Louisiana's Code Noir (1724) BLACK CODE of LOUISIANA I. Decrees
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Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: the Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt
Leiden Journal of International Law (2018), 31, pp. 597–615 C Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2018 doi:10.1017/S0922156518000225 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: The Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt ∗ LILIANA OBREGON´ Abstract Before 1492, European feudal practices racialized subjects in order to dispossess, enslave and colonize them. Enslavement of different peoples was a centuries old custom authorized by the lawofnationsandfundamentaltotheeconomiesofempire.Manumission,thoughexceptional, helped to sustain slavery because it created an expectation of freedom, despite the fact that the freed received punitive consequences. In the sixteenth century, as European empires searched for cheaper and more abundant sources of labour with which to exploit their colonies, the Atlantic slave trade grew exponentially as slaves became equated with racialized subjects. This article presents the case of Haiti as an example of continued imperial practices sustained by racial capitalism and the law of nations. In 1789, half a million slaves overthrew their French masters from the colony of Saint Domingue. After decades of defeating recolonization efforts and the loss of almost half their population and resources, Haitian leaders believed their declared independence of 1804 was insufficient, so in 1825 they reluctantly accepted recognition by France while being forced to pay an onerous indemnity debt. Though Haiti was manumitted through the promise of a debt payment, at the same time the new state was re-enslaved as France’s commercial colony. The indemnity debt had consequences for Haiti well into the current century, as today Haiti is one of the poorest and most dependent nations in the world. -
French Ambition and Acadian Labor in the Caribbean, 1762-1767”
401 “Empire Ex Nihilo: French Ambition and Acadian Labor in the Caribbean, 1762-1767” Christopher Hodson, Northwestern University “Lost Colonies” Conference, March 26-27, 2004 (Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author) At the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, geopolitical equilibrium gave way to grotesque imbalance. Great Britain had become a leviathan, acquiring Canada, several key islands in the West Indies, Senegal in Africa, French possessions in the Mediterranean, India, and on the East Indian island of Sumatra, while crushing Gallic pretensions to the Ohio Valley. For Louis XV and his cast of ministers, utter defeat had raised the stakes of the imperial contest; Britain’s near-global dominance demanded a rapid, thorough response. The integration of France’s remaining overseas territories into a militant, economically competitive polity became the penultimate projet in a kingdom bursting with les hommes à projets.1 Draped in the rhetoric of progress, the plans that emerged from this hothouse of patriotism and personal ambition marked an extension of imperial authority unlike any France had ever seen.2 Mercifully, few of these bizarre proposals ever came to fruition. This essay, however, examines two that did. The first, a colony along the Kourou River in Guiana, failed in spectacular fashion only months after its foundation. Thousands of migrants died, and destitute survivors scattered throughout Europe and the Caribbean. The second, a smaller settlement on the northern coast of Saint Domingue, commenced early in 1764. It proved a disappointment, lapsing into obscurity over the next two years. Settlers died or filtered to greener, if equally fetid pastures in Louisiana. -
Slavery in Haiti
Africa Enslaved A Curriculum Unit on Comparative Slave Systems for Grades 9-12 Developed by: Natalie Arsenault, Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies Christopher Rose, Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin About the Authors Natalie Arsenault is Outreach Coordinator at the Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. She holds an M.A. in Latin American Studies from the University of Florida. She has worked extensively on Latin American content-based activities with educators at all levels; has present- ed on her own research at regional and national educator conferences; and has developed multiple standards- aligned curriculum units related to Latin America. She can be reached at [email protected] Christopher Rose is Outreach Coordinator at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, where he obtained his M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies. He is responsible for educational outreach to classrooms, business, the media, and community groups to increase awareness on matters related to the Middle East and its many diverse cultures. He is a frequent guest speaker in schools throughout the Austin area, and he has developed many curriculum resources to supplement K-12 curricula in world studies. He can be reached at [email protected] Africa Enslaved: A Curriculum Unit on Comparative Slave Systems for Grades 9 -12 Compilation date: March 2006 Permission is granted to reproduce this unit for classroom use only. Please do not redistribute this unit without prior permission. For more information, please see: http://inic.utexas.edu/hemispheres/ Cover photo: The slave monument, Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania © 2003, Christopher Rose 3 Haiti CIA World Factbook, 1988. -
The New Orleans Free People of Color and the Process of Americanization, 1803-1896
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 The New Orleans Free People of Color and the Process of Americanization, 1803-1896 Camille Kempf Gourdet College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Gourdet, Camille Kempf, "The New Orleans Free People of Color and the Process of Americanization, 1803-1896" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626484. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-wf20-pk69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE NEW ORLEANS FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR AND THE PROCESS OF AMERICANIZATION, 1803-1896 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Camille K. Gourdet 2005 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Camille Kempf feourdet Approved by the Committee, May 2005 sor, Chair kii HhtC'QuL. $you2, Kathleen Bragdon, Professor UX-— M. Lynn Weiss, Professor ii To my husband Nico, who has always stood firmly by my side. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii Chapter I. -
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Utopian (Post)Colonies: Rewriting Race and Gender after the Haitian Revolution by Lesley Shannon Curtis Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Toril Moi ___________________________ David F. Bell, III ___________________________ Philip Stewart Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Utopian (Post)Colonies: Rewriting Race and Gender after the Haitian Revolution by Lesley Shannon Curtis Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Toril Moi ___________________________ David F. Bell, III ___________________________ Philip Stewart An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v Copyright by Lesley Shannon Curtis 2011 Abstract ‚Utopian (Post)Colonies: Rewriting Race and Gender after the Haitian Revolution‛ examines the works of French women authors writing from just before the first abolition of slavery in the French colonies in 1794 to those writing at the time of the second and final abolition in 1848. These women, each in different and evolving ways, challenged notions of race and gender that excluded French women from political debate and participation and kept Africans and their descendants in subordinated social positions. However, even after Haitian independence, French authors continued to understand the colony as a social and political enterprise to be remodeled and ameliorated rather than abandoned. -
Malick Ghachem February 14, 2004 the Age of the Code Noir in French
Malick Ghachem February 14, 2004 The Age of the Code Noir in French Political Economy In a neglected, highly evocative survey of French history, Edward Whiting Fox distinguishes between two worlds of eighteenth-century France.1 The first is the France that once dominated historical consciousness of the Old Regime, and that most readily comes to mind in the popular imagination even today: the world of the agrarian economy, of peasants and nobles, of vicissitudes in the nation’s grain supply and the social and political disturbances that resulted. The “other France” of Fox’s title is the bustling world of the commercial towns and the prosperous mercantile elites it fostered, most notably in the western seaboard ports such as Bordeaux, La Rochelle, and Nantes.2 With some exceptions, this “other France” was essentially a product of the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy and the emergence of sugar and coffee as two of the most prized items of French and European trade. The major currents in Enlightenment political economic thought correspond to these two forms of the early modern French economy: on the one hand, the Physiocrats and their obsession with the domestic French grain trade, and on the other, the rich body of writings associated with the debate over mercantilism and the colonial trade. The colonial economy of Old Regime France has always taken a backstage to its domestic counterpart. This probably has something to do with the fact that colonial trade 1 A shorter version of this essay is forthcoming in M. J. Parrine, ed., A Vast and Useful Art: The Gustave Gimon Collection on French Political Economy (Stanford, CA: The Stanford University Libraries, 2004). -
“Deluded and Ruined”: Diana Bastian 26 Brock Education Journal, 27(1)
