had flowered the second spring as before but grown the previous year with the addi­ they did not show a reasonable increase, tion of some sphagnum peat or usually dou btless for lack of food. So, as far John Innes fertilizer. The original ~ix­ as the editor is concerned, ixias and ture would have been called a pottmg sparaxis will become "annuals" in a.ny soil, but now after so many reuses, and gardening that he does here. Our rams additions, one would scarcely know what come earlier than September, in fact to call it. The corms still like it and come almost any time, and winter tem­ grow well. peratures are not consistently low enough "I have about 90 such flats . They are to prevent growth or high enough to placed on 2" x 4" timbers, which in turn be safe.-HaywaTd, Califomia, and Pass are supported on short pieces of 2" x 4" Christian, Mississippi. [257] 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

w. H. HODCE

A freshly picked 1'ipe oriental persimmon (toP), a frozen yem--old f.ruit (right) just taken fTOm home freezer stomge (note frost on sUTface of f?"tilt), and, at bottom, a thawed fTo zen fruit (one yeaT old) 1'ea dy for eating.

Freezing Penim,mons My experience with freezing persim­ mons is limited to one of the several at­ Few if any temperate fruits - aside tractive varieties of the oriental persim­ from our common small berry fruits­ mon or "kaki" which, though popular in lend themselves to storage in the unproc­ the South, can be grown with some suc­ essed state in the home freezer. An ex­ cess at least as far north as 'itVashington, ception is the persimmon, either the D. C. This tree is actually an attractive smaller fruited American species, D io­ one for the home grounds because its SPYTOS virginania, native over most of the fruits, besides being edible, are extremely United States east of the Mississippi, or showy when ripe, being apple-sized and the larger fruited oriental species, Dio­ orange in color. 'What is more they per­ spyros kaki, from China and Japan. Su­ sist until well after frost, hanging after perior fruiting strains are available in leaves have fallen, thus producing a each of these species. good display over a long period. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 2.rJ9

, . , C~

USDA ( DORS ETT )

Cove1-ed and uncove1'ed oj-ien lal persimmons (auout a million [j'uits') pTepaTed fo?" op en-a iT winte?" stOToge in a TiveT bank per-simmon OJ -clWTd neaT Peking, China, 1924 .

T hose who are p ersimmon ea ters are ard freezer pap er and then freezing im­ acquainted with the puckery (as lrin­ mediately. The fruit may be eaten gent) na ture of fruits which are n ot thereafter a t any time simply by allow­ fully ripe. The as tringency is not los t, ing it to thaw and then eating imme­ save in a few so-called "h ard-fl eshed" va­ diately as one would a fresh ripe fruit. rieties, until the fruit is overly ripe, often The possibility of thus extending the it seems at the stage of spoiling. Subjec­ ripe persimmon season indefinitely by tion to a good frost is a distinct aid in placing in the modern home freezer was dispelling the puckery-ness. As migh t be suggested to me by a report published 30 expected, the stage of maximum ripeness years ago, in pre-home-freezer days, by - when the skin is limp and loose, and the U nited Sta tes Dep artment of Agri­ the flesh very mushy-is also the time of culture (C ircular No. 49) on the unique peak fl avor, but unfortunately the fruit practice of ou tdoor wi n ter-storage of per­ h as to be consu med immediately else it simmons in the vicinity of Peking, Chi­ will spoil. Fortuna tely, in this day of the na. In that country th e oriental persim­ home freezer, fruits brought to peak ripeness can be quick-frozen immediately mon is one of the most frequently culti­ and then h eld indefinitely fo r fu ture vated staple fruits, "its importance being use. I have kept su ch fruits in ~h e comparable to that of the apple in th e T. freezer for periods of over two years W I th United States." Frank Meyer, in an excellen t results simply by carefully account on the orien tal persimmon wrapping each fully- ripe frui t in stand- -written nearly a h alf century ago, said: 260 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

"By careful handling and by keeping The little bush was planted on the bor­ the persimmons at a low temperature der of one of the long azalea beds where they can be preserved for several it would be certain to get more than months. To keep them through the routine care. For about two years it winter, the Chinese pile them in showed no inclination to make much heaps, let them freeze thoroughly, and growth, but since then, all annual keep them frozen until they are need­ growths have been phenomenal. The ed. 'Vhen wanted, they are simply put talle..st shoot is now about twelve feet into a vessel with cold water, to be high, like a great sail, with its main thawed slowly, and they are then as stem and the symmetrically set lateral good as when freshly picked. They branches. Bloom this season, which may can also be eaten when slightly frozen have been late, came in mid- to late like sherbet, and occasionally are quite "March an.d the whole plant was hung acceptable in that condition." with the _fine white blossoms, like fine :Meyer might have added that the win­ fringe. Every visitor remarked on its ter storage by freezing outdoors of c.ourse beauty and noted that even without renders the fruit free of all astringency bloom, it was worth a place. The new besides extending the season of availa­ growth came after the flowering, so that bility from October to late March. the white blossoms had the advantage of the dark old leaves as a setting. So far Readers fond of persimmons and pos­ it is impossible to tell if there is any seed sessing extra space in their home freez­ forming. ers during the fall persimmon season may wish to try a modern innovation of Why is this excellent plant so little a freezing trick developed centuries ago used in the South? It is listed in many in China. - W. H. HODGE, Longwood of the trade lists of lining out stock for GaTdens, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. wholesale disposal, so if you have a nurseryman in your town with any im­ agination at all, ask him to stock it. Two BTOad-leaved Evergreen Neither he nor you will ever regret it.­ B. Y. M., Pass Christian, Mississippi. Shrubs This winter, or perhaps late-"winter­ that-should-have-been-spring, we had our first bloom on the native Osman thus The Effects of Heat Vers'us Winds americanus. As has been noted before, and Soils on Plant Growth and Sur­ the shrub that is now almost tall enough to be called a small tree here, does not vival in Southern California produce its flowers on the lower branches Some well established principles per­ and twigs as does the Sweet Olive, Os­ taining to the physiology of plant growth manthus fmgrans. One had to reach fair­ and survival must be understood before ly high to get them. They are indeed an attempt is made to discuss the rela­ fragrant, with an odor that recalls the tive effects of heat versus wind and soils. fruit, not the blossom of the lemon, but The principle of multiple causation the scent did not diffuse far into the air, provides that similar end results can be as does the scent of the Sweet Olive. The brought about by varied combinations little blooms are much stiffer and, to my of intensities of environmental factors, eye, more perfectly modeled than those such as: light, temperature, wind, mois­ of its more familiar kin. ture, soil constituents and biota. The In much more striking contrast, the principle of limiting factors emphasizes whole of the plant of Loropetalum chi­ the environmental factor or factors which nense, the Chinese first cousin to witch deviate most from their optimum in­ hazel, was covered with bloom, and to all tensities. Finally due consideration must local noses, scentless bloom. Our plant be given to the degrees of diversity of was brought here about seven years ago requirements of different species, to the by a local nurseryman who had it from physiological variations within the spe­ another nurseryman, for identification. cies and/ or varieties of the same species. Even then in its two and one-half inch For each species or variety there are the pot, the leaves were characteristic enough three cardinal points of intensity of en­ in shape and position to identify it. vironmental factors: minimum, opti- OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 261 mum and maximum. These cardinal drainage tile from a septic tank. The points are usually applicable to the phe· second area, also on a north slope near­ nomenon of gTowth; but, differing only by, extending. to the level of the pass in the degrees of intensity, they apply between two ndges, received no artificial equally well to that of survival. Growth, watering after the first or second year. by defini tion, based on these cardinal The largest of the seven trees in area one points, ceases when one or more hypo­ now has a maximum diameter of 30 thetical factors exist at the minimum or inches three feet above the ground level. maximum intensity for a given species None of the trees of this area has ever or variety providing all other factors are shown any apparent or significant injury present at some standard, preferably fr?m heat. and/ or desiccating winds. A optimum intensities. Deviations from mlcroscoplC examination of the adult these optima will by definition as well as leaves showed definitely a xeromorphic in practice change the minimum or max­ anatomy compared to that of the juve­ imum intensi ties of the hypothetical nile leaves. The adult leaves appear to factor, as provided for in the principle be drought resistant, and are pendulous of multiple causation. Statistical aver­ on short petioles, therefore they are be­ ages of ufficiently large numbers of ex­ lieved to be favored by wind currents in amples tend to account for physiological their photosynthetic activity. Further­ differences among varieties of the same more, wind can have a cooling effect be­ species or among members of the same cause of thermal emissivity. This cooling variety. effect may actually reduce water loss The problems of interpretation of ob­ from the leaves, and therefore wind can servation or data are relatively simple have a protective influence under certain under experimentally controlled condi­ conditions, particularly adequate soil tion wherein the intensity of one factor water. is varied at a time. Under field condi­ The second area has ten trees, two of tions dealing with those factors which which are dead, but still standing. Be­ cannot be controlled, agreement among cause of the surface contour of the ter­ careful and critical observers who ap­ rain somewhat to the east and west of ply the above principles and criteria is these dead trees, they have evidently desired and tentatively plausible. In been exposed to greater amoun ts of view of the above methods of evalua­ desiccating winds than the live, ad ja­ tion of observations some interpretations cent trees at the same level. TheOl-eti­ of plant responses are believed justified cally more water and/ or lower extremes in the article published in Volume 36, of high temperatures could have saved Nat. Hart. j\iag.) October 1957. These these dead trees. When the hydrothermal interpretations can be extended by fur­ cooling system fails because of high tem­ ther discussing the effects of heat versus peratures, desiccating winds and/ or in­ wind and soil on plant growth and sur­ adequate water supply, the trees die. vival. This does not exclude other lethal com­ One part of the plant response paper binations. emphasizes the September heat waves of This species of Eucalyptus, Tasmanian 1939 and 1955, bu t not to the exclusion Blue Gum, is used as a windbreak in of other en\'ironmental factors. Now, after Southern California citrus orchards. This 23 years of observations of Eucalyptus Blue Gum is relatively free of infectious globulus, Tasmanian Blue Gum, grow­ disease~, although old trees in Exposition ing in the Santa Monica Mountains of Park, Los Angeles, have borne large Southern California, it is possible to pre­ Polyporus sporophores year after year sen t some significan t facts. In January for many years. Huge trees with twisted 1935 I planted two groups of these Blue stems (spiral growth) also in Exposition Gum seedlings averaging about one­ Park appear to be healthy where soil eighth of an inch in diameter and one moisture is adequate. This species is well foot tall. Two planting areas were se­ adapted for coastal Southern California lected differing greatly in soil moisture below 2000 feet, and inland approxi­ and somewhat in exposure to desiccating mately 100 miles provided soil moisture winds. One area on a northern declivity is abundant. However, unusually high has abundance of water, being located temperatures for several days, aCCOlll­ below a thoroughly watered lawn and panied by desiccating winds and inade- 262 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE quate soil moisture comprise a lethal A "New" Dutch Irisy and Others combination of environmental factors for this somewhat drought resistant species. Each season, it has been the editor's practice to buy bulbs of the various This account of Eucalyptus globulus Dutch iris, p articularly the new names does not minimize the effects of desiccat­ that appear in the lists since these bulbs ing winds on citrus or other less drought do particularly well in these parts and resistant species in Southern California. represent a change from his past all Reed and Bartholomew have given an dotted about with species and tall extensive account of the effects of desic­ bearded. cating winds on citrus trees in Bull. 484 (1930) of the Calif. Agric. Expt. Sta. Among those that bloomed here for Although soil water relations have been the first time this season, the most out­ emphasized in the above account of Eu­ standing wa~ Prof. Blaauw, a very vigor­ calyptus, a more comprehensive coverag'e ou~ clone WIth fine conspicuously broad is available in House Doc. No. 398, folIage, sturdy stalk up to 20 inches and U .S.D.A., 1938 Yearbook, "Soils and flowers of size and definitely a blue tone Men." rather than the blue purple of the com­ monly advertised "blues." It is true that There are many areas in Southern the "blue" will not be found among the California where various crop plants true blues of any color chart, but the cannot be grown successfully under nat­ effect is blue at a distance. It is much ural conditions because of high summer more charming than Blue Pearl, also temperatures, desiccating winds and in­ ~ew here, which had a rather dead qual­ adequate soil moisture, naming only a Ity t~ the color and in the particular few of the adverse environmental fac­ plantmg a tendency to topple over so tors. 'Vater has been interpreted as the elixir of life in the desert or semi-desert that the stalks were bent as much as the stems of unpruned chrysanthemums. areas, Man has added water to many of these areas and thereby converted them Blue Champion turned out to be a into veritable gardens. Man has also little later in flower than the two men­ done something to curtail the severi ty tioned above that bloom together, as tall of hot, desiccating winds by the use of and as vigorous as Prof. Blaauw, and dis­ wi';ldbreaks of selected drought and wind tinctly lighter in color, although no color reslstan t trees whose leaves have a cool­ reading was taken. It is not as light as ing effect because of thermal emissivity. the charming Lady Derby that was of­ During transpiration of water from the fered one season and never since. leaves water is changed to vapor and As a first trial here, a collection of heat escapes as kinetic energy of the Spanish iris varieties was purchased, the water-vapor molecules. beguiling catalogue note saying that they Finally it seems feasible in summariz­ bloomed two weeks after the Dutch. ing. the above principles and their appli­ Some do, and some do not here! They catlOns that most any plant in Southern are as nice as any but are definitely more California or elsewhere li.vino' near its slender in all their parts, and the color physiological margin of tOlebrance be­ range is about the same. Le JVloaul is • b cause one or more environmental factors preCIsely the color of the Dutch Ankara, are maintained at minimum intensities and later. Yellow Prince and Pride of will succumb to any adverse chanae of Holland bloomed about the same time sufficient magnitude in one of the~e or anyone of several other environmental and were not distinguishable in garden factors. The magnitude of such a change effect, but different in detail and shape measured in time and intensity has an of the floral parts. Enchantress was important bearing on the degree of the probably the most lovely of those grown plant's resistance. - GEORGE R. JOHN­ with light blue lavender falls, with the STONE, 7267 Pacific View Drive, Los An­ usual yellow signal patch, and more blue geles 28, California. purple standards. It is one of the last to bloom, although the Dutch clone, Lem­ (A NOle of COITection for the original article, Vol. 36, No.4, page 341: In the 25th printed line of the first on Queen, has barely finished. column, "1938" should read " 1933" and a subhead " Topic of Data, p. 342," should be added between th~ .This autumn will see the planting of 35th and 36th lines in column 2. On the last line of still other "names." - B. Y. M., Pass the data given in Table I , page 342, and after "Cling peach tree," "Dala, p . 341 ," should be added. Ed.) Chrl,stian y Mississippi. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUrvIE 37, NUMBER 4 263

Oclontaclenia gmncliflora

Oclontaclenia gmncliflom cultivated-if it is not, it should be. It is also to be seen in most botanic gar­ The family ApOCYNACEAE contains nu­ dens in temperate regions where there merous plants with attractive flowers. is a tropical house sufficiently hot and Many of these are tropical and include damp for its needs. Plumeria, the temple flower or frangi­ Those who cultivate the plant do not pani, a large shrub or small tree n ative always appreciate one essential condition of the tropics of the New World, widely for its h ealth and that is an abundance cultiva ted in the tropics of the Old for of water around its roots; unlike most the beauty and perfume of its blossoms. plants, it thrives when its feet are wet. Not all members of this family are I know the plan t in the wild both in shrubs or trees, many are climbers, e.g., South America and in Trinidad. In Allamanda, Dipladenia, Mandevilla, and British Guiana it grows in the lowlands of these Odontadenia is probably the on tree-covered banks on either side of most beautiful. The genus contains the can als leading into the sugar-cane about twenty species but one is far better fi elds; it also grows on the banks of the known than others; it is O. grandiflom, large rivers like the Essequibo where, referred to in some floras as O. speciosa. when the rivers flood in the rains, the It is almost certainly true to say that base of the plant is completely sub­ there is no botanic garden in the tropics merged. In Trinidad I have found it in of the world where this climber is not four districts. In every instance either 264 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

the roots and lower stems are in swamp The seed pods are large and woody, or in land often submerged in moving develop in pairs (though one may flood-water. It may well be that if the abort), and when ripe are packed with wa ter remains stagnant, and therefore brown seeds. Each is 2 inches long and deficient in oxygen, for a long period the tipped at one end with a pappus of hairs plant will die. which serves as a parachute. When the If the base of the plant is in the shade, pod splits the seeds are carried far and leafless shoots are produced from the wide by the wind. Seed pods are rarely ba e which grow extremely fast, elongat­ formed in cultivation. The seeds do not ing at the rate of 4 or even 5 inches a retain their viability for long and should day. Should a shoot not come in con­ be sown as soon as possible. tact with a neighboring tree it will sag There is a second smaller species wild and touch the ground and continue its and common in Trinidad, called O. growth horizontally. Where such a stem nitida, on account of its beautiful shin­ touches the swampy ground it will get ing leaves. The flowers which are much covered wi th fallen leaves and will root smaller are unfortunately lacking in fra­ freely. Thus, in the wild, the plant ex­ grance but the plant is nevertheless at­ tends its range radially from the original tractive.-G. A. C. HERKLOTS, The lm­ cen ter - a method common to many pe?'ial College of Tropical Agriculture, tropical lianas. The shoot twines in a Trinidad. contra-clockwise direction up a conven­ ient support until it reaches the light, Dawn Redwood in Alabama when it develops, in opposite pairs, its Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the glossy lanceolate leaves. These may reach Dawn Redwood, is a pretty tree, planted a length of 12 and a width of 6 inches. in the broken shade of longleaf pines A feature of the plant, characteristic of and water . My tree is six feet tall the family, is the liberation when and one inch in caliper at the base, and wounded of a white milky latex. This is from a distance looks very much like its very similar to the latex produced by relative, the Bald Cypress, Taxodium dis­ rubber trees, from which natural rubber tichum. The light green feathery foliage is made by precipitating the solid mate­ is heavier than that of the Bald Cypress rials held in suspension. and the branching is opposite instead of The flowers are borne on large alternate as in that species. branched terminal cymes of which the The rate of growth has not been ex­ central bud of each cluster opens first. ceptionally fast for me, since it has taken The beautiful flower is 3 or more inches five full growing seasons to achieve its across; it is salver-shaped and the petal­ present height. lobes are arranged as the blades of a The soil in which it is planted is a propeller, a characteristic of all members fine sandy loam naturally low in all ma­ of the family. The tube is yellow, finely jor plant food elements. The fact does streaked on the inside with deep apri­ not seem to have detracted from the ap­ cot; the petals, save for a narrow trian­ pearance of the tree, only in its growth gle on the left edge of each which is rate. This year I intend to fertilize young yellow, are of a delicate shade of apricot. trees to test fertilizer response. The fragrance is to me reminiscent of a As for propagation, with unprofes­ bunch of primroses with a single carna­ sional methods I have used, there has tion in its center. This climber flowers been some success. Cuttings of current several times a year and is in fact as season growth were taken in June 1957. often in flower as not. All needles were stripped off the lower It may be propagated by layering a three or four inches and a whorl or Y­ section of horizontal stem; by ringing a branch retained at the tip. The cuttings stem, applying a drop of rooting hor­ were placed in a deep flat of plain sand mone solu tion, and surrounding the as the rooting medium and the flat cov­ ringed stem with a handful of damp ered with a pane of glass. Cuttings were moss wrapped with po].yethylene film lifted in nineteen weeks, well rooted. and tied firmly at each end; by cuttings Undoubtedly roots had formed much treated with rooting hormone and then sooner but the flats were not examined inserted in a suitable compost and kept before then.-EDWARD J. HORDER, Fair­ in a saturated atmosphere and by seeds. hope, Alabama. OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUMBER 4 265

