48444-004: Sustainable Highlands

Initial Environmental Examination

(Updated as of August 2019)

Project Number: 48444-004 Date: August 2019 Document status: Updated Version

PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program – Tranche 1

Prepared by the Department of Works (DOW) for the Asian Development Bank

This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 31 July 2019)

Currency Unit – Kina (K)

K1.00 = $ 0.2945 $1.00 = K3.3956

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank AEP – Aggregate Extraction Plan AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOQ – Bill of Quantities CEMP - Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CEPA – Conservation and Environmental Protection Authority CEPA-MD – CEPA-Managing Director CRVA _ Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment CSC - Construction Supervision Consultant DLPP - Department of Lands and Physical Planning DMR – Department of Mineral Resources DNPM - Department of National Planning and Monitoring DOW – Department of Works EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EHSG _ Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines EHSO _ Environment, Health and Safety Officer EIS – Environmental Impact Statement EMP – Environmental Management Plan EP – Environmental Permit EPAR – Environmental (Prescribed Activities) Regulations ESSB - Environmental and Social Safeguards Branch ESO – Environmental and Safety Officer ENSO - El Niño Southern Oscillation GCMs - Global Circulation Models GOPNG _ Government of Papua New Guinea GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism GFP – grievance focal points HCRN – Highlands Core Road Network HH - Highlands Highway HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRMG – Highlands Road Management Group HRRIIP – Highlands Region Road Infrastructure Investment Program IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IES – International Environmental Specialist LARP – Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MFF – Multi-tranche Financing Facility MPFF _ Multi-partner Financing Facility NDOH – National Department of Health NGO – Non-governmental Organization

NRA – National Road Authority PACCSAP - Pacific - Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning PCP – Public Communications Policy PCR – Physical Cultural Resources PFR – Periodic Financing Request PMO – Program Management Office PNG – Papua New Guinea PPE __ Personnel Protection Equipment QMP – Quarry Management Plan QPR – Quarterly Progress Report LARF – Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework SHHIP _ Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection SR – Safeguard Requirement ROW - Right-of-Way TSS - Total Suspended Solids UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization VEC - Valuable Environmental Components WHO - World Health Organisation WMA _ Wildlife Management Area

NOTE (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Papua New Guinea and its agencies ends on 31 December. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 31 December 2011. (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 A. SHHIP Background ...... 6 B. Need for the Program ...... 7 II. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMWORK ...... 10 A. Papua New Guinea Environmental Laws ...... 10 B. Asian Development Bank Safeguard Requirements ...... 11 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECTS UNDER SHHIP-TRANCHE 1 ...... 13 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 22 A. Physical Environment ...... 22 B. Environmental Quality ...... 29 C. Biological Environment ...... 37 D. Socio-Economic Environment ...... 44 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 48 A. Design and Pre-Construction Phase...... 48 B. Construction Phase ...... 52 C. Operation Phase ...... 72 D. Cumulative Impacts ...... 75 VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 80 VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION...... 82 A. Results of Consultations ...... 82 B.Ongoing Consultation and Disclosure ...... 84 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 87 A. Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities ...... 87 B. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 92 C. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Monitoring Matrix ...... 95 D. Environmental quality Monitoring ...... 119 X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 120

List of Tables

Table 1: SHHIP Program – Implementation Strategy by Tranches ...... 8 Table 2: The Volume of Materials to Be Used by the Project ...... 18 Table 3: Construction Materials ...... 18 Table 4: Equipment Required for the Project ...... 19 Table 5: Campsites Establishment ...... 19 Table 6: Quarry Areas ...... 20 Table 7: Sensitive Areas Along the SHHIP - Tranche 1 Corridor ...... 20

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Table 8: Landform Characteristics of Critical Sections ...... 22 Table 9: Geology at Critical Sections ...... 23 Table 10: Average Monthly and Annual Rainfall for Highlands Highway 1998 - 2000 ...... 26 Table 11: Climate Change Projections ...... 28 Table 12: Air and Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 30 Table 13: Noise monitoring results ...... 31 Table 14: Air monitoring results ...... 32 Table 15: Surface Water Monitoring Locations ...... 32 Table 16: Results of Surface Water Monitoring ...... 34 Table 17: Ground Water Monitoring Locations ...... 34 Table 18: Results of Ground Water Monitoring...... 35 Table 19: Summary of Soil Types at Critical Sections ...... 36 Table 20: Summary of Sites and Habitat Types ...... 38 Table 21: Fauna Identified in the Project Area ...... 41 Table 22: Administrative Units (for Provinces included in SHHIP Program) ...... 44 Table 23: Population Count and Growth Rate ...... 44 Table 24: Emission Factors of Some Diesel Equipment ...... 53 Table 25: Emission Factors of Some Diesel Equipment ...... 53 Table 26: Mitigation Measures for PM Emission From Construction ...... 55 Table 27: Types of Activities, Environmental Impact Assessment Coding ...... 76 Table 28: Environment Impacts Matrix ...... 77 Table 30: Institutional Responsibilities for Environmental Safeguards ...... 91 Table 31: Key Tasks for Environmental Monitoring ...... 94 Table 32: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Monitoring Matrix ...... 96 Table 33: Environmental Monitoring ...... 119

