DOCSLIB.ORG

Lichens from Mount Kinabalu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lichens from Mount Kinabalu 281 Tropical Bryology 8: 281-314, 1993 Lichens from Mount Kinabalu J.J.M. Sipman Botanischer Garten und Museum, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14115 Berlin, Germany Abstract: 286 species of lichenized fungi on Mount Kinabalu are recorded by field survey and investigation of literature records and herbarium material. An annotated catalogue is presented, together with habitat notes, and a list of collectors. The summit area has a saxicolous lichen flora of boreal affinities, while the lower zones are more closely related to other SE Asian mountains. Eleven species appear to be restricted to the mountain, and four new species are described: Phaeographis kinabalensis, Stereocaulon granulans, Pertusaria epitheciifera and Thelotrema subweberi. 1. Introduction 1965, 1967, Beaman & Beaman 1993). Among Mount Kinabalu is in many respects a the cryptogams, bryophytes have received remarkable site for plant life. It rises up to more considerable attention (Menzel 1988 and than 4000 meters from large stretches of lowland successive papers of this series, 1988a). Lichens and low mountains, so that its higher parts are have been collected from the beginning of the very strongly isolated from areas with a similar exploration on, but mostly in an incidental and climate. Geologically it is a very young and fast- unrepresentative way. An important exception rising mountain, and its plant life seems to have is Mason E. Hale, who visited the mountain in had little time to adapt to high altitude conditions. August of 1968 and collected over one thousand Also its bedrock sets it apart. Its central part is specimens, especially Parmeliaceae and composed of granite, surrounded by a ring of Graphidales. About 40 lichen taxa were reported ultrabasic rock, both rock types being absent in the literature until 1993. from surrounding areas. All this makes it a very The biological importance of the moun- interesting object for a study of the diversity of tain is fortunately appreciated by the local its biota, and it has already attracted much authorities, who created a National Park to attention from biologists. Information about its protect it, Kinabalu Park. This includes all higher plant life is found in numerous papers (e.g. parts and much of the foothills. It is situated in Gibbs 1914, Luping et al. 1978, van Steenis Malaysia, State of Sabah, on the boundary of the 282 districts Kota Belud and Ranau. Its elevation had little time to develop new taxa, is explained ranges between c. 700 and 4100 m, and its by assuming that they were received from ancient coordinates are c. 06° 05' N, 116° 35’E. Maps of nearby mountains which have since been eroded the mountain showing the geographical away (van Steenis 1967). indications used below were published by Menzel The purpose of the present study is to (1988: 283, 295). offer a preliminary survey of the lichen flora of The natural vegetation of the mountain the mountain, its altitudinal zonation, geogra- can be divided very roughly into four zones. On phical relations and other peculiarities. the lower slopes of the mountain, below c. 1500 m, the original vegetation is probably high forest. Most of this has long since disappeared and is 2. Material and methods replaced by cultivated fields and secondary vegetation (cf. Gibbs 1914). At c. 1500-2500 m This study is largely based on specimens montane forest occurs, which becomes collected during a one-week visit by the author increasingly rich in bryophytes with increase in in May 1989 together with Dr. B. C. Tan altitude. Both zones are also present on surroun- (Cambridge, USA). A full set is deposited in the ding mountains, so that their flora is not isolated, herbarium of the headquarters of.Kinabalu Park, in contrast with the following zones. From c. P.O. Box 10626, 88806 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 