ARGONAUTA

The Newsletter of

The Canadian Nautical Research Society

Volume XVIII Number Two April 2001 ARGONAUTA

Founded 1984 by Kenneth MacKenzie ISSN No. 0843-8544

Editors William Schleihauf Maurice D. Smith

Argonauta Editorial Office Marine Museum ofthe Great Lakes at Kingston 55 Ontario Street, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2Y2 e-mail [email protected] Telephone: (613) 542-2261 FAX: (613) 542-0043

ARGONAUTA is published four times a year-January, April, July and October

The Canadian Nautical Research Society

Executive Officers President: William R. Glover, Kingston Past President: G. Edward Reed, Ottawa 15t Vice-President: James Pritchard, Kingston 2nd Vice-President: Christon Archer, Calgary Councillor: Lewis R. Fischer, St. John's Councillor: Peter Haydon, Halifax Councillor: Gerald Jordan, Toronto Councillor: Maurice D. Smith, Kingston Secretary: Richard Gimblett, Ottawa Treasurer: Greg Hannah, Kingston

Canadian Nautical Research Society Mailing Address Membership Business PO Box 511, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 4W5, Canada Annual Membership including four issues ofARGONAUTA and four issues of THE NORTHERNMARINERILE MARINDUNORD: Within Canada: Individuals, $45.00; Institutions, $70.00; Students, $35.00 International: Individuals, $55.00; Institutions, $80.00; Students, $45.00 April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 1

In this Issue

~w~l · 1 Council Corner 2 Letters 3 Research Queries 5 Articles - William Glover "Nautical Nostalgia" 6 - Robin H. Wyllie "Maritime Provinces Steam Passenger Vessels" 8 - Rick James "Tug Salvage Chief' 13 - Alan Ruffman "The Nova Scotia Tree-Ring Project" 17 - Sarah Palmer "Seeing the Sea - The Maritime Dimension in History" 20 Members' and Museum News 34 The Periodical Literature 36

there is a direct relationship between getting Editorial access to that material and the degree of concern expressed byus. What 'use it orlose it' Museums across Canada are always means in the world of policy making, that's under some degree ofthreat. Ifit is not death by where the important decisions are made, is that a thousand cuts that reduce institutions to a the preservation agenda can be influenced by emphysema status then the alternative is people asking questions and demanding service. precipitous - close them down. The former is more acceptable politically since a lingering There is some good news out ofall this. death spread over time gives some measure of Boards of Directors are still willing to serve protection to those who wield axes. The recent long hours, museum staff work hard for closure ofThe Pier [see the note underMuseum generally low pay and thousands ofindividuals News later in this issue] in Toronto has created and corporations give money. What is so a chill among those who value ourheritage. The mysterious is that often, those who have most to long term implications ofdenying citizen access gain from the preservation of documents and to the markers of our culture, to the primary artifacts are often the last to realize how sourcematerial ofhistory should cause concern, effective they can be in bringing their influence if for no other reason than self-interest. For to bear. And by the way. Do not be put offby those ofyou who have reached a ho-hum level being accused ofbeing part ofa special interest already, just think about the kind ofservice we group. Everyone is. It is called the democratic could expect only a few years ago compared to process. today. Every day something is saved that will MS help us understand our marine history but - April2001- ARGONAUTA- Page 2

Council Corner mailing expenses. In my preliminary discussions with a possible successor as book For those of you who will be missing reviews editor, the mailing costs, estimated at the annual conference and general meeting in about $3000 by Olafbefore the last two postal Kingston at the end of the month, let me offer rate increases, were identified as a potential here some thoughts that I will be discussing at problem. I shall be recommending to the AGM the AGM in a little over two weeks. There are that in the short term we must be prepared to matters to report, concerns and problems to cover at least some ofthose costs. I believe we review, and future events to advertise. can do this from the members' equity. If this suggestion is accepted, it will make it much This is being written on May 7, although easier to find a book review editor, and that the cover date of the newsletter is April. It search ought to be concluded quickly. The should be mailed by the end of the month, a mailing subsidy will, I suspect, become a mailing which we had once hoped would regular cost of our publications programme. I include the first two issues ofthe journal. That would hope that in, say three years, that the unfortunately will not be. Problems with The publications portion ofthe President's Appeal Northern Mariner continue. It is my sincere funds will be able to generate sufficient income hope that the January and April issues will be in to reduce the charges against the members' your hands before the end ofthe summer, with equity. Historically wehave reviewed about 200 the July issue to follow not too much later and books a year, which has made our book review we will work hard to that end. I expect that the section one ofthe strongest, ifnot the strongest, Editorial Board will be able to report at the in any English languagejournal. As the number conference on successor to Skip Fischer as the of books to be mailed drives the costs, this is articles editor ofthe journal at the AGM. This something we may have to examine in future will be an important step in returning to a more years. regular publication schedule. However, change continues. I must report that Greg Kennedy, the The expenses of the journal and how book reviews editor, has announced that he is they are best covered leads properly to a compelled to step aside. In his letter to me he discussion of membership. In every Council offered three reasons for his decisions, anyone Comer column I have made an appeal for ofwhich was strong, any two compelling, and individual members to recruits friends. And let all three overpowering. In some respects it is me repeat that now. If we do not constantly more difficult to find a book review editor than work to add new members, the society will an articles editor because of our past ultimately disappear. We must however have a expectation ofinstitutional support. Since Olaf realistic idea of what the target membership Janzen first started book reviews for Argonauta might be. Work needs to be done on that, and I even before we had established the journal, all shall undertake it over the coming year. For mailing costs were covered by Memorial example, iftheNavy Records Society in Britain University. One of the reasons Greg Kennedy has membership of 8-900, and The American gave me for having to step down was that the Neptune has a circulation ofabout 1100, is, say auditors ofhis institution were questioning the 350, a realistic target for our membership? April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 3

After all, both the UK and the US have will have a merchant marine and shipping significantly larger populations than Canada, theme. We are inviting the executive of the with correspondingly larger maritime International Commissionfor MaritimeHistory communities from which to draw members. to meet with us. And then in 2004 there will be That subscription base revenue must be an the centenary conference celebration of the important factor in our planned activities. I am Canadian Hydrographic Service. That not aware since I joined the Council that there conference will be held in Ottawa. An edited has been a serious examination of a target volume looking at the history of the CHS is membership figure so this will be an important being planned for publication in conjunction step ahead. with that conference. McGill Queen's University Press have expressed a strong At the AGM I shall be bringing forward interest, and major scholars from Canada, the a proposed amendment by replacement to our United States and England have agreed to write by-laws. In my last column I spoke ofthe need chapters. to establish a Membership Secretary. As we move more actively into a publishing In sum then, although the road has been programme' with an editorial board, its both a bit rockier and longer than anticipated a constitution and representation on the Council year ago, I believe that we are close to putting must also be considered. Finally, the proposed our these difficulties behind us. On the bright by-law will present, as a form of house side, our financial statements have now been cleaning, all the previous amendments to the sorted out, and reports not available for the past by-laws in a consolidated manner. After the few years are now completed. As you can see proposed amendment has been tabled at the from the planned conferences for the next few AGM withnotice ofmotion for consideration in years, we have some important and exciting 2002, the proposal will be printed in a later projects in hand. issue ofArgonauta for all to read and consider. Enjoy your summer, and look for a The other important point to discuss classic boat show near you! here are our future conferences. In 2002 we are planning to meet in Halifax. The organization Bill Glover of that conference will be shared with the President, CNRS Directorate of History and Heritage who are sponsoring a sessions to examine the Chiefs of Letters Naval Staff of the RCN. A second day might include a panel discussions or a forum with From Laurence Urdang, former Commanders of Maritime Command Old Lyme, Connecticut and Chiefs of the Maritime Staff. Given this WhenI startedreading William Glover's strong naval flavour oflocation and subject, it "Nautical Nostalgia" in the January 2001 issue would also be an ideal time to look at the port ofArgonauta (p. 10), I thought he was going to of Halifax in peace and war. In 2003 we are mention, referring to "Everythin's up to date in planningto ineetinVancouver. That conference Kansas City," from Oklahoma!, that the nautical April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 4 connection in the lyric is to skyscrapers, which to after that. had their origin as the nickname given to certain topsails set on full-rigged ships. Your have probably already tried the The quotations in the Oxford English Gloucester Lyceum & Free library, the Peabody Dictionary might lead one to understand that Museum at Salem, the Boston library system. other applications, as to horses, etc., were But the conduct of the races, especially the contemporary. But it must be remembered that United States series, was chiefly in the hands of the quotations reflect what has been found in the larger Gloucester fishing companies. Thus print, and that, in all likelihood, colloquial after the races, the minutes could possibly have terms like skyscraper were probablynot used in found their way into company archives. writing till long after they were common in oral tradition. Your should be able to find out the names of committee members via my Index, From John Cross, which is now in the Public Archives of Nova Vancouver, British Columbia Scotia. Family descendants of these members may possibly be able to help. With reference to the enquiry regarding the United States committee Minutes for the I had been going to write a book on the International Fisherman's Trophy races series, but the Canada council thought it ofno [Argonauta, January 2001 , p. 5]. In 1975 and 76 interest, and I was unable to find work in I researched the whole history of these races, Halifax. Years later, when it became clear that from their original inception right up until the I would never achieve my objective, I sent my last series in 1938. This included compiling an Index to P.A. N. S. In Halifax. From this album of all newspaper clippings I could anyone should certainly be able to locate every . possibly lay my hand on, both Canadian and American account. My album had earlier been American. These were mostly from Halifax, destroyed. Toronto, Gloucester and Boston but there were some others. I also checked fishing periodicals. From Norman H. G. Hurst, Because ofthe excitement ofthe races, and for Coulsdon, Surrey, England. lack ofother news, local newspapers with only small circulations, often carried very extensive In view ofthe remarks in your report on coverage, which might well have included the reunion ofCanadian veterans who served on reports on the committee meetings. motor torpedo boats during the Second Wodd War [Argonauta, January 2001, p. 7], I thought It is important to realize that, although readers would be interested to know that a raced by bona fide professional fisherman, the detailed account of clandestine small boat rules wee draw up in a very amateur fashion. operations is in fact available. They were not yachtsmen. I forget offhand in which year the Elizabeth Howard participated, Published in 1996 by Her Majesty's but almost all the rules would have originated Stationery Office (HMSO), Secret Flotillas by from the early 1920s, and been strictly adhered Brooks Richards (ISBN 0-11-630960-1) is an April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 5 account ofunder cover sea lines to France and time the largest in North America, if not the French north Africa from 1940 to 1944. In the world, treated artifacts raised by the Parks course of compiling this 726 page book the Canada Underwater Archeology team. The author was given unrestricted access to hitherto work on the Machault started in 1969, before secret official archives. Recently received a the CCI had started looking for staff or even catalogue indicating that a second revised had a building. Parks Wet Sites Lab was edition expanded to three volumes is scheduled regarded as a world leader in the treatment of to be published in 2002 by Frand Cass underwater finds, even receiving visits from the Publisher, whose email address is Swedish team who were treating the Vasa. [email protected].. The new edition will include operations in the Western I am sure Dr. Glover will not mind my Mediterranean and the Adriatic. correcting him and I would like to see credit given to Parks Canada for the very extensive Although the index to the first edition work they performed, not only on the vessels contains no specific reference to Canadian mentioned but on many others as well, forces it is never the less an enthralling and including land archaeological sites. detailed account of this hitherto little known aspect of naval operations in WW2 and is Research Queries highly recommended. Newfoundlanders and the RN, WWII From Eric Lawson, Bowan Island, British Columbia Brad Anthony ([email protected]), a student of Dr. David Facey-Crowther, is Regarding William Glover's article, working on the recruitment ofNewfoundlanders "Nautical Nostalgia", [Argonauta, January into the Royal Navy during the Second World 2001, p. 10] I should like to make some War, and would appreciate any leads to sources corrections regarding the last eleven lines. dealing with recruitment and practices during the inter-war and early war period. Dr. Glover states that the chalupe on display at Red Bay was a CCI project. This is Loss of HMAS Sydney, 1941 not so, it was entirely a Parks Canada project, the CCI looked after the archaeology on land. Dr. Kirsner is part of a team looking The excavation and treatment ofartifacts from into the sinking ofSydney after her action with . the Machault was also entirely a Parks Canada the German raider Kormoran 19 November project. I worked on some ofthe artifacts which 1941. Specifically, they are trying to find data included cannon, some 5000 cannon balls, that would allow them to estimate the amount several hundred pairs of shoes and countless oflight and sound emitted by: artifacts from the ship, something like 30,000 in the firing of a naval 6-inch (or all. 5.9-inch) gun the bursting ofa 6-inch round Parks Canada's conservation lab, at that the explosion of a magazine April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 6