Cooper “Deluded and Ruined”: Diana Bastian “Deluded and Ruined”: Diana Bastian—Enslaved African Canadian Teenager and White Male Privilege Afua Cooper Dalhousie University Abstract This essay explores the vulnerability of enslaved African Canadian Black women by examining the death of Diana Bastian, an enslaved Black teenager who in 1792 was raped by George More, a member of the Governing Council of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Though Bastian begged for assistance during the resultant pregnancy, More denied her such aid and cast her aside. Bastian further appealed to More’s brother, a local magistrate, who also denied Bastian any help, and Bastian died giving birth to the twins More sired. Bastian’s owner, Abraham Cuyler, appeared to have been absent from the province at the time of Bastian’s rape, pregnancy, and labour. Bastian’s brief and tragic history is told in her death certificate recorded at the St. George’s Anglican Church, Sydney. This very succinct document brings to light the story of racial and sexual abuse on the Canadian frontier, and helps us to understand the marginal status of Black women’s lives in colonial Canada. I suggest in this essay that when we place enslaved Black women at the centre of Canada’s historical and colonial past, we come to a new understanding of the power and privilege White men possessed, and the catastrophic impact it had on Black women’s bodies. Keywords: Slavery, rape, Black women, Loyalist migrations, Canadian colonialism, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia Afua Cooper is the former James R. Johnston Chair in Black Canadian Studies, at Dalhousie University. -
HAT 3564, Haitian Culture and Society 1492 Columbus 1625
HAT 3564, Haitian Culture and Society 1492 Columbus 1625 “marauding bands” 1697 Rijswick (French-Spanish treaty) 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution; conventional & unconventional war Slave labor and French capital L’exclusif = Dependence on the metropolis – no free trade Sugar and coffee 450,000 slaves = “black” (North) nèg kreyòl | esklav kay (domestic) nèg bosal | esklav espesyalize (skilled) nèg mawon | esklav jaden (field) 40,000 colonists = “white” (North) governor general = military leader grands blancs = wanted some free trade petits blancs and “blan mannan” 30,000 affranchis = “yellow, brown and black” (South) Mulatto affranchis versus black affranchis (In 1791 much of the South and its slaves was owned by affranchis). Causes and conditions: “the racial prejudice of the whites led to color prejudice on the part of the mulattoes” Types of colonial slavery: A) “Paternalistic” / small-scale slavery in Hispanic societies B) “Industrial slavery” in Saint Domingue (Haiti‟s former name) = The prevailing philosophy was that cruelty and torture increased productivity in the context industrial slavery. 1 Haitian Culture and Society Take turns with a partner reviewing these questions: 1. Describe “slaves.” 2. Describe the “whites.” 3. Describe the “affranchis.” 4. Describe the “maroons” [mawon] and marronage. 5. Columbus‟ encounter with the Tainos. 6. The concept of forced conversion and Roman Catholic complicity in slavery. 7. The use of torture by the French. 8. The buccaneers and flibustiers. 9. Describe how slavery grew in Haiti, especially between 1750- 1791. 10. What was the role of poison in Saint Domingue? (Castaldo 2006:38-39; Miller 2008:28): Code Noir, 1685 1. “... [we] enjoin all of our officers to chase from our said islands all the Jews who have established their residence, to whom, as to the declared enemies of the Christian name [du non chrétien], we command to leave from them within three months of the publication of the present, at risk of having bodies and wealth confiscated.” 2. -
Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803
Document generated on 09/26/2021 11:22 a.m. Ontario History Acts of Resistance Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 Afua Cooper Forging Freedom: In Honour of the Bicentenary of the British Article abstract Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade This paper examines how enslaved Africans living in Upper Canada at the turn Volume 99, Number 1, Spring 2007 of the 19th century protested and resisted their enslavement in diverse ways, and the impact of this resistant behaviour on attempts to legislate against and URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065793ar ameliorate the effects of slavery in the province. It shows that, in the case of DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1065793ar the Chloe Cooley, her courage in the face of attempts to sell her away to a New York owner provided the catalyst that spurred the Upper Canadian government to pass its gradual emancipation act, some forty years before See table of contents anti-slavery laws were passed elsewhere in the British Empire. This study centres Black Canadians, particularly the enslaved, as actors and agents in the making of their own, and thus a signficant part of Canada’s, history. Publisher(s) The Ontario Historical Society ISSN 0030-2953 (print) 2371-4654 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Cooper, A. (2007). Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803. Ontario History, 99(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065793ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2007 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. -
Creole African Traditions