2500-3000 m the subsoil consists mainly of Malaysia [SNP], and an almost complete set in ultrabasic rock, which bears a stunted forest. Berlin [B]. A preliminary report of this trip was The lower half of this zone has extensive moss given in the Flora Malesiana Bulletin (Sipman & growth, upwards lichens become more abundant. Tan 1990). At c. 3000-4000 m, where the bedrock is granite, Another important source is the material the vegetation consists of stunted forest on collected by Mason E. Hale in August 1968 and gravelly soil and low shrubs in rock fissures. The kept in Washington [US]. It was examined by the summit plateau, above 4000 m, is almost bare. author during a visit in December 1991. Not all Here only a few dwarfed vascular plants occur in material collected by Hale was available at that fissures, and also only a few cryptogams. The time, many genera being on loan. scarcity of plant life is probably due to the I have added all information found in the extreme climatic conditions and to strong erosion. literature, and a few specimens that were Cf. Gibbs (1914), who noted "no lichens or encountered incidentally in herbaria, mainly in mosses on the rain- and wind-swept rock, the B and BM. smooth surface of which prevents the formation The specimens cited below were all of crannies or ledges, and opposes the consequent examined by the author unless otherwise stated, accumulation of detritus” and ...”where erosion excepting the Parmeliaceae and Thelotremata- is too rapid for the establishment of any ceae in US, which were identified by Hale. For permanent botanical factors”. the examination the usual microscopic techniques Van Steenis (1965) discussed the phyto- were used, including staining of asci or spores geographical relations of Mount Kinabalu. He with lugol solution. Part of the material was concluded that the lowland flora is similar to the examined chemically, by spot tests or TLC, as surroundings. The montane flora shows strong described in White & James (1985). For TLC similarities with Celebes and with other areas usually only solvent system A was used. with similar mountains, such as Malaya, the Consequently no reliable distinction between Philippines and New Guinea. The subtemperate protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acid was taxa, found in the highest parts, form a unique made and the substance has been reported below feature of the mountain. They show relations to as (fumar)protocetraric acid. the mountains on the Asian mainland, and to the The available collections are not repre- Austral zone, but concern often endemic, derived sentative for the lichen flora of Mount Kinabalu, taxa. The presence of endemic taxa on such a because they all originate from the southside of young mountain, where evolution seems to have the mountain, along the available trails, especially 283 along the only trail leading to the summit, the (16); S 31321 [SNP] (18); Chew, Corner "Summit Trail" or "Tourist Trail", leading from & Stainton 2086 [BM] (det. Yoshimura, the Park Headquarters to Low’s Peak. More Aug. 1980); Chew, Corner & Stainton remote slopes are very difficult of access and 2006 [BM] (det. Yoshimura, Aug. 1980). cannot be reached during a short stay. No lichens TLC: (S 31064) trace atranorin, lobaric are at present known from there. Moreover, a acid; (S 31270, 31274) trace atranorin, considerable part of the available materials could lobaric acid, unkn. spot; (S 31276) trace not be identified with certainty because of poor atranorin, lobaric, fumarprotocetraric taxonomical knowledge and was omitted. This acids; (S 31321) trace atranorin, lobaric, amounts to about one third of the author’s fumarprotocetraric acids, unkn. spot. collections, especially members of the following Anzia semiteres (Mont. & v. d. Bosch) Stiz. - groups: Graphidaceae, Lecideaceae s.l., Epiphyte in tree crowns in mossy forest Pannariaceae, pyrenocarps, and the genera along Tourist trail, 2300 m. S 30942 (3); Dimerella, Menegazzia, Sticta and Usnea. Low [BM], Kina-Balu. (det. Yoshimura, Because of these restrictions the species list is Aug. 1980). TLC: (S 30942) trace atrano- certainly very incomplete, and includes probably rin, norlobaridone, trace fumarprotoce- less than 50% of the extant lichen taxa of Mount traric acid; (Low s.n.) norlobaridone, Kinabalu. loxodin, caperatic acid, fumarprotocetra- ric acid, atranorin, det. Yoshimura, Aug. 1980. 