Answers to Cultural History Section ANSWERS TO “DIG THAT PAD”: dated. Animal and plant 4. The pueblo roof that this remains from the fire pit beam was found in was 1. The Rule of Superposition can be radiocarbon dated. probably also built in A.D. applies to these layers. A sample of the fire pit clay 1286. Artifact E is older than arti- can be archaeomagneti- fact A. The bowl was depos- cally dated. Probably more 5. Tree B was cut down in ited first. After many years, than one of these would be A.D. 1300, while tree A was layers of dust and rock cov- done. If the dates gathered cut down in the A.D. 1286. ered it up. After the layers of from all the dating methods 1300 – 1286 = 14. Tree B earth built up, the shell pen- were around the same time, was cut down 14 years later. dant was left on the floor of then archeologists would 6. According to our calendar, the younger room. be very sure when the room the year A.D. 1300 was a was built and lived in. 2. There was another room wet year with abundant under the exposed room, 7. The shell pendant is made rainfall. The wide space because you can see the of seashells. The Gulf of between A.D. 1299 and ends of roof beams sticking California, the California 1300 tells us that there was out of the layer. Pacific coast, and the Gulf much rainfall during that of Mexico are the nearest year. The tree was able to 3. The upper exposed room source for shells. These absorb more water, nutri- was probably a living quar- ancient people traded for ents, and minerals. This ters, because a fire pit was shells from one or more of allowed the tree to build used there for cooking and these distant places or trav- more tissue in its stem, warmth. eled there to collect shells causing the space between the rings to be wider. 4. Archeologists can learn themselves. much from the fire pit by 8. Macaws are found in the 7. No. A.D. 1294 was within examining bone and plant rainforests of Mexico and a severe drought that fragments in the ash., They South America. Like the lasted about 23 years. can determine what kinds shell pendant, the macaw Archeologists are sure of of animals lived in the area, skeleton tells us that these this because of tree ring dat- and which ones people people traded/traveled far to ing. This is the only part of were eating. Burned pieces the south. our calendar that is factual. can be radiocarbon dated, The rest is hypothetical. too. ANSWERS “TREES OF TIME”: 8. A.D. 1274 was probably a 5. The builders of this dwelling 1. Tree A is older. It was cut year with average rainfall. were probably members of down in A.D. 1286, while The early cultures probably an agricultural community, tree B was cut down in the had a sufficient harvest that because usually only farm- A.D. 1300. year. ers would take the time and energy to build a house of 2. Tree B lived longer. It lived 9. The years A.D. 1300 to 1303 stone that they lived in near 38 years before it was cut were very wet years with their fields all the time. down while tree A lived 36 abundant rainfall. Probably, years. major flooding was occur- 6. Many things in the room ring near rivers. Structures can be used to date it. The 3. Tree A was cut down in A.D. that were situated near riv- roof beams can be tree ring 1286. 68 CULTURAL HISTORY CULTURAL HISTORY 69 ers or on the lowlands were but dendrochronology is a 4. Salado is a Spanish word probably flooded out. science that can give them meaning “salty.” The Salado definite and precise num- culture was named after the 10. These were good years bers relating to spans of Salt River in Arizona where for planting crops, but the time between events. these people had lived. houses and the crops prob- ably had to be situated away ANSWERS FOR “WHAT DOES IT 5. Mogollon: Juan Ignacio from water, because there MEAN”: Flores Mogollon is the may have been flooding. name of an early Spanish Crops near the rivers were 1. Anasazi is a Navajo, or governor of New Mexico. probably washed away. Dine’, term translated as His name was given to the “ancient enemy” or “ancient Mogollon Rim, Mogollon 11. Yes. During this time of foreigners.” When arche- Mountains, and ancient abundant rainfall, existing ologists wanted to name Mogollon culture. The marshes were more exten- this culture, they asked the Mogollon lived in the sive and new marshes prob- Navajo people what they mountainous regions ably formed in low areas. called the ancient people between the Mogollon who had lived in the sites