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Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: the Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt
Leiden Journal of International Law (2018), 31, pp. 597–615 C Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2018 doi:10.1017/S0922156518000225 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: The Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt ∗ LILIANA OBREGON´ Abstract Before 1492, European feudal practices racialized subjects in order to dispossess, enslave and colonize them. Enslavement of different peoples was a centuries old custom authorized by the lawofnationsandfundamentaltotheeconomiesofempire.Manumission,thoughexceptional, helped to sustain slavery because it created an expectation of freedom, despite the fact that the freed received punitive consequences. In the sixteenth century, as European empires searched for cheaper and more abundant sources of labour with which to exploit their colonies, the Atlantic slave trade grew exponentially as slaves became equated with racialized subjects. This article presents the case of Haiti as an example of continued imperial practices sustained by racial capitalism and the law of nations. In 1789, half a million slaves overthrew their French masters from the colony of Saint Domingue. After decades of defeating recolonization efforts and the loss of almost half their population and resources, Haitian leaders believed their declared independence of 1804 was insufficient, so in 1825 they reluctantly accepted recognition by France while being forced to pay an onerous indemnity debt. Though Haiti was manumitted through the promise of a debt payment, at the same time the new state was re-enslaved as France’s commercial colony. The indemnity debt had consequences for Haiti well into the current century, as today Haiti is one of the poorest and most dependent nations in the world. -
Performance, Aesthetics, and the Unfinished Haitian Revolution Jeremy Matthew Glick
The Black Radical Tragic America and the Long 19th Century General Editors David Kazanjian, Elizabeth McHenry, and Priscilla Wald Black Frankenstein: The Making of an American Metaphor Elizabeth Young Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel Edlie L. Wong Shadowing the White Man’s Burden: U.S. Imperialism and the Problem of the Color Line Gretchen Murphy Bodies of Reform: The Rhetoric of Character in Gilded- Age America James B. Salazar Empire’s Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines Meg Wesling Sites Unseen: Architecture, Race, and American Literature William A. Gleason Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights Robin Bernstein American Arabesque: Arabs and Islam in the Nineteenth Century Imaginary Jacob Rama Berman Racial Indigestion: Eating Bodies in the Nineteenth Century Kyla Wazana Tompkins Idle Threats: Men and the Limits of Productivity in Nineteenth- Century America Andrew Lyndon Knighton The Traumatic Colonel: The Founding Fathers, Slavery, and the Phantasmatic Aaron Burr Michael J. Drexler and Ed White Unsettled States: Nineteenth- Century American Literary Studies Edited by Dana Luciano and Ivy G. Wilson Sitting in Darkness: Mark Twain, Asia, and Comparative Racialization Hsuan L. Hsu Picture Freedom: Remaking Black Visuality in the Early Nineteenth Century Jasmine Nichole Cobb Stella Émeric Bergeaud Translated by Lesley Curtis and Christen Mucher Racial Reconstruction: Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the -
I Am Not a Woman Writer’ About Women, Literature and Feminist Theory Today FT
259-271 095850 Moi (D) 4/9/08 09:39 Page 259 259 ‘I am not a woman writer’ About women, literature and feminist theory today FT Feminist Theory Copyright 2008 © SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, and Washington DC) vol. 9(3): 259–271. 1464–7001 DOI: 10.1177/1464700108095850 Toril Moi Duke University http://fty.sagepub.com Abstract This essay first tries to answer two questions: Why did the question of the woman writer disappear from the feminist theoretical agenda around 1990? Why do we need to reconsider it now? I then begin to develop a new analysis of the question of the woman writer by turning to the statement ‘I am not a woman writer’. By treating it as a speech act and analysing it in the light of Simone de Beauvoir’s understanding of sexism, I show that it is a response to a particular kind of provocation, namely an attempt to force the woman writer to conform to some norm for femininity. I also show that Beauvoir’s theory illuminates Virginia Woolf’s strategies in A Room of One’s Own before, finally, asking why we, today, still should want women to write. keywords J. L. Austin, Simone de Beauvoir, femininity, feminist literary criticism, literature, women writers, Virginia Woolf Why is the question of women and writing such a marginal topic in feminist theory today? The decline of interest in literature is all the more striking given its central importance in the early years of feminist theory. Although I shall only speak about literature, I think it is likely that the loss of interest in literature is symptomatic of a more wide-ranging loss of interest in questions relating to women and aesthetics and women and creativity within feminist theory. -
Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: the Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865
Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: The Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865 Alexander Campbell History Honors Thesis April 19, 2010 Advisor: Françoise Hamlin 2 Table of Contents Timeline 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I: Race, Nation, and Emigration in the Atlantic World 17 Chapter II: The Beginnings of Black Emigration to Haiti 35 Chapter III: Black Nationalism and Black Abolitionism in Antebellum America 55 Chapter IV: The Return to Emigration and the Prospect of Citizenship 75 Epilogue 97 Bibliography 103 3 4 Timeline 1791 Slave rebellion begins Haitian Revolution 1831 Nat Turner rebellion, Virginia 1804 Independent Republic of Haiti declared, Radical abolitionist paper The Liberator with Jean-Jacques Dessalines as President begins publication 1805 First Constitution of Haiti Written 1836 U.S. Congress passes “gag rule,” blocking petitions against slavery 1806 Dessalines Assassinated; Haiti divided into Kingdom of Haiti in the North, Republic of 1838 Haitian recognition brought to U.S. House Haiti in the South. of Representatives, fails 1808 United States Congress abolishes U.S. 1843 Jean-Pierre Boyer deposed in coup, political Atlantic slave trade chaos follows in Haiti 1811 Paul Cuffe makes first voyage to Africa 1846 Liberia, colony of American Colonization Society, granted independence 1816 American Colonization Society founded 1847 General Faustin Soulouque gains power in 1817 Paul Cuffe dies Haiti, provides stability 1818 Prince Saunders tours U.S. with his 1850 Fugitive Slave Act passes U.S. Congress published book about Haiti Jean-Pierre Boyer becomes President of 1854 Martin Delany holds National Emigration Republic of Haiti Convention Mutiny of the Holkar 1855 James T. -
APÉNDICE BIBLIOGRÁFICO1 I. Herederas De Simone De Beauvoir A. Michèle Le Doeuff -Fuentes Primarias Le Sexe Du Savoir, Aubier
APÉNDICE BIBLIOGRÁFICO1 I. Herederas de Simone de Beauvoir A. Michèle Le Doeuff -Fuentes primarias Le sexe du savoir, Aubier, Paris : Aubier, 1998, reedición: Champs Flammarion, Paris, 2000. Traducción inglesa: The Sex of Knowing. Routledge, New-York, 2003. L'Étude et le rouet. Des femmes, de la philosophie, etc. Seueil, Paris, 1989. Tradcción inglesa: Hipparchia's Choice, an essay concerning women, philosophy, etc. Blackwell, Oxford, 1991. Traducción española: El Estudio y la rueca, ed. Catedra, Madrid, 1993. L'Imaginaire Philosophique, Payot, Lausanne, 1980. Traducción inglesa: The Philosophical Imaginary, Athlone, London, 1989. The Philosophical Imaginary ha sido reeditado por Continuum, U. K., 2002. "Women and Philosophy", en Radical Philosophy, Oxford 1977; original francés en Le Doctrinal de Sapience, 1977; texto inglés vuelto a publicar en French Feminist Thought, editado por Toril Moi, Blackwell, Oxford 1987. Ver también L'Imaginaire Philosophique o The Philosophical Imaginary, en una antología dirigida por Mary Evans, Routledge, Londres. "Irons-nous jouer dans l'île?", en Écrit pour Vl. Jankélévitch, Flammarion, Flammarion, 1978. "A woman divided", Ithaca, Cornell Review, 1978. "En torno a la moral de Descartes", en Conocer Descartes 1 Este apéndice bibliográfico incluye las obras de las herederas de Simone de Beauvoir, así como las de Hannah Arendt y Simone Weil, y algunas de las fuentes secundarias más importantes de dichas autoras. Se ha realizado a través de una serie de búsquedas en la Red, por lo que los datos bibliográficos se recogen tal y como, y en el mismo orden con el que se presentan en las diferente páginas visitadas. y su obra, bajo la dirección de Victor Gomez-Pin, Barcelona 1979. -
Chapter One Towards a Feminist Reading
Chapter One Towards a Feminist Reading The advent of feminism as a global and revolutionary ideology has brought into the field of literary criticism new critical outlooks and modes of exegesis. The practice of reading of any literary text has become a site in the struggle for change in gender relations that prevail in society. A reading that is feminist aims at asking such rudimentary questions: how the text defines sexual questions, what it says about gender relations and how it represents women. In other words, feminist reading/criticism has come to be recognized as a political discourse: a critical and theoretical practice committed to the struggle against patriarchy and sexism. The influential feminist critic, Elaine Showalter points out that two factors - gender and politics- which are suppressed in the dominant models of reading gain prominence with the advent of a feminist perspective. In every area of critical reflection whether it is literary representations of sexual difference or the molding/shaping of literary genres by masculine values feminist criticism has established gender as a fundamental category of literary analysis. With ,gender as a tool of literary interpretation the issue of silencing of the female voice in the institutions of literature, criticism and theory has also come to the forefront. Appreciating the widespread importance of gender, feminist philosophers resist speaking in gender-neutral voice. They value women's experiences, interest, and seek to shift the position of women from object to one of subject and agent. 1 Moreover, it has been an important function of feminist criticism to redirect attention to personal and everyday experience of alienation and oppression of women (as reflected in literary texts). -
French Ambition and Acadian Labor in the Caribbean, 1762-1767”
401 “Empire Ex Nihilo: French Ambition and Acadian Labor in the Caribbean, 1762-1767” Christopher Hodson, Northwestern University “Lost Colonies” Conference, March 26-27, 2004 (Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author) At the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, geopolitical equilibrium gave way to grotesque imbalance. Great Britain had become a leviathan, acquiring Canada, several key islands in the West Indies, Senegal in Africa, French possessions in the Mediterranean, India, and on the East Indian island of Sumatra, while crushing Gallic pretensions to the Ohio Valley. For Louis XV and his cast of ministers, utter defeat had raised the stakes of the imperial contest; Britain’s near-global dominance demanded a rapid, thorough response. The integration of France’s remaining overseas territories into a militant, economically competitive polity became the penultimate projet in a kingdom bursting with les hommes à projets.1 Draped in the rhetoric of progress, the plans that emerged from this hothouse of patriotism and personal ambition marked an extension of imperial authority unlike any France had ever seen.2 Mercifully, few of these bizarre proposals ever came to fruition. This essay, however, examines two that did. The first, a colony along the Kourou River in Guiana, failed in spectacular fashion only months after its foundation. Thousands of migrants died, and destitute survivors scattered throughout Europe and the Caribbean. The second, a smaller settlement on the northern coast of Saint Domingue, commenced early in 1764. It proved a disappointment, lapsing into obscurity over the next two years. Settlers died or filtered to greener, if equally fetid pastures in Louisiana. -
Cavell and the Politics of Cinema: on Marie Antoinette Richard Rushton1
Film-Philosophy 18 (2014): Special Section on Stanley Cavell Cavell and the Politics of Cinema: On Marie Antoinette Richard Rushton1 In his writings, does Stanley Cavell propose something which might be called a ‘politics of cinema’? If the answer to such a question is ‘yes’, then I take it that a politics of cinema from Cavell’s perspective is one which downplays the question of cinematic techniques. For Cavell, a film’s ‘reflexivity’ or its foregrounding of the apparatus are not the grounds for defining a politics of cinema. Rather, Cavell asks questions like: How does a film articulate the stakes of a social or communal world? or: How does a film come to define the ways in which a group of people can live together? A political analysis of a film for Cavell would examine any film’s ways of articulating and defining a political society or framework. That is, a politics of cinema from Cavell’s perspective is one in which the stakes are to define a society or community. What is a ‘community’ or ‘society’? In a straightforward sense, a society is any group of people that is organised in such a way that its organisation persists over time, or that it might persist over time. A community or society therefore must be relatively stable, otherwise it could not be called a community or society. And yet, at the same time, any community will also be the product of its own continually changing processes of making and remaking itself. A political community therefore will only ever be relatively stable, so that change, disruption and transformation will be integral to any social formation. -
FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY a Reader
FEMINIST LITERARY THEORY A Reader Second Edition Edited by Mary Eagleton P u b I i s h e r s Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Finding a Female Tradition Introduction 1 Extracts from: A Room of One's Own VIRGINIA WOOLF 9 Literary Women ELLEN MOERS 10 A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing ELAINE SHOW ALTER 14 'What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism' BONNIE ZIMMERMAN 18 'Compulsory Heterosexuality andXesbian Existence' ADRIENNE RICH 24 'Saving the Life That Is Your Own: The Importance of Models in the Artist's Life ALICE WALKER 30 Title Essay In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens ALICE WALKER 33 Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory CHRIS WEEDON 36 'Race and Gender in the Shaping of the American Literary Canon: A Case Study from the Twenties' PAUL LAUTER 39 Women's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis MICHELE BARRETT 45 'Writing "Race" and the Difference it Makes' HENRY LOUIS GATES, JR 46 'Parables and Politics: Feminist Criticism in 1986' NANCY K. MILLER 48 Reading Woman: Essays in Feminist Criticism MARY JACOBUS 51 'Happy Families? Feminist Reproduction and Matrilineal Thought' LINDA R. WILLIAMS 52 'What Women's Eyes See' VIVIANE FORRESTER 56 'Women and Madness: The Critical Phallacy' SHOSHANA FELMAN 58 vi CONTENTS 'French Feminism in an International Frame' GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK 59 Feminist Literary History: A Defence JANET TODD 62 2 Women and Literary Production Introduction 66 Extracts from: A Room of One's Own VIRGINIA WOOLF 73 'Professions for, Women' VIRGINIA WOOLF 78 Silences TILLIE OLSEN 80 'When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision' ADRIENNE RICH 84 The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination SANDRA M. -