3. Catalogue of the lichen species known from Arctoparmelia separata (Th. Fr.) Hale - On Mount Kinabalu granite rock in the summit area, 4050 m. S 31143 (10). TLC! The specimen is tiny, A. Annotated enumeration with small lobes. An alphabetical list is presented of 286 Arthonia calamicola (Sydow) R. Sant. - On lichen species known with certainty from Mt. leaves in undergrowth of lowland forest Kinabalu. For all taxa the following details are near Poring and montane forest near Park given: 1) the name; 2) a short indication of the HQ, 700-1650 m. S 29427 (23); S 9505 observed habitat; 3) the altitudinal range; 4) the (27). collections and literature on which the record is Arthonia cyanea Müll. Arg. - On leaves in based; and 5) notes on the chemistry and other undergrowth of montane forest near Park remarks. The most frequent collectors are HQ, 1650 m. S 29428 (23). abbreviated: H = M. E. Hale, collections in US; Arthonia lividofusca Müll. Arg. - On leaves in S = H. Sipman & B. Tan, collections in B and undergrowth of montane forest near Park SNP, unless otherwise stated. The collection HQ, 1650 m. S 29429 (23). numbers of these collectors are followed by Arthonia lividula Vain. - On leaves in under- locality numbers in brackets. Explanations for growth of lowland forest near Poring, 700 these numbers are presented in section B below. m. S 29506 (27). Where TLC has been used to check the chemistry, Arthonia ramosii (Räs.) R. Sant. - On leaves in this is indicated by "TLC!", or the results are undergrowth of montane forest near Park given in detail. HQ, 1650-1900 m. S 30900 (1); S 29430 (23). Anzia gregoriana Müll.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1. Clave Generica Para Los Liquenes Folio- Sos Y Fruticosos De Los Paramos Colombianos
    CONTRIBUCION AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS LIQUENES DE COLOMBIA - 1. CLAVE GENERICA PARA LOS LIQUENES FOLIO- SOS Y FRUTICOSOS DE LOS PARAMOS COLOMBIANOS Po r HARRIE J. M. SIPMAN 1 Y JAIME AGUIRRE C. 2 INTRODUCCION La presente clave ha sido elaborada para las zonas montafiosas altas de Colombia, arriba de los 3.000 m de altitud (selva andina alta y paramo}. En estas regiones hay una gran variedad y abundancia de maeroliquenes a difereneia de las zonas 0 regiones tropieales donde los mieroliquenes (formas crustaceas] son los mas abundanres, Generalmente los maeroliquenes son eneontrados en estado esteril (sin aseoearpos), por 10 tanto no pueden ser [acilmenre identificados eon el estudio de Zahlbruekner (1926) para los liquenes del mundo. Ademas muehos ge- neros nuevos han sido deseritos desde entonees, prineipalmente por separaei6n de Parmelia. Esto concierne en especial a: Everniastrum, Hypogymnia, Hypo- tracbyna, Parmelina, Parmotrema, Xanthoparmelia, y recientemente Cetra- riastrum (Sipman, 1980). Por estas razones se ha elaborado una clave nueva utilizando principalmente caracteres vegetativos. La clave se basa en observaciones personales de especimenes colombianos de la easi totalidad de los generos induidos; estes se eneuentran deposit ados en COL y U. Se consultaron las refereneias mas importantes relaeionadas con liquenes colombianos (Nylander, 1863; Wainio, 1899) y el indice de tarjetas para 1 Instituut VOOt systernatische plantkunde. Heidelberglaan 2. Postbus 80. 102. 3508 TC Utrecht, Holanda. 2 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Aparrado Aereo 7495, Bogota, D. E., Colombia. 604 CALDASIA, VOL. XIII, No. 64 la lista de [iquenes colombianos (Hekking &. Sipman en prep.).
    [Show full text]
  • World Conservation
    The IUCN Bulletin Number 1 2002 World Conservation Mountain high CONTENTS Mountains on the agenda When the United Nations declared 2002 International Year of Mountains, its aim was to celebrate the biological and cultural diversity of our planet’s mountain regions and the human cultures they nurture, and to draw the world’s attention to the importance of these fragile and vulnerable ecosystems on which so many human lives and livelihoods depend. The international community is responding with a multitude of events and celebrations, in the hope of putting mountains firmly on the world agenda. This special issue of World Conservation is an IUCN contribution to those efforts. 1. MOUNTAIN VALUES 3. TAKING ACTION 3 For the love of mountains PROTECTING NATURE Yolanda Kakabadse AND CULTURE 4 Why mountains matter 21 EcoAméricas: a bold vision IUCN/JIM THORSELL Lawrence S. Hamilton Mario A. Boza Masherbrum, Central Karakorum National 6 WATER • Lifeblood of nature and 22 Protected landscapes: need for Park, Pakistan. society Bruno Messerli innovation Jessica Brown 7 Mount Kenya: vital water for a semi- 23 Cultural landscapes: World Conservation arid region Hanspeter Liniger and Kyrgyzstan’s crown jewel (formerly the IUCN Bulletin) Stephan Doempke Francis Gichuki A publication of 8 BIODIVERSITY • Our natural IUCN – The World Conservation Union wealth Lawrence S. Hamilton and LIVING SUSTAINABLY Rue Mauverney 28 Shengji Pei 25 Ecotourism: minimizing impacts CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland 9 CULTURE • Fountains of Chandra P. Gurung Tel: +41 (22) 999 0000 inspiration Edwin Bernbaum 26 China’s model counties Fax: +41 (22) 999 0002 11 WORLD HERITAGE • Mountains Hu Yuanhui Website: http://iucn.org galore Jim Thorsell 27 Pohnpei: power to the people Editor: Nikki Meith Bill Raynor Contributing editor: Peter Hulm 2.
    [Show full text]
  • M.V. Solita's Passage Notes
    M.V. SOLITA’S PASSAGE NOTES SABAH BORNEO, MALAYSIA Updated August 2014 1 CONTENTS General comments Visas 4 Access to overseas funds 4 Phone and Internet 4 Weather 5 Navigation 5 Geographical Observations 6 Flags 10 Town information Kota Kinabalu 11 Sandakan 22 Tawau 25 Kudat 27 Labuan 31 Sabah Rivers Kinabatangan 34 Klias 37 Tadian 39 Pura Pura 40 Maraup 41 Anchorages 42 2 Sabah is one of the 13 Malaysian states and with Sarawak, lies on the northern side of the island of Borneo, between the Sulu and South China Seas. Sabah and Sarawak cover the northern coast of the island. The lower two‐thirds of Borneo is Kalimantan, which belongs to Indonesia. The area has a fascinating history, and probably because it is on one of the main trade routes through South East Asia, Borneo has had many masters. Sabah and Sarawak were incorporated into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 and Malaysia is now regarded a safe and orderly Islamic country. Sabah has a diverse ethnic population of just over 3 million people with 32 recognised ethnic groups. The largest of these is the Malays (these include the many different cultural groups that originally existed in their own homeland within Sabah), Chinese and “non‐official immigrants” (mainly Filipino and Indonesian). In recent centuries piracy was common here, but it is now generally considered relatively safe for cruising. However, the nearby islands of Southern Philippines have had some problems with militant fundamentalist Muslim groups – there have been riots and violence on Mindanao and the Tawi Tawi Islands and isolated episodes of kidnapping of people from Sabah in the past 10 years or so.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education the Field Museum 1400