List of Figures Figure 1: Map Showing the Highlands Highway ...... 6 Figure 2: Map showing the five zones, between Nadzab airport and Kagamuga turn-off ...... 13 Figure 3: SHHIP - Tranche 1 at Glance ...... 15 Figure 4: Typical Cross Section ...... 15 Figure 5: Typical Intercepting Line Ditch at Cut Slope Benching ...... 16 Figure 6: Typical Gabions Wall ...... 16 Figure 7: Mean Monthly Rainfall for the Highland and Lowland Regions, 1998-2000 ...... 26 Figure 8: Protected areas of PNG ...... 37 Figure 9: Wildlife Management Area in the Highlands Region ...... 43 Figure 10: Administrative Boundaries along the Highlands Highway ...... 45 Figure 11: Subsistence Agriculture ...... 47 Figure 12: Institutional Arrangement for SHHIP Environmental Safeguards Management ...... 88

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Background. The Highlands Highway traverses the Highlands Region to Lae in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). These Regions are major contributors to the PNG economy through agricultural production and mineral resources, as well as commercial and shipping activities. While the Government of PNG has made significant investments in improving the road network, a lack of maintenance has resulted in deterioration not only of its core road network but also the Highlands Highway itself where only about 3% of the investment Program section is in good condition.

2. In order to address the further deterioration of the Highlands Highway, the Government of Papua New Guinea requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to financially support the implementation of a Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (SHHIP) through a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF). This will include four highlands provinces of Western Highlands, Jiwaka, Simbu, and Eastern Highlands (excluding Enga and Southern Highlands), and Morobe Province of the Momase Region from the Nadzab Airport turnoff near Lae City to the Kagamuga Airport turnoff in Mt. Hagen. The executing agency for the Program is the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) and the implementing agency is the Department of Works (DOW).

3. Objectives impacts and outcome of the investment Program. The overarching objectives are to improve access to health and education, and to raise standards of living; increase opportunities for equity/equality and prosperity in rural areas; and provide well- integrated, safe, and financially, socially and environmentally sustainable transport systems. The expected outcome of the investment Program is to make the movement of people, goods and services between the Highlands Region and domestic and international markets safer and more efficient. The Program would also benefit the environment in terms of reduced soil erosion and landslides through slope stabilization measures and construction of retaining structures.

4. Program description and components. The SHHIP is a 10-year Program designed to: a) restore, upgrade and effectively maintain the entire 430 km section of the Highlands Highway between Nadzab and Kagamuga airports; b) increase the resilience to climate change and the safety of pedestrians and vehicle occupants; c) improve transport logistics and services between the provincial capitals; and d) develop DOW managerial and operational capacity to deliver the Program and sustain its benefits.

5. The main components and core activities that will be undertaken during the investment Program are:

• Comprehensive sustained maintenance: Put the entire 430 km section under specific (repairs) routine and periodic (resurfacing) maintenance from day one to keep the road open to traffic at all time; gradually improve the ride comfort; salvage the sections in fair condition; remove the vegetation encroachment, restore drainage efficacy, and unearth currently suppressed paved shoulders; and secure a quick response to emergency situations.

• Appropriate upgrading: Over the Program period, incrementally resurface or strengthen the pavement structure; increase the drainage capacity and multiply the protections against slope instability following recommendations for adaptation to climate change; improve the traffic safety.

• Bridges Improvement: Widen all 29 single lane bridges to two lanes with pedestrian footpaths; repair, reinforce and reconstruct as appropriate all 40 2-lane bridges; integrate climate change adaptation and recommendations into the design and complete all the due diligence for social and environment safeguards.

• Build a new two-lane bypass to divert heavy and through traffic around Goroka; build about 20 km of truck climbing lanes in the steep slopes of the Kassam and Daulo Passes; build two truck weigh stations in Jiwaka and Goroka; and build two logistics platforms for the trade of fresh produce in Jiwaka and Goroka.

• Improving the capacity of the PNG DOW and related departments to manage and sustain bridge, road, and infrastructure assets, also to provide greater levels of accountability and transparency of safeguards.

6. The Program will implement in three tranches. Tranche 1 is being implemented between 2019 and 2022 and includes road maintenance and road investment works, drainage and slope protection works, road safety improvements as well. Tranche 2 shall be implemented between 2023 and 2025 including continue road maintenance and road investment works, widen and reinforce bridges. Tranche 3 shall be implemented between 2026 and 2028 including continue road maintenance and road investment works, build a new two-lane Goroka bypass, build truck climbing lanes, build two truck weigh stations and build two logistics platforms in Jiwaka and Goroka. 7. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the Program prepared and submitted to ADB in 2017. This updated IEE was prepared based on the detail civil works of SHHIP-Tranche 1 and the results of Environmental Baseline Survey undertaken by SHHIP’s Team on March and April 2019.

8. Legal and policy framework. The Program will comply with the country safeguards system which includes the Environment Act 2000, Environment (Amendment) Act 2014 and Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation 2002 (EPAR). The Environment Act provides for the sustainable management of the biological and physical components of the land, air and water resources of the country. The EPAR categorizes projects as “prescribed activities” in two schedules according to the anticipated potential environmental impact. There is no specific activity covering the upgrading or rehabilitation of existing roads. However, a number of activities associated with upgrading of existing roads such as quarrying, extraction of gravel etc. may require environmental permits from CEPA.

9. A number of other pieces of legislation will apply to the Program. This includes the Public Health Act 1978; the Employment Act 1978; the Forestry Act 1991; the National Cultural Property Preservation Act 1965; Public Health Drinking Water Quality Standards 1984, and Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002; and other related legislations administered by CEPA that includes the Fauna Protection and Control Act (1966), the Conservation Areas Act (1978), the International Fauna and Flora Trade Act (1978), and the National Parks Act (1984). PNG is also a signatory to a number of international agreements (treaties and conventions).

10. In addition to complying with country safeguards, the SHHIP will also need to comply with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) of 2009 which sets out the policies and principles for protecting the environment and people by wherever possible avoiding impacts and/or mitigating and/or compensating for impacts that cannot be avoided.

11. Following country safeguards and the SPS, an environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) has been prepared for this investment Program, setting out the procedures for complying with the principles and requirements of SPS. The EARF: (i) reflects the policy objectives and relevant policy principles and safeguard requirements governing preparation and implementation of projects and/or components; (ii) explains the general anticipated impacts of the project and/or components; (iii) specifies the requirements that will be followed for subproject screening and categorization, assessment, and planning, information disclosure, meaningful consultation, and grievance redress mechanism; (iv) describes implementation procedures, including budgets, institutional arrangements, and capacity development.

12. Categorization. The investment Program and Tranche 1 has been categorized by ADB as environment Category B and this IEE was prepared consistent with the environmental assessment requirements of the SPS. The IEE was carried out through screening and analysis of various environmental parameters, conducting environmental baseline survey (air quality, noise level, water quality, terrestrial and riparian fauna) rapid field inspections, stakeholder consultations, and review of other ADB-funded road project reports in the country. The IEE covers the general environmental profile of the investment Program and includes an assessment of the potential environmental impacts during the different project phases, and formulation of corresponding mitigation measures.

13. Consultation, participation and information disclosure. Consultations were undertaken with provincial administration officials and community leaders to present the proposed investment Program, identify issues and concerns that the people, stakeholders, and concerned parties in the impact area may have relevance to the proposed development. The project preparation team presented and explained to the participants the scope of the investment Program and the need to rehabilitation highlands highway including explanation of the environmental and social impacts and mitigating measures that will be established during the implementation of the Program. Community consultations were also conducted in over twenty communities along the highway. There was unanimous support for the upgrading, rehabilitation and maintenance of the Highlands Highway due to a wide range of economic and social benefits identified by participants (i.e. rehabilitation of coffee gardens; more accessible coffee factories; expansion of cash cropping; improved accessibility to markets; reduced costs for transport of goods and lower maintenance costs for vehicles; better access to health care, education and other services; improved family ties and social networking, among others). The EARF, this undated IEE and other project documents (such as safeguards monitoring reports) will be disclosed locally according to ADB’s Public Communication Policy 2011.

14. Grievance Redress Mechanism. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established, to ensure that all AP grievances regarding any aspect of their environmental or socio- economic rights are resolved in a timely and satisfactory manner. APs and relevant stakeholders are being made fully aware of their rights (both verbally and in writing), and informed about how they can access the GRM, during the community consultations, and through information brochure/leaflets. The GRM operates on the principle of trying to solve problems locally at the lowest project level, as far as possible taking into account customary problem-solving methods. However, the grievance redress committee (GRC) established in each province for hearing and resolving any complaints that cannot be resolved at the local level or by the project management office (PMO).

15. Impacts and mitigations. The Highlands Highway under the investment Program does not traverse nor is located near or within ecologically sensitive areas such as wildlife management

and protected areas, and areas with high biodiversity. No endangered terrestrial and/or aquatic species will be affected by the Program activities.

16. All the maintenance and upgrading works will be executed within the existing cross section and the alignment and longitudinal profile of the road will be maintained. Given the nature and scale of proposed works, it is anticipated that there will only be site-specific short-term negative impacts during these construction activities. These impacts will be primarily due to dust during dry construction days; mud during rainy periods; gaseous emissions and noise from site works and operation of construction equipment; waste generation from construction camps; traffic flow disruption; disposal of excavated materials; operation of borrow sites and quarries; and potential occupational and community health and safety risks.

17. Health risk to the roadside communities and damage to the biological environment will be reduced due to pavement improvement, sustained maintenance, and soil erosion control measures. The extent of flooding in selected roadside villages will be reduced by the improvement of drains as well as grade raising where necessary. Road safety will be improved by stabilizing unstable sections; installing road safety barriers including pedestrian safety facilities, footpaths, and pedestrian crossings especially near schools and market areas; proper traffic engineering signs and display boards; traffic control devices with high intensity reflective traffic signs, road delineation and reflective road markings and edge lines; preparation of accident black spot management Program to identify and improve hazardous locations on the main road network; and community road safety awareness raising.

18. Environmental management plan. The IEE includes an environmental management plan (EMP) which details the mitigation measures for the anticipated impacts, environmental monitoring activities and parameters to be monitored, institutional responsibilities, and environmental management capacity building. DOW will ensure that relevant EMP provisions are included in bid and contract documents for detailed design, project supervision and civil works. The successful contractor will prepare its Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) detailing how it will meet the mitigation and monitoring provisions set out in the EMP.

19. Institutional arrangements for environmental management. Overall implementation of environmental and social safeguards including environmental management requirements is a joint responsibility between the DOW/PMO, the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC), and Contractors. The DOW has established the environmental and social safeguards branch (ESSB) which will continue to be supported through Program resources and capacity building. As regards the preparation of Tranche 1, all the safeguards due diligence tasks have been undertaken by the PPTA team, with the assistance of the ESSB. During Tranche 1 implementation, the CSC will provide day to day support to the PMO and will be financed by funds of the Program. The PMO and CSC will be based in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province and other site offices.

20. Monitoring and reporting requirements. Throughout implementation of the Program, the Government of PNG and ADB will monitor the progress and impact of subprojects, this includes monitoring the implementation of safeguards and effectiveness of mitigation measures. DOW is required to implement safeguard measures and relevant safeguard plans, as provided in the legal agreements, and to submit periodically monitoring reports on their implementation performance. ESSB has established monitoring and reporting requirements which will be adapted for the Program and its tranches in order to also meet the requirements of ADB.

21. Reporting includes: a) a monthly report prepared during construction by the Contractor reporting on progress of CEMP activities, issues and corrective actions; b) quarterly progress

report (QPR) prepared by the PMO that includes a section on safeguards activities and CEMP compliance, and summarizes the monthly reports submitted by the Contractor and any actions or citations made by the CSC; c) a semi-annual safeguards monitoring report prepared by the PMO and submitted to DOW and ADB for disclosure; and d) project completion report that will be prepared by DOW/PMO three months prior to the end of Tranche 1 that will include a section on safeguards implementation and recommendations.

22. Conclusion and recommendation. The Program activities will be undertaken in a highly disturbed alignment that is significantly experiencing very poor maintenance and frequent exposure to climatic and disaster risks. The section of the Highlands Highway under the SHHIP does not traverse nor is located near or within ecologically sensitive areas such as wildlife management and protected areas, and areas with high biodiversity. No endangered terrestrial and/or aquatic species will be affected by the Program activities. The investment Program will have anticipated site-specific negative impacts that will be monitored and appropriately mitigated through the implementation of the CEMP by the Contractor. Contractor activities are currently being closely supervised and monitored by the PMO supported by CSC with staffing complement of safeguard specialists.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. SHHIP Background

1. The Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a chain of mountains and high valleys stretching in a generally west to east direction from the border with Indonesia in the centre of the island to the eastern coast. The valleys are typically 1,500 m above sea level and are surrounded by peaks up to 4,000 m. These Regions are major contributors to the PNG economy through agricultural production and mineral resources, as well as commercial and shipping activities. A well-maintained Highlands Highway is essential to facilitate the movement of goods and people. While the Government of PNG (the government) has made significant investments in improving the road network, a lack of maintenance has resulted in deterioration not only of its core road network but also the Highlands Highway itself where only about 3% of the investment Program section is in good condition.

2. The HH is a two-lane highway and stretches from Lae in Morobe Province on the eastern coast for over 600 km to Mendi in Southern Highlands Province (see map in Figure 1). The HH passes through the following provinces: Southern Highlands, Enga, Western Highlands, Jiwaka, Simbu, Eastern Highlands, and Morobe. Although construction started in the 1950s, it was only in the late 1970s that construction commenced on a modern, sealed highway. Till this day, it is the only terrestrial means of communication between the large Highlands population and the rest of PNG and the world.

Figure 1: Map Showing the Highlands Highway

3. In order to address the further deterioration of the Highlands Highway, the government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG) requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to financially support the implementation of a Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (SHHIP) through a multi-partner financing facility (MPFF). This will include four highlands Region provinces (viz., Western Highlands, Jiwaka, Simbu, and Eastern Highlands), and Morobe Province of the Momase Region1 from the Nadzab Airport turnoff near Lae City to the Kagamuga Airport turnoff in Mt. Hagen.

1 Momase Region is one of four regions of Papua New Guinea and includes Morobe, Madang and Sepik (East and West). Its largest city is Lae, the second city of the nation.

4. Program Objectives, Impact and Outcome: The overarching objectives and expected outcome of the investment Program are: 1) to improve access to health, education and standard of living; 2) increase opportunities for equality and prosperity in rural areas; 3) provide well integrated, safe, and financially, socially and environmentally sustainable transport systems; and 4) make the movement of people, goods and services between the Highlands Region and domestic and international markets safer and more efficient. B. Need for the Program 5. Context. The SHHIP aligns with the GoPNG’s Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030; National Transport Strategy 2014-2030; ADB’s Country Partnership Strategy 2016-2020; and ADB’s Country Operations Business Plan 2015-2017. It draws on the experience of and ties in with the ongoing ADB-funded HRRIIP; DFAT-funded TSSP; and World Bank operations in support of road maintenance.