containing about 200 rounds of navigation in Hudson's Bay has led me to 6-inch propellant discover the National Map Collection (NMC) in the explosion of a stock of 400 the National Archives of Canada. I got the mines (each with about 400 lb distinct impression that this wonderful ofTNT) collection is not used as frequently as its the explosion of a stock of 40 treasures warrant. Handling and studying early German G7 torpedo warheads charts is an exciting experience. As an example, let me describe the first chart ofHudson's Bay. Dr. Kim Kirsner . Department ofPsychology Henry Hudson did not, ofcourse, return University ofWestern Australia to England. The mutineers in the Discovery had Nedlands set him, his son, and several others adrift in a Australia WA 6009 small boat, and they vanished without trace. e-mail: [email protected] However, Hudson's notes and records were used by the mutineers to help get them home. Nautical Nostalgia Within a year oftheir return the notes came into by William Glover the possession of the Amsterdam map maker, Hessel Gerritsz . He published a chart that Our maritime heritage may be found in includes the first depiction ofHudson's Bay. A many different places. It is important to copy is in the NMC. The first thing that strikes rememberthat Manitobahas a seaport and ships one is the size and shape ofthe map. It is 21 'is have been built on Lake Superior. Therefore inches long on the horizontal east/west axis and maritime activity has influenced communities only 9'iS inches wide on the north/south axis. we would normally think of as inland and Hudson's Bay is squashed up over in the unconnected with the sea. But building ships or southwest comer ofthe map. At first glance this harbour facilities and handling cargo provided treatment of Hudson's great discovery might employment for men and exciting activity to seem rather cavalier. However, Hudson was not watch for children ofall ages. And so wherever looking for a bay; he was searching for a records of humari endeavour and activity are northwest passage to the riches of China. found, there may well be items of maritime Gerritsz's map shows that route from Europe to heritage. Libraries, archives and museums are China as determined by Hudson. The map obvious places to find collections, but too seems to say, "as the sailor travels west through frequently we do not think to ask different Hudson's Strait, he will find a very large inland questions or botherjust "to go and look." And sea to the south; ignore it for that is not the sometimes the question need not even be that way." different or even unusual. On close examination of the map, you Charts are essential to all shipping realize that in detail there are a number of activity but as navigation is a technical subject serious errors. For example, James Bay is it is not one ofthe first maritime subjects to be divided into east and west halves by a large studied. The research I am doing on early peninsula. Cape Henrietta Maria and the north April 2001- ARGONAUTA- Page 7 west entrance to the southern bay is placed at position, it is "the bay with islands" rather than approximately 60oN, or five degrees farther "the bay with a prominent headland." north that it actually is. Both these errors were copied by others and remained in circulation for These examples may suggest a close to one hundred years. The copying of "primitive" quality to navigation of three someone else's work emphasizes the derivative centuries ago. Regardless of that, ships did nature of a 17 th or 18th century mapmaker's . depart and arrive on a fairly regular basis. work. He collected and compiled accounts of Transatlantic voyages for the cod and whale voyages, maps by other men, and then tried to fisheries became routine in the 16th century. The reconcile the discrepancies as he thought best. more crude we hold the early navigation This allowed room for theoretical geography. techniques to be, the more we must esteem the Henry Briggs, a famous mathematician masters and captains for their accomplishments. prominent in the early 1600s and highly I arrived at this point on the basis of my own respected in navigation circles drew a map of research using major collections of national North Americathat had two interesting features. prominence. But my experience would also California was shown as an island and an suggest that we can all make equally interesting incomplete coastline on the west .side of discoveries of our own regions at our local Hudson's Bay left room for a northwest libraries, archives, and museums. I say that passage, sometimes called the Straits ofAnian. because I have had the opportunity to see some of the excellent material covering a diverse When amodem navigator looks at these range of sources and subjects that is being early maps it is important to shed the concepts acquired by the Marine Museum of the Great and practices of navigation that were drilled Lakes in Kingston. into one during training. For example, if longitude information is included on one of Perhaps the best departure for these maps, it is very limited. It took me a while advertising our maritime heritage is at the to realize that if the navigator at sea cannot community level with community resources. determine his longitude with any accuracy, such They can tell the story ofbuilding the dock or information on a chart ifnot ofgreat use to him. the marina or of the men that loaded and When I was comparing two copies ofthe 1709 unloaded cargoes. Although you might start Thornton hand painted chart in the Hudson's your inquiry with an idea ofwhat you expect to Bay Company Archives I was struck by the find, that is certain to be modified as you dig number of differences in minor coastal detail. deeper. That is part of the pleasure and Then I realized that a sailing vessel would stay contributes to the sense ofdiscovery. Support in mid channel. (Admiral Wharton, and use your local library, archive, or museum, Hydrographer of the Navy 1884 - 1904, and share the fascination of our maritime "deprecated" the practice of steamers cutting heritage with your friends and family, or even comers in the interests of time.) From the the readers ofArgonauta! I am confident you middle ofa large strait, such as Hudson's Strait, will have fun. the exact number of islands in a bay is not important. For the pilot determining his coastal April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 8 Maritime Provinces Steam concerned by the huge personal debts amassed Passenger Vessels by the heir to the throne, Frederick, Duke of By Robin H. Wyllie York, assigned to him all of the available mineral reserves in Nova Scotia, for a period of P. S. East Riding sixty years.

Specifications: His Royal Highness immediately Official Number: 59743 transferred the said leases to his jewellers, Builder: MacKenzie and Carmichael, Rundell, Bridges and Rundell, in lieu ofhis not New Glasgow, N. S. inconsiderable obligations. The jewellers, who Date Built: 1865 appear to have been most astute businessmen, Gross Tonnage: 86 then acquired a controlling interest in ·the Overall Length: 111.3 feet General Mining Association (G.M.A.), a small Breadth: 18.3 feet English companywith interests in South Africa, Draught: 6.4 feet and, their leases being of limited duration, Engine: unknown wasted no time in bringing both iron and coal Engine Builder: unknown mines into production on the upper reaches of Propulsion: side paddle the East River in Pictou County, Nova Scotia.

When steam-powered vessels were Both iron and coal were mined,,but introduced to Nova Scotia waters in 1827, they while the iron was processed by the company offered, for the first time, a relatively fast, for use in its foundry at Albion Mines, the bulk reliable means of transportation and ofthe coal production was transported byhorse communication between major centres in Nova tramway to a point on the East River, a little · Scotia and ports in neighbouring provinces. below the town ofNew Glasgow. From there it Another major advantage was that they were was lightered with the tide down the shallow ideally suited for towing. As a result, the lower reaches of East River to the Loading availabilityofa steamer was a tremendous boon Ground, where it was manually loaded into to any port during the age ofsail and, although deep draught vessels bound, in the main, for the surviving documentary evidence is sketchy, Quebec and Gulf Coast ports. It was an it now seems certain that the first steamship inefficient operation and, in 1829, in order to actually built in Nova Scotia was not the hasten the movement of the lighters and Halifax Harbour ferry Sir Charles Ogle, which facilitate transportation ofthe large work force was launched onNew Year's Day, 1830, butthe from Albion Mines to the Loading Ground, a Richard Smith, which was launched from small steam paddle tug was ordered from George Foster's yard at Fisher's Grant, now George Foster at nearby Fishers Grant. Pictou Landing, on the 19th ofAugust of 1829. The Richard Smith, named after the General Manager ofthe G.M.A., was launched The story behind the introduction of th steam propulsion to Pictou Harbour is quite on the 19 August, 1829 and then towed upriver fascinating. In 1825, the British Government, to await the delivery ofher 30 hp. engine from April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 9 the United Kingdom. The engine arrived safely Albion (1835) appears to have set the and on July 17 th 1830, it was reported in the standard for future General Mining Association Pictou Patriot that the steamer Richard Smith vessels, three ofwhich were built. They were had just appeared in the harbour. Quite New Glasgow (1841),Pluto (1850) and George naturally, it being the first time a steam-driven MacKenzie (1854). The vessels were all less vessel had been seen on these waters, the whole than 100 ft in length and under 20 feet in width, town turned out to see the marvellous spectacle. with a draught ofaround 6 feet. Their engines appear to have been oflocal construction from The following month, under the at least 1842, when New Glasgow's engine was command of Captain George MacKenzie, designed and built by W. H. Davies of the RichardSmith completed a voyage from Pictou Albion Factory. to Charlottetown in eight hours and became the first steamer to call at that port. Oddly enough, All four of these small manoeuvrable the vessel's registration lists her owners as paddle steamers appear to have been ideally Messrs. Rundell, not the G.M.A., a further suited for towing, general freight and, although indication that the jewellers had retained a somewhat spartan in their accommodations, major interest in the mining operation. managed passenger work, in the close confines of Pictou Harbour and the shallow eight mile In 1832, serious consideration had long stretch ofEast River, from New Glasgow actually been given to running the Richard to the loading ground. Smith, as near year-round as possible, between th Wood Island and Charlottetown. The idea was On September 19 , 1839, the G.M.A. shelved when, later that same year, the opened a mineral railway from Albion Mines to Liverpool, U.K.-built paddle steamerSt. George their newly-built deepwater wharf and loading was placed on the Pictou-Charlottetown­ chutes at the old Loading Ground, where the Miramichi mail run by the Prince Edward largest vessels afloat could now be Island Navigation Company. There was, accommodated. While towing coal scows had however, a market for coal in eastern Prince become a thing ofthe past, the company's two Edward Island and, in 1832, theG.M.A. placed paddlers were retained for general work, in the Dartmouth-built paddler Pocohontas on a addition to maintaining the New Glasgow to twice:-weekly run between New Glasgow, Pictou ferry service and a twice weekly run to Pictou and Georgetown. Eastern P.E.!.

The Richard Smith was short-lived, Soon, other owners began to show an perhaps on account of hogging, a common interest in the P.E.!. run. New Glasgow, built in complaint with early shallow draught steamers, 1841, was not a financial success and was sent but, as was so often the case, her engine up round the east coast ofCape Breton Island to survived and, when she was broken up in 1835, become the first steamer on the Bras d'Or it was transferred to her replacement, the Lakes. The much larger Fairy Queen, built in slightly larger Albion. Granville in 1847, was wrecked with considerable loss oflife offPictou Harbour in :u V") rn D (/) -1 \_-- ::0- 0 ) -z. .C) )

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----- " I ~ ' -)-- '"J ./ ~\ -\- """ . ~-- ) - -' \ 1 ) ) I ! '\ A1 I ) Q I (I.../ ~ ) Z / T <...... / -< er- ttl ~ \J ) April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 11 October 1853. machinery built by New Glasgow manufacturers, had always been the bread and In 1850, Albion was replaced byPluto, butter of the run. As a result, renamed May anotherNew Glasgow-built vessel, which was Queen, she followed her predecessor New joined in 1854 by the George MacKenzie, Glasgow to the Bras d'Or Lakes, where, after built to replace the Pocohontas, which had a long career, she was destroyed by fire at been destroyed by fire the previous year. By Baddeck in May 1898. the early 1860's, apart from coastal schooners, most of the vessels calling at Pictou were With the completion of the Eastern steamers. As a result, apart from their ferry Extension Railway from Pictou, via New duties, there was little work for either the Glasgow and Antigonish, to the Strait of George MacKenzie or Pluto. By 1868, both Canso in 1883, the East River-Pictou service vessels had been retired. George MacKenzie might well have come to an end. However was subsequentlybroken up in 1871 andPluto East Riding remained in service until 1874, in 1872. when she was replaced by a small screw ferry. Carmichael then leased the vessel to New In 1865, the East Riding, a slightly Brunswick interests, for use as a ferry on the larger vessel than the George MacKenzie, had Restigouche between Campbeltown and been built for J. R. Carmichael, who placed Dalhousie. There, the little steamer remained her in competition with the Pluto on the New . in. service until around 1899, when. she was Glasgow-Pictou run. She was the last ofwhat condemned and subsequently broken up. might be described as the classic Pictou Countypaddle steamers and retained virtually Maple Leafwas the last ofthe Pictou all of the features which had made them so County-built paddlers. However, being practical. These included a long shallow hull, purpose-built solely for service between spartan passenger accommodations and lots of Pictou Town and Pictou Landing, she bore space for deck cargo. little resemblance to the East River vessels. Built in Pictou in 1891, she was never a When George MacKenzie was retired success and was replaced by a screw-driven in 1868, Pictou Town interest had attempted vessel in 1896 and broken up in 1903. . to replace her with the brand new May Flower, a vessel with greatly improved Although the era of the quaint little passenger accommodations, with which they multi-purpose paddle steamers had come to an hoped to recover at least a portion ofthe local end, the demand for vehicular transportation Eastern P.E.!. traffic, lost when the big between Northern Nova Scotia and Eastern P.E.!.S.N.Co. Royal Mail steamers Princess of Prince Edward Island had continued to grow. Wales and Heather Belle were placed on the Over the years, various operators, attracted by Pictou-Charlottetown route in 1864. lucrative government subsidies, placed a Unfortunately, her deck saloon greatly variety ofever-larger vessels on the route. Of reduced the amount of deck space and deck particular note among them was J. P. cargo, including carts, carriages and Morgan's former yacht Walurus. Renamed April 2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 12 Hochelaga, the spacious decks of this Maclaren, George. "Communications in the "floating palace" provided "special Northumberland Strait and the Gulf of St. accommodation for cars." She was replaced Lawrence 1775-1915", The · Nova Scotia by the fonner Nantucket Line steamer Historical Quarterly, Vol. 1, No.2, June Sankaty, which, after extensive modifications 1971. in 1940, was renamed Charles E Dunning and became the first vessel to be operated by Mills, John Moo Canadian Inland and Coastal Northumberland Ferries Ltd. on the Wood Steam Vessels 1809 -1930, Providence, R.I., Island-Caribou run. The company's present 1979. flagship is the 224 car, 600 passenger-capacity M. V. Confederation. Built in 1993, the Patterson, Rev. George. History ofthe County vessel is a far cry from the old East River of Pictou Nova Scotia. Dawson Brothers, paddle steamers which inaugurated the Pictou­ Montreal, 1877. P.E.I. service almost 170 years ago. Assorted shipping registers. Sources: Illustration: Cameron, James. M. Industrial History ofthe New GlasgowDistrict, Hector PublishingCo., P.S. East Riding, -from an uncredited New Glasgow, 1961. photograph reproduced in the Town of New Glasgow "Centennial" booklet.