    H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA Tel: 1-312-665-7881 E-mail: [email protected] Research interests Evolution and Systematics of Fungi Biogeography and Diversification Rates of Fungi Species delimitation Diversity of lichen-forming fungi Professional Experience Since 2017 Vice President, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago. USA 2014-2017 Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2014 Curator, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2013-2014 Associate Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2009-2013 Chair, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2011 MacArthur Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2006-2014 Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2005-2009 Head of Cryptogams, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2004 Member, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago. Courses: BIOS 430 Evolution (UIC), BIOS 23410 Complex Interactions: Coevolution, Parasites, Mutualists, and Cheaters (U of C) Reading group: Phylogenetic methods. 2003-2006 Assistant Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 1998-2003 Privatdozent (Assistant Professor), Botanical Institute, University – GHS - Essen. Lectures: General Botany, Evolution of lower plants, Photosynthesis, Courses: Cryptogams, Biology
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred New Species of Lichenized Fungi: a Signature of Undiscovered Global Diversity
    Phytotaxa 18: 1–127 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Monograph PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) PHYTOTAXA 18 One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity H. THORSTEN LUMBSCH1*, TEUVO AHTI2, SUSANNE ALTERMANN3, GUILLERMO AMO DE PAZ4, ANDRÉ APTROOT5, ULF ARUP6, ALEJANDRINA BÁRCENAS PEÑA7, PAULINA A. BAWINGAN8, MICHEL N. BENATTI9, LUISA BETANCOURT10, CURTIS R. BJÖRK11, KANSRI BOONPRAGOB12, MAARTEN BRAND13, FRANK BUNGARTZ14, MARCELA E. S. CÁCERES15, MEHTMET CANDAN16, JOSÉ LUIS CHAVES17, PHILIPPE CLERC18, RALPH COMMON19, BRIAN J. COPPINS20, ANA CRESPO4, MANUELA DAL-FORNO21, PRADEEP K. DIVAKAR4, MELIZAR V. DUYA22, JOHN A. ELIX23, ARVE ELVEBAKK24, JOHNATHON D. FANKHAUSER25, EDIT FARKAS26, LIDIA ITATÍ FERRARO27, EBERHARD FISCHER28, DAVID J. GALLOWAY29, ESTER GAYA30, MIREIA GIRALT31, TREVOR GOWARD32, MARTIN GRUBE33, JOSEF HAFELLNER33, JESÚS E. HERNÁNDEZ M.34, MARÍA DE LOS ANGELES HERRERA CAMPOS7, KLAUS KALB35, INGVAR KÄRNEFELT6, GINTARAS KANTVILAS36, DOROTHEE KILLMANN28, PAUL KIRIKA37, KERRY KNUDSEN38, HARALD KOMPOSCH39, SERGEY KONDRATYUK40, JAMES D. LAWREY21, ARMIN MANGOLD41, MARCELO P. MARCELLI9, BRUCE MCCUNE42, MARIA INES MESSUTI43, ANDREA MICHLIG27, RICARDO MIRANDA GONZÁLEZ7, BIBIANA MONCADA10, ALIFERETI NAIKATINI44, MATTHEW P. NELSEN1, 45, DAG O. ØVSTEDAL46, ZDENEK PALICE47, KHWANRUAN PAPONG48, SITTIPORN PARNMEN12, SERGIO PÉREZ-ORTEGA4, CHRISTIAN PRINTZEN49, VÍCTOR J. RICO4, EIMY RIVAS PLATA1, 50, JAVIER ROBAYO51, DANIA ROSABAL52, ULRIKE RUPRECHT53, NORIS SALAZAR ALLEN54, LEOPOLDO SANCHO4, LUCIANA SANTOS DE JESUS15, TAMIRES SANTOS VIEIRA15, MATTHIAS SCHULTZ55, MARK R. D. SEAWARD56, EMMANUËL SÉRUSIAUX57, IMKE SCHMITT58, HARRIE J. M. SIPMAN59, MOHAMMAD SOHRABI 2, 60, ULRIK SØCHTING61, MAJBRIT ZEUTHEN SØGAARD61, LAURENS B. SPARRIUS62, ADRIANO SPIELMANN63, TOBY SPRIBILLE33, JUTARAT SUTJARITTURAKAN64, ACHRA THAMMATHAWORN65, ARNE THELL6, GÖRAN THOR66, HOLGER THÜS67, EINAR TIMDAL68, CAMILLE TRUONG18, ROMAN TÜRK69, LOENGRIN UMAÑA TENORIO17, DALIP K.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Lichens and Allied Fungi of Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve, Alabama, U.S.A
    Opuscula Philolichenum, 18: 420–434. 2019. *pdf effectively published online 2December2019 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) Checklist of the lichens and allied fungi of Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve, Alabama, U.S.A. J. KEVIN ENGLAND1, CURTIS J. HANSEN2, JESSICA L. ALLEN3, SEAN Q. BEECHING4, WILLIAM R. BUCK5, VITALY CHARNY6, JOHN G. GUCCION7, RICHARD C. HARRIS8, MALCOLM HODGES9, NATALIE M. HOWE10, JAMES C. LENDEMER11, R. TROY MCMULLIN12, ERIN A. TRIPP13, DENNIS P. WATERS14 ABSTRACT. – The first checklist of lichenized, lichenicolous and lichen-allied fungi from the Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve in Bibb County, Alabama, is presented. Collections made during the 2017 Tuckerman Workshop and additional records from herbaria and online sources are included. Two hundred and thirty-eight taxa in 115 genera are enumerated. Thirty taxa of lichenized, lichenicolous and lichen-allied fungi are newly reported for Alabama: Acarospora fuscata, A. novomexicana, Circinaria contorta, Constrictolumina cinchonae, Dermatocarpon dolomiticum, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Graphis anfractuosa, G. rimulosa, Hertelidea pseudobotryosa, Heterodermia pseudospeciosa, Lecania cuprea, Marchandiomyces lignicola, Minutoexcipula miniatoexcipula, Monoblastia rappii, Multiclavula mucida, Ochrolechia trochophora, Parmotrema subsumptum, Phaeographis brasiliensis, Phaeographis inusta, Piccolia nannaria, Placynthiella icmalea, Porina scabrida, Psora decipiens, Pyrenographa irregularis, Ramboldia blochiana, Thyrea confusa, Trichothelium
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Lichens with Bulbate Cilia – Bulbothrix and Relicina (Parmeliaceae)
    Philippine Journal of Science 148 (4): 637-645, December 2019 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 21 May 2019 Philippine Lichens with Bulbate Cilia – Bulbothrix and Relicina (Parmeliaceae) Paulina Bawingan1,2*, Mechell Lardizaval1, and John Elix3 1School of Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2600 Philippines 2 Biology Department, Tagum Doctors College, Tagum City 8100 Philippines 3Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia This paper presents a taxonomic treatment of Bulbothrix and Relicina lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) collected in the Philippines, two genera characterized by the presence of bulbate cilia. A total of five species of Bulbothrix and fifteen species of Relicina were identified, with one new record for each genus. The Philippines is a major center of diversity for Relicina. Keywords: coronate apothecia, lichenic acid crystals, parmelioid lichen, retrorse cilia, Hale INTRODUCTION black and the rhizines and cilia may be simple, sparsely, or densely branched. Both genera have apothecia that The genera Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale and Bulbothrix may be coronate (with black bulbils adorning the rim of Hale belong to Parmeliaceae, one of the largest families the thalline exciple; Figure 1E) or ecoronate; the discs are of lichenized fungi. Both are segregates of Parmelia Ach. imperforate, ranging from concave to flat and sometimes s. lat. According to Hale (1975, 1976), both genera have even convex. Some species of both genera have retrorse their centers of distribution in tropical regions – in South cilia i.e., having rhizinae in the thalline exciple (Figure America and southern Africa for Bulbothrix and Southeast 1F). The unicellular ascospores can be ovoid, ellipsoid, Asia for Relicina.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia 24 Supplementary Material
    Asia 24 Supplementary Material Coordinating Lead Authors: Yasuaki Hijioka (Japan), Erda Lin (China), Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia) Lead Authors: Richard T. Corlett (China), Xuefeng Cui (China), Gregory Insarov (Russian Federation), Rodel Lasco (Philippines), Elisabet Lindgren (Sweden), Akhilesh Surjan (India) Contributing Authors: Elena M. Aizen (USA), Vladimir B. Aizen (USA), Rawshan Ara Begum (Bangladesh), Kenshi Baba (Japan), Monalisa Chatterjee (USA/India), J. Graham Cogley (Canada), Noah Diffenbaugh (USA), Li Ding (Singapore), Qingxian Gao (China), Matthias Garschagen (Germany), Masahiro Hashizume (Japan), Manmohan Kapshe (India), Andrey G. Kostianoy (Russia), Kathleen McInnes (Australia), Sreeja Nair (India), S.V.R.K. Prabhakar (India), Yoshiki Saito (Japan), Andreas Schaffer (Singapore), Rajib Shaw (Japan), Dáithí Stone (Canada/South Africa /USA), Reiner Wassman (Philippines), Thomas J. Wilbanks (USA), Shaohong Wu (China) Review Editors: Rosa Perez (Philippines), Kazuhiko Takeuchi (Japan) Volunteer Chapter Scientists: Yuko Onishi (Japan), Wen Wang (China) This chapter on-line supplementary material should be cited as: Hijioka , Y., E. Lin, J.J. Pereira, R.T. Corlett, X. Cui, G.E. Insarov, R.D. Lasco, E. Lindgren, and A. Surjan, 2014: Asia – supplementary material. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmen tal Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Available from www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5 and www.ipcc.ch.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Day 2Night Mount Kinabalu Climb and Kundasang Stay Price : Myr 2670.00 Min Pax : 2Person Per Booking