Dawn Redwood in Mississippi and experimental stations. Of the 1100 individual items accessioned as a result III midsummer of 1957 a sack with of this exploration about one half rep­ four trees of the Dawn Redwood in cans resented seed collections and the remain­ was received here, and as the roots had ~er vegetative material. This explora· traveled in all directions from the bases ~lOn for. ornamentals represents the third of the partly ruined cans, and since such III a senes undertaken by the New Crops planting in midsummer is not advisable Research Branch of the United States here, the four were heeled in in a shady Department of Agriculture working in position where they could be sure to get cooperation with Longwood Gardens. watering if needed. There was a fair re­ covery of tops from the mangled branches as received and the plants went into the winter dormant and with nice buds showing on all branches. They were moved into permanent po­ sitions in the early spring, and growth An Experience with Belladonna developed promptly, in time in fact to pass through one of the 12-degree frosts Lily that we had early in the season. No In late 1949 I planted three huge bulbs damage! that I assumed to be those of Lyco ris After growth was well under way, one squamigem. After they finally bloomed of the trees collapsed completely and and ripened their mother-of-pearl like died. No explanation is offered. The seeds I knew them to be the Belladonna remaining three plants are unequal in Lily so long listed as A mal-yllis belladon­ growth, but all appear to be in health. na but for the last several years offered They are planted in beds prepared for as Brunsvigea msea. azaleas, with ample peat moss added to The bulbs were planted 'with the tips the sandy loam that is more sand than barely covered in an exposed perfectly loam. For the present the growths are drained spot chosen for convenience in­ mainly lateral, but it is too early in the stead of suitability. The soil was too season to tell if leaders may not develop. poor to grow good weeds, medium heavy, . The trees were planted in the posi­ chiefly yellow clay, and close to neutral, tIOns to see whether or not they will even though this is limestone country. provide the early shade that we are still \!\Then I returned home each year in looking for as a slight protection to March I found my established lycoris early blooming azaleas.-B. Y. M., Pass and the new bulbs all in full leaf. The Christian, Mississippi. only obvious difference was that the leaf tips of the new bulbs were always frozen back an inch or so. In the summer of 1954 all three bulbs bloomed, one bearing two scapes. After the seed ripened I lifted two bulbs, find­ ing three small bulbs where each had Exploration for Ornamentals zn been planted. Two bulbs I gave away, four I replanted in better soil. That fall Southern Brazil I mulched several of the bulbs before During mid-May of the present year leaving home. Mulched and un mulched Dr. Llewellyn Williams, USDA plant ex­ bulbs alike came through that winter plorer, completed a three·months-Iong untouched, only to be cut back com­ exploration for ornamental plants in pletely by the unprecedented late March southern Brazil and adjacent regions of freeze of 1955. After such a setback I Argentina. Special emphasis was placed expected no bloom for four or five years, upon flowering sub-tropical trees. Prin­ inasmuch as bulbs are reported to sulk cipal Brazilian states visited included that long in English and California gar­ Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, and dens after untoward treatment. Two of Rio Grande do SuI. Collections were the transplanted bulbs, however, bloomed made in the wild as well as in outstand­ well in 1957.-MAUD R. JACOBS, South ing private and public gardens, arboreta Carmllton, Kentuck'y. 266 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL TvIAGAZINE

J ](ey to Two Ground-coveTing Species of A rdisia 1. Rhizomatous; stems rising ha rply erect, minutely puberulent when yo ung: leaves glabrous, dark green, mar· gins finely serrate (illllst,·ated above) ...... _ ...... A rdisia japonica 2. Stoloniferous; stems trailing, densely villous; leaves villous, especia ll y along petioles and ve ins, light green, margins coa rsely serra te (ililistrated below) ...... Ardisia pusilla OCTOBER 1958, VOLUME 37, NUi'vIBER '1 267

T wo Ground- covering Species of ponica . and has been used as a o-rob und- A rdisia cover 111 the garden of N ijo Detached Palace, Kyo to, for almost 400 years. The sp ecies of Ardisia which are occa­ sionally cultiva ted as garden plants in The plan t firs t appeared in the gar­ the so uthern United States are all small dens of England a bout 1830. In the to medium shrubs. T hese are Ardisia U nited States, unfortunately, A . japoniea aispa, A . humilis, and A. polyeephala. ll: as been overlooked. T his is surprising Only A. c1'ispa (A . erenulata) grows out­ s1l1ce R ehder a ttribu tes h ardiness quali­ side of subtropical Florida. T his species tIes that would place it in Zone VI. The can be found na turalized in ce rtain parts most extensive plauting I h ave seen oc­ of Louisiana where seeds have been car­ curs in a sunken J apanese garden at the r ied from old gardens. Such an adapta­ J\'~cIlh e nn y Estate, Avery Island, Lou­ tion is understandable since A. erispa is ISIana, where th e colony of A . japonica na tive to southern J ap an and to South covers a small bank in the same manner China where it grows in warm te mperate as .does p achysa ndra. Ardisia japoniea is forests that experience several degrees of be1l1g p ropagated by Tom Dodd N urs­ frost. The other two species are native eries, Semmes, Alabama. to India. ATdisia pusilla (B ladhia villosa) is a T wo prostrate species of Ardisia oc­ pros trate, stoloniferous, evergreen shrub cur. in the same localities of J apan and with trailing stems tha t root to the Chma as A . crisp a but, at best, are rare in cultiva tion. These are A. japonica ground. T he leaves, in whorls of 3 to 5 and A. pusilla. Both species are ground­ along the stems, are ova te, % to 2 inches covers ye t this fact h as largely escaped long, Y2 to 1 inch wide; coarsely serrate. the authors of the descriptions which ap­ The young stems to a lesser exten t are pear in the standard horticultural ref­ rusty villous. T h e expanding leaves are eren ces. a t first pink. T he fl owers are borne in racemes of u p to 12 fl owers; these are Ardisia japoniea is a prostrate, ever­ white, abou t Y4 inch across, faintly green shrub, spreading by means of rami­ marked as fo r A. japonica, petals 5. Calyx fy ing rhizomes which develop into erec t green, segments n arrow-Ian ceolate, about shoots, 6 to 10 inches high. The leaves as long as the corolla. The fruits are red, are clustered a t the stem tips in whorls, VB to V,i inches in diameter, on pedicels broad-ovate, I to 3 inches long, Y2 to I V? Y2 to % inches long. inches wide, bright green, fin ely se rr a t e~ a n~ g l abr ou ~, except for the petioles, A rdisia pusilla grows wild in the fo r­ ""I11ch are mmutely puberulent like the es ts of the Grand Geg'u Shrine a t Ise, J a­ young- stems. The flow ers are borne in p an, and has been collected by the writer racemes, 2 to 6, about Y2 inch across, in the damp, shady fores ts of Yakushima. white marked with fin e brown lines, It also occurs in Kwantung Province, petals 5; calyx white, lobes broadly over­ South China, where specimens in the lapping, similarly marked as the corolla herbarium of the N ational Arboretum segments. The fruits are globose, about were collected . Ardisia pusilla does not !A inch in diameter, on pedicels Y2 to % appear to be in cultivation either in J a­ m ches long. pan or the U nited States but it is now under tes t (P. I. 23 5308) by the U. S. A Tdisia japoniea is n a turally distrib­ Department of Agriculture. uted in southern J ap an, where it may be found on the outskirts of Tokyo, to In view of the fact that both species South China, where specimens were once are pros trate ground-covers, a simple key collec ted by F. N. Meyer, n ear H ang­ to their identity seems desirable. It chow, in the coastal province of Che­ should be noted, however, that there are kiang. Meyer's notes describe A. ja poniea possibly additional pros trate species, na­ as a crawling, woody vine only a few tive to China, tha t are probably not ye t inches hig-h, in shady places on rocky in cultivation.-JoHN L. CREECH, U. S. slopes. In J apan , this species is cul­ Plant In tTO duction Garden, Glenn Dale, tiva ted under the name of Bladh ia ja- MaTy lan d. Index To Volume 37