6. Concept. The Program concept arises from the following key observations: • The failures of the road pavement are primarily due to a prolonged lack of maintenance not to an inadequate structural design, except for flood-prone sections in the Morobe Province; • Many sections can be restored without engaging into costly reconstruction if corrective actions are implemented rapidly; • The current two-lane design is sufficient to carry the projected traffic over the next 20 years, except in the vicinity of Goroka; however, there, the dense urban fabric in Goroka town would not accommodate a 4-lane highway so other solutions must be investigated • Road traffic safety is poor, and pedestrians are especially at risk; • 29 one-lane bridges constitute a primary safety hazard and 40 two-lane bridges need repairs if not reinforcement or full reconstruction; • The budget is constrained; and • Climate change, although a real threat, is of an uncertain nature, meaning flexible, adaptive response mechanisms are necessary

7. Program description. The SHHIP is a 10-year Program designed to: a) restore, upgrade and effectively maintain the entire 430 km section of the Highlands Highway between Nadzab and Kagamuga airports; b) increase the resilience to climate change and the safety of pedestrians and vehicle occupants; c) improve transport logistics and services between the provincial capitals; and d) develop DOW managerial and operational capacity to deliver the Program and sustain its benefits.

8. The Program will be implemented in three tranches as following: • Tranche 1 shall be implemented between 2019 and 2022 and includes road maintenance and road investment works, drainage and slope protection works, road safety improvements as well. Three major civil works contracts will be awarded for executing the main construction activities of SHHIP: - Civil Works Contract 1 (“CW1”), the subject of this procurement, is for the repair, rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of the Highlands Highway between Lae Nadzab and the Henganofi Bridge (210 km). - Civil Works Contract 2 (“CW2”) provides for the repair, rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of two segments of the Highlands Highway, the first between

the Henganofi Bridge and Mangiro Bridge, and the second between the Miunde Bridge and Mt Hagen Kagamuga (total 161 km). - Road Investment Contract (“RIC”) is for the rehabilitation of the Simbu sector of the Highlands Highway between Mangiro Bridge and Miunde Bridge (57 km). When this sector is rehabilitated and taken over at the end of the Tranche 1 period, its maintenance during Tranches 2 and 3 will become the responsibility of the succeeding CW2 contractors. • Tranche 2 shall be implemented between 2023 and 2025 including: - Continue road maintenance and road investment works; - Widen all 29 single lane bridges to two lanes with pedestrian footpaths; - Repair, reinforce and reconstruct as appropriate all 40 2-lane bridges • Tranche 3 shall be implemented between 2026 and 2028 including: - Continue road maintenance and road investment works; - Build a new two-lane bypass to divert heavy and through traffic around Goroka because the dense urban fabric cannot accommodate a four-lane highway; - Build about 20 km of truck climbing lanes in the steep slopes of the Kassam and Daulo Passes; - Build two truck weigh stations in Jiwaka and Goroka; and build two logistics platforms for the trade of fresh produce in Jiwaka and Goroka.

Table 1: SHHIP Program – Implementation Strategy by Tranches

Tranches Duration Year Major Works

T1 4 years 2019-2022 - 2 x Civil Works - RIC – Simbu T2 3 years 2023-2025 - Upgrade single lane bridges (29) - Repair/Reconstruct 40 DL Bridges

T3 3 years 2026-2028 - Goroka bypass (2 x routes options) - 2x Climbing Lanes - 2x Vegetable Depos - 2 x Weighing Stations

Total 10 years 2019-2028

9. Objectives and Scope of the IEE Study: An environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) has been prepared for the overall Program. This initial environmental examination (IEE) has been undertaken for the proposed works under SHHIP-Tranche 1 to comply with the requirements of the government’s Environment Act and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009.

10. This IEE study is to identify potential environmental impacts of the proposed road improvement measures and formulate strategies to avoid / mitigate the same of SHHIP Tranche 1. The scope of work to accomplish the above objective, comprise the following.

• Understanding the baseline environmental conditions of the project area; • Identifying the potential environmental impacts of the project proposal; • Recommending appropriate mitigation measures to avoid/minimise the environmental impacts; and • Preparing an environmental management plan for implementation.

11. Methodology: The conduct of the IEE was guided by the ADB environmental guidelines and the environmental regulations of PNG. It commenced with an environmental screening using ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine the project’s category and critical environmental issues associated with the proposed project.

12. The update IEE is based on environmental baseline survey on March and April 2019 undertaken by SHHIP team, primary and secondary sources of information and data, mostly from published reports of the HRRIIP. Past environmental studies or inventory of plants and animals conducted in the road corridor were also utilized, and the team conducted interviews with the local people and leaders in the area to gather relevant social and environment-related information/data needed for this report. During the site visits, the existing roadway and immediate environment, including watercourses, were rapidly visually inspected and photos taken.

13. Public consultations with government stakeholders and communities traversed by the Highlands Highway were undertaken as part of the IEE process to determine community perceptions to the development and obtain relevant information.

14. Establishment an environmental baseline - As the reference point for impact prediction and evaluation, baseline information has a critical role in the technical quality of IEE work. The collection of primary baseline environmental data was carried out through on-site measurements, collection and laboratory analysis of samples (i.e. air, water, noise).

15. Structure of the report. This updated IEE report has been presented in the format prescribed in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The report is organized into following Sections. An Executive Summary is also prepared and presented in the beginning of the report.

Section I : Introduction Section II : Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Section III : Description of the Projects under SHHIP-Tranche 1 Section IV : Description of the Environment Section V : Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Section VI : Analysis of alternatives Section VII : Information Disclosure, Consultations and Participation Section VIII : Grievance Redress Mechanism Chapter IX : Environmental Management Plan; and Chapter X : Conclusions and Recommendations.

II. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

A. Papua New Guinea Environmental Laws 16. Country safeguards system. The Environment Act 2000 and Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation 2002 (EPAR) address environmental impact assessment and management. The Environment Act provides for the sustainable management of the biological and physical components of the land, air and water resources of the country. The CEPA administers both the Act and the EPAR. The EPAR categorizes projects as “Prescribed Activities” in two schedules according to the anticipated potential environmental impact. Schedule 1 consists of Level 2 activities that are subdivided into two categories (Category A and B). Category B has 13 sub- categories with sub-category 12 addressing Infrastructure Development. While item 12.5 includes construction of new national roads, there is no specific activity covering the upgrading or rehabilitation of existing roads. However, a number of activities associated with upgrading of existing roads such as quarrying, extraction of gravel etc. may require EPs from CEPA.

17. The CEPA, as the government’s environmental management agency, operates with the mission statement: “To ensure PNG’s natural resources are managed to sustain environmental quality, human well-being and support improved standards of living” (CEPA Corporate Plan (2009-2012). The CEPA consists of three divisions: Environment Protection responsible for environmental approvals; Sustainable Environment Management; and Policy Coordination and Evaluation.

18. CEPA has issued several guidelines including Guideline for submission of an application for an environmental permit to discharge waste (GL-Env/03/2004) which covers: noise discharges (IB-ENV/03/2004); air discharges (IB-ENV/02/2004); and water and land discharges (IB- ENV/04/2004).

19. CEPA operates at the national level from its office based in Port Moresby. It does not have offices and staff in the provinces. All environmental approvals are done in the central office in Port Moresby. As part of the GoPNG decentralization policy, CEPA has to work in close consultation with the provincial governments through the respective provincial administrations to ensure implementation of environmental legislation at the provincial level. Certain environmental management and monitoring functions are delegated to provincial administrations on an “if and when” they have the resources and capacity to conduct these activities.

20. The following legislation will also apply to the project:

• Public health. The Public Health Act 1978 protects the general public by regulating and controlling the unplanned disposal of any environmental contaminants such as domestic or industrial waste and/or refuse that will have some kind of impact on the lives of people. The act regulates the proper and planned establishment of waste disposal points such as rubbish dumps and landfills so that such establishments are seen to be causing minimal inconvenience to people’s lives. The act also covers all the activities that pose risks and potential risks, and inconveniences to the usage of the environment surrounding the area of activity. As the subproject will affect the lives of people, especially the local community downstream, this act is applicable and has been taken into consideration.

• Labour health and safety. The Employment Act 1978 is an act relating to the employment of nationals and non-citizens. The act covers recruitment, conditions of employment as well as health and safety aspects and is administered by the Department of Labour and Employment. Conditions of this act are relevant to the health and safety of workers employed during construction and are reflected in the IEE.

• Forestry. The Forestry Act 1991 has the objective to manage, develop and protect PNG forest resources and environment in such a way as to conserve and renew them as an asset for succeeding generations.

• Cultural resources. The National Cultural Property Preservation Act 1965 covers the preservation and protection of objects of cultural or historical importance. This act is administered by the National Museum and Art Gallery. Should “chance finds” be made during construction this act will be triggered, provisions for this have been made in the EMP.

• Water quality. Drinking water quality standards for raw (untreated) water are contained in the Public Health Drinking Water Quality Standards 1984 while the standards for aquatic life protection are listed in the Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002. Ranges of criteria are given for several parameters including turbidity, which should not exceed 25 NTU. Since many of the water courses in PNG are naturally quite turbid this standard appears to be unrealistic as it is close to drinking water standard. Therefore, the pre-project turbidity in the watercourse is suggested as the standard for assessing turbidity during construction.

21. Other related legislation administered by CEPA includes; the Fauna Protection and Control Act (1966), the Conservation Areas Act (1978), the International Fauna and Flora Trade Act (1978), and the National Parks Act (1984). PNG is a signatory to a number of international agreements (treaties and conventions). These are listed in Annex A.

B. Asian Development Bank Safeguard Requirements

22. Safeguard policy. In addition to complying with country safeguards, the SHHIP will also need to comply with ADB’s SPS (2009) which sets out the policies and principles for protecting the environment and people by wherever possible avoiding impacts and mitigating and/or compensating for impacts that cannot be avoided. ADB’s SPS is a policy document in respect of safeguards and avoiding, minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on people and the environment. For projects with a number of components or subprojects, SPS requires the preparation of safeguards (environment and resettlement frameworks) which set out the processes to be followed for screening and assessment of each sub-project.

23. The SPS has the following objectives: (i) avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people; (ii) where possible; minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and (iii) help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks. The environment safeguard requires due diligence which entails addressing environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project preparation.

24. The SPS categorizes potential projects or activities into categories of impact (A, B or C) to determine the level of environmental assessment required to address the potential impacts. The Project is categorized as environment Category B because potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed readily. Accordingly, this IEE has been prepared as the requisite level of assessment to address the potential impacts in line with the SPS.