Pictou County-Built Paddle Steamers Date Name Built Off. No. Dimen. (ft) G.T. Notes

1830 Richard Smith Pictou 73 x 19 unk. b/u 1835

1835 Albion Pictou 80 x 17 unk. b/u 1850

1841 New Glasgow New Glasgow 81 x 13 unk. to Bras d'Or Lake 1845

1850 Pluto New Glasgow 93 x 18 unk. blu 1872

1854 George New Glasgow 37792 99 x 17 77 retired 1868; MacKenzie b/u 1871

1865 East Riding New Glasgow 59743 111 x 18 86 to N.B. '74; b/u 1899

1868 May Flower/ Pictou 57712 100 x 19 142 burned May Queen Baddeck 5/98

1891 Maple Leaf Pictou 92687 88 x 22 129 retired '96; b/u 1903 April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 13 · Tug Salvage Chief Operational History by RickJames The William Jolliffe was built for a Official Number: 91255 prominent finn of tug owners located in the Signal Letters: KCNM port of Liverpool, England. William and Registry: Victoria, B.C. Thomas Jolliffe founded the company W. & T. Jolliffe in 1854 and became actively Construction involved in ocean and river towage and also operated an excursion service to North Wales. The Salvage Chiefwasbuilt as the iron By 1892, the finn was managing a fleet of screw steamer William Jolliffe in 1885 by J. some twelve screw and paddle tugs. Family Readhead & Company, South Shields, names for the company's tugs were introduced Durham, England. The William Jolliffe was a in 1879 with the launching ofthe screw driven large tug for its day; measuring out at 149 feet Thomas Jolliffe. Six years later, the William in length, 26~ feet in breadth, and with a Jolliffe was launched. depth of14 feet. The 1897-8 Lloyd's entry for the tug notes that she displaced 382 gross tons The Mersey River based tug fleet was and 321 registered tons at that time. Upon widely known around the coast of Great steamboat inspection June 1907 in Victoria, Britain and it was also commonplace for B.C., the tug's displacement had been changed Liverpool tugs to be regularly reported coming to 332.16 gross tons and 57.86 tons. The and going from continental ports such as William Jolliffe's framework was iron, with Bremen and Hamburg. The William Jolliffe five watertight compartments and she was was operated primarily as a "cruiser," picking constructed with one deck and schooner up windjammers and towing them into rigged with two masts. The ocean going tug harbour or out to the open ocean. Cruiser was had a distinctive profile with her two in-line a British tenn commonly used from 1880 funnels. onwards and applied to the larger steam tugs with a good bunkerradius and especiallythose Two compound surface condensing, in the fleet working out of the Port of direct acting, inverted steam engines with Liverpool. These towboats often spent time cylinders of30 inches and 60 inches diameter cruising the western approaches to the English and strokes of 30 inches drove the William Channel hoping to come upon inward-bound Jolliffe's single screw with 164 nominal sailing ships, slowed by unfavourable winds horsepower. The tug's first registry entry in and willing to pay for a tow. Canada in 1914 records that the original boilers were replaced by two steel, single The William Jolliffe was also capable ended, Scotch marine boilers of 120 pounds ofhandling large salvage jobs and was often pressure constructed by Commercial Boiler involved with assisting and towing disabled Works ofSeattle, Washington in 1913. vessels. With its large size, powerful engines and good sea keeping qualities, the William Jolliffe was recognized as being well designed April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 14 for deep sea work. The "Billy", as the Early in the morning of 5 August William Jolliffe was commonly called, 1910, the Canadian Pacific Railway's performed a major salvage feat in 1894 when, passenger steamer Princess May ran up onto under the command ofCaptain James Clare, Sentinel Rock, Lynn Canal after leaving she rescued the Dundee steamer Loch Marie Skagway, Alaska. Left sitting high and dry on drifting off the north west coast of Ireland the rock, the salvage ship Santa Cruz and the after the steamer had used up all her coal. tug William Jolliffe were dispatched to her rescue. After the hull was patched, the tWo TheAtlantic Transport linerMaryland salvage vessels succeeded in pulling the had already put a rope onto the Loch Marie to Princess May into deep water and the William prevent her from drifting on to the beach. Jolliffe proceeded to take her in tow to Unfortunately, the liner couldn't hold the Esquimalt for repairs. steamer and she broke adrift. A few days later, the William Jolliffe relocated the InNovember 1911, the WilliamJolliffe derelict, put three men aboard, passed over a was sent out to search for the CPR steamer hawser, and brought the Loch Marie into Tees missing somewhere along the west coast Belfast Lough. The liner's crew received of Vancouver Island after a faint signal for £1,500 whilethe tug's crew received £7,500 as help from the ship had been picked by the the salvage award for the rescue. steamer Niagara and relayed on. - -Jack Robertson, relieving chief engineer on the The William Jolliffe was boughtbythe William Jolliffe, recalled that as the steamer British Columbia Salvage Company in 1907 hadn't been heard from in nearly a week for use as a salvage vessel and brought out to excitement was running high. He also British Columbia. Founded in Victoria, remembered that they"had weatherprettybad, ­ British Columbia in 1903, B.C. Salvage was a but what a ship! The Jolliffe could ride it out subsidiary ofB.C. Marine Railway Company, like a duck." The Tees was eventually found owned by Bullen Brothers, later to become tied up to the beach in a sheltered inlet. She Yarrows Ltd. One of the shareholders and a had struck a rock on leaving Kyuquot and director of the company was Captain J.W. stripped the propellerand damaged herrudder. Troup, general superintendent of B.C. Coast Steamship Service of the Canadian Pacific When the William Jolliffe was sold to Railway Company (CPR). Consequently, the the CPR in 1914, her registry was finally salvage company maintained a close transferred over from Liverpool to Victoria on relationship with the big transportation 9 April and on 7 May she was renamed company. B.C. Salvage was the first salvage Nitinat. The late Captain T.S. Guns, who company in the province and operated, along became skipper of the Nitinat, told marine with the William Jolliffe, the Salvor (the writer Norman Hacking that the steam tug's ex-Danube, a 215 foot iron steamship) and the boilers needed replacing and the former 113.5 foot wooden steamerMaude. When the owners couldn't afford the job so they sold the company was reorganized in 1916, it was William Jolliffe to the CPR who had her fitted renamed Pacific Salvage Company Ltd. with new ones at Bullen Bros. shipyard. The April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 15 tug also received oil burning gear and an Active Pass. automatic winch at that time. The Salvage Chiefreached the Cape The CPR assigned the Nitinat to Scott and on 7 February the two tugs worked general work and later placed her on the to free the Davis rafts which had grounded on regular transfer service ofrailway car barges Merry Island just off the Sechelt peninsula. between Vancouver Island and the CPR's When the Salvage Chief was manoeuvring mainland tenninus at Vancouver. The big into position, one Davis raft began drifting steam tug was called upon to perfonn one down on her and the tug attempted to move unusual job although when she hauled the aside. Unfortunately, this put the tug over large Heffernan floating dock, required for the some rocks and she slammed down heavy in construction ofVictoria's Outer Wharf, from the trough of the waves on a pinnacle and Seattle to Victoria. Seattle shipping interests remained fast. insisted two tugs would be needed but the old, but still powerful, tug proved capable of The rock the big tug was stranded on perfonning the job on her own. was 500 yards off shore and 1000 yards southwest of the lighthouse. A strong The Nitinat ex-William Jolliffe retired southeast breeze was blowing and it was two from general towing work and returned to hours before high water at the time of the .salvage duty when the CPR sold the tug back accident. By the next day, a strong wind had to the Pacific Salvage Company ofVictoria in come up and a large sea developed. June 1924. The salvage company consequently refitted her with pumps and The Salvage Chief was hung up other salvage gear and, on the 31 August midships with a large hole punched in her 1924, they renamed Nitinat to Salvage Chief bottom under the boilers. Since the rising tide Unfortunately the big steam tug only operated flooded in uncontrollably through the stove in under this name for a few short months: early bottom, the tug was unable to free herselfand in February 1925 she was wrecked on Merry the officers and crew abandoned ship for the Island in the GulfofGeorgia. Cape Scott. Down by the stem, at high tide the bow remained out ofthe water while the Her Loss wreck flooded up to the after funnel. At low water, the tide dropped back to the top ofthe On the 6 February 1925, the Salvage Chief towing engine. left Victoria harbour with a crew of14 aboard under the command ofmaster F.C. Stratford. Deep water surrounded the pinnacle The big salvage tug was dispatched to assist and efforts to pull the big steam tug offonly the Hecate Straits Towing Company tug Cape wedged the hull finner. Salvage experts Scott which was strugglingto regain control of examined the wreck and found the tug in a two huge Davis rafts) she was towing. The bad way. With a heavy storm pounding her, Cape Scott's difficulties began when she the Salvage Chiefcontinued to sustain more encountered bad weather passing through damage and it was decided to declare the April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 16 vessel a total loss. There was $50,000 of Columbia. Vancouverrroronto: Douglas & insurance on the vessel and $25,000 on the MacIntyre, 1981, p. 76. cargo. While the Salvage Chief was never raised, the wrecking scow Skookum II did "Epic SudburyTow Recalls More Great Feats recover some of her · machinery and of Salvage," The Marine Digest, 17 January equipment. Thehulk eventuallybroke up and 1956, p. 16. disappeared beneath the waves. Hacking, Norman. "Letters," Westcoast 6. Davis rafts were an ingenious method Mariner, August 1990, p. 9. devised for towing logs along the West Coast. A flat boom oflogs was Hacking, Norman and W. Kaye Lamb. The lain and then woven together with Princess Story: A Century and a HalfofWest wire rope. Logs were piled on top Coast Shipping. Vancouver: Mitchell Press until the side sticks were about to sink Limited, 1974, p. 221-2, 235. and then more wire rope was laid over top ofthe whole package and cinched Hallam, W.B. Blow Five: A History ofthe tight. The resulting raft would draw Alexandra Towing Company Limited. The 15 to 20 feet ofwater and sit above the Journal ofCommerceand ShippingTelegraph water about the same height. A big Ltd., 1976, pp. 16-17. tug could make about three miles an hour with this unusual tow. Hallam, W.B. "Mersey Tugs," typescript in Liverpool Central Library Collection, pp. 5-7. Ken Drushka, Working in the Woods: A History of Logging on the West Coast. Howarth, C.E. "A Steward's Tale," Sea Madeira Park, B.C.: Harbour Publishing, Breezes, Vol. 21, January-June 1956, p. 327. 1994, p. 87. Jones, Capt. J. "The Luck of the William References Jolliffe," Sea Breezes, Vol. 12, 1928/9, p. 141.

"Certificate of the Inspector of Hulls & Kelly, L.V. "Tug, Once Pride of Liverpool, Equipment for a Steamboat..." William Prey of Sea," Vancouver, The Sunday Jolliffe, 8 June 1907. BCARS, GR 1162: Province, 25 April 1925. Board of Steamboat Inspection Records 1879-1914, Box 6, File 9. Lloyd's ofLondon. LloydsRegister ofBritish and Foreign Shipping (Steamers). London: Defieux, Charles M. "Of Ships and Men: 1890-1 and 1897-8. Tug's long career ended on rocks," The Vancouver Sun, 19 August 1971, p. 21. Register ofVessel Close-Out. Registration of Shipping, Department ofMarine & Fisheries, Drushka, Ken. Against Wind and Weather: 5 May 1914. NAC, RG 12, 1925, File SS The History of Towboating in British Salvage Chief, Reel T-11888. April2001- ARGONAUTA- Page 17

Rogers, Fred. Shipwrecks of British organization founded in 1975. It is dedicated Columbia. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, to promoting the science of underwater 1973, p. 38. archaeology and to conserving, preserving, and protecting the maritime heritage lying "Salvage Steamer May Be Total Loss," The beneath British Columbia's coastal and inland Daily Province, 10 February 1925, p. 20 waters. Inventories of shipwrecks and other submerged cultural sites are an especially Strandings, Return for Wreck Register, important contribution. Salvage Chief, 12 February 1925, NAC, RG 42, Vol. 676, 1925 Wreck Reports - West The Nova Scotia Tree-Ring Project Coast. by Alan Ruffman

"The William Jolliffe in Two Oceans," Sea This project was begun in 1995 with a Breezes, Vol. 21, January- June 1956, p. 299. grant from the Royal Canadian Geographic Society. Initially Erik Nielsen and Alan Turner, Robert D. The Pacific Princesses: An Ruffrnan began with the idea of building a Illustrated History of Canadian Pacific tree-ring record or 'dendrochronology' of Railway s Princess Fleet on the Northwest softwoods inNewfoundland and Nova Scotia. Coast. Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1977, pp.94, A field trip to Newfoundland in 1995 yielded 99, 101, 112. numerous samples, but not living in Newfoundland made the project there more Victoria Shipping Register, Salvage Chief, difficult, so they have concentrated on Nova Entry 6, Volume G, 1914. Scotia where Alan has easier access to samples. At present there are very few tree­ "W. & T. Jolliffe, Screw and Paddle Tug ring records in any of the four Atlantic Owners," The Century's Progress. Provinces. This does not stem from a lack of Lancashire: 1892, p. 227. trees, but rather a lack of interested researchers to date. This is perhaps rather Author's Note: surprising, given the current interest in climate This operational history of the tug change; tree-rings offer one ofthebestrecords Salvage Chief will be included in the next of the climate of an area, and allow one to regional status report from the Underwater absolutely date the wood in a heritage Archaeological Society of British Columbia building. (UASBC.) (The UASBC is currently researching, documenting, and surveying 13 To build the Nova Scotia tree-ring historic wrecks in the waters around the records, Alan and Erik need tree-ring samples Sunshine Coast and Powell River regions of that cover all of the years from the present British Columbia and hopes to publish its back as far as one can reach. Living trees will findings within the next year.) give them the first 100 to 150 years easily, and may reach back even further. In Nova Scotia The UASBC is a non-profit volunteer we have a tremendous resource in the beams April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 18 and boards ofheritage buildings. To date they With samples from a heritage building, they have a large collection from the charred bones would like to obtain similar cookies from the ofSt. George's Round Church (trees cut circa discarded portions oftimbers, sills, or pieces 1799) and from the Mitchell House (circa sawn from boards that are not reincorporated 1827), both located in Halifax, from the in a restoration - a 6-inch long (15 em) board Anderson Barn on the West Petpeswick Road sample is ideal. Ifthe sample can be labelled (circa 1830), the Elisha Clark House in as to its origin in the building, it will make the Belmont (circa 1800), and some samples from results more interesting to the owner. And if the Colonel McHaffeybarn inWindsor Forks, some of the samples include 'the round' or constructed of timbers apparently cut in 'the bark' (ie the 'live edge') ofthe tree, they Parrsboro circa 1800. They need data from should be able to date the year (and even the buildings built in the later 1800s up until season) of the cut, hence closely date the about 1920. To go back before about 1470­ construction ofthe building. the oldest tree measured to date - the project will probably have to depend upon trees Ifinterested in Nova Scotia tree-rings, buried in peat bogs, river meanders, or deltas, you may be interested to see what you can get or trees caught by rising sea levels. out ofthe charred timbers that are left after a tragic fire in a National Historic Site: The researchers need a 'cookie' cut from the trunk of a living tree about 3-4 Ruffman, Alan (, Erik Nielsen and Scott St. inches thick (7.5 - 10 em), about one metre George). 2000. "A Phoenix Rising from the from the ground to get clear ofthe roots. Ashes: The Nova Scotia Tree Ring Project and Saint George's Round Church". The Griffin, a publication of Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Vol. 25, No.4, December, pp. 18-19.

The Nova Scotia Tree-Ring Project Samples to September, 2000 Source/Age No. ofSamples No. Showing Live Edge

PRJ Mitchell House 61 3 5112 Prince Street Halifax, Nova Scotia circa pre-1827

StG St. George's Round Church 56 19+ 2222 Brunswick Street Halifax, Nova Scotia 1800 April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 19

PPP Point Pleasant Park 15 15 Halifax, Nova Scotia trees had been dead for up to 5 years when cut in the spring of 1997

PCR D. Tamlyn :Property 312 Purcell's Cove Road Halifax, Nova Scotia cut about August 20, 1997

LDC Little Dutch Church 3 3 Brunswick Street northwest corner ofGerrish Street Halifax, Nova Scotia samples circa 1900 or late 1800s??

RKHH Elisha Clark (Planter House?) 12 3 c/o Rosie and Keith Hare 864 Belmont Road Belmont, Hants County Nova Scotia circa early l800s

LMG Leminster, West Hants County 1 Nova Scotia about 300 tree-rings cut in spring of 2000

WPR George Anderson Barn 25 18 222 West Petpeswick Road Musquodoboit Harbour Halifax County, Nova Scotia originally; re-assembled as a house at 100 English Point Road, Head of Jeddore Halifax County, Nova Scotia on an 1830 map

CMcB Colonel MeHaffey Barn 28 17 to 19 4485 Highway 14 Windsor Forks West Hants County, Nova Scotia a planter (?) Bam disassembled and shipped to Vermont

CWRB Central West River Road Barn near Greenhill, Pictou County, Nova Scotia age unknown, 1800s?? April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 20

P-FH Putnam-Frieze House to come ? Maitland, East Hants County Nova Scotia 1790 with wood from 1830 house used for restoration

LTB Lower Truro Barn to come ? Colchester County, Nova Scotia late 1800s?? disassembled for a Sheet Harbour dealer who ships to a New York dealer who sells the barns to Europe Total: 7 heritage structures (2 more to come) providing 203 samples to date

Post Script: offer the opportunity for other researchers to Ithas really come along quite far since now date wharfand dyke pilings, or even mast I put these sheet together. I can add to these and other elements of vessels built of Nova that we now have over 300 samples in the Scotian wood in local yards. For more database, have dated the Colonel McHaffey information, or to suggest a source ofsamples, Barn to within 1 to 2 months, have dated the please contact: . Anderson Barn, have sampled the Lower Truro Barn, have cross-dated our spruce Alan Ruffinan chronology to an anchored hemlock Geomarine Associates Ltd. chronology, and have cross-dated our St. 5112 Prince Street, 3rd Floor George's Round Church in White Pine to P.O. Box 41, Station M years in spruce, 500+ years in hemlock, and Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2L4 soon will have an anchored 500+ years phone: (902) 422-6482 chronology in pine. Weare now at a point fax: (902) 422-6483 that, if you hand us a softwood 'cookie', or other sample, from an undated local heritage Dr. Erik Nielsen structure, or from a Louisbourg archaeological Manitoba Geological Survey site, we can probably tell you the date on Department ofIndustry, Trade and Mines which the tree was cut down, right to the Suite 360, 1395 Ellice Avenue season, hence can tell you the probable Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G 3P2 constructiondate oftheundated structure. We phone: (204) 945-6506 are about to try to produce a preliminary fax: (204) 945-1406 climate model for the past 500 years. e-mail: [email protected]

Erik Nielsen, Scott St. George (both in Winnipeg), and I can also report that we have now achieved the first dating ofa Nova Scotia heritage structure ofpreviously-unknown age using tree-rings. These tree-ring chronologies April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 21

Seeing the Sea - the Maritime wider world with a focus on the sea. The Dimension in History Society for Nautical Research continues to by Sarah Palmer promote the cause in Britain, as does the Professor ofMaritime History British element of the International Greenwich Maritime Institute Commission for Maritime History; a global University ofGreenwich professional organization which together with the International Maritime Economic History Association regularly organises sessions at Introduction major historical congresses. The Congress of What is maritime history? Indeed, is Maritime Museums provides an international there such a subject? And, if there is, should forum for the museum side, while regional there be? For me, someone who has been organisations like the North Sea Society, as honoured bythe title ofProfessor ofMaritime well as national bodies such as the Dutch History, to ask this question may seem Society for Maritime History, founded in foolhardy - not only because it might 1961, and the Australian Association for encourage the University of Greenwich to Maritime History, set up in 1978, offer more have second thoughts, but also because the localised points of contact between present assembly includes a number of researchers. scholars who would describe themselves as maritime historians, as also possibly some Neither can there be any doubt that the Greenwich Maritime Institute postgraduate circle of those who see themselves as students reading for an MA in Maritime maritime historians has been much enlarged History. I would not want my friends who are over the last twenty-five years. The sheer maritime historians to decide that professional number ofarticles published annually and the honour means that they have to leave at this popularityofconferences on maritime themes, point, or my students to ask the Registry for a whether one-day local history events ormajor refund of their fees, so let me immediately international gatherings, amply testifies to clarify what I mean in posing these questions. this. One distinctive feature ofthe field, which distinguishes it from most other areas of Maritime History as a Branch of historical investigation, is that the research Scholarship effort in most countries comes from a range of spheres - navy, museums, universities, There can, ofcourse, be no doubt that amateur historians - though there are maritime history exists as a historical significant national differences in the specialism. On my shelves in the Greenwich contribution madebyeach. In Scandinavia; for Maritime Institute sit well-establishedjournals example, those in museums have taken the with an international readership dedicated to lead. In the United States it is those with naval the publication of research into the maritime backgrounds. In Canada it is one particular university, Memorial University of past. 1 Across the road is the National Maritime Museum, itself now only one of Newfoundland, which has also made a many such museums in Britain and in the world-wide impact largely through the efforts April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 22

ofa single individual, Lewis '-Skip' Fischer (if understanding naval operations and as a , every emerging discipline needs its source ofinspiration in its tales ofgreat men, entrepreneur, then that has been his role). In naval history had an early start as a subject for the Netherlands, where maritime history has scholarship.4 That early naval impetus was particular vitality, honours are evenly divided not maintained after the First World War, and between the University ofLeiden, which has naval history, together with historyofwarfare, a Chair in Maritime History, the Dutch Royal arguably did not achieve more than a minor Naval College and the museum sector.2 The foothold in the universities until the late research structure in Britain is arguably 1960s, though this is not to say that there were somewhat similar to the Dutch pattern, with not those professionally identified with other universities, museums and to a lesser extent historical fields who advanced the cause in the Royal Navy, serving as bases for historical their research and writing. A prime example investigation. There is here, too, a tradition of here would be the imperial historian Gerald S. high quality amateur scholarship, reflected in Graham, author of a formidable number of many of the articles published by Mariner's books and articles on naval topics.s If, Mirror, and reference must also be made to however, naval history achieved slight formal the part played by independent professional recognition in universities, even so the flame researchers. of naval history burned bright elsewhere, not least in the Society for Nautical Research which successfully campaigned to preserve The History of Maritime History the Victory and brought into being the National Maritime Museum in 1937.6 We may agree, then, that something Although the NMM's founding vision called maritime history is a reasonably included the range of maritime activity, in vigorous historical area, but when we describe practice the naval side eclipsed other something as maritime history what do we collections and displays. Furthermore, it was mean? Although serious engagement with the ships, men and activities of the Royal aspects of the maritime past is nothing new Navy which overwhelmingly attracted both (the Hakluyt Society dates from 1845, amateur historians and the wider public. Lindsay's four volume History ofMerchant Shipping appeared in 1874-6, the Navy This remained the situation until Records Society was founded in 1893), the university expansion and particularly the term 'maritime history' is itself in fact creation of new Departments of Economic apparently relatively recent.3 In Britain it first History provided the context in the 1960s for seems to have come into use some twenty an academic reaction against - a years ago, at a time when naval history was naval-dominated interpretation of the the dominant strand, to distinguish the history significance of the sea, with the business of ofmerchant shipping from naval history and merchant shipping, shipbuilding and ports to assert an equal or greater claim to attention. increasingly chosen as topics for doctoral Owing to its attraction to late nineteenth theses and subjects for published work. Two century naval officers, both as a means of economic historians, Ralph Davis and Robin April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 23 Craig were key figures here - Davis as the 'naval and maritime' implied, rightly judging author of The Rise of the English Shipping this profoundly misleading. II As a Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth consequence, although historians equally at Centuries (1962), still a rare example of a home with both fields remain rare, if scholarly general survey, and Craig, in 1971 non-existent, the formalisation ofthe division the founding editor of the journal Maritime between naval history and the rest did not History.? Publishing difficulties made this materialise and in this country 'maritime successfuljournal ashort-lived venture, but its history' is now typically used inclusively in launch marked a fresh direction since it universities and museums, though such a proposed to 'concentrate on merchant given meaning is not always understood shipping in all its aspects' and to 'exclude outside these institutions. This has brought from consideration both naval history and English usage into line with typical European marine archaeology'.8 In effect this was an practice, but contrasts with the United States attempt to reserve the term 'maritime history' where the continued primacy of interest in for commercial maritime activity and to naval affairs has ensured that reference is eschew narrowly technical aspects. Itwas also invariably to 'naval and maritime history' in a conscious rejoinder to the perceived historiographical discussion. 12 obsession of traditionalists with details such as rigging. To some extent it reflected too a A reason for not treating the history of professional antipathywhich found expression navies as distinct areas for investigation is the in the portrayal of naval historians in some obvious practical point that the fortunes ofthe academic arena as amateurish, and lacking merchant service and national defence needs rigour in comparison with the social scientific have usually been intertwined, so to know practitioners ofthe 'new' maritime history. about the one is important for understanding ofthe other. Myown particular current area of , . Such criticisms, though not entirely research interest, in addition to port history, is unjustified, took little account ofthe extent to maritime policy, past and present, and three which naval historians were themselves examples here make the point. Britain's becoming influenced by developments in the protectionistNavigation Laws, not abandoned study of economic and social history. Paul until the mid nineteenth century, by favouring Kennedy's The Rise and Fall ofBritish Naval the national merchant fleet were believed to Mastery (1976) is the outstanding example ensure that it served as a 'nursery for seamen' here.9 It underestimated, too, the will for who could be brought into naval service at change elsewhere. Under the direction ofBasil time of war. Here we have the case of the Greenhill, the National Maritime Museum subordination ofthe interests ofcommerce to built up what is almost certainly the finest the needs ofthe Navy; shipowners appreciated collection of shipping and shipbuilding the protection ofthe Laws, traders restricted in business archives in the world. IO In addition, the choice ofvessels to carry their cargoes did not all those working on themes with a not. Another, more contentious example, is maritime dimension were happy with the the view that the Anglo-German naval race distinction between military and civil which which contributed to the outbreak of War in April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 24