Illustration references are set zn italics

A Asarum, 83 Camellia, continued A Book or Two, 38, 102, 167, 247 Aspen trees, 134 'Hiryo-Nishiki: 235 A Miniature Holly for Modern Asperu.la orientalis, 135, 135 'Hiryu-Nishiki: 235 Landscape: Ilex COTnuta Asplenium nidus, 125 'Hoshi-Hiryu: 235 'Dwarf Burford: 110 Aster 'Light Blue: 219 'Hugh Evans: 237 A New Color Chart for Horti­ Asters, 138 japonica, 63 , 75 , 79, 80, 83, 90, culture, 47, 48 Athrotaxis cupressoides, 56 229, 231, 235, 237 A "New" Dutch Iris, and Others, laxitolia, 56 'Jaune: 231 262 selaginoides, 56 'Jean May: 234, 240 A Portfolio of Snowdrop Por­ Awards, AHS Policy, 165 ' Kamakura-Shibori: 235 traits, 147 Azaleas, Glenn Dale, 92 ' Kan-Tsubaki: 231 A Rare Conifer-Athrotaxis, 56 Thrive on "Poor" Soil, 46 ' Kara-Goromo: 235 Acer capillipes, 248 'Ko-Gyoku: 240 cissifolium, t-179 B 'Kyo-Nishiki: 235 davidi,248 Baptisia australis, 134 'Linnet: 231 palmatum, Oct. Cover Bauhinia japonica, 81 'Little Gem: 240 l-ufinerve, 90 Berchemia racemosa, 79 maliflom, 231 sieboldianum, 249 Bladhia japonica, 267 'Meoto-Zaki: 235 tegmentosum, 249 villosa, 267 'Mine-No-Yuki: 233, 240 Achimenes, 28 Blue Flowers for the Garden, 'Miss Auburn: 240 Aconitum napellus, 138 list of, 139 'Narumi-Gata: 237. 240 vaL bicolo,-, 138 Bluets, 134 oleilera, 81, 231, 240 A ctinodaphne lancifo,lia, 80 Bogor Botanic Garden, 124, 126 'Oleifera: 240 Ageratum 'Midget Blue: 219 Book or Two, A, 38, 102, 167, 'Orchid: 239, 240 Ajuga replans, 135 247 ' Papaver: 238, 240 All-America Annuals, 212 BOTago officinalis, 136 'Pink Dauphin: 236 Allamanda, 263 Brunnem macroph),lla, 136 'Pink Shishi-Gashira: 231 Allium m-al)" 131 Br71nsvigea rosea, 265 'Pink Snow: 240 Aloe, 2~2 Buch, Philip 0.: Unusual Gladi­ 'Rosea: 231, 237. 240 Alpinia, 81 olus Species, 206 'Rosea Grandiflora: 240 ku.mata,ke, 89 Buddleia curviflo?"a., 90 'Rosea Magnifica: 240 A lyssu m 'Lilac Gem: 217 B71X71S microphylla var. japonica, 'Rosea Papaver: 240 (Royal Carpet: 217, 219 90 'Rosy Mist: 232, 240 'Violet Gem: 217 'Sandan-Ka: 235 Amaryllis, 11 8 C 'Sandan-Zaki: 235 belladonna, 265 Calanthe, 89, 90 sasan qua, 63,75,79, 81, 87, 89, American Dahlia SOCiety Official Callicar1Ja mollis, 81 113 , 228, 229, 231, 235 , 236, Score Card, 14, 15 japonica var. luxul-ians, 89 237 An Experience with Belladonna tosaensis, 89 'Se tsugekka: 240 Lily, 265 Calochortus nitidus, 134 'Shishi-Gashira: 231, 235. 236, Anaqua, 107 Caltha palust1-is, 20, 22 240 Anch71sa aZttrea, 136 Calycanthus, 60 'Showa-No-Sakae: 230, 231 , Anemone apennina, 132 Camassia esculen ta, 133, 133 235, 240 blanda, 132 Camellia: 'Showa-Supreme: 235 patens, 21 'Beni-Kan-Tsubaki: 231 , 235 sinensis, 94, 229 Anemonella thalictToides, 22 'Beni-Suzume: 231 'Splendor: 240 Angiopte,-is s71boppositifolia, 80 'Bill Wylam: 231 'Tanya: 237, 240 Antirrhinum 'Rosalie: 219 'Bonsai Baby: 231 'Usubeni: 231 , 235, 240 Aphananthe aspem, 81 'Chiri-Tsubaki: 231 Velvety: 230 A q uilegia alPina, 134 'Choji-Guruma: 234 'White Butterfly: 239 caerulea, 134 'Christmas Candles: 231 "White Glory: 240 'McKana Giants: 219 'Cleopatra.' 237, 240 'Willow Leaf: 236, 237, 240 Aquilegias, 131 'Crimson Tide: 240 ""'insome: 235 Aralia cordata, 94 'Dainty Bess: 230 'Yae-Arare: 240 Arallcaria walk in the Branch 'Dawn: 235, 240 Campanula latitolia, 131 Garden at Tjibodas, 129 'Daydream: 236 Arrtous japonicvs, 78 'Elfin Rose: 231 pel-sidfolia, 131 Ardisia crenata, 75 Fortune's Yellow, 231 Canarium trees, 123 crenulata.. 267 'Gigantea: 231 Canavalia lineata, 90 crispa. 267 'Gin-Ryo: 235 Cantaloupe, 96 humilis, 267 'Gin-Ryu: 235 Cm-ex mo,-rowi, 54, 54 japonica, 83, 266, 267 hayaoi, 90 Carpinus. 83 jJolycephala, 267 hiemalis, 231 . 236, 240 Ceanothus, 71 pusila. 266. 267 'Hiodoshi: 236, 240 Celosia 'Toreodor: 219 sipboldi, 80 'Hiryo: 235 Cemtostigma plumbaginoides, "i/losa, 81. 83 'Hiryu: 235 138 [268J Chamaecypal'is obtusa, 78 of Ardisia, 266 grandifiorum, 131 Chimonanthus fragrans, 60 Creeping polemonium, 21 Dendrobium, 90 p,'aecox, 60 Cl'inum asiaticum, 81 Dendmpanax tri{!da, 81, 92 'Grandiflorus,' 60 C,'oeus, 132 Descanso Gardens, 227 Chinese honeysuckle, 61 sativus, 140 de Vos, Francis: Chionodoxa 'Glory of the Snow,' Cryptomeria, 56, 93 Sasanqua Camellias, Their In­ 132 jatJonica, 78, 82, 94 troduction, Culture and Use, luciliae, 132 Cucumber, 96 257 var. alba, 132 Cucumis melo, 96 The Darlington Oak, 52 sardensis, 132 vaL eantalupensis, 97 Dianthus jajJonicus, 79 Christmas Rose, 1, t-1, 2, 3, 59 var. chito, 96 Westwood Beauty, 219 Chrysanthemum indicUln, 90 val'. conomon, 96 DicrCLnopteris dichotoma, 81 japonense, 90 var. dudaim, 96 Dios!JY"os !witi, 258 Chrysanthemums, 94 var. {lexuosus, 95 viTginania, 258 Cichol'ium intybus, 138 val', inodoTus, 99, 100 Dip/a denia, 263 Cigar-flower, 110 'Casaba,' 100 Distylium mcemosum, 79 , 81 Cinnamomum b'revito/ium, 90, 'Crenshaw,' 100 Dress, William J.: 92 'Honey Dew,' 100 , ,\linter-flowering Shrubs, 59 camphom, 86 var. ,'etieulatus, 97 , 98 Dutch iris: daphnoides, 90 Cunninghamia, 56 'Ankara,' 262 Cistus, 227 Cl1phea micropetala, 110 'Blue Champion: 262 Citrus tachibana, 87, 92 pet;olata, 110 'Blue Pearl: 262 Clarke, Elizabeth: v\lildflowers C)l1loglossum amabile, 136 'Lady Derby,' 262 to start the garden season, 21 'Blue Bird,' 136 'Le Mogul: 262 C/aytonia vil-ginica, 23 'Firmament,' 136, 214, 219 'Lemon Queen,' 262 Clematis cmssito/ia, 92 Cypress, Bald, 264 'Pride of Holland: 262 Cleome 'Pink Queen,' 219 Mexican, 241 ' Prof, Blaauw,' 262 Clethra barbinervis, 78, 90 Montezuma, 241 Dwarf Bearded Iris, 179 mexicana, 241 CupTessus benthami, 241 Beardless Iris, 187 Closed Gentian, 138 lindleyi, 241 Yaupon, 110 Coccu/us t,-ilobus, 81 lusitanica, 241, 245 Coch/iostema jacobianum, 43, 44 Cypripedium acaule, 37 E Coe, Frederick W,: Echeveria, 241 Iris vica,-ia, 51 D cra~sicaulis, 241 elegans, 246 Sternbergia fischel'iana, 178 Daffodils, 132 Colchicum, 140 p'lmila, 244 Dahlia: Echinops, 138 Collinsia vel'na, 134 Acocotli, 5 Columbines, 134 Echiwn plantagineum, 136 Acocotli s, 8 Elwetia anaqua, 107, 107 Common Fawnlily, 22 Acocoxochitl, 5 Common Marshmarigold, 22 elliptica, 107 coccinea, 6 ETaeagnus crispa, 89, 92 Compact Inkberry, 110 Cocoxochitl, 5 Coniothyrium helleboTi, 3 Elaeocarpus japonicus, 89 colors, 9 Enkianthus campanulatus. 79 COl1vallaTia keiskei, 78 'Iva Ree,' 11 Coope,-ia peduncu/ata, 116 EPigaea l'e pens, 23 'johnnie Casey,' 12 Epimedium macranthum, 83 Cornel ian cherry, 64 'Jonell: 13 Cornflower 'Jubilee Gem,' 219 Episcia, 28 juarezii, 5, 7 Eryth,-onium albidum, 22 Cornus canadl'rlsis, 78 'Pirate Treasure,' 10 {lol'ida xanthocarpa, 178 var. mesochoTeum, 22 propagating, 16 americanum, 22 kousa, 83 'Rachael Jackson: 4 mas, 64 E,-ica carnea, 62 types, 8 X da,.[ayensis, 62 nuttalli, 177, 177 varieties of, 18, 19 officinalis, 64 mediterranea, 62 Damnacanthus indicus, 79, 80, 'Ruby Glow, 62 Co,-ylopsis lllab,'escens, 60 83, 89, 113, 114 gotoana, 60 'Springwood Pink,' 62 macmphyllus, 83 'Springwood '''' hite,' 62 paucifiom, 60 Daphne 'Alba,' 61 platypetala, 60 Essequibo, 263 'Autumnalis,' 61 Eucal-yptl1s, 222 sinensis, 60 'Grandiflora,' 61 spicata, 60, 79 globulus, 261 , 262 mezereum, 61 Euchresta japonicn, 82 veitchiana, 60 odora, 61 wil/mottiae, 60 Euonymus japonieus. 