    PACKAGE : 3DAY 2NIGHT MOUNT KINABALU CLIMB AND KUNDASANG STAY PRICE : MYR 2670.00 MIN PAX : 2PERSON PER BOOKING DAY 01 Kota Kinabalu/Kundasang (Lunch / Dinner) Pick up from your Hotel lobby or airport and depart on a 2 hours journey to Kundasang. En route passing by villages and a panoramic vista of the valleys the Crocker Range. Along the way, take a brief stop at Nabalu. Nabalu is a place where the local natives gather to sell local produce, fruits, home grown vegetables and handicraft. Check into Kinabalu hostel or similar. Rest the day you are free at leisure. Dinner and overnight Day 02 Park HQ/Timpohan Gate/Ascend Mount Kinabalu/Panalaban Base Camp (Breakfast / Packed Lunch / Dinner) Breakfast at your accommodation. Thereafter, collect your packed lunch. Proceed to the Park HQ to register for the Claim. Meet your local certified Mt Kinabalu guide, have a short briefing and be transferred to the starting point of Timpohon gate to begin the climb to your base accommodation, this trek time can take 3 to 6 hours depending on fitness, weather and trail conditions. Arrive at Panalaban Base Camp @ 3272M and check into your accommodation. Buffet Dinner at Laban rata Restaurant and overnight DAY 03 Low’s Peak/Descend Mount Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu (Supper/Breakfast/Lunch) 02:00hrs Wake up for early supper and depart for continuation of journey towards the summit of Mount Kinabalu. The journey up to the Low’s peak @ 4,095m will test your fitness and determination. Depending on speed of trekking, you might be able to experience the glorious sunrise over the majestic Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Materials Towards a Revision of the Genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae)
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 267–291 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 30 August 2005 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2005 Materials towards a revision of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). 3. Section Pseudoliparis Hanna B. Margońska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Gdańsk University, Al. Legionów 9, PL- 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 7 Sep. 2004, revised version received 18 Dec. 2004, accepted 22 Feb. 2005 Margońska, H. B. 2005: Materials towards a revision of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). 3. Section Pseudoliparis. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 267–291. This paper is the first part of a taxonomic revision of the type section of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). One new species is described. Lectotypes are selected for Pseudoliparis laevis (Schltr.) Szlach. & Marg. and Pseudoliparis undulata (Schltr.) Szlach. & Marg. Key words: Malaxidinae, nomenclature, Orchidaceae, Pseudoliparis, taxonomy This paper is the first part of a taxonomic revision Pseudoliparis Finet of the type section of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). It treats 17 species emend. Szlach. & Marg., Adansonia ser. 3, 21(2): 275–282. and contains a description of one new species. 1999. I examined herbarium specimens and spirit Pseudoliparis Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 536. 1907. — Crepidium Bl. emend. Szlach. subg. Pseudoliparis materials kept at AMES, B, BM, BO, C, K, (Finet) Szlach., Fragm. Flor. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 123. 1995. L, SING and US. All available published and — Generitype: Pseudoliparis epiphytica (Schltr.) Finet. unpublished illustrations and literature were studied by me as well. Key to the sections of Pseudoliparis At present, the genus Pseudoliparis has 41 species, of which 33 belong in the type section.