25. Environmental assessment and review framework. An EARF has been prepared for this investment Program, setting out the procedures for complying with the principles and requirements of SPS. The EARF: (i) reflects the policy objectives and relevant policy principles and safeguard requirements governing preparation and implementation of projects and/or components; (ii) explains the general anticipated impacts of the project and/or components; (iii) specifies the requirements that will be followed for subproject screening and categorization, assessment, and planning, information disclosure, meaningful consultation, and grievance redress mechanism; (iv) describes implementation procedures, including budgets, institutional arrangements, and capacity development.

26. The EARF also sets out the capacity building measures that will be implemented during its implementation. Under the SPS, the subproject is classified Category B because the potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and mitigation measures can be designed readily. The appropriate level of environmental assessment for environment category B is an IEE.

27. The objectives of this IEE are to: (i) identify and describe the existing environmental conditions in the project area including the identification of environmentally sensitive areas; (ii) assess the proposed works and activities to identify their potential impacts, evaluate the impacts, and determine their significance; and (iii) propose appropriate mitigation measures that can be incorporated into the proposed activities to minimize any adverse impacts, ensure that residual impacts are acceptable and establish the requirements for monitoring of the subproject.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECTS UNDER SHHIP-TRANCHE 1

28. Location and General Overview of SHHIP-Tranche 1: The SHHIP-Tranche 1 over the 430 km stretch between the turn offs for Lae Airport (at Nadzab, 40 km outside Lae) and Mount Hagen airport (at Kagamuga, 20 km before Mount Hagen). The current condition of this section determined by geographical and soil characteristics and is divided into five zones as the following picture.

Source: SHHIP Feasibility Study (2016)

Figure 2: Map showing the five zones, between Nadzab airport and Kagamuga turn-off

• Zone 1 is from Nadzab airport (Km 39) to Umi Bridge (Km 140), a total of 101 km. The HH includes 12 bridges, all two-lane. The road is mostly flat, undulating between 150 m and 450 m above sea level. It runs close to and crosses the Markham river and/or tributaries at several points. Several tributaries pass through large culverts under the HH. The sedimentation loads in the rivers are high, and so the rivers are braided and are prone to shifting course. At several points, the HH passes over land that appears swampy, and several areas appear at risk from flooding. There is almost no danger of landslides in Zone 1. There are reports that recent upstream shifts in stream courses have led to sub- branches finding a best path along the road pavement for several km.

• Zone 2 is from Umi Bridge (140) to Magiro Bridge (Km. 348+400) at the border between Eastern Highlands and Chimbu Provinces, a total of 208 km. It includes 21 two-lane bridges and 19 single-lane bridges. In addition, the road crosses many small streams running under the road through culverts. The crossing streams are narrow with fast running water and highly variable discharges.

Umi Bridge lies 450 m asl. The road climbs, slowly at first, and then rapidly to over 1,500m asl at the Kassam summit - approximately 33 km from Umi Bridge. In general, the land lying next to the road has a low-medium incline towards the road, although some stretches of the road in this Zone lie next to very steep inclines with a high danger of rock or landslides. Recently a severe landslide occurred recently close to Kassam Summit creating a very dangerous and unstable situation. The water table appears high and close to the surface at many points. Side drains are largely absent or ineffective.

• Zone 3 covers all the HH in Chimbu Province (Km. 348+400 to Km. 404+535), from Magiro bridge to Miunde bridge, a total of 57 km. It includes 4 two-lane and 2 single-lane bridges, and many large culverts. The crossing streams are narrow with fast running water and highly variable discharges.

Although much of the land adjacent to the road has a low-medium incline towards the road, there are many stretches with steep to very steep inclines to the road. These stretches face a risk of rock or landslides. This risk is compounded by the nature of the soil in Chimbu which is known to facilitate instability. The water table appears high and water can be observed exfiltration from the soil at many points. Side drains are largely absent or ineffective.

• Zone 4 starts at Miunde Bridge (Km.404+535) at the border between Chimbu and Jiwaka Provinces and travels to Ambeke Bridge (Km 424+800), a total of 20 km. It includes 5 single-lane bridges. In addition, the road crosses some small streams running through culverts, and the streams are fast running and narrow, with variable discharges. In general, the land adjacent to the road has a low-medium incline to the road, although some stretches in this Zone lie next to very steep inclines with a high danger of rock or landslides. The water table appears high and close to the surface at many points. Side drains are largely absent or ineffective.

• Zone 5 is from Ambeke Bridge (Km 424+800) to the Kagamuga (Km467) airport turn-off, a total of 42 km, mostly in Jiwaka province and only the final 3km lying in Western Highlands Province. It includes 4 two-lane bridges and 3 single-lane bridges. It also crosses some small streams running through culverts. In general, the land directly next to the road is low-medium inclined to the road and there appears little danger of rock or landslides. Side drains are absent or ineffective at some points. The water table appears close to the surface at some points.

29. The Highlands Highway chainage and zones (Annex B) provides important supplemental information to describe site-specific conditions of the Highlands Highway.