1914 was itself the product of earlier British which covers at present seven-tenths of the naval expansion fuelled by the perceived need globe; the mare, the sea itself. There is to match the country's ever increasing trade increasing contemporary awareness of the maritime trade with a sufficient defensive importance of the oceans as an energy and force. Finally, no-one who has studied the food resource and oftheir role in the climate, United States government's ultimately but as yet few historians have traced the past unsuccessful efforts through much of the influence ofwhat we might call the inner life twentieth century to develop its peace-time of the oceans (the currents, the winds, the national foreign-going flagged fleet can fail to movements of fish) on human fortunes. This notice that preparedness in case of war was is not to say that these do not feature in studies the justification for the plethora ofsubsidies, ofshipping, trade, fishing or exploration, nor subventions and protective regulations which indeed to deny that a kind of aquarium underpinned (some would say undermined) elementhas crept into some maritime museum the American merchant navy.13 presentations, but to date the sea has inost often been treated by historians in the same Interpretations of' Maritime' way as those who have used it - as a 'given', something to be traversed; sometimes a The argument for resisting the division bridge, a sea-way; sometimes a barrier, 'naval and maritime' however, goes further variously a defence or an obstacle; something than this, leading back to my initial question, to fight on, something to live.off, something to 'what is maritime history'? An advantage of play on, something to drown in. the label 'maritime history' over some hybrid or more specific term is that .the meaning of The maritime world portrayed inmuch maritime, as indeed the meaning ofhistory, is ofthe literature is still populated by European mercifully vague, with the potential to be used vessels and crews; the passages most studied in a variety of senses and to encompass a are those they traced, the feats of navigation range ofapproaches. I say mercifully, because theirs. This is not just a reflection of the if we look at where maritime history stands origins of many maritime historians, a today we can see that the areas of research demonstration of understandable which are claimed by maritime historians to concentration on their national histories. .For merit the description, even if in some cases long it concealed a denial of, a disbeliefin, the the researchers themselves do not recognise maritime experience ofother peoples, a view them as such (we are a territorially which, for example, led to assumptions about expansionist lot), have extended well beyond Polynesian settlement in the Pacific which are the history ofmen in ships and boats, though now increasingly difficult to sustain in the the subject as a whole has not moved far light of evidence of Polynesian navigational enough, nor in the direction it needs to go, if skills. 14 As we in the West have learned more it is to reach its full potential. of global maritime history, such as the 15th century Chinese expeditions of Cheng Ho to Strictly speaking, ofcourse, maritime· the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and East history might be the history of the element Africa, and those of the Arab navigators, April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 25

professional perceptions have changed. It is dominates the agenda here. 16 There has been a clear that the triumphs associated with the recognition in the British case that however great maritime explorers, Columbus, Magellan spectacular and valuable trades such as that and Cook, were not restricted to them. IS with the East Indies were in the eighteenth Others, in other parts ofthe world, also went century, the routine day-to-day transport of out into unknown waters and returned. But to cargoes like grain, bricks and coal up and acknowledge this is not to undermine the down the coast accounted for most maritime claim to fame ofmore familiar figures, only to activity, and this continued to be the case for say that the exploration of the oceans has much ofthe nineteenth century. produced more examples of outstanding human achievement than we had supposed. Yet another sub-area, maritime business history- the studyofcompanies such As we have seen, the means by which as Cunard - in the 1960s and 1970s achieved mankind has crossed the oceans or fought such a close identification with researchers enemies at sea, the vessels themselves, were associated with the University ofLiverpool, as one of the earliest concerns of the historian, to designate a particular style of detailed, and technical and design detail continues to company record based historical writing as a attract a considerable following, though recognisable product of the 'Liverpool primarily among archaeologists or as an School', though the 1980s saw a number of amateur enthusiasm, as any issue of the scholars outside this circle, including some Mariner's Mirror, Sea Breezes, or the better known as imperial historians, also catalogues of maritime book dealers will writing about maritime business. 17 The show. Maritime economic historians have Liverpool approach has now somewhat fallen tended not to share this interest unless, that is, out of fashion, in part because of its the technical detail can be translated into an concentration on the management side of influence on cost. For some the vessel is a operations alone, and current work focusing box-shaped receptacle designed to carry on firms is far more theoretical and water-borne cargo rather than as the thing of comparative. 18 beauty, and even personality, which commands affectionate attachment. (Here it One aspect ofdevelopment linkedwith may seem that modemnautical architects have business history, has been the biographical helped economic historians in the quest to treatment of leading figures in merchant de-romanticise shipping.) Research into the shipping. The more recent discovery of shipbuilding and merchant shipping biography as a tool on the merchant shipping industries, and more recently the marine side contrasts with naval history where since extractive industries of fishing, gas and oil, the naval past is well-endowed with heroes has illuminated their characteristics as and anti-heroes, and has its fair share ofidols economic enterprises with investment too, biography has long had a central place. patterns, markets and cost structures which Indeed, here the lives of naval historians . distinguish them from non-maritime themselves have been subjects ofattention; an industries. Foreign-going shipping no longer indication ofwhat some would see as not only April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 26 the influence ofseapower on history, but also The sea now features as an resource providing the influence ofhistorians on seapower, with oil, gas, salt, seaweed and fish, and as an their works on the waging of war at sea aspect of leisure activity. Any international underpinning professional naval thought on conference with a commercial focus is now as strategy and policy. 19 likely, perhaps more likely, to include scholarly papers on such matters as port Historians ofthe economic side ofthe development, maritime communities in maritime dimension have yet to achieve such particular those associated with fishing, status, and I do not think that we can claim coastal tourism, waterfront culture, gender credit for the fact that current Labour issues and maritime labour, as they are to government policy on shipping ,as set out in cover the shipping business orthe operation of the DETR policy paper, British Shipping, particular trades. Several of these research Charting a New Course, certainly areas are sufficiently developed to have taken demonstrates asharperhistorical awareness of on a life oftheir own as sub-disciplines; port its significance than was the case with the historians, feminist historians concerned with previous govemment.20 Set, however, against 'women and the sea', naval dockyard the situation thirty years ago there is no doubt historians, and labour historians are among that a tremendous advance has been made in those who have set up networks, national or knowledge of the economic history of international, and meet together. Each ofthese shipping in Britain, though there is still a great is in its tum expansive and inclusive. Current way to go before the twentieth century is as research in the field of port history, for well served as the nineteenth. example, includes investigations of dock construction and engineering, port operation Drawing in and Drawing On, the and governance, port services, port labour and . Widening Defmition ofMaritime History port society.21 In short, the breath and reach of research being undertaken in the name of The change in the definition of what maritime history has become remarkably constitutes maritime history has, however, extensive.22 over the last ten years taken us still further away from the old concerns with ships and There are a number of features here navigation than I have suggested so far. The which deserve further comment. First, we can current tendency is to see maritime history as perceive a beneficial process ofboth drawing 'embracing all aspects of mankind's in and drawing on a wide sphere of relationship with the sea', which is how the disciplinary and methodological influences. British Commission for Maritime History's To the earlier contribution of economic and constitution puts it. Sea-based economic political history is now added social and activities no longer dominate the non-naval labour history, but more telling is the research agenda and naval activity - the influence of sociologists, geographers, projection ofpower - is increasingly presented anthropologists and, in a European context, together with transport as just one of several ethnologists, themselves pushing at the ways in which men have made use ofthe sea. boundaries of their respective disciplines. April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 27

Distinguished scholars with established tables which are now commonplace but were reputations outside maritime history have much less so in the past. Centuries ofinterest brought a new perspective.23 The history of by governments in national maritime activity navigation is now even more firmly linked as a source of power and wealth have left a with the history of science, and the data-rich legacy. Few quantitative studies in contribution ofmedical historians has resulted any historical field can match for industry, 24 in new insights into health at sea. • scale and achievement Dutch research on the Although it would be fair to say that voc (the Dutch East India Company) or the the written word, much ofan official nature, is work on merchant ship crews undertaken at still the privileged source for most research in Memorial University ofNewfoundland, but it maritime history it is now recognised that past would be fair to say that the work of most users of the sea have left to us a variety of maritime historians, whatever their field of other traces, sometimes in the form ofobjects interest, displays a willingness, encouragedby and structures, sometimes in artistic the computer, to count the numbers if representations, sometimes in customs, appropriate.26 Further signs ofeclecticism in superstitions and oral traditions and that all methodology is provided by the use made of these contribute to understanding. The, by oral evidence, and approaches to texts now conventional point, that recovering.the informed by insights drawn from literary experience of those who do not feature criticism. prominently in the official record is as relevant a task for the scholar as exploring the Itcannot, ofcourse, be claimed that all reasons behind high policy, has been fully such approaches or methods feature in the accepted by maritime historians. Power work ofanyone individual and indeed there is relations on board ship are no longer reflected still research published which conforms to in the degree ofscholarly attention paid to the more traditional concepts ofhistory. It can be commander of a vessel as against the crew. argued that naval historians, in particular, Some of the most penetrating work in recent seem to have been more resistant to external years, much of it undertaken by North influences than other groups?? Even so the American scholars, has been in the field of case can, in my view, be made that maritime maritime labourhistory, enablingus to discard history as a scholarly field is already the stereotypical image ofthe seafarer as Jolly, characterised by a fair degree of or foolish, Jack Tar, substituting real beings, interdisciplinarity, even if this is not usually and also, drawing on insights offered by explicit. For those who see disciplinary cultural historians, to appreciate the function boundaries as artificial constructs, damaging ofthis image in its historical context. 25 to the pursuit of knowledge, this will be welcome but it poses challenges to the identity Literary and artistic representations are ofmaritime history as a distinct discipline and increasingly used, not as illustrative props to raises questions not only for the practitioners liven up otherwise too solid blocks oftext, but of maritime history, but also for those who as integral aspects of the argument, in much read the books or articles they write, see the same fashion as the graphs and statistical paintings, experience audio-visual treatments, April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 28 those who encounter representations of about its continued central importance as a maritimeheritage, orvisit maritime museums. means oftransport.28 At another level it offers Is maritime history, as currently practised by the opportunity to identify the maritime maritime historians, history as they know it dimension in local history. Every vessel that and expect it? went to sea had its own history ofbeing built, equipped, invested in, victualled, provided This brings me on to a second feature with cargo or ballast and crewed. Men that of current work because it is not only the returned from sea brought with them traces of history in maritime history which has their experiences which lent a distinctive changed, there has also occurred a significant flavour to the locality. Indeed port shift in the application ofthe word 'maritime'. communities typically presented a paradox of Consider again some of the subjects which local insularity co-existing with openness to a maritime historians currently investigate, port wider world beyond the seas. Aspects of the development, maritime communities, coastal story of even this unique stretch of the river tourism, waterfront culture, the industries from Rotherhithe down to Chatham, with its which serve the sea-going sector. In these we shipbuilding, its commercial docks, its naval have a land-based sight ofmaritime activity; dockyards, its victualling yards, its seafarers the sea viewed from ashore or imagined from and its dock workers, would find an echo in inland. Now, it seems, a connection with the many parts ofthe world. sea is sufficient to justify the description maritime. This is not unique to academic But there is more than this to the shift study. Reflect in this context on 'Maritime ofmaritime subject matter towards the shore. London' as a contemporary encapsulation of Those historians who, as it were, stayed at sea . the services offered to shipping by the City of and focused attention on shipboard life, have London, as ofcourse also our own 'Maritime themselves tended to conclude that this Greenwich' and Medway's 'Chatham reflected economic and social relations on Maritime'. land. That this has led in the case of the two well known eighteenth-century studies by We can welcome this wider Rodger and Rediker to very different interpretation of the maritime element as an assessments ofthe hardships associated with acknowledgement of the profound, diverse the seafaring experience is a reflection ofthe and all embracing influence ofthe sea on the authors' respective judgements on the nature economy and societyofmany ofthose nations of the society from which seafarers were which have engaged with it. In the British case drawn. 29 Research undertaken by Canadian it encourages a realistic assessment of the scholars has challenged the notion that those extent to which Britain was a maritime who went to sea were a distinctive group, economy in the past into which we can set rather than simply 'working men who got current concerns about its continuing status as wet', and gender historians have shown how a maritime power, although, with 95% of masculine norms established ashore wereboth Britain's exports and imports still leaving or endorsed and threatened by life on board.30 entering by sea, there cannot be any doubts April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 29