---------------5-- Creole African Traditions Santeria, Palo Monte, Abakud, Vodou, and Espiritismo The late colonial era in the Caribbean was marked by an explosion of religious traditions that both drew from and challenged the normativity of Christianity. The importation of large numbers of Africans for slave labor on the plantations introduced numerous ethnic groups and their cultural heritages to the Caribbean. In an attempt to negotiate their own diversity and their contact with Europeans, Africans created religious traditions such ,. :: as Santeria, Palo Monte, Abaku:i, and Vodou, with adherents that crossed ~ " , " ethnic lines. Among Spanish colonists, the religio-philosophical system of I Espiritismo became an alternative for Catholics who were becoming increas ingly alienated from the institutional Catholic Church. Research on these religious traditions varies greatly, with Santeria and Vodou sharing the greatest body of scholarship. A fundamental aspect of the development of these religious traditions is their African roots, which are central for understanding their transformation into creole traditions in the Americas. , I Santeria The term "Santeria;' which is the most recognized designation for the reli gious practices of Yoruba descendants in Cuba, is problematic for many practitioners. Since it is translated as "way of the saints;' this designation emphasizes the Roman Catholic elements of this religion, which are seen as symbolic layers surrounding what is understood to be at its core an African religion. The Afro-Cuban religious scholar :Nlercedes Cros Sandoval argues that RegIa Lucumi (rule or way of Lucumi) is the most appropriate name for Santeria, since practitioners use "Lucumi" to refer to themselves and their language. -
The Slave Trade Catalogue 1496
THE SLAVE TRADE CATALOGUE 1496 MAGGS BROS. LTD. THE SLAVE TRADE 1690-1880 CATALOGUE 1496 MAGGS BROS. LTD. atalogue 1496 includes 76 items devoted to the slave trade and its abolition. The items are drawn from the United States and England, C France and Spain, Liberia and Ghana. In addition to books, there are broadsides, prints and manuscripts. The main names in the English abolition movement all feature: William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, and Granville Sharp; as do Anthony Benezet, Ignatius Sancho, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Important figures in the establishment and government of the Sierra Leone colony are also represented. The revolutions in Haiti, France, and America all took place in the period covered, and their ramifications on free trade, for starters, underpin the publication of several items here. So too do the other major events of the era: obviously, the signing and implementation of the 1807 and 1833 Abolition Acts, but also the 1814 Treaty of Paris, which contained a clause for abolition that bound both France and Spain. There is a considerable group documenting some of the internal conflicts within the abolition movements in both England and France, as well as the resis- Covers from item 69, History of the Merry Brother Jonathan. tance from planters in the colonies whose interests were materially and imme- diately affected. It is difficult to over-estimate the scale of the slave trade and how integral it was to the vastly profitable sugar industry. In the early decades MAGGS BROS. LTD. of the nineteenth century, colonists and plantation owners became increas- 48 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DR ingly mindful to position themselves as anti-slavery but at every turn resisted emancipation. -
Moreau Lislet and the Louisiana Digest of 1808
The Strange Science of Codifying Slavery— Moreau Lislet and the Louisiana Digest of 1808 Vernon Valentine Palmer* I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 83 II. THE TWIN ASPIRATIONS OF THE DIGEST ............................................ 86 A. Influence of the Planters in the Legislature ............................. 87 B. A Glimpse at Moreau ............................................................... 88 III. THE STATE OF SLAVE LAW ON THE EVE OF THE DIGEST .................... 90 A. The French and Spanish Background ...................................... 90 B. The Black Code of 1806—Four Characteristics ..................... 94 IV. THE INSERTION OF SLAVERY INTO THE CODES ................................. 101 A. An Unavailing French Model ................................................. 101 B. The Castillian Alternative ....................................................... 102 C. Codifying the Castes ............................................................... 103 D. Slave Rules in the Three Books of the Digest ....................... 106 E. Conception of the Slave’s Legal Nature ................................. 108 F. The Paradox of the Digest ...................................................... 109 G. Moreau the Realist? ................................................................ 109 V. THE ADVANCING SPANISH-ROMAN INFLUENCE: FROM THE DIGEST TO THE CODE ........................................................................ 111 VI. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY