W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 Postwar martial arts program in Japanese higher education : case of Nippon College of Physical Education Hiroyuki Hamada College of William & Mary - School of Education Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Hamada, Hiroyuki, "Postwar martial arts program in Japanese higher education : case of Nippon College of Physical Education" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539618657. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-pdsc-9k33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Micrdilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8415980 Hamada, Hiroyuki POSTWAR MARTIAL ARTS PROGRAM IN JAPANESE HIGHER EDUCATION: CASE OF NIPPON COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION The College of William and Mary in Virginia Eo.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml48106 Copyright 1984 by Hamada, Hiroyuki All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this materia! has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark __..;_. 1. 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POSTWAR MARTIAL ARTS PROGRAM IN JAPANESE HIGHER EDUCATION: CASE OF NIPPON COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Hiroyuki Hamada April 1984 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. POSTWAR MARTIAL ARTS PROGRAM IN JAPANESE HIGHER EDUCATION: CASE OF NIPPON COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION by Hiroyuki Hamada Approved April 1984 by ,~· Ph.D., Chairman Paul Unger, Ph.~~ J4C.IL~ "F:~ William F. Losito, Ph.D. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © 1984 HIROYUKI HAMADA All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PAGE iii Dedication This report is dedicated to my father, Kazuo Hamada, who showed me the essence of martial way throughout his life. This is dedicated also to my mother, Yuriko Hamada, whose support throughout my edu­ cational pursuits has been immeasurable. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PAGE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to Dr. John R. Thelin for his guidance and many valuable suggestions on this project, and to Dr. Paul Unger and Dr. William Losito for their kind advice on the theoretical points and substantive materials concerning the subject. I am also indebted to Dr. Patrick Tow, Dr. Irwin levinstein, and Dr. Charles Smith of Old Dom1n1on University for the careful editing of the ffnal draft. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PAGE v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION • • • 1 i 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Purpose of the Study • • • •••••••• 4 Statement of the Prob1em ••••••••• 5 Scope of the Study • • • • • • • 6 Significance of the Study ••••••• 7 Theoretical Framework and Basic Assumptions 8 Definition of Terms •••••••• 12 Footnotes for Chapter I • • • 0 • 15 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE • . 17 Conceptual Framework and Direction of the Review • 17 Martial Arts Education During the Meiji Era, 1868-1912 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Martial Arts Education During the Taisho Era, 1912-1926 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 Martial Arts Education During the Early Showa Era, 1926-1945 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 27 Martial Arts Education During the Postwar Era, 1945 to the Present • • • • 32 Summary of Findings ••••• ~ •••••• 49 Footnotes for Chapter II • • • • • • 56 III. DESIGN AND PROCEDURE • 61 Sources of Evidence ••• . 62 Methodology - Sample and Setting • . 63 Limitations of the Technique ••• . 65 IV. FORMATIVE YEARS OF THE COLLEGE AND THE EARLY MARTIAL ARTS CURRICULUM • • • • • • • • • • 67 Meiji Era (1868-1912): Early Formative Years of Nippon Taiku Kai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 Taisho Era (1912-1926): Reorganization of Taiku-Kai, Taiso Gakko, and Re-emphasis of Meiji Ideology • • • • 81 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PAGE vi Early Showa Era (1926-1945): Birth of Nippon Taiku, Senmon Gakko, and Rise of Nationalism and Militarism •••••••••••••••• . 84 Wartime Era (1937-1945): Compulsory Martial Arts Education and Fall of Japanese Militarism ••• • . 90 Summary of Findings •••••••••••• . 91 Footnotes for Chapter IV • • • • • • • • • • • . 94 V. MARTIAL ARTS CURRICULUM SINCE POSTWAR REFORMS . 98 Occupation Era (1945-1951): GHQ Directives on Postwar Educational System Reconstruction and Banning of Martial Arts Curricula •••••••••••••••••• 99 Post-occupation Era C1951-1960s): College Reconstruction and the New Martial Arts Curricula •••••••••••••••••••••••• 106 Current Program Assessment (1980s) and Analysis of Data • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 112 Summary of Observation and Interview Notes Between N.C.P.E. and Three Other Campuses ••••••• 117 Footnotes for Chapter V • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 127 VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 130 Summary • • • • • • • • • • . 130 Conclusions •••••••••• 132 Implications of Future Research 141 APPENDICES Appendix A. CI> Copy of Questionnaire Survey in Japanese • 145 CII> English Translation • • • • • • • • • 147 Appendix B. Tables and Data for N.C.P.E. Martial Arts Students (1 through 27) • • • • • • • • • • 155 Appendix C. Brief Description of Moder Budo • • • • 180 Appendix D. Picture Reference of Modern Budo • • • 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY