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Psychoanalytic Principles and Principle »: 54 Psychoanalysis i« Search ofNature instincts turn to a more "archaic" core of being, and so does present-day clinical work.' Summary Psychoanalytic Principles and Principle An attempt is made to understand Freud's last instinct theory, in con junction with his revised view on projection, as pieces of a philosophy of Deviations nature inspired by psychoanalysis as science of the unconscious. Sexuality and aggression, in this philosophical shift harking back to presocratic phi losophy, areprojected into nature—not a projeclion "into the blue" butthe DANIEL S.JAFFE, M.D. (Washington) rediscovery ofanoriginal concordance andlasting affinity. I am aware that on or publication of Jung's thoughts on the unconscious have in some respects moved in a similardirection, although his emphases have been quite different. THIS MATERIAL MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW (TITLE 17, U.S. CODE) Introduction REFERENCES personal use only. Citati Freud, S. (1900), The interpretation of dream*. Slamlaitl Edition, 4 &5. London: Hogarth Mankind's resistance to change being what it is, great innovators have to rums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. Press, 1953. expect that their new ideas will be met with skepticism, rejection, and even (1901), The psychopalhology of everyday life. Standiiid Edition. 6. London: Hogarth outrage. Freud was a striking example of ibis phenomenon, largely on tten permission of the copyright holder. Press. 1960. (1915), The unconscious. SfaiK/mrfErfi/imi, 14:159-218 London: llogaith Piess, 1957. account ofthe shock effect produced by his sexual theories, butalso because (1922), Someneurotic me» haiiisms in jealousy, paiauoia. anil homosexuality. Standaid of opposition to his thesis of psychic determinism and Ihe role of the Edition, 18:221-2:53. London: Hogarth Piess, 1955. unconscious. Thus, academic psychology long rejected his contributions, (1937), Analysis terminableami iiilcmi blc. Stimdind Edition. 23:20'.»-254. London: Hogarth Press, liMil. though this attitude eventually changed. As noted by Boring (1050): "So (1910). Alloutline of psyi ho-analysis. Stiindind Edition, 23-111-208 London: Ilogarih Freud. Psychologists long refused him admission to their numbers, yet now Press, 191)4. he is seen as the greatest originator of all, the agent of the Zeitgeist who •(1985), The Complete Letlen ofSigmund Fieud to Willirlm /•'/«•«. Trans, and cd. by | M Masson. Cambridge & London. 1larvald IJuiveisily l'less accomplished the invasion ofpsychology by the principle ofthe unconscious process" (p. 743). (See also Klein, 1970, p. 775.) From the earliest days of lite development of psychoanalysis as a theory material prohibited without express wri express without prohibited material Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszent Rechteinhabers. des Erlaubnis der schriftlichen – bedürfen von Teilen – auch Veröffentlichungen January 1987 and as a therapy, in addition to the critics outside the movement, there have been many within it who have attempted lo demonstrate the advan tages ol altering some of its fundamental propositions. In the sections lo follow, a brief summary will be given of the basic principles of psychoan alytic (booty and pi actice, with a description then ol some of the schools of thought that have set up alternative assumptions. Finally, there will be a discussion of contributions by (hose who have remained within the psy choanalytic iold bul who have altered the formulations of Freud and the mainstream in some significant respect. It may be appropriate to note here that the incentive for my addressing those issues at Ilie present lime came Iroin llnee main sources. The First ! AvtnvuJ'fJaffe, D. S., 1988:U^J~>**^& Psychoanalytic principles andU principle(l18£) deviations, In: The annual of psychoanalysis, Madison (International Universities Press), Vol. 16, 1988, pp. 55-79. •SML .*.*£*._ .**&&. ..*" -.rf-jii 56 Deviations from Psychoanalytic Principles DANIELS. JAFFE 57 was the dramatization ofthe life ofSigmund Freud, produced by the BBC- Ilowever, lo paint some picture of the richness which characterized the Hearst/ABC and presented by the Arts and Entertainment Network of development of these ideas is not so simple a task. Because Freud framed Cable Television in a six-part series, during the past year. As a theatrical his theories in the light of his clinical experience, a review of the topics production, the series was very impressive. For historical accuracy, the that evolved in his case histories may be a useful way to begin. As familiar thorough and convincing portrayal of career and life development was as this ground may be, a review will serve to highlight the themes. In marred by the presentation of Freud's