Feminism in Time
)HPLQLVPLQ7LPH 0DUJDUHW:)HUJXVRQ MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1, March 2004, pp. 7-27 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mlq/summary/v065/65.1ferguson.html Access provided by University of California, Davis (8 Aug 2015 00:21 GMT) Feminism in Time Margaret Ferguson ike the White Rabbit, those of us addressing you from the pages of L this special issue on “feminism in time” are late, quite late, for what remains (arguably) a very important date—with a highly enigmatic fig- ure whose continued existence is subject to debate in these and other (related) sets of pages written shortly before and shortly after the turn of the millennium. As a figure, feminism has multiple, changing, and disputed referents. The name in the dominant modern sense given by the Oxford English Dictionary —“advocacy of the rights of women (based on the theory of equality of the sexes)”—came rather belatedly into English: 1894–95, according to the OED’s entries for the substantive and adjectival forms of the word. This philological fact may surprise you (it did me), since many students of feminism, including one in this col- lection (Laura Mandell), date the birth of feminism in its modern form to the European Enlightenment. Yet more specifically, but also more partially, with reference to the coordinates of “national” language and geography as well as to those of linear time, feminism’s “birth” has been (and is here too) provisionally located in the writings of Mary Woll- stonecraft, in particular her famous Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). -
Louisiana's Code Noir (1724) BLACK CODE of LOUISIANA I. Decrees
Louisiana’s Code Noir (1724) BLACK CODE OF LOUISIANA I. Decrees the expulsion of Jews from the colony. II. Makes it imperative on masters to impart religious instruction to their slaves. III. Permits the exercise of the Roman Catholic creed only. Every other mode of worship is prohibited. IV. Negroes placed under the direction or supervision of any other person than a Catholic, are liable to confiscation. V. Sundays and holidays are to be strictly observed. All negroes found at work on these days are to be confiscated. VI. We forbid our white subjects, of both sexes, to marry with the blacks, under the penalty of being fined and subjected to some other arbitrary punishment. We forbid all curates, priests, or missionaries of our secular or regular clergy, and even our chaplains in our navy to sanction such marriages. We also forbid all our white subjects, and even the manumitted or free-born blacks, to live in a state of concubinage with blacks. Should there be any issue from this kind of intercourse, it is our will that the person so offending, and the master of the slave, should pay each a fine of three hundred livres. Should said issue be the result of the concubinage of the master with his slave, said master shall not only pay the fine, but be deprived of the slave and of the children, who shall be adjudged to the hospital of the locality, and said slaves shall be forever incapable of being set free. But should this illicit intercourse have existed between a free black and his slave, when said free black had no legitimate wife, and should said black marry said slave according to the forms prescribed by the church, said slave shall be thereby set free, and the children shall also become free and legitimate ; and in such a case, there shall be no application of the penalties mentioned in the present article. -
Pour La Journée Internationale Des Droits Des Femmes, Le Centre Des
Communiqué de presse, le 21 février 2019 Pour la journée internationale des droits des femmes, le Centre des monuments nationaux et la mairie du 8e arrondissement de Paris proposent « le Moi des femmes » à la Chapelle expiatoire des événements culturels sur tout le mois de mars Chapelle expiatoire, façade orientale vue depuis le portique d’entrée © Benjamin Gavaudo – Centre des monuments nationaux Contacts presse : Chapelle expiatoire : Thomas Pucci 01 42 65 35 80 [email protected] Pôle presse du CMN : Julia Rage 01 44 61 21 42 [email protected] Pour retrouver l’ensemble des communiqués du CMN : presse.monuments-nationaux.fr Communiqué de presse À l’occasion de la journée internationale des droits des femmes, le Centre des monuments nationaux et la mairie du 8e arrondissement de Paris s’associent pour présenter « le Moi des femmes » à la Chapelle expiatoire. Des événements culturels mettant à l’honneur des personnalités féminines seront organisés tout le long du mois de mars. « La Femme naît libre et demeure égale à l'homme en droits. » Article Ier de la Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne, Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793). Inhumée au cimetière de la Madeleine sur lequel s’élève la Chapelle expiatoire. Mercredi 6 mars à 18h30 : Rencontre avec Josiane Balasko En partenariat avec la librairie des Abbesses, une rencontre avec Josiane Balasko pour son recueil de nouvelles « Jamaiplu » aux éditions Pygmalion est organisée, suivie d’une séance de dédicaces. Vendredi 8 et samedi 9 mars à 15h : Visite commentée « La Chapelle expiatoire et les femmes » Olympe de Gouges, Charlotte Corday et Manon Roland sont trois femmes qui, chacune à leur manière, ont contribué, par leur exemple et leur engagement, à faire avancer les droits des femmes dans l’Histoire.