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From Lorient to Louisiana on a French Atlantic Circuit Dissertation Presented in Partial Fu Company Towns and Tropical Baptisms: From Lorient to Louisiana on a French Atlantic Circuit Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Erin Michelle Greenwald, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Alan Gallay, Advisor Kenneth J. Andrien John Brooke Copyright by Erin Michelle Greenwald 2011 Abstract In 1729 the French Company of the Indies (Compagnie des Indes) operated more than two dozen coastal and riverine comptoirs, or trade outposts, along waterways stretching from the upper Mississippi Valley to the West African coast to the Bay of Bengal in Southeast Asia. The Company, administered by an assembly of Paris-centered directors, shareholders, and syndics, stood on the verge of initiating self-directed changes that would simultaneously diminish its functional and geographic scope and place it on firm financial footing for the first time since its mid-seventeenth-century inception. For unlike the Dutch and English monopoly companies, the French Company of the Indies prior to 1731 did not restrict its mission to trade alone; nor did the Company limit its operational sphere to the East Indies. Instead the Company spread its ships, bureaucrats, soldiers, laborers, and cargoes across the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In Louisiana during the second decade of the eighteenth century, the Company made a last unsuccessful bid in its quest to extract wealth from company-directed agricultural endeavors. As the Company‘s focus shifted away from agriculture with the retrocession of the colony to the king in 1731, so too did the life courses of individuals whose fortunes were bound up in the Company‘s trade, colonization, and agricultural mission in the Americas. ii Through the lens of an unpublished contemporary account penned by Marc Antoine Caillot, a clerk with the Company of the Indies during its last years in Louisiana, ―Company Towns and Tropical Baptisms‖ situates the colony within the French Atlantic circuit that stretched from Paris and the Brittany Coast to Africa‘s Senegambian region to the West Indies to Louisiana and back, and examines the Company‘s role as colonizer, developer, slave holder, commercial entity, and deal maker between 1717 and 1731. iii Dedication Dedicated to Vasy and Acadia McCoy iv Acknowledgments Dissertations do not write themselves; nor are they written without the many generous gifts of time, patience, advice, criticism, and love bestowed upon the dissertator. These gifts do not go unnoticed. I have personally been very fortunate throughout the research and writing process to include among my supporters a diverse group of advisors, scholars, friends, colleagues, and family members. I owe a large debt of gratitude to my dissertation advisor, Alan Gallay, whose knowledge in the fields of early American, Native American, African American, and Atlantic history has helped make me a better historian and teacher. Alan‘s patience and his belief in my ability to switch course, as I did partway through writing an unrelated dissertation, without losing sight of the goal of actually finishing my degree enabled me to embark upon the type of research and writing adventure many scholars might find enviable. Thanks to Alan, also, for reminding me of the importance of maintaining balance in life and scholarship. Kenneth Andrien, whose insights into Latin America and the Caribbean enabled me to place Louisiana into the broader context of the Americas, provided much needed support and advice, as did John Brooke, whose graduate reading seminars in early and nineteenth-century American history helped make a historian out of someone with a background in French literature and culture. Thanks also to Dale Van Kley for guidance v on manuscript circulation in eighteenth-century, ancien régime France, Kevin Boyle for insisting on well-written prose, and Joby Abernathy, retired graduate studies coordinator extraordinaire, and her successor Jim Bach for the administrative wonders they made happen on a daily basis. To the late John Conteh-Morgan, I owe a debt that I can now only repay by honoring his teachings in my scholarship. John‘s life was too short. I am forever grateful to him for introducing me to the francophone world and the people and histories of the African Diaspora in the French Atlantic. For help unraveling the mysteries of the Caillot manuscript and its wily, eighteenth-century author, I thank Gilles-Antoine Langlois; Soeurs Odile and Marie Aimée of the Augustinian community in Malestroit, France; David Mendel; Pierre-Louis Lapointe, archivist of the Bibliothèque et archives nationales de Québec, and François Rousseau, archivist of the Augustinian community in Quebec