personal relationship with his sister- briefest summary we can observe the following sequence. in-law Minna in a version that was based on speculations which have never "Studies on Hysteria" (1893-1895, with Breuer). The first formulation of been substantiated by any known facts. As reporter Janet Malcolm (1983) the theory ofa dynamic unconscious was given here: pathogenic ideas (those pointed out, it "was all wrong." Another flaw was the inclusion in the that produce shame, guilt, psychic pain, feeling of injury) lead to defense intermission commentaries of the slanted viewpoint by Jeffrey Masson to (repression, symptom formation, conversion, resistance). Related to this the effect that Freud's abandonment of the seduction theory was inten weie the concepts of cathexis, primary and secondary process, bound and tionallydeceptive. Such an ignoring ofone of Freud's premier discoveries, unbound energy, the principle of constancy, and overdetermination in namely, that wishes (as the functional units of instinctual drives) can pro symptom formation. As therapeutic process the associative method was on or publication of duce illness, needs no further comment. But more importantly for the used to achieveahreaclion and catharsis: the "talking cure." The phenom purposes of the present paper, Freud's concepts could not be given an enon of transference was recognized in its interfering role as a "false con adequate hearing or carried sufficiently far along in their development, so nection," providing clues to resistances. that a fuller explication seems desirable. "Fiaginenl of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" (1905a). The Dora case 'Fhe second stimulus for this paper hascome irom the increasing number was presented in large pari (o show the role ofdream analysisin psychoan personal use only. Citati ofcontributions lo the analyticliterature that have reflected the expanding alytic work, as well as the role of infantile sexuality and incestuous wishes indications for analysis and the developing of new paradigms and tech rums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. in pathogenesis. Finis, a clinical study was used to illustrate the nature of niques.This hasbeen an ongoing process through the years, but has gained the psychic apparatus thai had been presented in "The Interpretation of tten permission of the copyright holder. new vigor. A reevalualion of principles is thus a timely undertaking. Dreams" (1900); and lo .supplement the theses in "Three Essays on Sex Thirdly, the announcement of the publication of a volume to honor the uality" (1905b). The role of bisexualily in conlliclual processes was dem memory of Samuel Lipton has reminded me of the valued contribution onstrated, and (he notion of neurosis as the negative of perversion was which he made in his paper evaluating and comparing Freud's technique suggested. There were formulations of primary and secondary gains of with that often advocated in modern limes as an improvement and re illness, sitpervalence (lepicssion as reactive reinforcement in establishing placement (Lipton, 1977). A restatement and review of principles of tech deleiise); and secondary resistance was touched on (a concept later lo be nique, then, may also be of timely interest. The fact that the centenary of elaboialed upon asthe basis for ego alteration).The concept oftransference the beginnings of psychoanalysis is approaching is another indication for was broadened with recognition of its usefulness as a therapeutic (ool, a review. beyond its just operating as a pitfall. Acting out instead of remembering material prohibited without express wri express without prohibited material Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszent Rechteinhabers. des Erlaubnis der schriftlichen – bedürfen von Teilen – auch Veröffentlichungen or leproducing was described, and considerations ofdestiny versustherapy Major Hypotheses of Psychoanalysis as a means of resolution ol con Hid were taken up. "Analysis of a Phobia ina Five-Year-Old Boy" (1909a). Herethe experience It is a simple matter lo state in a summary fashion the basic theories of ol I.illle Hans was probed lo offer conclusive evidence of the importance psychoanalysis: within the framework of a thoroughgoing psychic deter ol the Oedipus complex and of sibling rivalry with its death wish and fear, minism werethe conceptsof infantilesexuality subsumed under the theory alongside of the castration complex, and castration anxiety in the context of instinctual drives; a dynamic unconscious, in which the role of intra of the anal-birth theory of children (a note on the role of fantasies in psychic conflict was central; and the theory of transference, in which the pathogenesis). Phobia was understood in its function as a displacement, concept
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