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Diastrophic Evolution of Western Papua and New Guinea

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Diastrophic Evolution of Western Papua and New Guinea DIASTROPHIC EVOLUTION OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA by JAN G. WITH, B.S., M.S. (The Pennsylvania State University) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART July 1964 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university and to the best of my knowledge and belief contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. JAN G. SMITH University of Tasmania Hobart July 1964 CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • • • xi ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Nature and purpose of study Location Method of study and presentation Previous work Acknowledgements 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA 8 1.1 QUARTERNARY DIASTROPHISM 14 1.1.1 Morphology of Western Papua and New Guinea 14 Western cordilleran region Central cordilleran region Central foothills region Darai Hills Fly-Digoel shelf Oriomo Plateau Kukukuku lobe Sepik and Ramu-Markham depressions 1.1.2 Nature of Quaternary Sediments and Crustal Movements 20 Fly-Digoel shelf Delta embayment Western cordilleran region Central cordilleran region Central foothills Sepik and Ramu-Markham depressions 1.1.3 Volcanism.. *400000 26 1.2 PLIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 28 1.2.1 Pliocene Rocks 28 Digoel-Strickland basin Fly-Digoel shelf Purari basin CONTENTS Page 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA (continued) 1.2.2 Framework of Pliocene Diastrophism. • •••••• 34 Digoel-Strickland basin Fly-Digoel platform Purari basin Continuity of the Pliocene exogeosyncline Darai swell 1.2.3 Chronology of Pliocene and Quaternary Movements 38 Central foothills and cordillera Western cordillera 1.3 UPPER MIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 43 1.3.1 Upper Miocene Rocks 43 Limestone facies Mudstone fades 1.3.2 Framework of Upper Miocene Diastrophism. 48 Fly-Digoel platform Darai swell Geosynclinal belt 1.4 MIDDLE MIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 53 1.4.1 Middle Miocene Rocks 53 Limestone facies Mudstone-siltstone facies Sandstone-siltstone facies Graywacke-mudstone-conglomerate facies 1.4.2 Middle Miocene Diastrophic Framework.... 58 Erave-Wana swell Geosynclinal belt Fly-Digoel platform i v CONTENTS Page 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA (continued) 1.5 LOWER MIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 64 1.5.1 Lower Miocene Rocks 64 Limestone facies Graywacke facies Other rocks 1.5.2 Lower Miocene Diastrophic Framework 70 Extent and development of the platform Erave-Wana swell Omati trough Fly-Digoel platform Geosynclinal belt Bismarck and Kubor massifs 1.6 PALEOGENE DIASTROPHISM 85 1.6.1 Paleogene Rocks 85 1.6.2 Paleogene Diastrophic Framework 90 Platform realm Unstable regions 1.7 CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC DIASTROPHISM 95 1.7.1 Late Cretaceous 96 Geosynclinal zone Platfprm realm 1.7.2 Early Cretaceous 103 Geosynclinal zone Platform realm 1.7.3 Jurassic 109 Platform realm Geosynclinal zone CONTENTS Page 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA ( continued) 1.7 CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC DIASTROPHISM ( continued) 1.7.4 Cretaceous and Jurassic Diastrophic Framework 116 Fly-Digoel platform Kutubu trough Cordi 1 leran trough 1.8 PRE-JURASSIC DIASTROPHISM 123 1.8.1 Triassic 123 1.8.2 Permian 125 1.8.3 Crystalline Basement 126 Southwestern Papua Central cordilleran region Western cordilleran region 1,9 PRINCIPAL DIASTROPHIC PHASES 130 1.9.1 Initial Taphrogenic Phase 131 1.9.2 Stabilization Phase 132 1.9.3 Retrogressive Taphrogenic Phase 134 1.9.4 Orogenic Phase 134 1.10 MAGMAT I SM 137 1.10.1 Volcanism 137 1.10.2 Ultrabasic Plutonism 140 1.10.3 Basic to Acid Pluton.ism 144 2 TECTOGENIC DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA. 147 vi CONTENTS Page 2 TECTOGENIC DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA (continued) 2.1 NEW GUINEA.MEGANTICLINORIUM 149 2.2 CENTRAL CORDILLERAN ANTICLINORIA......... 152 2.2.1 Structure 152 2.2.2 Origin of the Central Cordilleran Anticlinoria 155 Vertical movements Horizontal movements 2.3 CENTRAL FOOTHILLS FORELAND FOLDED BELT 162 2.3.1 Structure 163 WagevIaro zone Kutubu-Sireru imbricate belt Puri anticline Pide synclinorium Pio-Purari Dividing Range Aure-Tsoma region Kuru basin 2.3.2 Origin of Papuan Foreland Folding 175 Basement wedge principle ID4collement principle History of movement Role of horizontal movements 2.4 DARAI SWELL AND RELATED STRUCTURES 186 2.5 WESTERN CORD ILLERAN ANT ICLINORIA 191 2.5.1 Structure 191 Mueller anticlinorium Hindenburgh anticlinorium Digoel anticlinorium Tahin and Om-Tari fault zones . Saoe fault zone Juliana fault zone Digoel basin vii CONTENTS Page 2 TECTOGENIC DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA 2.5 WESTERN CORDILLERAN ANTICLINORIA 2.5.1 Structure (continued) Ok Tedi basin Carrington basin 2.5.2 Origin of the Western Cordilleran Anticlinoria 202 Vertical movements Horizontal movements 3 ROLE OF HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS IN DIASTROPHISM 207 3.1 EXTENSION HYPOTHESIS OF TAPHROGENESIS 209 3.1.1 Mechanisms of Crustal Extension 210 Subcrustal flow Expansion of the earth 3.1.2 Origin of the Papuan Geosynclinal System 215 Southern geosynclinal margin Northern geosynclinal margin Kubor and Bismarck massifs Erave-Wana swell 3.1.3 Pattern of Geosynclinal Rifting 220 3.1.4 Thickness of Subgeosynclinal Crust 223 3.2 SIMPLE SHEAR DEFORMATION AND TRANSLATION 229 3.2.1 Cordilleran Shear Zone 230 3.2.2 Purari Shear Zone.. 232 3.2.3 Sepik Shear Zone 233 3.2.4 Ramu-Markham Shear Zone 235 viii CONTENTS Page ROLE OF HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS IN DIASTROPHISM 3.2 SIMPLE SHEAR DEFORMATION AND TRANSLATION (continued) 3.2.5 Amount and Age of Lateral Movement ...237 Amount of movement Age of movement 3.3 ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENTS 241 3.3.1 Purari Orocline .241 3.3.2 Origin of the Purari Orocline 244 Trends of the main cordillera Watut graben 3.3.3 Rotation of New Britain 250 1 3.3.4 Implications of Rotation 251 3.3.5 Age of Rotation 252 3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS IN AUSTRALASIA ..................... 3.5 ORIGIN OF HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS 259 3.5.1 Tethyan Torsion System 260 4 ROLE OF POSITIVE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN DIASTROPHISM 262 4.1 NATURE OF POSITIVE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS 263 4.1.1 Taphrogenic Phase of Diastrophism 263 Erave-Wana and Darai swells 4.1.2 Orogenic Phase of Diastrophism 267 Main cordillera ix CONTENTS Page 4 ROLE OF POSITIVE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN DIASTROPHISM (continued) 4.2 OSCILLATORY NATURE OF VERTICAL MOVEMENTS 270 4.3 CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ORCGEN 273 4.4 ORIGIN OF OSCILLATORY VERTICAL MOVEMENTS. 280 4.4.1 Taphrogenic Phases of Diastrophism 280 Intrageosynclinal troughs Cordilleran massifs 4.4.2 Orogenic Phase of Diastrophism 285 Uplift of the main cordillera 4.5 GENETIC HISTORY OF OSCILLATORY MOVEMENTS 290 4.5.1 Initial Taphrogenic Phase 290 4.5.2 Stabilization Phase. 292 4.5.3 Retrogressive Taphrogenic Phase 293 4.5.4 Orogenic Phase. 293 4.6 RELATIONSHIP OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MOVEMENTS... 295 REFERENCES.. • 302 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS BY AUSTRALASIAN PETROLEUM CO.PTY.LTD 310 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Morphology. of Papua and New Guinea 15 2. Pliocene isopachs and lithofacies 29 Pliocene diastrophic framework 35 4. Upper Miocene isopachs and lithofacies 44 5. Upper Miocene diastrophic framework 49 6.. Middle Miocene isopachs and lithofacies 54 ,7. Middle Miocene diastrophic framework 60 Lower Miocene isopachs and lithofacies 65 9. Lower Miocene diastrophic framework 71 10. Lower Miocene development of the Bismarck massif 80 11. Paleogene isopachs and lithofacies 86" 12. Paleogene diastrophic framework *********** 91 13. Nature and distribution of late Cretaceous rocks 98 14. Nature and distribution of early Cretaceous rocks 104 15. Komewu fault 110 , 16. Nature and distribution of Jurassic rocks 112 17. Mesozoic Papuan geosynclinal system 117 18. Stabilization of the Mesozoic Papuan geosynclinal system 133 19. Papuan ultrabasic belt_ • • .•.• • • 141 20. Tectonic pattern of the central cordillera 153 21.. Pattern of vertical movement in the central cordillera 158 22. Structure of the upper Purari River region 169 x i Figure Page 23. Structure of the Purari orocline 172 24. Structure of the Darai swell 187 25. Tectonic pattern of the western cordillera 192 26. Structure of the western cordillera 194 27. Structure of the western cordillera 197 28. Mesozoic geosynclinal framework 222 29. Thickness relations of crust and sediments in an isostatically adjusted geosynclinal system 227 30. Lower Miocene Papuan geosynclinal system 228 31. Pattern of simple shear deformation 231 32. Development of the Purari orocline 245 33. Pattern of horizontal movements in Australasia 256 34. Spatial relations of intrageosynclinal troughs and subsequent tectonic highs 266 35. Spatial relation of the New Guinea cordillera and the Mesozoic and Tertiary geosynclines 269 36. History of vertical oscillatory movements 271 37. Gravity profile across the New Guinea cordillera 275 38. Origin of vertical movements of intrageosyn- clinal troughs 281 Plate Facing Page 1. Geologic sketch map, western Papua and New Guinea • 2 2. Generalized, composite stratigraphic sections, western Papua and New Guinea. 132 3. Magmatism and diastrophism. 138 4. Structure of the central cordillera and the Papuan foreland fold belt 150 5a. Structure of the Papuan foreland fold belt 164 5b. Configurations of a decollement 164 6. Diastrophic evolution of the Papuan geosyn- clinal system -- initial taphrogenic phase 290 xii Plate Facing Page 7. Diastrophic evolution of the Papuan geosynclin- al system -- Paleogene stabilization phase 292 8. Diastrophic evolution of the Papuan geosynclin- al system -- retrogressive taphrogenic phase 292 9. Diastrophic evolution of the Papuan geosynclin- al system -- orogenic phase 294 Map 1. Territory of Papua and New Guinea with alphabetical index to geographical names..In pocket ABSTRACT There are four main phases in the diastrophic., evolution of western Papua and New Guinea: (1) a Mesozoic phase of taphrogen6sis (geosyncline formation) character- ized .
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