Cultural Resources Survey of a 0.98 Mile Long Segment Within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Juniper Flat

Home , Amerind Foundation, Mogollon culture, Sobaipuri

Cultural Resources Survey of a 0.98 Mile Long Segment within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Michael W. Diehl

Reviewed by

Patricia Castalia Desert Archaeology, Inc. 3975 N. Tucson Boulevard Tucson, Arizona 85716

Submitted to

Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association Jim Alexander P.O. Box 788 Bisbee, AZ 85603-0788

Project Report No. 17-105 Desert Archaeology, Inc. Project No. 17-111 3975 N. Tucson Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85716 ● 25 April 2017

SURVEY REPORT ABSTRACT

Report Title: Cultural Resources Survey of a 0.98 Mile Long Segment within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Client: Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association

Client Project Name:

Compliance Level: State (Arizona State Land Department), Federal (Bureau of Land Management [BLM])

Applicable Laws/Regulations: Arizona Antiquities Act of 1960 (ARS 41-841, et seq., as amended), Arizona Historic Preservation Act of 1982 (ARS 41-861, as amended), National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 USC 470f, as amended).

Applicable Permits: Arizona Antiquities Act Blanket Permit 2017-065bl, Archaeological Resources Protection Act Permit AZ-000595. Arizona State Museum Accession No. 2017-0110.

Tribal Consultation: N/A

Project Description: Class III cultural resources survey of 0.98-mile long segment of 90-ft-wide road right-of-way (ROW) on Arizona State Trust Land and BLM land

Fieldwork Dates and Person-days: 7 April 2017; 1 person-day

Final Disposition of Records: Arizona State Museum, BLM Tucson Field Office

Legal Description: Cochise County, Sections 25 and 36, Township 22 South, Range 23 East, Gila and Salt River Base and Meridian, as depicted on the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quad Bisbee, Ariz. (AZ FF:9 NW)

Land Ownership: State of Arizona, BLM

Area of Archaeological Concern: The area of concern includes the entire ROW for Juniper Flats Road and all land within 15 m of the ROW on both sides of the road. The existing road has been disturbed by mechanical grading. The area closely inspected was outside of the existing graded road surface and included all pedestrian-navigable land within 15 m of the road.

Number of Surveyed Acres: 13.7

Number of Sites: 0

Properties that Meet Register Eligibility Criteria: 0

Properties that Do Not Meet Register Eligibility Criteria: 1

Survey Report Abstract Page 3

Summary of Results: The survey identified one Isolated Occurrence, Juniper Flats Road. Assessment of the road condition and context indicates that Juniper Flats Road, in the surveyed area, does not meet National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility criteria.

Recommendations: Desert Archaeology recommends that the road improvement project proceed as planned. If approved the Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association should be aware that any archaeological or historical materials discovered during improvements to the subject ROW should be reported immediately and road work in the vicinity be suspended until a qualified archaeologist has had an opportunity to evaluate the finds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMPLIANCE SUMMARY ...... 2

LIST OF FIGURES ...... 5

LIST OF TABLES ...... 5

PROJECT LOCATION, DESCRIPTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 6

Project Description ...... 6 Environmental Setting...... 8

CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 8

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND PRIOR RESEARCH...... 11

Previous Cultural Resource Studies ...... 12

JUNIPER FLATS ROAD SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS ...... 14

Results ...... 14

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14

REFERENCES CITED ...... 15

LIST OF FIGURES

1. The Juniper Flats Road survey project area and land ownership ...... 7

2. Detail of BLM GLO map of "Sure Thing No.1" and "Sure Thing No.2" mining claims, 1932 ...... 11

3. Reproduction of USGS 7.5-minute topographic quad Bisbee, Ariz. (AZ FF:9: NW) showing the current project area and previously recorded cultural resources and surveys within 1 mile of the project area ...... 13

LIST OF TABLES

1. Previous cultural resource surveys within 1 mile of the project area identified in AZSITE records search ...... 12

2. Previously identified cultural properties within 1 mile of the project area identified in AZSITE records search ...... 12

CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF A 0.98 MILE LONG SEGMENT WITHIN STATE TRUST LAND AND BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LAND ON JUNIPER FLATS ROAD, NORTHWEST OF BISBEE, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

This report presents the results of an approximately 1-mile-long cultural resources survey of a 90-ft- wide road right-of-way (ROW) located on Arizona State Trust and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land situated northwest of the town of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona. The work was requested by the Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association to determine whether significant archaeological resources or historical properties were located within or close to the road ROW. The Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association has applied for road improvement permits through the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD ROW Application No. 18-117940) and the BLM (Serial Number AZA-036994). Michael Diehl of Desert Archaeology, Inc., conducted the survey on 7 April 2017. Fieldwork was authorized under Arizona Antiquities Act Blanket Permit No. 2017-065bl, issued by the Arizona State Museum (ASM), and an Archaeological Resources Protection Act fieldwork authorization issued by the BLM (AZ-000595). Sarah A. Herr served as Principal Investigator and Michael Diehl as Project Director. The accession number assigned by the ASM is 2017-0110.

No prehistoric or historic archaeological sites were observed in the surveyed area. One historic era Isolated Occurrence, Juniper Flats Road, was identified. Based on the present road condition and the absence of significant resources in the surveyed area, it is suggested that Juniper Flats Road within the surveyed area does not meet National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility requirements.

This report includes a description of the project area, cultural and environmental background information, a summary of previous research in the vicinity, the methods and results of the survey, and recommendations.

PROJECT LOCATION, DESCRIPTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The project area is situated along Juniper Flats Road in the Mule Mountains, northwest of Bisbee, Arizona. As depicted on the Bisbee, Ariz. 7.5-minute topographic quad (designated AZ FF:9 [NW] on the ASM Archaeological Survey grid; Figure 1), the ROW follows the irregular, natural contours of the landscape parallel to the slope through Sections 36 and 25 in Township 22 South, Range 23 East of the Gila and Salt River Baseline and Meridian.

Project Description

The cultural resources investigation was conducted as part of the application process to grant the Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association authorization to make improvements to Juniper Flats Road on State Trust and BLM land (ASLD ROW Application No. 18-117940 and BLM Serial Number AZA-036994). Residents use Juniper Flats Road as a primary travel corridor between private properties adjacent to the road and State Route 80. The surveyed area is 0.98 miles long and 90 ft wide, centered on Juniper Flats Road, and has an area of 13.7 acres. Elevations in the project range from 6,870 ft at the northwest end to 6, 970 ft at the southeast end.

Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 7 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Figure 1. The Juniper Flats Road survey project area and land ownership. Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 8 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Environmental Setting

The project setting is the western and northwestern slope of the Mule Mountains northwest of Bisbee, Arizona. The project area is located in steeply sloping montane terrain with typical vertical slopes of 15 to 45 degrees, and intermittent vertical drops in excess of 200 ft. The underlying bedrock is composed of sandstone and basalt outcrops originating from the Mule Mountains, and natural catchments formed by irregular converging ridge slopes. Juniper Flats Road runs parallel to the slope, and ultimately terminates at a suite of buildings associated with an electronics array that includes apparent radio, communications, and radar towers on top of a peak, elevation 7,142 ft indicated on the 1958 USGS 7.5-minute map Bisbee, Ariz. Catchments that cross Juniper Flats Road in the project area drain the slopes of Juniper peak and flow west, ultimately merging with the San Pedro River west of Arizona State Route 80, east of Sierra Vista, Arizona.

From an archaeological perspective, the Mule Mountains were most accessible to prehistoric and historic residents living near the Upper San Pedro River in the vicinity of Sierra Vista Arizona. Vegetation in the project area is Madrean Evergreen Woodland (Brown 1994). The landscape within the surveyed area is dominated by dense, sometimes nearly-impassible thickets of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus sp.). Dispersed alligator-bark juniper (Juniperus deppeana), manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), and pinyon pine (Pinus sp.) also occur throughout the area. All would have been attractive resources for prehistoric foragers as sources of food, with juniper, oak, and pine nuts seeming especially attractive in periods of abundant summer rain. Common fauna that could have been hunted include deer (Odocoileus sp.), cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus sp.), mountain lion (Puma concolor), bear (Ursus americana), coyote (Canis latrans), jackrabbit (Lepus sp.), and various game birds (band tailed pigeon, mourning dove, quail, white-winged dove and, possibly, spruce grouse).

CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AREA

The San Pedro River Valley, 14.3 km west of the project area, is the largest major watercourse in the area. It has been almost continuously occupied since the Paleoindian period (circa 9500-8500 B.C.), the time when big-game hunters of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene preyed on now-extinct large game, such as mammoth and bison (Bronitsky and Merritt 1986). Paleoindian (Clovis) sites near the San Pedro include the Murray Springs, Lehner, and Naco sites, north of Tombstone (Antevs 1953, 1959; Haury 1953; Haury et al. 1959; Haynes 1987, 1991; Haynes and Haury 1975; Lance 1953, 1959). Paleoindians are generally thought to have been highly mobile hunter-gatherers that specialized in the pursuit of large mammals, especially bison and mammoth.

Paleoindian foragers were followed by Archaic Period peoples (formerly known as the Cochise culture; see Sayles 1983) who maintained a seasonally mobile existence by foraging for natural resources including wood for fuel and tools, edible wild plants, and game. Unlike their Paleoindian predecessors, however, they did not have access to as many very large mammals, because larger Pleistocene creatures such as the mammoth and larger bodied bison were extinct. The Archaic period strategy of extensive foraging persisted for nearly 6,000 years (circa 8500-2800 B.C.).

The Late Archaic/Early Agricultural period (2800 B.C.–A.D. 50) saw the introduction of the first agricultural crop, maize (Zea mays) into the American southwest from Mexico (Diehl 2005). By 400 B.C., common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were also farmed (Huckell 1998). Despite the availability of low-yield crops, people engaged in mixed farming-and-foraging subsistence and remained seasonally mobile, shifting between residential locations several times each year (Diehl 2001, 2010, 2015). Early Agricultural period settlements near the San Pedro River have been excavated near Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 9 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Fairbank, Charleston, and Saint David (Cook 2003, 2004; Sayles 1983; Vanderpot 1997). Residences were small, circular brush huts made of slender withes, covered with grass sheaves, and partially plastered with mud.

During the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 50-500), land use shifted to intensive floodplain farming and hunting, reduced efforts at foraging for wild plant foods, and the year-round occupation of hamlets and villages (Doelle and Wallace 1997). The Early Ceramic period is best known from sites in the Santa Cruz Valley. Hamlet and village settlements were common. Residential pithouses were more durable than the brush structures used during the Early Agricultural period. New technologies, especially durable ceramic storage vessels were developed to process and store food (Heidke 1999; Heidke and Habicht-Mauche 1999; Wallace et al. 1995).

From A.D. 500-1150, people in the Middle San Pedro Valley, north of the project area, left archaeological traces that resemble both the Hohokam Culture Area materials observed along the Santa Cruz River near Tucson, and Mogollon Culture Area materials from the San Simon wash south of Safford, Arizona (Altschul and Jones 1990; Frankin 1980). A locally made pottery, the Dragoon Tradition, featured red-on-brown Hohokam ceramic decoration (paint) styles on vessels formed using Mogollon manufacturing techniques (Fulton and Tuthill 1940; Tuthill 1947). Architecture was varied, but Hohokam-style pithouses predominated. Artifacts such as carved stone palettes, ¾- grooved stone axes, carved bone, and worked shell, most closely resembled that of the Hohokam cultural tradition.

The Hohokam Classic period (A.D. 1150-1450) saw the aggregation of people into large settlements. Residential construction shifted from pithouses to above-ground masonry architecture. By A.D. 1300, Casas Grandes, a large regional power in northwestern Chihuahua, emerged and affected the social and economic dynamics of the Southwest (Altschul and Jones 1990; Douglas and MacWilliams 2016; Doyel 1993). Ceramics in the Middle San Pedro Valley were dominated by Mexican-influenced Babocomari Polychrome, while Salado Polychrome (an Ancestral Puebloan decorative and technological styles; Crown 1994), dominated the Lower San Pedro Valley. Salado Polycrhome may have been produced by immigrants from the Four Corners region (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) that arrived along the San Pedro River around A.D. 1300 (Clark et al. 2005; Clark et al. 2014; Clark and Laumbach 2011; Di Peso 1958; Hill et al. 2004; Lindsay 1987; Lyons 2001).

Prehistoric occupations along the San Pedro River terminated by A.D. 1450 with the collapse Hohokam Classic period social systems. The timing coincided with demographic upheavals in the Phoenix, Tucson, and Tonto basins that followed catastrophic floods and droughts at the end of the fourteenth century.

It is unclear if the San Pedro river was substantially abandoned after A.D. 1450. Colonial Spanish documents indicate that the San Pedro Valley was occupied by a Piman-speaking group called the Sobaipuri (Franklin 1980; Masse 1981, 1985; Seymour 1989, 1993). The Sobaipuri were visited by Kino and Manje in the late-1600s and early-1700s, and were found to be living in small villages with populations ranging between 100 to 900 residents. Sobaipuri houses were dome-shaped huts, oval in plan, consisting of a bent pole superstructure (anchored in postholes and wedged with stones) with an outer covering of grass mats and earth (Di Peso et al. 1953; Huckell 1984; Masse 1985). Sobaipuri pottery called Whetstone Plain Ware is distinctive because it is unpainted, unpolished, very thin, and hard. Sobaipuri projectile points have a unique form that makes them easily distinguishable from other types found in southern Arizona (Mabry 1999).

Sobaipuri political organization united multiple villages under the control of a chief (Seymour 1989). When the Spaniards arrived in 1540, the Sobaipuri were in conflict with groups of Apaches, Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 10 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona and allied themselves with the Spanish. Social and technological changes introduced by the Spaniards included European Catholicism represented by presidios and visitas to the San Pedro Valley in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Di Peso et al. 1953; Gerald 1968), iron and copper manufactured items, and Iberian crops such as wheat, peaches, and apricots. In 1762 the Sobaipuri abandoned the San Pedro Valley, joining other Piman-speaking groups at San Xavier del Bac, San Agustín del Tucson, and other villages along the upper Santa Cruz River (Masse 1981; Seymour 1989).

Apache use of the San Pedro Valley began sometime before the end of the seventeenth century, and continued until the late nineteenth century. The Apache archaeological signature is ephemeral, primarily because of their highly mobile lifestyle. Typical features include mescal roasting pits and small, circular pole-and-brush structures (Bronitsky and Merritt 1986). Apache ceramics are not abundant and are mostly thin, coiled plainware jars. Apache arrowheads were diagnostic, and made of chipped stone and, later, of salvaged iron or steel. Apache campsites are often located on or near prehistoric sites, and Apache often reused prehistoric ground stone tools abandoned by their manufacturers.

After the end of Spanish rule and the acquisition of the area after the Gadsden Purchase, Mexican and Euro-American settlers began to inhabit the San Pedro Valley, attracted to the readily available surface water of the river and its tributaries and the mineral resources in the mountains. Lands alongside the river valley were originally covered in grasslands, and a few scattered cattle ranches sprang up in the region (Cook 2003). Mining prospectors also explored the area, looking for ore deposits on which to make their fortunes (Altschul and Jones 1990). Many of these enterprises were short-lived as the minerals played out.

A constant threat to settlers of the region was Apache raiding. In response, the Army founded Camp Huachuca in 1877, to safeguard the local inhabitants and their livestock (Tuttle 1983; Van West et al. 1997). Other responsibilities of the Army during the early years of the fort were to guard the frontier boundary and to protect the construction of regional railroads through the southeastern Arizona Territory (Cook 2003). The completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad between Benson and Dragoon in 1880 facilitated settlement of the area. After August 1886, with the surrender of the Chiricahua Apache, led by Chief Geronimo, it was deemed safe to travel in the area.

Mining activities were a major driving force in the economy and growth of the San Pedro Valley as Mining districts and boomtowns sprouted up along every major mountain range (Howe ca. 1888). Among these were the Tombstone Mining District in the Tombstone Hills (Tombstone, founded 1879); Warren Mining District in the Mule Mountains (Bisbee, founded 1880); Turquoise Mining District in the Dragoon Mountains (Turquoise/Gleeson, founded 1890); Hartford Mining District in the Huachuca Mountains (Reef/Hamburg in Ramsey Canyon, founded 1900/1906); and the Whetstone Mining District in the Whetstone Mountains.

Historically, Bisbee and Tombstone were the most important mining towns in the region. In its heyday, Bisbee was a sprawling metropolis, with a population of 35,000; Tombstone’s population reached 15,000 (Varney 1994). The prosperity of mining in these towns spawned many satellite communities in the area, including several along the San Pedro River. Two of these were Charleston and Fairbank. Charleston served the milling needs of Tombstone, and Fairbank was the location of an important link between Nogales and the Benson depot of the Southern Pacific Railroad (Myrick 1975; Varney 1994). Fairbank was also important because it connected Tombstone and Bisbee to the Southern Pacific. After Tombstone’s mines flooded in 1886, all of its dependent communities were abandoned. Attempts were made to rework Tombstone’s silver mines through the early twentieth century, but repeated flooding ultimately forced the mines to shut down (Varney 1994). Because of its Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 11 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona association with the railroads, Fairbank managed to remain active until 1905 when the Boquillas Land and Cattle Company, which held title to the San Juan de las Boquillas y Nogales Mexican land grant legally forced the residents out of the town (Cook 2004). Copper-mining operations at Bisbee managed to prosper well into the twentieth century, largely a result of the switch from underground to open-pit mining. Except for a brief hiatus during the Great Depression, mining in Bisbee was productive until its large open pit closed in 1974 (Varney 1994). Today, tourism plays a major role in the development of the Middle San Pedro Valley. While mining has ceased along the middle and upper San Pedro Valley, the towns of Tombstone and Bisbee still succeed on economies based on tourism, ranching, and farming.

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND PRIOR RESEARCH

General Land Office (GLO) plat maps and mineral surveys (glorecords.blm.com), and USGS 7.5- minute maps on file at Desert Archaeology were examined. The BLM-GLO records website provided federal land patent information and legal descriptions for land and mineral claims in the project area. The original survey plat for Township 22 South, Range 23 East was completed in 1914. A wagon road that seems to correspond with part of Juniper Flats Road is depicted in a 1934 mineral survey, running through a mineral claim designated "Sure Thing No.1" and "Sure Thing No. 2" (Figure 2). The 1958 USGS 7.5-minute map Bisbee, Ariz., indicates a "jeep trail" alignment that corresponds with present alignment of Juniper Flats Road.

Figure 2. Detail of BLM GLO map of "Sure Thing No.1" and "Sure Thing No.2" mining claims, 1932.

Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 12 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Previous Cultural Resource Studies

On 17 April 2017, a records check of previously documented cultural resources surveys and sites within a study area of one mile around the project area was conducted through AZSITE, the state’s online archaeological records inventory database. Four previously reported surveys and two previously recorded properties with site numbers were noted. Table 1 lists the prior surveys within 1 mile of the Juniper Flats Road Survey project area and Table 2 lists previously identified cultural properties. Prior surveys and identified cultural properties are illustrated in Figure 3.

Previously-recorded cultural properties with site numbers included one road alignment and one historic site. Both were recorded by Archaeological Research Services, Ltd., in 1992 (ASM Accession No. 1992.265; SHPO Permit No. 2.174). AZ FF:9:17 (ASM) is the road alignment for Arizona State Route 80, and has been deemed eligible for NRHP nomination on multiple occasions by SHPO. The AZSITE records reference the report that calls the alignment "US Route 80" (Wright 1992). AZ FF:9:18 (ASM) is a small concrete slab and some cobble-bordered planting holes, identified as an abandoned rest stop associated with Route 80, and located roughly ½ mile west of the Route 80 tunnel; it was deemed ineligible for NRHP nomination by SHPO in 2000. In Figure 3, the survey is correctly plotted along Arizona State Route 80. The alignment of the site in the AZSITE locator map appears to be misplotted, and offset on the order of 500 ft to the south of the actual road alignment.

In addition to the above-mentioned survey, three others were identified. Agency No. BLM-060-SP-99- 18, Hereford Trail Expansion, appears to be related to a cluster of buildings and communication towers associated with the 7,161-ft peak located east and upslope of the Juniper Flats Road Survey project area. No reports or findings associated with that project were identified in the AZSITE records search.

Project No. 2000-375.ASM, SBA Old Divide Cellular Tower Project, is a small surveyed location southeast of the Juniper Flats Road Survey project area. The attributed principle investigator was Engineering and Environmental Consultants, Inc. No reports or findings associated with that project were identified in the AZSITE records search.

Project No. 2005-488.ASM, Road Use Clearance, appears to coincide with a small part of the Juniper Flats Road Survey area. That project did not report any cultural properties (Dennis 2005).

Table 1. Previous cultural resource surveys within 1 mile of the project area identified in AZSITE records search.

Agency1 Project No. Project Name Organization (PI) Reference 1992-265.ASM/ A Cultural Resources Survey of 1.1 Miles Archaeological Research Services Wright 1992 2.174.SHPO of U.S. Highway 80 2000-375.ASM SBA Old Divide Cellular Tower Project EEC, Inc. - 2005-488.ASM Road Use Clearance Mule Mountain User Association Dennis 2005 060-SP-99-18.BLM Hereford Trail Expansion BLM Tonto Forest Office -

1ASM = Arizona State Museum, BLM = U.S. Bureau of Land Management, SHPO = State Historic Preservation Office.

Table 2. Previously identified cultural properties within 1 mile of the project area identified in AZSITE records search.

Site Number Site Type Age/Affiliation Reference AZ FF:9:17 (ASM) Arizona State Route 80 Historic era Wright 1992 AZ FF:9:18 (ASM) Abandoned Highway Rest Stop Historic era Wright 1992

Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 13 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

Figure 3. Reproduction of USGS 7.5-minute topographic quad Bisbee, Ariz. (AZ FF:9: NW) showing the current project area and previously recorded cultural resources and surveys within 1 mile of the project area.

Cultural Resources Survey within State Trust Land and Bureau of Land Management Land on Page 14 Juniper Flats Road, Northeast of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona

JUNIPER FLATS ROAD SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS

The ROW was surveyed by the author, conducting pedestrian transects to a distance of 15 meters (49.2 ft.) on both sides of Juniper Flats Road throughout the proposed permit activity area. Periodic inspection of the existing road cut, and intensive inspection of the rare instances of relatively flat terrain were included. One hundred percent coverage was obtained as defined by the ASM, the agency responsible for overseeing cultural resources surveys on Arizona State Trust Land. While the roadway itself has been previously disturbed by vehicular traffic and repeated mechanical grading, the alignment outside of the roadway includes relatively undisturbed shoulders in steeply sloping terrain. Surface visibility was moderate, with intermittent patches of dense grass obscuring the ground surface. Owing, however, to the shallow soils, regularly protruding bedrock, and steep terrain, the ground surface was mostly observable. Throughout the project area, undisturbed areas contained loose, shallow, gravelly sand and topsoil on regularly protruding outcrops of basalt and sandstone bedrock. The degree of visible surface erosion in the project area increases from east to west, and indicates a very active pattern of erosion overall. While the eastern end of the project area is relatively flat and smooth, the landscape quickly changes to hummock formations, then becomes an incipient badland before finally dropping down onto the historical (geomorphic) floodplain.

Results

No artifacts, archaeological sites, or buried cultural deposits were found in the surveyed area. One Isolated Occurrence, Juniper Flats Road, was identified in the surveyed area. Juniper Flats Road is indicated throughout the surveyed segment on the 1958 USGS 7.5-minute map Bisbee, Ariz. (AZ FF:9 [NW]), and a portion is indicated on a 1934 Mineral Claim. Its original use may have been as a wagon road for some combination of late-nineteenth to early twentieth century hunting, mineral claim access, and wood harvesting, but no archaeological evidence of those activities was found in the surveyed area.

The segment of Juniper Flats Road within the project area does not meet NRHP eligibility requirements. The road is not associated with historically significant events, is not associated with historically significant named individuals, is not unique in design, and does not contain information important in history or prehistory. Furthermore, the road lacks integrity because it has been extensively machine-graded since 1958, to a depth of 18 inches in some locations; none of the original wagon road or jeep trail surface remains, so its construction and appearance no longer resemble the Jeep Trail indicated in the 1958 USGS map, nor any prior manifestation of the alignment, in the survey area.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the absence of properties that meet NRHP eligibility criteria in the surveyed area, Desert Archaeology recommends that the road improvement project proceed as planned. If approved, the Juniper Flats Road Maintenance Association should be aware that any archaeological or historical materials discovered during improvements to the subject ROW should be reported immediately and road work in the vicinity be suspended until a qualified archaeologist has had an opportunity to evaluate the finds.

REFERENCES CITED

Altschul, Jeffrey H., and Bruce A. Jones 1990 Settlement Trends in the Middle San Pedro: A Cultural Resources Sample Survey of the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation. Technical Series No. 19. Statistical Research, Inc., Tucson.

Antevs, Ernst 1953 Artifacts with Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona: Age of the Clovis Fluted Points with the Naco Mammoth. American Antiquity 19:15-18.

1959 Geological Age of the Lehner Mammoth Site. American Antiquity 25:31-34.

Bronitsky, Gordon, and James D. Merritt 1986 The Archaeology of Southeast Arizona: A Class I Cultural Resource Inventory. Cultural Resource Series No. 2. Bureau of Land Management, Arizona State Office, Phoenix.

Brown, David E. 1994 Madrean Evergreen Woodland. In Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, edited by David E. Brown, pp.59-65. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Clark, Jeffery J., Patrick D. Lyons, J. Brett Hill, Stacey N. Lengyel, and Mark C. Slaughter 2014 Migrants and Mounds in the Lower San Pedro River Valley, in Between Mimbres and Hohokam; Exploring the Archaeology and History of Southeastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico, edited by Henry D. Wallace, pp. 203-278. Anthropological Papers No. 52. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson; Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, AZ; and Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson.

Clark, Jeffery J., M. Kyle Woodson, and Mark C. Slaughter 2005 Those Who Went to the Land of the Sun: Puebloan Migrations into Southeastern Arizona. In Between Mimbres and Hohokam: Exploring the Archaeology and History of Southeast Arizona and Southwest New Mexico, edited by H. D. Wallace. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, and Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona, in press.

Clark, Jeffery J., and Karl Laumbach 2011 Ancestral Puebloan Migrations in the Southern Southwest: Perspectives from Arizona and New Mexico. In Movement, Connectivity, and Landscape Change in the Ancient Southwest, edited by Margaret Nelson and Colleen Strawhacker, pp.297-320. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.

Cook, Patricia 2003 Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan for Fort Huachuca Military Reservation, Arizona. Project Report No. 99-132. Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson.

2004 The Fairbank Data Recovery Project: Prehistoric and Historic Period Excavations along the San Pedro River. Technical Report No. 2003-09. Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson.

Crown, Patricia L. 1994 Ceramics and Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

References Cited Page 16

Dennis, Carolyn K. 2005 Cultural Resources Survey for Road Utilization and Maintenance, Cochise County, Arizona. Carolyn K. Dennis, Willcox, Arizona.

Diehl, Michael W. 2001 Macrobotanical Remains and Land Use: Subsistence and Strategies for Food Acquisition. In Excavations in the Santa Cruz River Floodplain: The Early Agricultural Period Component at Los Pozos, edited by D. A. Gregory, pp. 195-208. Anthropological Papers No. 21. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

2005 Morphological Observations on Recently Recovered Early Agricultural Period Maize Cob Fragments from Southern Arizona. American Antiquity 70:361-375.

2010 Macrobotanical Inferences Concerning Subsistence Strategies in the Late Preceramic Period. In Recurrent Sedentism and the Making of Place: Archaeological Investigations at Las Capas, a Preceramic Period Farming Community in the Tucson Basin, Southern Arizona, edited by S. M. Whittlesey, S. J. Hesse, and M. S. Foster, pp. 323-334. Cultural Resources Report No. 07-556. SWCA, Inc., Tucson.

2015 Foraging Off the Gardens: Diet Breadth and Anthropogenic Landscape Change during the Early Agricultural Period in the Tucson Basin. In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence, and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Community in Southern Arizona, edited by J. M. Vint, pp. 345-375. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson.

Di Peso, Charles C. 1958 The Reeve Ruin of Southeastern Arizona: A Study of a Prehistoric Western Pueblo Migration into the Middle San Pedro Valley. The Amerind Foundation No. 8. The Amerind Foundation, Inc., Dragoon, Arizona.

Di Peso, Charles C., Arthur Woodward, Rex E. Gerald, and Virginia Gerald 1953 The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River Valley, Southeastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation No. 6. The Amerind Foundation, Inc., Dragoon, Arizona.

Doelle, William H., and Henry D. Wallace 1997 Classic Period Platform Mound System on the Lower San Pedro River, Southern Arizona. In Prehistory of the Borderlands: Recent Research in the Archaeology of Northern Mexico and the Southern Southwest, edited by J. Carpenter and G. Sanchez, pp. 71-84. Archaeological Series No. 186. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Douglas, John E., and A.C. MacWilliams 2016 Casa Grandes and its More Distant Neighbors. In Discovering Paquimé, edited by Paul E. Minnis and Michael E. Whalen, pp.47-52. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, and University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Doyel, David E. 1993 Interpreting Prehistoric Cultural Diversity in the Arizona Desert. In Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Peso’s Gran Chichimeca, edited by A. I. Woosley and J. C. Ravesloot, pp. 39-64. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

References Cited Page 17

Franklin, Hayward H. 1980 Excavations at Second Canyon Ruin, San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Arizona State Museum Contribution to Highway Salvage Archaeology No. 60. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Fulton, William S., and C. Tuthill 1940 An Archaeological Site near Gleeson, Arizona. Archaeology Series No. 1. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.

Gerald, Rex E. 1968 Spanish Presidios of the Late 18th Century in Northern New Spain. Museum of New Mexico Research Records No. 7. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe.

Haury, Emil W. 1953 Artifacts with Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona: Discovery of the Naco Mammoth and the Associated Projectile Points. American Antiquity 19:1-14.

Haury, Emil W., E. B. Sayles, and William W. Wasley 1959 The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 25:2-30.

Haynes, C. Vance Jr. 1987 Curry Draw, Cochise County, Arizona: A Late Quaternary Stratigraphic Record of Pleistocene Extinction and Paleo-Indian Activities. In Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, Cordilleran Section, pp. 23-28. Geological Society of America, Tucson.