    [Show full text]
  • Borneo Ex Australia Includes Accommodation, Breakfast Daily and 19 Meals Return Airport Transfers
    Sabah Group Departure Upgrades & Add-ons 4 day extension to Shangri-La’s Rasa Ria Resort, Kota Kinabalu Fully Escorted from $560 per person twin share. # Borneo ex Australia Includes accommodation, breakfast daily and 19 meals return airport transfers. Group Tour Create your own experience Our itineraries are flexible, use this itinerary as a starting 11 days from point or contact one of our specialised consultants to $2999* assist you in creating your own travel experience. per person twin share Departs Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth: 30 Mar 2018 • Kota Kinabalu • Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre • Kiulu Valley Homestay • Sukau Rainforest Lodge • Mount Kinabalu National Park • Gomantong Caves Enjoy the best of what Sabah has to offer on this small group departure. After a brief stop in Kota Kinabalu head out to Sepenggar Island for an afternoon of snorkelling. Continue into Sabah’s “Valley of the Mist” for a unique overnight homestay and immerse yourself in the culture and traditions of the locals. Visit Kinabalu National Park, see the most amazing collection of wild rhododendrons and orchids and enjoy a canopy walk above Borneo’s tropical rainforest. Spend a full day in Sandakan that starts with Orang Utans at Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre and the Borneo Sun Bear Centre before visiting the Australian War Memorial and the Rainforest Discovery Centre. End with 2 nights at the award winning Sukau Rainforest Lodge and view the distinctive proboscis monkeys gathering by the Kinabatangan riverbank every night. With a local Prices per person twin share ex Mel / Syd / Bne / Adl / Per English speaking tour guide this will be a wild lifetime trip to be treasured for all ex Mel/Syd/Bne ex Adl ex Per Single Supp lovers of nature.
    [Show full text]
  • BORNEO Sandakan War Memorial Tour
    BORNEO Sandakan War Memorial Tour per person Twin Share $4,850 ex BNE, SYD, MEL 11th - 21st Aug 2014 Join Go See Touring on this wonderful tour that takes Single Supplement in Kota Kinabalu, the beautiful wildlife and jungles of $785 ex BNE, SYD, MEL Borneo and the Sandakan Day Memorial Service. INCLUSIONS Return Economy Airfares and Taxes ex Australia 4 Accommodation Throughout All Meals HIGHLIGHTS Kota Kinabalu Kinabalu National Park Poring Hot Springs Sandakan Sepilok Orang Utan Centre Kinabatangan Sabah Tea Plantaton Kundasang War Memorial Labuan Manukan Island Sandakan Day Memorial Service 1300 551 997 www.goseetouring.com TERMS & CONDITIONS: Tour requires a minimum of passengers to depart with escort. Deposit of $500pp is required to secure tour. Prices may fluctuate if surcharge, fees, taxes or currency change. For full terms & conditions refer to our website. Licence # 3198772 / TCF Member 9351 / ABN: 72122522276 Day 1 Sunday 11 August 2014 Depart Australia / Day 2 Monday 12 August 2014 (L, D) Arrive Kota Kinabalu On arrival at Kota Kinabalu International Airport, you will be met by your guide and transfer to your hotel a 4 Star International Class Hotel nestled in the heart of Kota Kinabalu city. (Passengers travelling ex Sydney or Melbourne will meet their Go See Touring escort in Kota Kinabalu). Day 3 Tuesday 13 August 2014 (B, L, D) Kota Kinabalu City & Shopping Tour Today is an introductory tour of Kota Kinabalu, the State Capital of Sabah—The Land Below The Wind. After lunch it’s off to the city’s shopping precinct and central market where you have time to order spectacles, tailoring or any merchandise that may take a few days to produce.
    [Show full text]