UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA Tesis Doctoral Fuensanta Baena Reina

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UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA Tesis Doctoral Fuensanta Baena Reina UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América Tesis Doctoral La ocupación de la frontera noroccidental de Nueva España en el siglo XVII: Estrategias, grupos humanos e interacción cultural Dirigida por Miguel Molina Martínez Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América Presentada por Fuensanta Baena Reina Programa de Doctorado en Historia (RD1393/2007) Granada, 2017 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autora: Fuensanta Baena Reina ISBN: 978-84-9163-404-1 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/47938 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!mi!familia,!siempre.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Agradecimientos Tras varios años de trabajo y esfuerzo, presentar este trabajo significa no sólo un deber, sino también una enorme satisfacción. Al volver la vista atrás veo el esfuerzo que de manera directa o indirecta, han realizado muchas personas para que esta investigación salga a la luz, bien opinando, corrigiendo, orientando, dando ánimos, acompañando en los momentos de crisis o en los de felicidad. Todos y todas, de una forma u otra, han sido de gran ayuda en este difícil camino que es la investigación, actividad solitaria y a veces desagradecida, pero sin la cual no hubiese podido conocer a gente tan maravillosa. Por eso, me gustaría que estas líneas sirviesen para expresar mi más profundo y sincero agradecimiento. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a mi director de tesis, el Dr. y catedrático de la Universidad de Granada, Miguel Molina Martínez, quien hace cuatro años depositó su confianza en mí para que pudiese acceder a una beca de Formación del Profesorado Universitario. Daba inicio entonces a una etapa cargada de ilusión y compromiso donde pude avanzar gracias a su infinita paciencia e inestimables consejos. A él, mi más sincero agradecimiento. Igualmente quisiera agradecer a todos los miembros del Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, quienes me acogieron con los brazos abiertos allá por el año 2013, y que con sus recomendaciones, han contribuido a mi formación profesional. Si hay algo de lo que me siento especialmente dichosa es de haber podido coincidir estos años con dos personas que si como investigadores tienen un gran futuro por delante, a nivel humano tienen una valía extraordinaria: Alejandra Palafox y Francisco Martínez. Juntos formamos una tríada de becarios que creó unos bonitos lazos de amistad y compañerismo. A ellos agradezco enormemente la ayuda recibida, los consejos, las charlas durante los almuerzos que hacíamos en el despacho para no perder tiempo, o los cafés a media tarde para seguir aguantando jornadas maratonianas de trabajo. Infinitas gracias. ! III! Agradecer también a María, por recibirme cada mañana con una enorme sonrisa y estar siempre al pendiente por si a la hora de abrir el departamento, las llaves fallaban (o faltaban, que era lo más probable). Uno de los “causantes” de este trabajo es el Dr. Miguel Ángel Sorroche Cuerva. A él le debo haberme iniciado en el estudio de la región noroccidental de Nueva España cuando aceptó dirigir mi Trabajo Fin de Máster en el 2012. Estaré eternamente agradecida por sus muestras de ánimo y comentarios. Extensible mi agradecimiento también a la Dra. Ana Ruíz Gutiérrez por su inestimable ayuda e interés. Quisiera también expresar mi agradecimiento a la Dra. Patricia Osante, la Dra. Susan Deeds, la Dra. Cinthya Radding, al Dr. Frank De la Teja o al Dr. César Armando Quijada, quienes como grandes investigadores en el ámbito novohispano, siempre estuvieron dispuestos a guiarme durante mis estancias de investigación en México y Estados Unidos. Como no, a los archiveros del Archivo General de la Nación de México, especialmente a los de la galería 4. También a los archiveros y archiveras del Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla por su presteza y dedicación. Y por supuesto, a los bibliotecarios y bibliotecarias de los distintos centros de investigación que supieron hacer más fácil la labor de consulta. Tengo la enorme suerte de contar con una familia numerosa que constituye el pilar central de mi vida. No puedo más que agradecer a mis padres, José y Teresa, por su amor infinito y apoyo incondicional. De ellos aprendí la importancia del trabajo constante y del esfuerzo, haciéndome ver que así la recompensa sabía mucho mejor. Con su ejemplo, supieron darnos a mis hermanos y a mí, las raíces para tener los pies en el suelo, las alas para crecer y volar, y los valores para saber vivir. A mis hermanos, Tere y José Antonio, por los momentos de risas y peleas, pero sobre todo de buenos ratos que hemos vivido y por los que seguro, están por llegar. A ellos, mi eterno agradecimiento. A Pepe, por ser mi compañero de camino en los meses más complicados, por acompañarme con tu eterna sonrisa, por comprender y no reprocharme los cambios de humor o las ausencias para dedicarle tiempo al trabajo. Gracias por hacer que la vida sea más fácil y bonita a tu lado, gracias por tanto. IV! ! Dicen que la universidad te da a esos amigos y amigas que duran toda la vida, y yo puedo corroborarlo. He tenido la enorme suerte de que hace ya algunos ayeres, la pasión por la Historia pusiese en mi camino a gente maravillosa que hicieron que las largas jornadas de clases en la mítica aula 18 quedasen grabadas en mi memoria para siempre. Manuel Moreno y Carlos Porcel, gracias. También a María y Rocío, a las que conocí en el Máster de Estudios Latinoamericanos: cultura y gestión, allá por el año 2012, y que se han convertido en personas indispensables en mi vida. A todos y a todas, GRACIAS. ! V! ÍNDICE Agradecimientos Introducción …………………………………………………..………………………. 1 1. Justificación del tema ………………………………………………………….. 8 2. Objetivos e hipótesis de trabajo ……………………………………………..... 10 3. Estado de la cuestión …………………………………………………………. 12 4. Fuentes ………………………………………………………………………... 18 5. Metodología …………………………………………………………………... 22 6. Estructura ……………………………………………………………………... 23 Capítulo I. El marco geográfico-cultural del noroeste novohispano …………….. 29 Introducción …………………………………………………………………………... 29 1. Marco geográfico del Noroeste. La singularidad de una región …………. 31 1.1. Southwest y Great Southwest ……………………………………………. 33 1.2. Macroregión del Noroeste ……………………………………………….. 35 1.3. Zonas fisiográficas ……………………………………………………….. 36 1.4. Recursos naturales ……………………………………………………….. 40 a) Californiense ………………………………………….………………. 40 b) Guadalupense …………………………………………..……………... 41 c) Sudcaliforniense ………………………………………..……………... 41 d) Sonorense ………………………………………………..……………. 41 e) Sinaloense …………………………………………….………………. 41 f) Oesteserranense ………………………………………..……………… 41 2. Marco cultural. Áreas culturales: Mesoamérica y la Gran Chichimeca. Aridoamérica. Oasisamérica ……………………………………………….. 42 2.1. Mesoamérica ……………………………………………...…………….... 42 2.2. Aridoamérica …………………………………………………………..… 46 2.3. Oasisamérica ……………………………………………………………... 48 3. El mundo indígena antes del contacto ………………………...…………… 48 3.1. La llegada del hombre americano ……………………...………………… 50 4. Los indígenas al momento del contacto con los españoles ……...………… 51 4.1. El noroeste lingüístico …………………………………………………… 53 4.2. Los grupos indígenas del noroeste novohispano ………………………… 55 Tahues y totoromes ……………………………………………………..…….. 57 Yoreme/Mayos ……………………………………………………………….. 60 Yoeme/Yaqui .………………………………………………………………… 61 Xiximes y acaxees ……………………………………………………………. 65 Costa de Sinaloa ……………………………………………………………… 67 Ópatas ………………………………………………………………………… 68 Pimas altos ……………………………………………………………………. 69 Baja California ………………………………………………………………... 71 Capítulo II. La frontera imaginaria y la frontera real ………….………………… 77 1. La frontera como espacio mítico …………………………………………… 77 1.1. La traslación de los mitos euroasiáticos a la frontera noroeste ……………… 82 La California ………………………………………………………………… 82 Las amazonas …………………………………………….………………….. 84 Las Siete ciudades ………………………………………………..………….. 86 El Estrecho de Anián ……………..……………………………….…………. 87 2. El avance hacia el septentrión: la frontera real …………………...………. 89 3. Conquistadores y autoridades en la expansión territorial del noroeste …. 91 3.1. La lucha de intereses en la búsqueda y la posesión ilusoria del mito: Hernán Cortés y Beltrán Nuño de Guzmán ……………………….…………………. 92 3.2. Los intereses descubridores del virrey Antonio de Mendoza ……………… 101 3.3. Nuevos tiempos, nuevos descubridores y la persistencia del mito: Francisco de Ibarra y el fin de las grandes conquistas territoriales ………………………. 110 4. La articulación del territorio como estrategia de poder ……………….... 118 Capítulo III. La frontera como espacio de interacción humana …...…………… 127 1. Una nueva humanidad y el problema con el “otro” ……...……………… 127 2. La concepción de la otredad por parte de los indígenas ………………… 130 2.1. “Hombres de hierro y dioses de rayos y truenos del cielo” ………………… 132 2.2. Curanderos y hechiceros: Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, fray Marcos de Niza y Diego Martínez de Hurdaide ……………………………………………….. 135 3. La participación y mediación intercultural indígena ……………………...… 139 3.1. Agentes del cambio: guías, intérpretes y mensajeros …………………….… 139 Por los senderos del noroeste: los guías ……………………………………. 140 La lengua como herramienta de poder: los intérpretes ……………………... 142 Un caso singular: la india Luisa …………………………………...… 144 El aviso de la llegada de los españoles: los mensajeros ……………………. 147 3.2. Agentes del cambio: indios contra indios …………………………………... 150 3.2.1. Los indios amigos o auxiliares: tlaxcaltecas, mexicas y tarascos ….... 151 3.2.2. Entre naciones amigas y naciones enemigas …………………………159 3.3. Los mecanismos
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