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Three Resurrected Species of the Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Fungi)

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Three Resurrected Species of the Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Fungi) Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/5 Three resurrected species of the genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Fungi) Benatti MN1* 1Instituto de Botânica, Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia, Caixa Postal 68041, São Paulo / SP, CEP 04045-972, Brazil. [email protected] Benatti MN 2012 – Three resurrected species of the genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Fungi). Mycosphere 3(1), 46-55, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/5 Bulbothrix laeviuscula, B. pseudocoronata and B. subscortea are proposed as new combinations in the Parmeliaceae based on type studies. Descriptions are presented and their characters discussed. Key words – bulbate cilia – Bulbothrix fungicola – Bulbothrix goebelii – Bulbothrix isidiza – Bulbothrix viridescens – Parmeliaceae Article Information Received 7 October 2011 Accepted 26 January 2012 Published online 19 February 2012 *Corresponding author: Michel N. Benatti – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction treated as synonyms by Hale (1976). Conse- The genus Bulbothrix Hale (Hale 1974) quently three new combinations are presented is based on the Series Bicornutae (Lynge) Hale here. & Kurokawa of the genus Parmelia Acharius. Its species are easily identifiable by the small, Methods deeply laciniate thalli with marginal bulbate The morphological and anatomical cilia (the main characteristic), atranorin as characters of the specimens were analysed cortical substance (what differentiates it from using standard stereoscopic and compound the genus Relicina), hyaline, unicellular, microscopes. Anatomical sections, including ellipsoid or bicornute ascospores, and bacilli- those of apothecia and pycnidia when present, form to bifusiform conidia. The medullary were made with a razor blade by hand. The chemistry is variable, containing several subs- chemical constituents were checked by spot tance sets and some unknown substances. Hale tests with potassium hydroxide (K), sodium (1976) bundled all available taxonomic hypochlorite (C) and para-phenylenediamine information in a monograph. Afterwards several (P), and also examined under UV light (360 additional taxa have been found, mainly in the nm). Chemical constituents were identified by Neotropics (e.g., Aptroot & Aubel 1999, Elix thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent 1993, 1995, Hale 1986, Jungbluth et al. 2008, C (Bungartz 2001), and compared with the data Krog 1993, Marcelli 1993, Marcelli & Ribeiro on labels left with the specimens. 2002, Morales-Méndez et al. 1995, Sérusiaux The morphological terms for lobe 1984, Sipman & Aubel 1992, Spielmann & development are in agreement with recent Marcelli 2008) and a revision of the genus publications, with two exceptions. Lacinules are became opportune. During this (Benatti 2010) adventitious, ribbon-like secondary outgrowths many type specimens were examined, which from the primary lobe margins or sometimes resulted in new interpretations of some names from the upper surface. Lobules are similar, but 46 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/5 short and rounded (Marcelli et al. 2011). 1.7 mm diam., substipitate, margins smooth when young, then subcrenate, occasionally Bulbothrix laeviuscula (Räsänen) Benatti & interrupted by ciliary bulbs, amphithecia Marcelli, comb. et stat. nov. Fig. 2 smooth, normally with many ciliary bulbs, MycoBank: MB 519637 irregularly coronate (see comments); discs light Basionym – Parmelia marginalis var. brown, epruinose, imperforate, epithecium 7.5– laeviuscula Räsänen, Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. 10.0 µm, hymenium 42.5–62.5 µm, subhyme- Fenn. Vanamo 2: 45, 1947. nium 20.0–27.5 µm; ascospores subspherical to Holotype – Uruguay, Depto. Canelones, ellipsoid, 5.0–8.5 × 4.0–5.5 µm, epispore ca. Carrasco National Park, arboricola, leg. I.M. 0.75 µm thick; pycnidia laminal, common, Lamb 3081, 22-II-1946 (H! designated by Hale immersed, with brown or black ostioles (hard to 1976, but cited as lectotype). discern amidst the many laminal ciliary bulbs); Thallus fragments up to 2.8 cm wide, conidia bacilliform to weakly bifusiform, 5.0– subcoriaceous, corticolous, becoming dusky 9.0 × ca. 0.75 µm. grey in the herbarium; upper cortex 7.5–12.5 Color reactions – upper cortex K+ µm thick, algal layer 37.5–50.0 µm thick, yellow, UV–; medulla K–, C–, KC–, P–, UV–. medulla 20.0−30.0 µm thick, lower cortex TLC – cortical atranorin; no medullary 10.0–17.5 µm thick. Laciniae sublinear, 0.4–1.7 substances (see also Hale 1976). mm wide, dichotomously, anisotomically to Distribution – Uruguay (Räsänen 1947). irregularly branched, imbricate to crowded, Additional specimens examined: Urugu- adnate, attached; apices plane to involute, ay, Depto. Montevideo, planted grove of Pinus truncate to subtruncate; margin subcrenate to & Eucalyptus, Charrasco National Park crenate or irregular, flat, entire to incised, often (Franklin D. Roosevelt National park), leg. sublacinulate, ciliate, axils oval to irregular. H.A. Imshaug & R.C. Harris 42530, 23-II-1968 Upper surface continuous, smooth to subrugose (MSC). Idem., Dept. Maldonado, Sierra de las with few occasional irregular cracks, laminal Animas, on branches of Dodonea viscosa along ciliary bulbs common, small and frequent; the road to the Mirador Nacional, 34o42’S, maculae absent. Adventitious lacinules scarce 55o19’W, ca. 200 m, leg. H.S. Osorio 2305, 20- on older parts, very short, simple to furcate or II-1950 (US). Idem., Piriapolis, Cerro Del Toro, irregularly branched, flat, 0.2–0.8 × 0.1–0.4 southern slope of the hill, on trunk of Dodonea mm, truncate, underside concolorous with the viscosa, 50-100 m, leg. H.S. Osorio 4584, 01- lower margin. Cilia black, simple or without V-1961 (US). Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, apices, 0.05–0.10(–0.15) × ca. 0.03 mm, Itapuã Municipality, Praia da Pedreira, leg. sometimes bent down, with semi-immersed to S.M. Martins & A. Lemos 197, 02-VII-2003 emersed basal bulbs ca. 0.05 mm wide, frequent (HAS). along the margins, spaced 0.05–0.15 mm from Comments – Bulbothrix laeviuscula is each other to rarely contiguous mainly in the characterized by the narrow, sublinear laciniae, laciniae axils, absent or scarce at the laciniae the emaculate upper surface commonly with apices. Medulla white. Soredia, pustulae and small laminal ciliary bulbs, bulbate cilia with isidia absent. Lower surface black, slightly simple or without apices, a black underside with shiny to opaque, smooth to rugose, moderately brown margins, simple to irregularly branched rhizinate; marginal zone brown, attenuated, ca. rhizines without basal or dislocated bulbs, 0.5 mm wide, sometimes black and indistinct irregularly coronate apothecia with ciliary bulbs from the center, slightly shiny, smooth, weakly in the amphitecium, containing small, papillate, partially rhizinate; rhizines black, subellipsoid ascospores, and by the lack of occasionally dark brown when next to the medullary substances. margins, simple to furcate or sometimes This species was treated by Hale (1976) irregularly ramified, without basal or dislocated as a synonym of B. viridescens (Lynge) Hale (S bulbs, 0.10–0.30(–0.45) × ca. 0.05 mm, lectotype!), and has similar laciniae, cilia and frequent, homogeneously distributed. Apothecia rhizinae. However, the analyzed specimens of laminal or submarginal, common, concave, 0.2– B. laeviuscula deviate from the lectotype, a 47 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/5 duplicate (W!) and other specimens examined Basionym – Parmelia subscortea Asahi- (Marcelli 8076a, SP, and Fleig & Riquelme na, Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 99, 1957. 125, 147, ICN) of B. viridescens by the Holotype – Taiwan, Keitau, saxicolous, presence of laminal and amphitecial ciliary leg. Y. Asahina 3324, 24-XII-1933 (TNS!, bulbs, irregular coronate apothecia and larger designated by Hale 1976, but cited as ellipsoid ascospores 5.0−9.0 × 4.0−5.5 μm. In lectotype). contrast, B. viridescens develops at no stage Thallus fragments up to 8.0 cm wide, laminal or amphithecial ciliary bulbs, and subcoriaceous, saxicolous, becoming light curiously, this species can present both regular dusky in the herbarium; upper cortex 10.0–15.0 coronate and ecoronate mature apothecia on the µm thick, algal layer 20.0–27.0 µm thick, same thallus. The confusion may have arisen medulla 67.5−85.0 µm thick, lower cortex from the numerous pycnidia seen in B. 12.5–15.0 µm thick. Laciniae subirregular to viridescens, which resemble ciliary bulbs, but sublinear, (0.9–)1.6–4.5(–5.5) mm wide, differ by the typical structure containing irregularly to sometimes dichotomously aniso- conidiogenous hyphae and conidia, instead of tomically branched, slightly imbricate becom- the idioblast roundish cells and an oily ing more or less crowded in the center, adnate, substance (Hale 1974, Feuerer & Marth 1997, loosely attached; apices plane, subrounded to Benatti 2011). sometimes subtruncate; margin smooth and Similar laminal ciliary bulbs occur in B. sinuous or irregular, ±flat, entire, rarely bulbochaeta (Hale) Hale (LWG holotype!), sublacinulate, ciliate, axils oval. Upper surface which shares also the absence of propagules continuous, smooth, becoming irregularly and the medullary chemistry. However, this cracked in some parts of the center, laminal species, known so far only from the ciliary bulbs absent; maculae absent (scars left palaeotropics (Hale 1976), differs by the by fallen isidia might resemble them). smaller and more rounded ascospores Adventitious lacinules scarce and restricted to measuring ca. 4.0−6.0 × 4.0−5.0 µm, the larger older parts, short, simple or sometimes laciniae (ca. 1.0–2.5 mm wide), much thicker irregularly branched, flat, 0.2−0.9 × 0.1–0.3 thalli (ca. 120–200 μm thick) and the more mm, truncate, underside concolorous with the branched cilia and rhizinae. lower margin. Cilia black, simple and long, The material from Uruguay mentioned 0.05–0.80 × ca. 0.03 mm, with semi-immersed by Hale (1976) as B. viridescens may actually to emerse basal bulbs 0.05−0.35 mm wide, be B. laeviuscula. The specimens are cited as frequent along the margins, spaced 0.05–0.10 "strongly pycnidiate" and with "pycnidiate mm from each other to contiguous on the amphithecia", which might actually be laminal laciniae axils, scarce at the laciniae apices.
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