1991 Geoarchaeological and Paleohydrological Evidence for a Clovis-Age Drought in North America and its Bearing on Extinction. Quaternary Research 35:438-450.

Haynes, C. Vance Jr., and Emil W. Haury 1975 Archeological Investigations at the Lehner Site, Arizona, 1974-1975. National Geographic Society Research Reports: 1973 Projects. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.

Heidke, James M. 1999 Cienega Phase Incipient Plain Ware from Southeastern Arizona. Kiva 64:311-338.

Heidke, James M., and Judith A. Habicht-Mauche 1999 The First Occurrences and Early Distribution of Pottery in the North American Southwest. Revista de Arqueología Americana 14:65-99.

Hill, J. Brett, Jeffery J. Clark, William H. Doelle, and Patrick D. Lyons 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity, 69:689-716.

Howe, Henry G. 1888 Map of Cochise County, Arizona. On file, Arizona Historical Society, Southern Arizona Division, Tucson.

Huckell, Bruce B. 1984 Sobaipuri Sites in the Rosemont Area. In Miscellaneous Archaeological Studies in the ANAMAX- Rosemont Land Exchange Area, by M. D. Tagg, R. G. Ervin, and B. B. Huckell, pp. 107-130. Archaeological Series No. 147. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

References Cited Page 18

Huckell, Lisa W. 1998 Macrobotanical Remains. In Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley: Analyses and Synthesis, part I, edited by J. B. Mabry, pp. 57-148. Anthropological Papers No. 19. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Lance, John F. 1953 Artifacts with Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona: Description of the Naco Mammoth. American Antiquity 19:19-24.

1959 Faunal Remains from the Lehner Mammoth Site. American Antiquity 25:35-42.

Lindsay, Alexander J. Jr. 1987 Anasazi Population Movements to Southeastern Arizona. American Archeology, 6:190-198.

Lyons, Patrick D. 2001 Winslow Orange Ware and the Ancestral Hopi Migration Horizon. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Mabry, Jonathan B. 1999 A Rare Glimpse of the Sobaipuri from Colossal Cave. Archaeology Southwest 13:11.

Masse, W. Bruce 1981 A Reappraisal of the Protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of Southeastern Arizona. In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700, edited by D. R. Wilcox and W. B. Masse, pp. 28-56. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24. Arizona State University, Tempe.

1985 The Peppersauce Wash Project: Excavation at Three Multicomponent Sites in the Lower San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Contribution to Highway Salvage in Arizona 53. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Myrick, David F. 1975 Railroads of Arizona: Vol. 1. The Southern Roads. Howell-North Books, Berkeley, California.

Sayles, E. B. 1983 The Cochise Cultural Sequence in Southeastern Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 42. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Seymour, Deni J. 1989 The Dynamics of Sobaipuri Settlement in the Eastern Pimería Alta. Journal of the Southwest 31(2):205-222.

1993 In Search of the Sobaipuri Pima: Archaeology of the Plain and Subtle. Archaeology in Tucson 7(1):1-4.

Tuthill, Carr 1947 The Tres Alamos Site on the San Pedro River, Southeastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation No. 4. The Amerind Foundation, Inc., Dragoon, Arizona.

Tuttle, Barbara N. 1983 Fort Huachuca History. Museum Branch, Directorate of Plans, Training, and Security, Headquarters, Fort Huachuca, Arizona. References Cited Page 19

Van West, Carla, Mark T. Swanson, and Jeffrey H. Altschul 1997 Cultural Resources Management Plan for Fort Huachuca Military Reservation, Arizona. Technical Series No. 67. Statistical Research, Inc., Tucson.

Vanderpot, Rein 1997 From Foraging to Farming: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Dynamics in the San Pedro Valley. In Prehistory of the Borderlands: Recent Research in the Archaeology of Northern Mexico and the Southern Southwest, edited by J. Carpenter and G. Sanchez, pp. 33-45. Archaeological Series No. 186. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Varney, Philip 1994 Arizona Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. Arizona Highways Books, Phoenix.

Wallace, Henry D., James M. Heidke, and William H. Doelle 1995 Hohokam Origins. Kiva 60:575-618.

Wright, Thomas E. 1992 A Cultural Resources Survey of 1.1 Miles of U.S. Highway 80 Right-of-Way Approximately Three Miles Northwest of Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona. Archaeological Research Services, Ltd, Tempe, Arizona.