80 Daphniphyllum humile, 83 Eurya emm',!!inata, 79, 88, 92 Corylus, 60 macropodum, 90 C01'yneum cal'dinale, 241 japonica, 79 Datum mollis, 11 5, 115 ' Cosmos 'Fiesta,' 219 )'alwsimensis, 90 suaveo/ens, 11 5 'Giant Sensation,' 219 Experience with Belladonna 'Sensation Radiance,' 218 White angels' trumpet, 11 5 Lily, An, 265 Cranefly Orchid, 37 Dawn Redwood, 56, 264, 265 Exploration for Ornamentals in Crape J asmine as an Herbaceous in Alabama, 264 Southern Brazil. 265 Plant, 46 in Mississippi, 265 Exploring Southern J apan for Creech, l ohn L.: Deciduous Azaleas for the Lower Ornamental Plants, 75 Damnacanthus indicus, 113 South, 24 Exploring Southern Japan for Delphinium ajacis, 136 F Ornamental Plants, 75 cheilanthum, 136 Fatsia japonica, 75 Spi/anthes o/eracea, 49 cansolida, 136 [Oaust, Conrad E,: Two Ground-covering Species elatum, 136 The Dahlias, 4 [269] Ficus erecta, 79 Colvi1lei hybrids, continued Freezing Persimmons, 258 pwnila, 83, 93 hooke1'i, 209, 210 Hollyhock 'Indian Summer,' 219 Fischer, Karl F.: ill)'ricus, 208 Horder, Edward J. : The Christmas R ose for win­ imbricatus, 208 Dawn Redwood in Alabama, ter fl ower, 1 Kivu, 210 264 Fonythia 'Arnold Giant,' 11 3 melleri, 210 Hosta to)·tunei var. gigantea, iv/ 'Beatrix Farrand,' 112, 113 Nanus hybrids, 209 J an. giraldiana, 60 odomtus, 211 Hosta ventricosa, iv/Jan. intennedia slJectabilis, 11 3 o?'chidi{lorw, 211 Houstonia cae1'ulea, 134 ovata, 60 paluster, 208 How to Handle Various South FOTtunelia margaTita, 81 lJenneabilis, 211 African Cormous SpeCies in Fox, Helen M.: When the Blues pillows, 211 the Deep South, 257 Take Over, 131 primulinus, 207, 209 H u dsonia tomentosa, 35 Freezing Persimmons, 258 psittacinus, 209, 210 HugeTia japonica, 83 Frin ged Gentians, 138 q u{L?-tiniantls, 209, 210 Hutt1eston, Donald G.: F uchsias, 71 segetwn, 208 DatuTa Inollis, 11 5 var. album, 208 Hyacintlws orientalis, 132 G var. Persia, 208 H ydTangea paniculata. 78 Galant/ws alieni, 164 Suda n, 209, 210 H ydrangeas, 71 byzanlinus, 147, 160 tenellus, 211 H )'menocallis occidentalis, At)/'. X Colesbourne, 147 t?'iphyllus, 208 back cover elwesi, 147, 163 t'ristis, 210, 211 Hymenophyllus, 83 graecus, 157 var. concolor, 211 H yss01J1.!S officinalis, 138 ikaTiae, 147, 161, 162 Tristis h ybrids, 209 X Kelton, 152 var. Homoglad, 209 I X iVIagnet, 147, 150 Tubergeni h ybrids, 209 I desia IJolycarpa, 83, 92 nivalis Atkin i, 147, 149 warmunda, 209 llex coriacea - Minority Com­ var. I utescens, 154 Gloxinia, 28 ment, 55 var. poct.litOTmis, 156 Glyptostrobus, 56 co1'nuta, 110 S. Arnott, 147, 148 Goodye1'a, 89, 90 f. bU1'tordi, 111 ; 111 f. scharlocki, 147, 153 maximowicziana, 92 'Dwarf Burford: Ill, 111 var. vij'idapicis, 147, 155 Gourds, 96 'R otunda: 110 platyjJhyllus, 147 Grape h yacinths, 132 cTenata, 75, 81, 83, 89, 94, 110 jJlieatus, 147,158 Griffith, Eugene: geniculala, 78, 83 double form, 159 Cm'ex morrowi, 54 glabra, 55 , 132 X Straffan, 151 Growing a " Knock-away" Tree, compacta, 110 Gan'ya elliptica, 63 107 hanceana, 83, 92 Gaulthej'ia miqu,eliana, 78 Gum, Tasmanian Blue, 261 integra, 75, 79, 80, 83, 89 Gentiana aeaulis, 137 latitolia, 83 andTewsii, 138 H leucoclada, 78 c?'inita, 138. July cover Habrant/ws, 11 6, 11 7 liukiuensis, 87, 88, 89 hascombensis, 138 bmchyand'rus, 11 8 mulchagaTa, 89 septemfida, 138 mbustus, 11 7 opaea 'Clarendon Spreading,' spathacea, 241 H acskaylo, Edward: 110 Gentian s, 131, 132 Mycorrhizae-what they are­ 'Maryland Dwarf,' 110 Ginger, wild, 83 what they do, 11 9 pedunculosa, 82 Ginkgo biloba, Jan. cover Hamam.elis mollis, 60, 132 l'otunda, 81, 83 Gladiolus alatus, 210 X inleTl1udia, 60 rugosa, 78 anatoliws, 208 X japonica, 60 sen-a ta, 79, 83, 94 blandus, 210 var. a-rbo'rea , 60 suge1'oki, 83 bTevitolius, 210 var. zucca'riniana, 60 vornitoria nana, 110 b),zan tinus, 207, 208 ve?'?lalis, 60 Imle, Ernest P.: eallistus, 211 virlliniana, 59 Cochliostema jacobianum, 43 c{L?-inatus, 211 H amblin, Stephen F.: IndigoteTa pseudotinct01'ia, 79 carmineus, 211 Dwarf Beardless Iris, 187 Iris 'A blaze,' 184 Charm, 209 H astings, W . R ay: alata, 189 Ch rista bel, 209 All-A merica Annuals, 212 Algerian, 187 Colvillei hybrids, 206, 209 H av is, Leon: 'Alinda: 179, 185 Colvillei var. albus, 209 Modern P each Varieties, 67 America n, 188 var. Toseus, 209 Heath, 62 'April Morn,' 179, 184 var. ru ber, 209 H elicia cochinchinensis, 92 Arctic, 188 var. T he Bride, 209 H elleborus nigeT, t-1 , 1, 2, 3, 59, m'enaria, 180, 181 communis, 208 Ja n . back cover asche1'Soni, 190 var. caTneus, 208 Hemerocallis aW'antiaca var. lit­ at!'Oviolacea, 179, 185 con co lor, 211 tm'ea, 80, 85 attica, 180, 181, 184 cooperi, 209, 210 thunbeTl!;ii, 78 'Azurea,' 185 var. Pinkoop, 210 H elJatica aw tiloba, 132 Baker, 189 cmssitolius, 209 ame'ricana, 22, 132 bake?'iana, 189, 191, 203 C71spida tus, 211 Herklots, G. A. C. : balkana, 181 dracocephalus, 209 Odontadenia g-randiflora, 263 Balkana, 179, 185 gmcilis, 211 H ell cheras, 131 Beachhead. 188 gmndis, 211 Hibiscus mutabilis, 87 bearded, 179 H erald hybrids, 209 HilJpeastTum miniatum, 118 beardless, 187 hiTSUtllS, 211 Hodge, W. H.: 'Beaut)' Spot: 185 [270] Iris, continued Iris, contin ued his, continued biglumis, 188 H yacinth, 188, 189 'Sky Patch,' 184 Black-spotted, 190 'Incha long,' 184 Slender, 190 'Blarney,' 179 Inflated, 189 'Socrates' X 1. Arenaria, 179 'Blazon,' 184 Intermediate, 184 'So und Money,' 179, 185 'Blue Ba nd,' 185 italica, 181 'Sparkling Eyes,' 179, 184 'Blue Spot,' 179, 185 'J affa,' 190 'Spinster,' 189 bosniaca, 181 japonica, 80 'Spring Joy,' 182 b reeding co nsiderations, 181 'Keepsake,' 179, 185 spuria, 187 'Bright White,' 179 kol/Ja lwwsitiana, 190 Spuria group, 187 'Bl-on ya,' 179 laclea, 188 'Stylish,' J85 bucharica, 51 laeu lria, 190, 2M slylosa, cf unguiculaTis bulbous, 189 laevigata, 187, 189 subbifio1'a, 181 Bulgari an, 187 'Lavender Dawn,' 179, 185 'Sul ina,' 180, 185 Bunge, 189 'Ligh ts O n,' 184 susiana, 209 bungei, 189, 199 L illi put hybrids, 184 Syria n, 189 Burch field, 185 'L ittle Bit,' 183 tall bearded, 184 'B uster Brown,' 184 'L ittle Elsa,' 185 tenui/olia, 189 'Butch,' 185 'L ittle J ap,' 189 T hinleaf, 189 'B u tterball,' 184 'Little J ewel,' 179 'Tiny Tony,' 179, 185 'Buzzer,' 179 'Little J oe,' 179, 184 'Tiny Treasure,' 179, 185 'Carpathia,' 180 'Little Mohee,' 185 'Tiny Water,' 187 chamaeiris, 179, 180, 181, 184, 'Little Villain,' 185 ungu,iwlaris, 187, 201 186 Low]y, 187 Il ?-u.movi, 187, 202 X T. arenaria, 179, 182 masia, 190 Uses of dwarf bearded, 185 X 1. pumiia, 179 melanost.ieta, 190, 205 vartani, 189 'Cherry Spot,' 179, 184 mellita, 179, 180, 181 alba, 203 'Christmas,' 189 mimi/a, 189, 190 ventTicosa, 189 'Coerulea,' 179 'Mist O'Pink,' 179, 185 'Veri-Gay,' 184 'Cook-1546,' 180 'Moon Gleam ,' 185 vema. 187, J 88, 190 'Cream Tart,' 179, 185 'Mourning,' 209 Verna l, 187, 188 cres ted , 190 'My Daddy,' 179 ve1'Sieo10 r, 134 cretica, 180 'Nana,' 180, 184 vicaria, 51, 51 c'ristala, 190, 192 Netted, 189 'Violet Gem,' 179, 184 Cubeseed, 188 olbiensis, 18] 'Violet N ight,' 184 culture, 186 'Orange Glint,' 184 Wabash type amoena, 179 'Cup & Saucer,' 182, 184 orchioides, 51 warleyensis X sindjarensis, 51 Danford, 189 palaestina, 189 'Warlsind,' 51 clan/oTdiae, 189, 193, 203 P ales tine, 189 Water, 187 'Dream Child,' 179, 184 'Path of Gold,' 184 "Wee Admiral,' 185 dwarf bearded , 179 Persian, 189 'Whitone,' 185 dwarf beardless, 18'7 1JeTSica. 