City; Mark Cave, manuscripts curator at the Historic New Orleans Collection, and Alfred Lemmon, director of the Collection‘s Williams Research Center. New Orleans archivists Sarah-Elizabeth Gundlach of the Louisiana State Museum Historical Center, Lee Leumas of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, and Lee Miller of Tulane University‘s Louisiana Research Collection provided gracious assistance with all of my research queries and made helpful suggestions on materials in their collections related to my focus. In the reading room of the Williams Research Center, Siva Blake, Mary Lou Eichhorn, Daniel Hammer, Jennifer Navarre, and Eric Sieferth bore the brunt vi of my many requests to use microfilms and reference materials from THNOC‘s holdings. Their patience and professionalism will not be forgotten. In France many thanks to the staffs of the Archives Nationales and Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris; Archives Nationales d‘Outre-Mer (formerly the Centre des Archives d‘Outre-Mer) in Aix-en-Provence; Archives municipales de Lorient; and Archives départementales des Hauts-de-Seine (Nanterre), Morbihan (Vannes), and Seine- Maritime (Rouen). Curator René Estienne, archivist Jy Le Glouahec, and photographer Robert Le Gall of the Service Historique de la Défense, Fonds de la Marine, in Lorient welcomed me to one of France‘s best kept archival secrets and made sure I had access to all the record groups I needed to complete my research inquiries. Emily Clark, Shannon Dawdy, Catherine Desbarats, Heidi Keller-Lapp, Phyllis Martin, George Milne, Larry Powell, Rebecca Scott, and Sophie White sat through various readings of my work and/or helped me flesh out my narrative. Their comments made this a better dissertation. My fellow graduate students from the Ohio State department of history, especially Robert Bennett, Nicole Jackson, John and Molly Maass, Joe Orser, and Christiana Thomas, also deserve credit for listening to me drone on about not one, but two different dissertation topics. Amy Overmyer and John, Evelyn, and Ryan Landi made me look forward to trips back to Columbus. Thanks to them for providing good laughs, warm meals, and excellent company. Along the same lines, my friend Stephanie Heinen and the unparalleled staff of Antoine‘s Restaurant have kept me sane and my stomach happy. vii Also in New Orleans my colleagues past and present Teresa Devlin, Sarah Doerries, Mary Mees Garsaud, Rachel Gibbons, John Lawrence, Anne Robichaux, and especially Jessica Dorman helped me believe I could finish and provided time and encouragement with which to do so. THNOC‘s Executive Director Priscilla Lawrence has been a patient and faithful supporter throughout the many ups and downs of this project. Research funding, without which I never could have written this dissertation, was generously provided by the École des chartes in Paris, Historic New Orleans Collection, Ohio State University‘s history department, graduate school, and college of Humanities, and United States Naval Academy. My parents Charles and Sandy Greenwald deserve credit for introducing me to New Orleans and for instilling in me a curiosity about the world and its inhabitants. My brother Chuck makes forever sure I don‘t take myself too seriously—a useful contribution for which I thank him. A million thanks also to my grandmother, Victoria Grodevant, who has always been a source of warmth and encouragement. The contributions of my husband Vasy McCoy and daughter Acadia to this project and my life are immeasurable. I quite literally could not have done it without them. Vasy has been particularly patient in reading, rereading, and even listening to me read various chapter drafts. Acadia has helped just by being herself. They have both lived under the shadow of this project for longer than I care to admit, spending countless Saturdays or Sundays in voluntary exile away from the house to provide me with a quiet writing environment. Thanks to both of them for always believing in me. viii Vita 1995..............................................................Pine Forest High School, Pensacola, Florida 1999..............................................................B.A. French and German, Tulane University 2002−2004....................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of French, The Ohio State University 2005...............................................................M.A. French, The Ohio State University M.A. History, The Ohio State University 2005−2007.....................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University 2007−2010.....................................................Editor, The Historic New Orleans Collection 2010 to present...............................................Associate
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