Rim and the Mogollon 12. Yes. Large, shallow stand- nearby. The Navajo, viewed Mountains and southeast ing bodies of water produce them as strangers and called into Chichuahua, Mexico. more plants and attract them “Anasazi.” The Hopi, more waterfowl. who consider the Anasazi 6. Casa Grande is a Spanish their ancestors, prefer to word that means “big or 13. Our calendar shows at least call them Hisatsinom, which grand house.” It is the name four years before it ends. means “people of long ago.” given to a Hohokam struc- 14. Tree A germinated about ture near the Gila River by 2. Hohokam is a Pima or A.D. 1250. Spanish explorers. Akimel “‘okham phrase 15. Tree B germinated about meaning “those who 7. Montezuma (Castle and A.D. 1260. have gone” or “all used Well): “Montezuma” actu- up.” Archeologists named ally refers to Moctezuma 16. Tree A germinated about the ancient farmers of II, the last Aztec emperor. A.D. 1250 and died in A.D. the Arizona desert the Settlers from the U.S. gave 1286. 1286 – 1250 = 36. Hohokam after excavating this name to Montezuma Tree A lived 36 years. Snake Town with the help Castle and Montezuma Well of Pima workers. because they believed that 17. Both tree A and tree B were Montezuma and the Aztec burned in the year A.D. 3. Sinagua is a Spanish phrase people had once occupied 1271. meaning “without water.” this area. Spanish explorers noticed 18. This was a very wet year. that the San Francisco Peaks 8. Tuzigoot is an Apache Some of the answers above area did not have water, so phrase, which has been are purely speculative, and they called the mountains, roughly translated as could be wrong. But these sierra sinagua. When arche- “crooked water.” It refers to are the kinds of clues that ologists discovered ancient the oxbow with Pecks Lake, archeologists use to try to sites in the Flagstaff area, which is near the pueblo. piece together the story of they took the Spanish name When archeologists exca- the past. Many times arche- given earlier to the peaks vated Tuzigoot pueblo, they ologists have little to go on, for this culture. were looking for a name for 70 CULTURAL HISTORY CULTURAL HISTORY 71 the site. An Apache worker ANSWERS TO “YOUR VISIT 10. The Sinagua mined salt named Ben Lewis suggested TO THE NATIONAL from large deposits outside “Tuzigoot.” The arche- MONUMENTS”: the present town of Camp ologists liked the name and Verde and traded it through- used it for the pueblo. 1. “Tuzigoot” is an Apache out the valley and to other phrase. It has been trans- regions. 9. Wupatki is a Hopi phrase lated as “crooked water.” It translated as “long house.” refers to Pecks Lake, which 11. The Sinagua generally did Archeologists adopted this is less than a mile north of not usually decorate their Hopi name for the Anasazi/ the monument. pottery. Once in a while Sinagua sites of Wupatki they experimented with National Monument north 2. When settlers first saw simple designs on their red of Flagstaff. Montezuma Castle, they did or brown plainware, such not think the local Apache as the one at Tuzigoot deco- 10. Canyon de Chelley (de had built it. They thought rated with white lines. shay): “Canyon de Chelly” the Aztecs had come north is a mispronunciation of and built the cliff dwell- 12. All but one of the decorated the Navajo word, ‘tsegi,” ing for their emperor types were traded into the which means “rock can- Montezuma. region from other cultures. yon.” Although the Navajo considered this canyon to 3.“Sinagua” is a Spanish term 13. Those fields are modern be the heart of their home- meaning “without water.” copper tailings, the refuse land, it was the location of Dr. Harold Colton, who first left from smelting copper. many Anasazi cliff dwellings studied this culture, named They have nothing to do before the Navajo moved to it after the Spanish name with the ancient Sinagua or the area. for the San Francisco Peaks, Tuzigoot. sierra sinagua. 11. Tonto: “Tonto” is a Spanish 14. The Sinagua cultivated corn/ word that means “fool.” 4. The villages were first con- maize, beans, squash and The Spanish had given the structed approximately in cotton. name “Tonto” to a group of the 12th century. The dates 15. Most archeologists surmise Apache west of the White are based on pottery cross- that it was protection from Mountains. Early settlers dating and tree ring dates. animals, enemies and/or adopted the name, and 5. The Sinagua left the Verde drafts. called the lands where the Valley around A.D.