134, 189, 197 'Ylo,' 185 dwarf cres ted , 190 'Pilgrim,' 189 'Zwanimir,' 185 'Dwarf Lake,' 190 Pinnacle type, 179 Ixias, 257 Dykesiana, 190 Primus, 179, 185 'Endymion,' 179 p'rismatica, 134, 188 J ensata, 188, 189, 194 'Promise,' 179, 184 Jacob's ladder, 136 j acobs, Maud R .: var. hyacinthina, 188, 196 pseudopumila, 181, 184 An Experience wi th Belladon­ Euras ian, 188 pu mila. 134, 179, 180, 181, 184, na Lily, 265 Farrer, 187 185, 186 Japan, A general map of, 77 farre?-i, 187 h ybrids, 179, 180, 182, 183 50 bes t dwarfs, 184 'R ed Amethys t,' 184 J apanese black pine, 79 fl a,vissima, 179 'R ed Gem .' 179, 184 holly, J 10 lily-of- the-valley, 78 'Flaxen,' 184 reichenbachi, 180, 181 'Fortiss imo,' 179 1asmi11um nudifiorum., 61 relicu lata, 189. 200 J ohnstone, George R .: 'Gay Lassie,' 179 f. Can tab , 189 graci lipes, 190 T he Effects of H eat Versus 'R ose Mist,' 179 Winds and Soils on Plan t graminea, 187 ?'osenbachiana, 51, 189 grant-du{fi, 190, 205 Growth and Su rvival in R oss, 189 Sou thern California, 260 Grass, 187 ,-assi, 189 'H -530,' 183 Juniperus chinensis, 94 ?-ub?-omanrinata, 181 H anselmayer, 185 val'. sargentii, 90 'H arbor Lights,' 179 Russ ian, 188 con/e?'ta, 92 'H arput,' 189 1'tlthenica, 189, 198 'H enry,' 189 'Scorpion,' 189 K Kadsll'ra japonica, 89 hemyi, 189 selosa, 188 histrio, 189 cnnadensis, cf hooke?'i J(alo'/Janax sciado1Jh),lloides, 78 hist?'ioides, 189 Siberian, 187, 188 Ka11de lia candele, 86 major. 189, 195, 203 sibi'l'ica, 189 Kii Peninsula, Map of, 82 'H oney Bear,' 184 nana, 187 Kirk, E. Buckner: hoolw -i, 188. 190 sindjarensis, 51 Sa ff ron Crocus, 140 ' Hullabalu,' 179 X persica, 51 Kosar, VV. F .: humilis, ]87 'S in dpers,' 51 A M inia ture H olly for Mod­ 'Huron Imp,' ]79 sinlenisi, cf urumovi ern Landsca pe: Ilex COr'/1l1ta [27 ] ] Kosar, W. F., continued M aesa japonica, 79 N 'Dwarf Burford: 110 Magill, Mrs. E. G.: Narcissi, 134 Performance of Gralted Pa­ The African Violet, 28 Narcissus bulbocodium, 132 cific Dogwood in the East, Magnolia kobus var. stellala, 64 Nasturtium 'Golden Globe ' 219 177 virginiana, 37 Nelson, Ira S.: ' Krause, Eric H ans: Mahonia bealei, 64 Observations on Pentas lan­ Ginkgo biloba, drawing of, Malus amoldiana, 174 ceo lata, 108 Jan. cove" 'Dorothea: 174, 175, 176 Neolitsia sp., 81 Schiza nthus, 55 Malva alcea, 131 Nepeta 'Andre Chaudron: 138 Kumquat, 81 Mandevilla, 263 macrantha, 138 Kyle, Louisa Venable, and Kath­ Marigold 'Glitters: 216, 219 New Color Chart for Horticul­ arine Fontaine Syer: 'Naughty Marietta: 219 ture, A, 47, 48 Virginia Seashore State Park, Mathias, Ml'S. L. W. H .: "New" Dutch Iris, and O thers, 34 A Portfolio of Snowdrop Por­ A,262 L traits, 147 Nickerson Color Fan, 48 Lactuca keiskeana. 79 May, Curtis: Nigel/a damascena, 136 Lady's tresses, 37 . The Christine Buisman Elm, sativa, 136 Lagerst'-oell1ia tauriei, 87, 90 173 Larkspur 'White King: 219 M econopsis betonicitolia var. o LasianthtlS japonicus, 82 baileyi, 135 Oak, evergreen, 92 satsumenJis, 79, 82 Meliosma rigida, 86 Observations on Pelltas Lathyrus ma?'itimus, 79 Melon, 96 lanceolata, 108 Laurel oak, 53 Casaba, 96 Odontadenia grandiflora, 263, Lee, Frederic P.: Honey Dew, 96 263 Azaleas Thrive on "Poor" Soil, mango, 96 nitida, 264 46 oriental pickling, 96 speciosa, 263 Notes on Galanthus, 147 Persian, 96 Ophiopogon, 11 8 Lia tris, II 0 pomegranate, 96 Optunia humitu.5a, 35 Ligularia tussilaginea, 87 Queen Anne's pocket, 96 Orchids, epiphytic, 92 Ligust·rum ciliatum, 78 rock, 97 terrestrial, 90 japonicum, 75 , 79 varieties of, 99 Osmanthus americ{[llus, 260 Lilium au,-atum, 65, 66 winter, 96 tragrans, 260 X L. japo'l1icum, 64 M eratia praecox, 60 ilirifolius, 75 X L. ?'Ubellum, 66 Mertensia virginica, 21 , 136 Osmunda bromelii/olia, 79 Metasequoia glyptost-roboides, con color, 131 p japonicum, 65 , 66 56, 264 medioloides, 78 Miniature Holly for Modern Pacific Dogwood, 177 Pfeiffer hybrids, 65, 65 Landscape: llex C01'1ltl.ta Pansy 'Roggli Sweet Giant: 219 platyphyllum, 66 'Dwarf Burford: A, 110 P01'rotia peTsica, 64 pumilu177 , 131 Modern Peach Varieties, 67 Peach 'Belle," 68, 69 Tub ellum, 65 , 66 Mondo, 11 8 'Blazing Gold: 69 Lily, bamboo, 65 Monkey grass. 11 8 'Cardinal: 68, 69 pink bamboo, 65 Morinda umbel/ata, 89 'Champion: 68 L inaria 'Fairy Bouquet: 219 Morning Glory 'Blue Star: 219 'Coronet: 68, 69 Lindera benzoin, 64 'Heavenly Glory: 131 'Cumberland: 69 obtusiloba, 79 'Pearly Gates: 219 'Dixired: 67, 68, 69 Linnaea borealis, 78 Morrison, B. Y.: 'Duke of Georgia: 69 Linum alpinum, 134 A " New" Dutch Iris, and 'Early- R ed-Fre: 68 pe?'e'l1n e, 134 Others, 262 'Elberta: 67, 68, 69, 70 usitatissimum, 134 Crape J asmine as an Herba­ 'Golden Jubilee: 68, 69 Lithocm-pus edu,lis, 92 ceous Plant, 46 'Golden east: 68 Lithospennum diffusum, 136 Cuphea mic·ropetala, I JO 'Greensboro: 68 l)rost1"Ot1l1n, 136 Dawn Redwood in Mississippi, 'Hale H arrison Brilliant: 70 Lobelia ca?'dinalis, 138 265 'H alehaven.' 68, 69 Sil)hilitica, 138 llex coriacea-Minority Com­ 'Hiland: 69 _ Lonicera. tm!!" 'antissima 61 69 ment,55 'Hiley;' 69 standishii,' 61, 62 " - Small Bulbs for Summer T H. H ale: 67, 68 L01'opetalum chinense, 83, 260 Bloom in the Lower South, ':July Elberta: 69 Los Angeles State and County 116 'Keystone: 69 Arboretum-The First Ten Tln'yal/is glauca, 1I3 'Loring: 69 Years, 220 Two Broad-leaved Evergreen 'M. A. Blake: 70 Administration Buildin!!', 226 Shrubs, 260 'Mayfl ower: 67 Entertainers Garden, 220 Moss phlox, 22 'Maygold: 68, 69 H erb Garden, 223 MUSC01'i armeniacum, 132 'Meadow Lark: 68 Lath House, 224, 225 bulbs, drawing of, July back 'Poppy: 69 Lowrey, Lynn: Growing a cover 'Prairie Dawn,' 69 "KnOCk-away" Tree. 107 comosum vaL plumosum, 132 'Ranger: 68, 69 Lunaria aunna, Oct. back cover Muskmelons, a field of, 97 'R aritan R ose: 68, 69 Lupine 'Giant Kin!!': 219 The, 95 'R edcap: 68, 69 Lu1)inus elel!ans, 244 Mycorrhizae--what thev are­ 'R edhaven: 67, 68, 69 LYC01-is squamigera, 265 what they do, 11 9, 121 'R edskin: 70 Myosotis scorpioides val'. sem­ 'Redwin: 69 1\1 perflO1'ens, 136 'Rio Oso Gem: 70 Machi/us tlnll1bergii, 79, 81 My,'ica rubra, 83 'Rochester: 68 [272] Peach, continued 117 Rosa, continued 'Springtime: 69 Prickl y pear, 35 chinensis mutabilis, 71 'Sullivan Elberta: 69, 70 P,·unus serrulata, 83 'Circus,' 71 'Sunhaven: 69 spinulosa, 83 'Dream Girl: 72 'S unhigh: 67. 68. 69 zippeliana, 79 'Felicia: 72 'S unrise: 69 Psilotum nudum, 79. 86 'Frau Karl Druschki,' 7I 'Triogem: 67, 68 Psycho tria serpens, 89 'Frensham: 71 'Veteran: 68 Pteris cretica var. albo-lineata, X Harisoni, 134 Pelargonium, 108 79 'Honorable Lady Lindsay: 72 Pellionia minima, 82 Pumpkin. 96 'I-lonorine de Brabant: 71 Penstemon angustitolius, 138 Puschkinia scilloides var. li"ba­ 'Joanna Bridge: 71 campanulatus, 244 notica, 132 'Karl Foerster: 71 cyananthus, 137 'Louise Odier,' 71 ovatus, 137 Q 'Madam Messerich: 71 unilatem/is, 138 Qu.ercus cuspidata, 79, 83 'Mme. Butterfly: 71 Pentas lanceolata, 108, 109 darlington, 52, 53 'Mme. Jules Bouche,' 72 Peonies. 