Such findings do not contradict the Starkey, it is now possible to take an evidence that the ship was, and indeed still is, undergraduate degree in History and Maritime a unique social and occupational environment History.3) Indeed, with Exeter now joined by with its own hazards, practices and customs Hull and Greenwich in offering Maritime but they make the point that these can only be History Masters programmes, and four new evaluated by reference to the situation ashore. Professorial titles recently awarded, (Andrew This is perhaps unsurprising, but as maritime Lambert at King's College London, Richard historians increasingly and appropriately set Harding at Westminster, Nicholas Rodger at their concerns within a wider picture, where Exeter, all naval historians, are the others) the pursuing those concerns convincinglydepends opportunities for advanced study and research onlypartiallyon exploring the sea connection, training in the field are arguably greater than a connections sometimes quite attenuated, they have ever been. Even so, the subject has then the maritime history label may appear not made the impact on the syllabus here in unnecessary, except as a useful convenience to Britain, or elsewhere in the world which the enable us all to get together every now and amount of scholarship going on might lead then at conferences. Indeed, given that some one to expect. would consider that the term maritime history carries with it connotations of narrowness, This may reflect what seems to me a attention to arcane detail and nautical much more serious and puzzling problem; the memorabilia, which in no way reflect the failure ofthe findings ofresearch in maritime actual current state ofthe field, might we not history to permeate mainstream history. In the do well to dispense with this encumbrance? British case, despite the historical, and indeed After all, we could go on to argue, how much current, importance ofsea trade for the growth impact has maritime history in all its current and structure ofthe economy, shipping often varied incarnations so far had on mainstream receives little attention and sometimes barely history ? features at all in standard economic history textbooks.32 Nor is it only in Britain that Maritime History and Mainstream academics fail to see the sea. In Australia, the History focus on the land and cities in conventional accounts of its development has provoked Given the vitality of the field, Frank Broeze into providing what hedescribes remarkably little, or so it would appear from as an 'alternative history' of Australians and recent national assessments of the situation the sea. In Greece, incontrovertiblya maritime undertaken by leading maritime scholars nation, the historian of its shipping industry, across the world. Here is a subject with Gelina Harlaftis, has noted how this relevance to a host ofother disciplines, yet is dimension has been overshadowed by its barely visible in the university curriculum. In golden classical past in general historical Britain undergraduate courses in maritime writing. Even in the Netherlands, which has history have surfaced every now and again, produced some of the most extensive and and at Hull where the new Maritime Historical indeed popular scholarly maritime historical Studies Centre, is presided over by David J. work, general historians do not take much April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 30 notice ofsuch publications.33 World-wide it is Maritime modern economic histories as ifdubbing a piece ofresearch as 'maritime' ofGreece, Finland, Australia and Japan (this excludes it from the sum ofgeneral historical last, jointly authored by a British and a knowledge; the sea, it seems, is an intellectual Japanese scholar, a rare example of barrier. international collaboration), which have appeared in recent years are examples of a A number offactors are at work here. greater willingness to take on 'big' subjects, The old accusation of antiquarianism (the rather than 'piddling about in the byways' but ultimate insult for historians) however only a non-professional historian, Ronald ill-founded by now may still linger; the very Hope, has attempted to tackle this for Britain success of maritime historians in joining and none ofthese histories sets the maritime together, networking and exploring mutual dimension within a broader national context.36 interests may serve to give an impression of Even so, enough progress has now been made separateness; specialist journals providing an for the awareness that things maritime are outlet and inspiration for maritime history necessarily international and comparative to researchers may limit access to readers with be translated into studies which transcend more general interests. More to the .point, national boundaries and develop oceanic though, is again the question 'what is themes.37 1n saying this, I am not making a maritime history'? As I have demonstrated, plea for a new Braudel to come forward, maI)time historians no longer occupy a though that would be very welcome but rather separate territory from other fields ofhistory, to remind all ofus working in the field that, if their research findings should have resonance this stimulating, exciting and significant for those with other interests, but few have the subject is to achieve the prominence it needs confidence to make the case for the subject by in academic circles to fulfil its potential we writing the books (and it is books we need, not have to take more risks and exploit our articles) which by reflecting its full breadth knowledge more. 38 reflect the extent ofits relevance. Those with the competence and willingness to take on Outside the university sector there is massive commissions such as Rodger's three also a problem, but different. Those many volume Naval History a/Britain, ofwhich the thousands who visit maritime museums in this 700 page first volume has now appeared, are country every year are confronted directly extremely rare. 34 Mahan's complaint in 1890 with the outward signs ofthe new inner grace about John Knox Laughton, claimed in a in maritime history. There is no absence at the recent study by Andrew Lambert to be the Merseyside MaritimeMuseum, orat the Royal founder of the discipline of modern naval Naval Museum in Portsmouth, or at the history, could still strike home, 'He probably National Maritime Museum of the newer knows more naval history than any English influences on understanding of the maritime speaking man living. Pity he don't produce a dimension. Economic, social and cultural great work instead of piddling about in the references abound. Therows ofship models in byways ofnaval history'.35 glass cases of the past have given way to mock-ups of cruise passengers'cabins; the April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 31 working lives ofshipbuilders are as likely to the maritime dimension in history and learn to be evoked as the victory ofTrafalgar; marine 'see the sea'. paintings may be displayed in galleries where videos are running of 1940s fiction films Major international English language about the war at sea. For some, possibly the maritime history journals are American Neptune (peabodyEssex Museum),The Great majority of visitors, such treatments of the Circle (Australian Association for Maritime maritime dimension are welcome, for others History), International Journal ofMaritime less so. Some, expecting something different, History (International Maritime Economic more glorious, more glorifying, are History Association), The Mariner's Mirror uncomfortable, even hostile; some perhaps (Society for Nautical Research), The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du Nord (Canadian merely confused. Nautical Research Society). A recent addition to journal provision is the electronic Journal Conclusion for Maritime Research (National Maritime Museum). In truth, there is much to be confused about, whether you are someone with little 2 This survey is based on information in Hattendorf, J. D. (ed) (1994) Ubi Sumus? The prior knowledge looking at a museum display State of Naval and Maritime History. or an academic trying to make sense, say, of Newport Rhode Island, Naval War College the late twentieth centurydecline in traditional Press; Broeze, F. (ed) (1995) Research in ports across the world. In maritime history we Maritime History No.9, Maritime History at have a subject concerned with the the Crossroads, A Critical Review ofRecent Historiography. St John's Newfoundland, interrelationship ofpeople, things, and events International Maritime Economic History on land and sea. It confronts an aspect ofthe Association. environment which sometimes, in some centuries, and in some places, compels 3 This lecture owes much to the thinking of attention but equally can fade in political and others about the origins and early development of maritime history. See, in economic significance. It deals with an particular, Williams, David M. (1993) The element that has been, and is, used by peoples progress of maritime history, 1953-93. ofmany languages, ofmany cultures, but also Journal of Transport History, Third Series has language and culture ofits own. The study 14, 126 and Rodger, N.A.M. (1994) Britain. ofthe man's relationship with the sea in all its In Hattendorf, Ubi Sumus?, 41. Also Davis, Ralph (1978) Maritime history, progress and facets, with all its connections, requires problems. In, S. Marriner (ed) Business and technical understanding and specialised Businessmen, Studies in Business, Economic learning. Helping others to understand its andAccountingHistory. Liverpool, Liverpool importance does require the skill ofmaritime University Press; Marriner, S. and Davies P. historians to pull together all these aspects to N. (1988) Recent publications and developments in the study of maritime generate aproductive, meaningful engagement economic history. Journal of Transport with the past. History, Third Series, 9, 93.

What is maritime history? It is the way 4 Rodger (1994). in which we can indeed truly take account of April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 32

5 For a complete list ofGraham's publications 12 Note, for example, the distinction made in the see Flint, J.E. and Williams, G. (eds) (1973) title of Albion, RG. (1951) Maritime and Perspectives ofEmpire, Essays Presented to Naval History, an Annotated Bibliography. Gerald S. Graham. London, Longman. Cambridge Mass, Harvard University Press which has been maintained in subsequent 6 See Littlewood K. and Butler B. (1998) Of updating, as also its use in Hattendorf(1993) Ships and Stars, Maritime Heritage and the Ubi Sumus? The State ofNaval andMaritime Founding ofthe National Maritime Museum, History. Greenwich. London, Athlone Press and National Maritime Museum. 13 Palmer S.R. (1990) Shipping, Politics andthe Repeal ofthe Navigation Laws. Manchester, 7 Davis, R. (1962) The Rise of the English ManchesterUniversityPress; Ranft, B. (1982) Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and The Royal Navy and the merchant marine, Eighteenth Centuries. Newton Abbot, David partners in ignorance. InPalmer and Williams & Charles. (1981); Gibson, A. and Donovan, A. The Abandoned Ocean, the History of United 8 Craig, RS. (1971) Editorial. Maritime History States Maritime Policy. South Carolina, 1, 1. There were four volumes produced University ofSouth Carolina Press. between 1971 and 1974. A fifth volume, which appeared under this title in 1977, was 14 See Finney, B. (et al) (1994) Voyages of distinct from the earlier venture. . Rediscovery, A Cultural Odyssey Through Polynesia. Berkeley, University ofCalifornia 9 Kennedy, P.M. (1976) The Rise and Fall of Press. British Naval Mastery. London, Allen Lane. For further details of developments in naval 15 See Fernandez-Armesto, F. (ed) (1991) The history from the 1960s see Rodger. (1994). Times Atlas of World Exploration. London, 45-48. Times Books.

10 For an indication of the richness of these 16 See Armstrong, J (ed) (1996) Coastal and collections by 1980, see Knight, RJ.B. (1980) Short Sea Shipping. Aldershot, Sutton. Guide to the Manuscripts in the National Maritime Museum, Volume 2, PublicRecords, 17 See, for example, Hyde, F.E. (1975) Cunard. Business Records and Artificial Collections. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press; London, Mansell. Marriner, S. (1961) Rathbones ofLiverpool. . Liverpool, Liverpool University Press; 11 The programme for a conference held at Davies, P.N. The Trade Makers, Elder QueenMaryCollege, University ofLondon in Dempster in West Africa, 1852-1972.. 1980 deliberately resisted a navaVmercantile Liverpool, Liverpool University Press; Green divide in subject matter, as did the syllabus E. and Moss M., (1982), A Business of for the undergraduate course in British National Importance, the Royal Mail Maritime History jointly taught for some Shipping Group, 1902-37. London, Methuen; years by Robin Craig, Glyn Williams and Harcourt, F. (1981) The P & 0 Company, Sarah Palmer at University College and Flagships of Imperialism. In Palmer and Queen Mary. See Palmer S. and Williams G. Williams, Charted and Uncharted Waters, 6; (1981) Charted and Uncharted Waters, Porter, A. (1986), Victorian Shipping, Proceedings ofa Conference on the Study of Business andImperial Policy, DonaldCurrie, British Maritime History. London, National the Castle Line and Southern Africa. Maritime Museum. Woodbridge, Boydell Press; Ville, S. (1987) English Shipowning During the Industrial April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 33

Revolution, Michael Henley andSon, London Shipowners, 1770-1830. Manchester, 22 It is impossible here to list the thousands of ManchesterUniversityPress; Jones, S. (1989) publications associated with these Trade and Shipping, Lord Inchcape connections. Broeze (1995) Maritime History 1852-1932. Manchester, Manchester at the Crossroads and Hattendorf(1994) Ubi University Press. Sumus? provide an international guide to the historiography as it stood in the mid-1990s. 18 See Boyce, G. H. (1995) Information, These may now be supplemented byreference Mediation andInstitutionalDevelopment, The to the leading journals. Rise of Large-Scale Enterprise in British Shipping, 1870-1919. Manchester, 23 See Dening, G. (1992) Mr Bligh's Bad Manchester University Press; Broeze, F. Language, Passion, Power and Theatre on (1993) Mr Brooks and the Australian Trade. the Bounty. Cambridge, Cambridge University Imperial Business in the Nineteenth Century. Press; Earle, P. (1998) Sailors. London, (Melbourne, Melbourne University Press). A Methuen. non-British example is Wray, W. D. (1984) Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K., 1870-1914, 24 See Hattendorf, J.B. (1997) Maritime History Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Volume 2, The Eighteenth Century and the Industry. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard Classic Age ofSail. Marabar, Florida, Krieger University Press. Publishing Company; Watt, Sir J., Freeman; Bynum, W.F. (eds) (1981) Starving Sailors, 19 The pun is a reference to the classic work The Influence ofNutrition upon Naval and Mahan, A. T. (1890), The Influence ofSea Medical History. Greenwich, National Power upon History, 1660-1783 (Boston, Maritime Museum; Carpenter, K. J. (1986) Little Brown & Co). See Schunnan, D.M. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. (1965) The Education of a Navy; the Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Development of British Naval Strategic Thought (London, Cassell); Goldrick, J. and 25 See Howell, C. and Twomey R.J. (1991) Jack Hattendorf, J. B. (1993) Mahan Is Not Tar in History, Essays in the History of Enough, The Proceedings ofa Conference on Maritime Life andLabour. Fredericton, New the Works ofSir Julian Corbett and Admiral Brunswick, Acadiensis Press. Sir Herbert Richmond (Newport, Rhode Island, Naval War College Press); Lambert, 26 Bruijn, J.R., Gaastra, F.S. and Schoffer, I. A. (1998) The Foundations ofNaval History, (1979-1987), Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Seventeenth andEighteenth Centuries, 3 Vols. Historical Profession. London, Chatham The Hague;.Ommer, R.E., Fischer, L.R, Publishing. Sager, E.W. (1982) The data base of the Atlantic Canada Shipping Project. In Fischer, 20 Department of the Environment, Transport L.Rand Sager, E.W. (eds) Merchant Shipping and the Regions, (1998) British Shipping, and Economic Development. St. John's Charting a New Course. Newfoundland, Memorial Universit)r of Newfoundland. 21 Essays in the recent Festschrift in honour of the leading British port historian, Fischer, 27 See Hattendorf, J.B. (ed) (1995)Doing Naval L.R and Jarvis, A. (1999) Harbours and History, Essays Towards Improvement. Haven, Essays in Port History in Honour of Newport, Rhode Island, Naval War College Gordon Jackson. St. John's Newfoundland, Press; Knight, RB. (1997) Surfmg the International Maritime Economic History sources, plugging into British naval history in Association, reflect all these facets. the 1990s. In Cogar, W.B. (ed) New April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 34