131 glauca, 83 'Magenta: 72 Performance of Grafted Pacific lauritolia, 53 'Masquerade: 71, 72 Dogwood in the East. 177 l)hillyraeoides, 81 'Moonlight: 72 Perpetual Flowering Shrub sieboldii, 79 moschata, 72 Roses. 7I wrightii, 79. 90 moyesii, 74 Persimmon. Oriental, 258, 259 'Muenchen : 72 Petunia 'Ballerina: 217, 219 R multiflora, 79 'Comanche: 215 R ain lilies, 116 'Nevada,' 73, 74 'Fire Chief,' 215 Rapanea ne,-iifolia, 81 'Peace: 71 'Fire Dance: 217 Raphiolepis umbel/ala, 75, 79, 90 'Penelope: 70, 72 'May time: 217 R are Conifer-Athrotaxis. A. 56 'P iga lie: 72 'Prima Donna: 217 R are Conifers of Mexico, 241 'Presiden t Hoover,' 71 'Red Satin: 215. 219 R eynolds. Charles W .: 'Prosperity: 72 Peucedanum japonicum, 80 The Muskmelons, 95 'Queen Elizabeth,' 71 P feiffer, Norma E.: Rhododendron alabamense, 25 'R ein e des Violettes: 71 Lilium Pfeiffer h ybrids. 65 arborescens, 25. 26. 27 ' Reveil Dijonna is: 72 Phaius manilatus. 92 X R. atlanticum, 27 ,·ugosa, 72, 74 var. minor, 92 atlanticum, 25 'Belle Poi tevine: At)ril cover Philippine lily, 11 0 autrinum, 25 'Sarah Van Fleet: 72, 73 Phlox, 136 bake,·i, 25. 26, 27 st)inosissima, 71 divaricata, 133 X R. viscosum, 27 'T exas Centennial,' 71 nivalis, 133 calendulaceum, 24. 25 'Tipo Ideale,' 71 'Salmon Glory: 219 canescens, 24. 25 tU1·kestanica, 71 subulata, 22. 118. 133 cilialwn, 62 'Vanity,' 72 Phoenix dactylitera, 223 X cilpinense, 62. 63 wichuraiana, 72, 79 Photinia villosa, 83 dauricum, 62 'Wilhelm: 72 Phyllostach),s tJubescens, 93 tau?·iae, 78 '''Will Scarlet: 72 sulphurea var. viridis, iv/ J an. fiavum, 24 Roses, Bourbon, 71 viridi-glaucescens, iv /Jan. indicum, 80, 89, 11 3 China. 71 viridis, iV/Jan . japonicum, 24, 78. 84 Floribunda, 71 Pieris japonica, 83, 90 kaempteri, 80 H ybrid Musk. 72 nana, 78 lateritium, 90 H ybrid Tea, 71 Old Blush China, 71 Pine, Mexican white, 246 metternichii, 89, 90 Rosma.rinus officinalis. 132 Montezuma. 241 molle, 24 moupinense, 62 R oundlobe Hepatica. 22 Spreadin~-leaved, 241 mucronulatum, 62 Rumohm m-istata, 79 Timberline Montezuma. 241 Twisted-leaved. 241 nudifioru.m, 24. 134 oblongifolium, 25. 27 S Pink lady slipper. 37 obtusum var. kaempferi, 79 Saccharum sIJontanev.m, 94 sand jOint weed, 35 occidentale, 24 Saffron Crocus. 140. 1-10 Pinus ayacahuite, 246 parvifolium, 62 Sag-e. 131 hartwegi, 241 X praecox, 62 Saintpaulia, 28 montezumae, 241 prunifoliu.m, 25. 26 'Bernice,' 32 petula, 241 . 243 ,-oseum, 134 'Blue Boy: 33 teocate, 241 serpyllifolium, 81, 83 'Blue ,""arrior,' 33 thunbergi, f-59 , 79 Se'T!,zatum, 26 'DuPont Lavender Pink: 33 Piper kadsura, 93 speciosum, 24. 25 ' H arvey: 33 Piltosj)o?-um tobira, 75 , 79, 80, 83 spp., 75 'H olly,' 33 Plu mbago cal)ensis, 138 tashi?-oi, 89 ionantha. 33 Podocarfi1J,s nwc?·oph), llus, 75 vaseyi, 134 ': 33 nagi, 79 viscosum, 24. 25 'Ohio Bountiful: 29, 33 Polemonium caerulewn, 136 var. aemulans, 25. 27 'Pink Cheer: 33 replans, 21 we~l1"ichi i , 80. 81 'Pink Cloud: 33 Policy Governing Awards. AHS, )'akusimanum, 90 'Pink Dresden,' 33 165 Rosa 'Berlin: 72 'S hine Boy: 33 Polygonella m-tiCtilata, 35 'Bonn: 72 'S now Prince: 33 Ponci-J"us trifoliata, 87 'Boule de Neige: 71. 74 'Violet Beauty: 33 Portfolio of Snowdrop Portrails. 'Buff Beauty: 72 Salix caprea, 61 [273] Salvia azurea, 138 Sugarcane, 94 vitis-idaea, 78 'Blue Bedder,' 219 Swamp-bay Magnolia, 37 Verbena 'Floradale Beauty,' 219 tarinacea, 138 Sweetpea 'Cuthbertson,' 219 Veronica spicata, 135 patens, 138 Syer, Ka tharine Fontaine and Vetiv e,-ia zizanioidet, 90 uliginosa, 138 Louisa Venable Kyle: Vibu'rnuln awakuki, 80 Salvias, 132 Virginia Seashore State Park, e,-osum, 79 Sarcandm glabra, 79, 85, 89 34 tragmns, 62 Sasa owatarii, 86 Symplocos, 79 japonicwn, 81 Sasanqua Camellias, Their In­ glauca, 79 odo.-atissimum, 75 troduction, Culture, and japonica, 92 tin tIS, 62 Use, 257 Ian icto lia, 79 w -ceoiatuln, 90 Sax, Karl: Forsythia 'Beatrix p,-uni/olia, 79 Vinca m ino-r, 136 Farrand, 1I2 theophrastaetolia, 83 Viola can ina, 131 Scabiosa japonica, 78 Sy ringa microph),lla superba, 71 conspe1"Sa , 131 Schizandm chinen sis, 79 elatior, 131 Schizanthus grahamii, 55 T h iTta , 131 g,-andif/orum, 55 Taiwania, 56 mirabilis, 131 pinnattlS, 55 Tanegashima, j'"r ap of, 91 monta11{/., 131 X w isetonensis, 55 Taxodiu111, 56 triloba, 131 Schuurman, J. A_: distichn111, 264, 265 Vipersbugloss, 136 The Botanical Garden of In­ mucronatwn, 241, 242, 244,246 Virginia Bluebells, 21 donesia, 123 Ternst,-oemia japonica, 244 Virginia Seashore State Park, 34 Sciadopitys, 56 mokot, 80 Springbeauty, 23 verticillata, '83 sylvatica, 244, 246 Scilla hispanica, 132 Te'tLc,-ium truticans, 132 .,-- w nutans, 132 Teuscher, Henry: Walther, Eric_ : A R are Conifer­ Seaside heather, 35 T,-ichantha minOT, 172 Athrotaxis, 56 Sedum morganianum, 56 T he Africa n Violet, 28 Rare Conifers of Mexico, 241 Sen ecio calcarius, 244 T he Botanical Garden of Indo­ i~r a s hin gtonia , 223 Sequoia, 56 nesia, 123 Watermelon, 96 sempemirens, 56 T he Christine Buisman Elm, 173 Watsonias, 257 Sequoiadendron gigantea, 56 T he Christmas R ose for 'Winter SetTecesia purpumta, 43 Welch, Walter: fl owers, I Dwarf Bearded Iris, 179 Shikoku, Map of, 80 T he Dahlias, 4 Skinner, H enry T_: When the Blues Take Over, 131 T he Darlington Oak, 52 White candidum lilies, 136 Deciduous Azaleas for the The Effect of Heat Versus i¥inds Wild Sweet William, 133 Lower-South,24 and Soils on Plant Growth Wildflowers to start the garden Small Bulbs for 'Summer Bloom a nd Survival in Southern in the Lower South, 1I6 Califo rnia, 260 season, 21 i >\Tinter- flowering Shrubs, 59 Smilax china, 89 T he Gardeners' Pocketbook, 43, 'Winter jasmine, 61 Snowd rops, 132 107, 173 , 257 ct Galanthus T homas, Graham Stuart: i >\Ti n tersweet, 60 So,-bus ruto-tenuginea, 78 Perpetual Flowering Shrub Witch hazel, 59 So uthern Shikoku, The Coast Roses, 71 Wyman, Donald: A New Color Chart for Horti­ Line of, 84 Thryallis g!auca, 11 3 Spalding, Geor)1:e H.: Til)U !m-ia discO!01-, 37 culture, 47 Los Angeles State and County T ithonia 'Torch,' 219 Malus ' Dorothea,' 174 Arboretum-The First Ten To,-enia toumieri, 1I8 y Years, 220 Tmche!osl)ennuln asiaticum, 81, f 87 Spanish bluebell, 132 83 Yakushima, Map 0 , iris, 262 Tree ferns, 128 Yellow Flowering Dogwood, 178 'Enchan tress,' 262 T,-ich011tha 111i11or, t-119, 172, 17 3 'Yellow P rince,' 262 Tritonias, 257 Z Sparaxis, 257 Trollius h011doensis, 78 Zelkova senata, 94 Spicebush, 64 T ulips, 134 Zephymnthes, 1I6, 11 7 Spilanthes oleracea, 49, 50 Two Broad-leaved Evergreen 'Ajax,' 1I7 Spiranthes lucida, 37 Shrubs, 260 andeTsoni, 11 7 Spreading Pasqueflower, 21 Two Ground-covering Species of atamasco, 117 Squash, 96 Ardisia, 266 candida, 1I6, 1I7 Stachyu1"Vs chinensis, 64 ca-rinata, 11 7 citrina, 1I7 !ancito/i us, 89 u Udo, 94 gm11dif/o,-a, 1I6, 1I7 praecox, 64 Ulex eu,-opaetlS, 63 lutea, 1I7 StembeTgia colchiflora, 17 8 Ulmus car1)ini/oiia, 173 ?"Osea, 11 7 fisci1e,-iana, 178 Unusual Glad iolus Species, 206 simpsoni, 1I7 Zutea, 178 t,-eatiae, 1I7 macrantha, 178 V Zinnia 'Blaze,' 212, 219 StewaTtia monode!pha, 89 Vaccinium bracteatum, 83 Zoysia jat)onica, 80