Interpretations in Naval History. Annapolis, Volume 1 660-1649. London, HarperCollins. Maryland, Naval Institute Press. 35 Quoted by Knight, R.J.B. reviewing Lambert 28 See Starkey, D. J. and Jamieson, A.G. (1998) (1998) Foundations oj Naval History in Exploiting the Sea, Aspects oj Britain's Institute of Historical Research, School of Maritime Economysince 1870. Exeter, Exeter Advanced Study, Reviews in History, 1999. University Press. 36 Harlaftis (199 ); Kaukiainen, Y. (1993) A 29 Rediker, M. (1987) Between the Devilandthe History ojFinnish Shipping. London & New Deep Blue Sea, Merchant Seamen, Pirates. York, Routledge; Broeze (1998); Chida, T and the Anglo-American Maritime World, and Davies, P.N. (1990) The Japanese 1700-1750. Cambridge, Cambridge University Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries. Press; Rodger, N.A.M. (1986) The Wooden London, Athlone Press; Hope, R. (1900) A World, An Anatomy ojthe Georgian Navy. New History oj British Shipping. London, London, William Collins. John Murray. The potential scholarly rewards offered by wide-ranging national maritime 30 See Ommer, R. and Panting, G. (eds) (1980) history have been demonstrated by Duffy, Working Men Who Got Wet. St. John's M.J. et al (eds) (1992, 1994), The New Newfoundland, Memorial University of Maritime History ofDevon. Volume 1, From Newfoundland. Early Times to the Late Eighteenth Century. Volume 2, From the Late Eighteenth Century 31 David J. Starkey, Wilson Family Lecturer in to the Present Day. London, Conway Maritime History at the University ofHull, is Maritime Press.. exceptional in the breadth of his maritime history expertise, having published 37 See Fischer, L.R. and Nordvik, H.W. (1989) extensively on privateering, shipping and The context of maritime history; the new shipbuilding in the eighteenth, nineteenth and International Journal oj Maritime History. twentieth centuries. International Journal ofMaritime History. 1, Vlll. 32 An exception is Daunton, M.J. (1995) Progress and Poverty, An Economic and 38 Braudel, F. (Revised edition 1966, English Social History ofBritain 1700-1850. Oxford, edition 1972), The Mediterranean World in Oxford University Press. More typical is the the Age ojPhillip II. Volumes 1 &2. London, almost complete absence ofanyrefererence to William Collins. shipping in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (1984) The Economic History ofBritainsince Members' News 1700, Vols 1-3. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.. Alec Douglas will be VIsItmg 33 Broeze, F. (1998) Island Nation, A History oj professor, Duke University, August 2001 to Australia and the Sea. New South Wales, May 2002, while Professors Alex Roland and Allen & Unwin, 1-9; Harlaftis, G. (1996) A Tami Biddle are on leave at the US Naval History oJGreek-OwnedShipping. London & New York, Routledge; Bruijn, J. R. (1993). Academy and the Army War College In Broeze, Maritime History at the respectively. He has been busy at his Crossroads, 196-7. keyboard, having recently completed the manuscript, with Roger Sarty, ofVolume II 34 Rodger, N.A.M. (1997) The SaJeguard oJthe of the Official History of the RCN, which Sea. A Naval History oj Great Britain. April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 35 deals with the Second World War, and will be pleased to report that it looks to be an published in two parts, hopefully in 2002. He excellent ship's history. Note that the has contributed articles to the New Dictionary proceeds go to support the ship herself. of National Biography on Lord Vere Beauclerk, Sir Erasmus ·Gower and John At the end of April, Olaf Janzen Rous; and will have presented a paper to the participated in a symposium on the history of Millennium military history conference, the French Shore which was organized in Ottawa in May 2000 on "How the RCN Placentia, Newfoundland by the Placentia became a Blue Water Navy". He has also Historical Society. Olaf spoke on the prepared an article for the Canadian Military persistence of settlement in coastal Journalon the sinking of the French Newfoundland byFrench fisherfolk following submarine La Perle on 8 July 1944, by the evacuation of the French colony at Swordfish aircraft from two MAC ships under Plaisance in 1714. Later this summer, Olaf the tactical control ofescort group C5. will attend the Tenth Maritime History Home: 108 Helena Street Conference ofThe Association for the History Ottawa, Ontario ofthe Northern Seas, to beheld at theMerseyside K1Y 3N1 Maritime Museum in Liverpool; Olaf will Home: 613-725-2622 give a paper there with the title "The Eviction Recent Publications: "Wagging the Dog: of French Fishermen from Newfoundland in How Canada has influenced the Exercise of 1755: Dress Rehearsal for the Acadian Seapower" in Ann L. Griffiths; Peter T. Deportation?" Haydon and Richard H. Gimblett, Canadian Gunboat Diplomacy: The Canadian Navy As of February 1, 2001 Christopher and Foreign Policy, (Halifax: Dalhousie J. Terry was appointed Director of the University Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Canada Science & Technology Museum 2000). Corporation which manages the Canada Agriculture Museum, the Canadian Aviation WiUiam Henry Flayhart III has just Museum (of which he was the Director had published The American Line, 1871 ­ General from 1989 to 2001) and the Canada 1902, W.E. Norton & Company: N.Y, 2000; Science and Technology Museum. W.W. Norton, Ltd.: London, 2001, 404 pages, well illustrated withphotograph, maps, charts. Museum News and Events The price is $39.85 US. Friends of HMCS Haida, Ontario On a similar note, the long-awaited Place, the Ontario Ministry of Tourism HMCSHaida: Battle Ensign Flying (Vanwell Culture and Recreation, and Parks Canadamet Publishing) by Barry Gough has finally early in the year to discuss plans for HMCS appeared in print. You can look forward to a Haida. It is reported that "there is great proper review in an upcoming Northern political will" to relocate the ship at the new Mariner, but one ofyour co-editors has had a Hamilton Discovery Centre - naturally, there chance to skim through his copy, and is is much work to be done, and much money April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 36 needed, before the ship can be refitted and and small at the Ballina Naval & Maritime moved. Museum in New South Wales, Australia."

The Pier, Toronto's waterfront The Periodical Literature maritime museum is scheduled to close in by OlafJanzen July. The issue was fought at the city council level with the proponents losing. The official Many articles on maritime topics ap­ reason given was themassive operatingdeficit pear in journals that are not specifically of the city and the need for cutbacks at all dedicated to maritime themes. Thus, the levels. Naturally the rumor mill is rife with Economic History Review 53, No.3 (August other excuses, among them being the high 2000), pp. 429-454,carried an article by value of the waterfront property and its Maryanne Kowaleski entitled "The expansion potential use for other activities. ofthe south-western fisheries in late medieval England." The article "explores the expansion Sutnnler Tour Schedule: Canada's of the region's sea fisheries from the late Pacific Naval Dockyard and Museum at fourteenth century to the early sixteenth CFB Esquimalt, HMCS Naden, .HMC century, and argues that this expansion was Dockyard Info: (250) 363-7060 Johanne. part of the maritime sector's critical, but Entrance to CFB Esquimalt (near Victoria; unappreciated, contribution to the rising Vancouver Island, B.C.) is offAdmirals Rd.. prosperity of south-western England during After entering base gates follow signs to the the late middle ages." A couple ofissues later, Naval and Military Museum. the Economic History Review carried an intriguing analysis ofan elusive subject; look . Free bus tours of Naval Dockyard, for Evan Jones, "Illicit business: accounting June ll-August 17, 10:00 Monday- Friday for smuggling in mid-sixteenth-century except holidays departing from base Museum Bristol" in the February 2001 issue of the parking lot. Free Group guided Bus and EHR, 54, No.1, 17-38. Peggy Blair is the Walking tours of HMC Dockyard. By author of "Taken for 'Granted': Aboriginal appointment. Free Self-Guided walking tours Title and Public Fishing Rights in Upper ofHMCS Naden in CFB Esquimalt. Canada," Ontario History 92, No. 1 (Spring 08:00 - 16:00 Monday- Friday. 2000), 31-55.

Naval and Military Museum at HMCS Peter Turnbull is the author of Naden in CFB ESQUIMALT. "ContestingGlobalization onthe Waterfront," 10:00-15:30 Monday- Fridayexceptholidays which appeared in Politics & Society 2R, 3 Adult $2.00 Child/Students/Seniors $1.00 (September 2000), 367-391. On the same Guided tours by appointment (250) 363-4312 theme, but with a narrower focus is "Geographic Scale and Grass-Roots And this from Fraser McKee Internationalism: The Liverpool Dock "An Australian friend reports there is Dispute, 1995-1998," Economic Geography a truly spectacular display of models, large 76, No.3 (July 2000), pp. 272-292, by Noel April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 37 Castree; this article examines the geographyof to the Royal Canadian Navy after the First this recent and bitter labour dispute within the World War." Bill's paper appeared in context ofthe ongoing debates over the effects Canadian Military History 9, No.3 (Summer of 'globalization' on organized labour and, 2000), pp. 36-48. On a closely related theme, specifically, recent experiences in labour Duncan McDowall wrote up the service internationalism. history of "HMCS Thiepval. The Accidental Tourist ... Destination," also in Canadian An article by David Syrett provides an Military History 9, No.3 (Summer 2000), pp. account of Rear-Admiral James Gambier 69-78. Thiepval was a trawler commissioned when he commanded the Royal Navy at New into the RCN late in 1917 and served after the York during the American Revolutionary war on the Pacific Coast until it sank in 1930 War; '''This penurious old reptile': Rear­ after running aground. That same issue of Admiral James Gambier and the American Canadian Military History 9, No.3 (Summer War" appeared in Historical Research 74, No. 2000) carried Richard Oliver Mayne, 183 (February 2000), 63-76. The American "Bypassing the Chain of Command: The journal The Historian 62, No. 4 (Summer political origins of the RCN's equipment 2000), pp. 731-757 carried "In the H:;mds of crisis of 1943," pp. 7-22. Richard Gimblett, the British: The Treatment of American contributed a paper, "What the Mainguy POWs in the War ofIndependence" by Philip Report Never Told Us: The Tradition of Ranlet. Many of the POWs in questiqn were 'Mutiny' in the Royal Canadian Navy Before captured at sea and a significant proportion 1949," to the Canadian Military Journal I, were held or imprisoned on British prison No. 2 (Summer 2000), 87-94. This is hulks. The Journal ofBritish Studies 39, No. presumably a revised version ofthe paper that 4 (October 2000), pp. 422-453 carried Richard presented to the joint conference of "Contesting the Hero: The Funeral ofAdmiral the CNRS and the Association ofthe History Lord Nelson" by Timothy Jenks. The article of the Northern Seas in Comer Brook, re-examines Nelson's funeral and qualifies an Newfoundland in 1999. interpretation by Linda Colley, who saw the funeral less as a "loyalist" spectacle than as a THE AMERICANNEPTUNE counter-monarchical event. Jenks feels that LX, NO. 1, 2000 the true answer is more complex, and that "various sectors ofGeorgian societycompeted Carla Rahn Phillips, "Manuel Fernandes and with one another in their effort to his 1616 'Livro de Tra9as de commemorate Nelson." Thus, the article Carpintaria'," 7-29 explores both "what the funeral can be held to Spencer Tucker, "Lieutenant Andrew · H. have meant and what it can be held to have Foote and the African Slave Trade," achieved." 31-48 Alfred Maass, "The Right of Unrestricted CNRS member William Schleihauf, is Navigation and the Mississippi, 1812­ the author of '''Necessary stepping stones... ' 1818," 49-59 The Transfer ofAurora, Patriot and Patrician Fred Hopkins, "First to Cross: The S.S. April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 38

Monumental City," 61-72 Britamoco," 198-200 Richard F. Palmer, "Reporting on the Wreck INLAND SEAS ofthe Schooner Ariadne," 201-209 LVI, NO. 1, SPRING 2000 Leo J. Hertzel, "Will Massingham: Poet ofthe Lake, Superlative," 210-217 Edward A. Perrine, "Huron and On," 2-19 Joseph L. Rennie, "The Fishing Tug Rowira," John B. Maisch, "Restored Liberty Ship Sails 238-249 the Great Lakes," 37-39 George J. Ryan, "75th Anniversary of Richard F. Palmer, "Oldtime Great Lakes Launching ofthe Mather," 250-252 Steamboat Gambler, Dupely Dodge," 40-44 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Robert C. Grunst, "The George D. Sanford, NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Jr., Coastal Trader - Yacht to XXIX, NO. 1, FEBRUARY2000 Commercial Fishing Tug," 45-63 Richard F. Palmer, "Tugboat Business Was a David J. Tomalin, Paul Simpson, John M. Big Bang in Oswego," 64-72 Bingeman, "Excavation Versus Sustainabilityin situ: A Conclusionon INLAND SEAS 25 Years of Archaeological L VI, NO. 2, SUMMER 2000 Investigations at Goose Rock, a Designated Historic Wreck-Site at the Lillian Ro~mer, "The Titania Story," 90-99 Needles, Isle ofWight, England," 3-42 Al Miller, "The Story ofthe D.M Clemson," Ricardo J. Elia, "US Protection ofUnderwater 100-110 Cultural Heritage Beyond the John A. Burke (compiled by), "Distress Territorial Sea: Problems and Signals," 111-113 Prospects," 43-56 James P. Barry, "EarlyPowered Small Craft," Wayne R. Lusardi, "The Beaufort Inlet 114-122 Shipwreck Project," 57-68 John A. Stevens, "Winter Caretakers ofStony Mikkel H. Thomsen, "The Studland Bay Island Clubhouse," 123-140 Wreck, Dorset, UK: Hull Analysis," Richard F. Palmer (submitted by), "A Casual 69-85 Voyage on the Lakes in 1877," 141­ Garry Momber, "Drowned and Deserted: A 145 Submerged Prehistoric Landscape in the Solent, England," 86-99 INLAND SEAS Nick Burningham, "Indonesian Quarter­ LVI, NO.3, FALL 2000 Rudder Mountings," 100-119 William B. Lees, J. Barto Arnold III, Edward A. Perrine, "It's the Fitz," 178-191 "Preliminary Assessment of a Wreck Robert D. Smith (submitted by), "Lemuel in the Red River, Choctaw County, Goldsmith Logbook on Board the Oklahoma, USA," 120-125 Schooner Puritan," 192-197 Robert L. Hohlfelder, Robert L. Vann, Mansfield Jordan, "The Good Ship "Cabotage at Aperlae in Ancient April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 39