[274] Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society

American Association of Nurserymen American Begonia Society American Begonia Society, San Francisco Branch American Camellia Society American Daffodil Society American Gloxinia Suciety American Hibiscus Society American Iris Society American Peony Society American Rhododendron Society American Rhododendron Society, Middle Atlantic Chapter American Rose Society Bethesda Community Garden Club (Maryland) Birmingham Horticultural Society (Alabama) Cal ifornia Garden Clubs, Inc. California Horticultural Society Cen tral Florida Horticultural Society (Orlalldo) Chester Horticultural Society (Virginia) Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club Garden Center of Greater Cincinnati Garden Center of Greater Cleveland Carden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) Ga rden Club of Chevy Cha5e, Maryland Garden Club of Danville (Virginia) Garden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) Garden Club of :Montclair (New J ersey) Garden Club of Virginia Garden Study Club, Delray Beach, Florida Georgetown Garden Club (D. C.) Herb Society of America H ill and Dale Garden Club (Ohio) Holly Society of America Houston Horticultural Society Hunting Creek (Alexandria, Virginia) Garden Club International Geranium Society Iowa State Horticultural Society Kenwood Garden Club (Maryland) La Salle Horticultural Society (Montreal) Manitowoc Men's Garden Club (Wisconsin) 'Men's Garden Club of Fairfield Co unty (Connecticut) :Men's Garden Club of Montgomery County (Uaryland) Michigan Horticultural Society Midwest Horticultural Society Moline (Illinois) Horticultural Society, Inc. National Association of Gardeners National Capital Garden Club League National Landscape Nurserymen's Association Neighhorhood Garden Club (Virgini a) New England Wild Flower Preservation Society New Orleans Garden Society, Inc. New Orleans Horticultural Study Club North American Lily Society Northern Nut Growers' Association, Inc. Ohio Association of Garden Clubs Pennsylvania H orticultural Society Perennial Garden Club (D. C.) Pittsburgh Garden Center Plainfield Garden Club (New Jersey) Potomac Rose Society (D. C.) San Francisco Garden Club Seven Seas Garden Club (Maryland) Southern California Camellia Society Takoma Horticultural Club (Maryland-D. C.) The Palm Society (Florida) \Vaterfront Garden Club (Alabama) ~,

\ , ,

( I i . J ~

Lunaria annua