Lycia.," 126-135 Christopher L. Dyer, John J. Poggie, "The Olaf Hackmann, "Stern Rams in Antiquity," Natural Resource Region and Marine 136-142 Policy: A Case Study from the New Ehud Galili, J. Sharvit, Baruch Rosen, England Groundfish Fishery," 245­ "Symbolic Engravings on Byzantine 255 Sounding Leads from the Carmel David Whitmarsh, Carl James, Helen Coast ofIsrael," 143-150 Pickering, Arthur Neiland, ''The Jeffrey G. Royal, Yaacov Kahonov, "An Profitability of Marine Commercial Arab-Period Merchant Vessel at Fisheries: A Review of Economic Tantura Lagoon, Israel," 151-153 Information Needs with Particular Garry Momber, Mathew Geen, "The Reference to the UK.," 257-263 Application of Submetrix ISIS 100 Michel Morin, "The Fisheries Resources in Swath Bathymetry System to the the European Union. The Distribution Management of Underwater Sites," of TACs: Principle of Relative 154-162 Stability and Quota-Hopping," 265­ Robert Walker, Alexzandra Hildred, 273 "Quantitative Non-Destr:uctive Analysis ofMetal in Artefacts," 163­ MARINE POLICY 166 XXIV, NO. 4, JULY 2000

MARINE POLICY Sarah Humphrey, Peter Burbridge, Caroline XXIV, NO. 3, MAY 2000 Blatch, "US Lessons for Coastal Management in the European Union," Willam Aron, William Burke, Milton M.R. 275-286 Freeman, "The Whaling Issue," 179­ J. Wonham, C. M. Davies, V. G. 191 Asimakopoulos, B. S. Tselentis, G. Plant, "The Turkish Straits and Tanker "Marine Transportation of Irradiated Traffic: An Update," 193-214 Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and Dermott Devine, "Port State Jurisdiction: A Radioactive Wastes: The Continuing Judicial Contribution from New Debate on RegulatoryMeasures," 287­ Zealand," 215-219 299 Bj0rn Hersoug, Petter Holm, "Change Sean Pascoe, Louisa Coglan, "Implications of Without Redistribution: An Differences in Technical Efficiency of Institutional Perspective on South Fishing Boats for Capacity Africa's New Fisheries Policy," 221­ Measurement and Reduction," 301­ 231 307 Ragnar Amason, Ragnvaldur Hannesson, Shirley V. Scott, "Australia's First Tuna William E. Schrank, "Costs of Negotiations with Japan," 309-318 Fisheries Management: The Cases of Bj0rn Hersoug, Petter Holm, Stein Arne Iceland, Norway and Newfoundland," Ranes, "The Missing T. Path 233-243 Dependency within an Individual April 2001 - ARGONAUTA - Page 40

Vessel Quota System - The Case of Sultanate ofOman," 423-429 Norwegian Cod Fisheries," 319-330 P. Guillotreau, N. Peridy, "Trade Barriers and Randall Bess, Michael Harte, "The Role of European Imports of Seafood PropertyRights inthe Development of Products: A Quantitative New Zealand's Seafood Industry," Assessment," 431-437 331-339 Peter M. Haas, "Prospects for Effective THE MARINER'S MIRROR Marine Governance in the NW Pacific LXXXVL NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2000 Region." 341-348 Cathy Robinson, David Mercer, Anthony Papalas, "Athenian Naval Power in "Reconciliation in Troubled Waters? the sixth century: the development of Australian Oceans Policy and a Trireme Fleet," 387-400 Offshore Native Title Rights," 349­ Madge Darby, "Bligh's Disciple: Matthew 360 Flinder's journals ofHMS Providence (1791-3),401-411 MARINE POLICY Tom Wareham, "The duration of frigate XXIV, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2000 command during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars," 412-423 D.J. Agnew, "The Illegal and Unregulated Randolph Vigne, "A colonial gunboat in the Fishery for Toothfish in the Southern Boxer War," 424-433 Ocean, and the CCAMLR Catch Malcolm Llewellyn-Jones, "Trials with HM Documentation Scheme," 361-374 Submarine Seraph and British Juan Freire, Antonio Garcia-ABut, preparations to defeat the Type XXI "Socioeconomic and Biological V-Boat, September-October 1944," Causes of Management Failures in 434-451 European Artisanal Fisheries: The Case ofGalicia (NW Spain)," 375-384 Notes Daniel E. Lane, Robert L. Stephenson, Sean McGrail, "Depictions of ships with "Institutional Arrangements for reverse-clinker planking in Salisbury Fisheries: Alternate Structures and Cathedral," 452-455 Impediments to Change," 385-393 Mark Howard, "Trouble at the Bay of Stephen Fletcher, "The Evolution of Coastal Islands," 455-457 Management Policy in the State of Elizabeth Rowell, "Bermuda, the Royal Navy Israel," 395-405 and the Austen family," 457-459 Oddvar Hollup, "Structural and Sociocultural Peter Thomson, "Lyme Regis fishing Constraints for User-Group smacks," 459-463 Participation in Fisheries Management Warwick Moreton, Stephen Fowles and Rick in Mauritius," 407-421 Peers, "Note of a demonstration laser Hamed Al-Oufi, Ewen McLean, Andrew scan of a west African dugout," 463­ Palfreman, "Observations upon the 467 Al-Batinah Artisinal Fishery, the April 2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 41

Documents MEDITERRANEANHISTORICAL REVIEW, from Jeremy Franks, "The taking of Geeriah XV, NO.1, JUNE 2000 Fort and Town, 1756: Amphibious Special Issue: "Seafaring and the Jews" operations in Indian waters," 468-471 ed. Nadav Kashtan

THE MARINER'S MIRROR Nadav Kashtan, "Introduction," 1-4 LXXXVII, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2001 Robert R. Stieglitz, "Hebrew Seafaring in the Biblical Period," 5-15 R. F. Hitchcock, "Cavendish's Last Voyage: Nadav Kashtan, "Seafaring and the Jews in Purposes Revealed and Concealed," 5­ Graeco-Roman Palestine: Realistic 14 and Symbolic Dimensions," 16-28 Philip MacDougall, "Hazardous Waters: Daniel Sperber, "Nautica in Talmudic Naval Dockyard Harbours During the Palestine?," 29-32 Age ofFighting Sail," 15-29 Sarah Arenson, "Medieval Jewish Seafaring Anthony Gutridge, "George Redmond between East and West," 33-46 Hulbert: Prize Agent at Halifax, Nova Hassan S. Khalilieth, "Salvage in the Scotia, 1812-14," 30-42 Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Brian Vale, "The Brazilian Blockade of the Mediterranean: Geniza Evidence and River Plate 1826-8: Prizes, Politics its Legal Implications," 47-55 and International Protest," 43-52 Benjamin Arbel, "Shipping and Toleration: ~eter Brook, "Two Unfortunate Warships: The Emergence ofJewish Shipowners Unebi and Reina Regente," 53-62 in the Early Modem Period," 56-71 Janet Cusack, "Bible Classes and Boats: Minna Rozen, "Boatmen's and Fishermen's Church and Chapel Rowing Clubs at Guilds in Nineteenth-Century Plymouth and Devonport in the Early Istanbul," 72-93 Twentieth Century," 63-75 Daniela Ran, ''The Contribution of Jewish­ German Immigrants to Maritime Notes Development in Israel," 94-101 John H. Harland, "Darcy Lever as inspiration for Jane Austen's 'Mr Darcy'," 76-77 OCEANDEVELOPMENTAND Henry Baynham, "William Robinson, alias INTERNATIONAL LAW Jack Nastyface," 77-80 XXI, NO. 3, JULY-SEPTEMBER 2000 C. D. Lee, "Symposium on Health Problems in the Mercantile Marine: Historical Mark J. Valencia, "Regional Maritime Perspectives," 80-83 Regime Building: Prospects · in John Wood, "Tobacco pipes from Manoel Northeast and Southeast Asia," 223­ Island, Malta," 83-88 247 Geir H0nneland, "Enforcement Co-operation Documents between Norway and Russia in the from Roger Knight, Nelson and the Forest of Barents Sea Fisheries," 249-267 Dean, 88-92 Erik Franckx, "The 1998 Estonia-Sweden April2001- ARGONAUTA - Page 42

Maritime Boundary Agreement: SEARISTORY Lessons to be Learned in the Area of NO. 95, WINTER 2000-01 Continuity and/or Succession of States," 269-284 Alan D. Hutchison, "An Early History of Fabio Spadi, "Navigation in Marine Protected NMHS and the Kaiulani Project: Part Areas: National and International 2," 7-9 Law," 285-302 John Maxtone-Graham, "Mr. Cunard's Line Celebrates Its 160th Birthday," 11-13 RESOLUTION R.W. Warwick, "At the Helm of the Queen NO. 51, WINTER 2000 Elizabeth 2: A Family Tradition," 14 Peter Sanford, "The Quuens at War: How the Bob Ferguson and Guy Mathias, "On the Great Atlantic Liners Turned from Mend - Repairing and Replacing Peacetime Pursuits to Serve as Mighty Canada's Pacific Lightstations," 3-4 Engines ofthe Oceanic Coalition that Guy Mathias, "Background to the Pacific Won World War II," 15-16 Region's Canadian Coast Guard," 5-7 Jerry Roberts, ''The Silent Service Comes of Syi. Drabbit, "On Top of the World," 8, 13 Age: The Year 2000 Marks the 100th [memoirs of Arctic service in ofthe US Submarine Service, Which Canadian Coast Guard] Surprised the World in the Century Lynn Wright, "Pen Brown- The Man Behind Just Ended," 18-19 the Red Suit," 14-15 [biograph of Allen and Elizabeth Rawl, "Yankee Spirit Canadian Coast Guard's 'Santa Takes Wing in Two New Claus'] Brigantines," 20-22 Craig Dunn and Ian Marshall, "Canadian Alfred C. Harrison, Jr., "Marin Art: Before Coast Guard Auxiliary," 16-17 the Bridge; 19th-Century Paintings of the Golden Gate," 24-26 RESOLUTION Bradford D. Smith, "A Cruise Back in Time: NO. 52, SPRING 2001 History and Reminiscence on the John W Brown," 28-29 John MacFarlane, "A Venturesome Voyage," Joseph F. Callo, "Maritime Traveler: 3-7 [voyage ofTilikum, 1901-1903] Discovering Bermuda's Maritime Ralphine Locke, "Tilikum's First Mate," 8, 13 History," 30-31 Susan Warrender, "Mutiny!," 13 David P.H. Watson, "A Zulu for the Scottish Nicol Warn, "Ti/ikum: the Dugout Canoe," Fisheries Museum," 33 14-15 Morin Scott, Jolie Brise Wins Trans-Atlantic Simon Begent, "Lost At Sea - Walter (Louis) Race," 34 [first Trans-Atlantic race, Begent," 16-17 1954] April 2001 .:... ARGONAUTA - Page 43

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ZEEGESCHIEDENIS WARSHIP INTERNATIONAL XIX NO. I, APRIL 2000 XXXVII, NO. 2, JUNE 2000

Tonko Ufkes, "Vier registers vergeleken over Vernon W. Howland, ''Naval Radio: dejaren 1654 en 1655," 3-16 Introduction and Development 1900­ Kees Kaldenbach, "Trekschuiten, 1920," 119-150 haringbuizen en vrachtschepen op William Schleihauf, ''The Restoration of Venneers Gezicht op Delft," 17-30 HMS M33," 170-176 Yves Segers, "De lokroep van het water. Charles B. Robbins and E. R. Lewis, Zeilsport en plezierzeilvaart in Belgie, "Chilean-American 12 inch Guns," 1846-1913," 31-47 184-190

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ZEEGESCHIEDENIS WARSHIP INTERNATIONAL XIX NO. 2, SEPTEMBER 2000 XXVII, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2000

Johan Francke, "'Een Sware Equipage': De Sergei E. Vinogradov, "Battleship bemanningen van de schepen van de Development in Russia, 1905-1917," Admiraliteit Zeeland en de 224-244 commissievaart tijdens de Negenjarige Anthony P. Tully, "Solving Some Mysteries . Oorlog (1688-1697)," 119-140 of Leyte Gulf: Fate of the Chikuma Dirk J. Tang, "De Koninklijke Marine en de and Chokai," 248-258 slavernij in Suriname, 1815-1863," William Schleihauf, "The Ancestral ASDIC," 141-152 272-283 Marc A. van Alphen, "School ships for midshipmen in the Dutch, British and U.S. navies in the 19th and beginning ofthe 20th century," 153-174

WARSHIP INTERNATIONAL XXXVII, NO. I, MARCH 2000

Sergei E. Vinogradov, "Battleship Development in Russia from 1905 to 1917," 14-26 Christopher C. Wright, "The World War II Career ofUSS Oglala" 38-63