30. SHHIP - Tranche 1 shall be implemented over a 4-year period from 2019-2022 and the outputs under SHHIP-Tranche 1 will be: (i) 40% of the 430 kilometre of two-lane national Highlands Highway from Lae Nadzab airport to Kagamuga airport in Mt Hagen, is rehabilitated, upgraded, and effectively maintained as required to be safe, climate- and disaster resilient for all users; (ii) road safety increased and sustained for pedestrians and vehicle passengers on the Highlands Highway; and (iii) Program management and institutional capacity improved to deliver the Investment Program and sustain its benefits.

31. Institutional Arrangement for Program Implementation: The Department of Works, as the Executing Agency, has the overall responsibility to manage the planning, implementation and monitoring related to overall implementation of the Program, including acquiring use rights for additional land to implement SHHIP subprojects, as well as compensation for damages on project-affected land. The DOW has established and delegated authority to a Program Management Office (PMO) in Goroka headed by a Program Director to manage the day to day activities of the Program.

32. Construction Supervision Consultant: two supervision Consultants have been engaged:

• CSC1, the “Construction Supervision Consultants” for CW1, and • CSC2, the “Construction Supervision Consultants” for CW2 and RIC.

33. Civil Works Contracts: For the implementation of works, three major civil works contracts have be awarded for executing the main construction activities of SHHIP including Civil Works Contract 1 (CW1), Civil Works Contract 2 (CW2) and Road Investment Contract (RIC) as decided in the Figure 3.

• Civil Works Contract 1 - CW1: The CW1 is for the repair, rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of the Highlands Highway between Lae Nadzab and the Henganofi Bridge (210 km) • Civil Works Contract 2 - CW2: CW2 provides for the repair, rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of two segments of the Highlands Highway, the first between the Henganofi Bridge and Mangiro Bridge, and the second between the Miunde Bridge and Mt Hagen Kagamuga (total 161 km). • Road Investment Contract in Simbu Province (RIC): The RIC is for the rehabilitation of the Simbu sector of the Highlands Highway between Mangiro Bridge and Miunde Bridge (57 km). When this sector is rehabilitated and taken over at the end of the Tranche 1 period, its maintenance during Tranches 2 and 3 will become the responsibility of the succeeding CW2 contractors.

Figure 3: SHHIP - Tranche 1 at Glance 34. Typical design of cross section, line ditch and wall protection are as the following figures.

Figure 4: Typical Cross Section

Figure 5: Typical Intercepting Line Ditch at Cut Slope Benching

Figure 6: Typical Gabions Wall

35. Main Works: The SHHIP - tranche 1 will carry out main activities of rehabilitation works, improvement works, maintenance services and emergency works, which include following activities: • Clearing the right-of-way; • Removal of unsuitable materials: Trimming and shaping the existing road formation and subgrade to form a road bed; Excavating and removing unsuitable material from soft spots and backfill, including providing and placing a geo-fabric filter layer where directed; Excavating, trimming and shaping drainage ditches and forming cut batters; Excavating and disposing of overburden from borrow pits; Hauling and disposing of all unsuitable material; Cleaning and removing debris as well as silt from inlets and outlets of silted-up or blocked existing culverts; • Storage of materials: Stockpiling excavated material for embankment construction; Hauling material for construction of capping layer, sub-base and base course;

• Production of materials: Extracting, crushing, grading and testing material for capping layer, sub-base, base course and concrete; • Construction of pavement: Patching the potholes, filling the cracks, and repairing shoulder edge breaks; Constructing and testing of embankments to form the road bed; Pavement surfacing with bituminous layers; Reinstating existing gabion walls; Refurbishment of existing bridge superstructure and abutments; Road strengthening works; Road resealing works; Replacement of cross drains with conduits of larger section; Installation of new lining of side drains; Installation of new slope protection works; Repair of distressed parts of the road, restoring them to a higher standard of durability and safety; • Construction of culvert: Replacing culverts including headwalls, curtain walls, aprons and associated works; Reinstating culverts’ chambers and inlets/outlets parts; • Construction of public works: Constructing market areas; Constructing 1000 m roadside pedestrian footpaths connecting school entrance; Providing the road with bus stops aside the road carriageway; Providing social infrastructure (laundry facility, gender segregated toilets); • Installation of safety devices: Installing new road safety furniture including guardrails, traffic regulatory and control signs, culvert marker posts, milestones, and fenders at bridge sites.

36. Construction Method: The road rehabilitation project will primarily consist of the following: • Vegetation Control; minimise the clearing of trees and vegetation by focusing road construction works on the main project areas as defined in the contract document. • Pothole patching and pavement repair; all potholes and pavement on the existing highway shall be repaired by filling, compacting and binding rock aggregates with the application of the bituminous layer. • Crack Sealing; cracks within the road shall be sealed by compaction of sand and the application of the bituminous layer. • Edge failure repair; edges shall be repaired to provide additional protection to the road. • Shoulder reinstatement; Road shoulder shall be reinstated for the highway to provide protection for the road. • Drain and culvert clearing; drain repair and culvert clearing shall be done with damaged culverts replaced in order to ensure smooth flow of water. • Guardrails replacement; Guard rails will be supplied and installed at selected locations, such as marketplaces, road edges and near bridges as protection barrage. • Re-painting of pavement markings; all pavement markings of the sealed road shall be done in order to separate the road lanes and to mark approaching bridges. • Re-Sealing of the road; after all the clearing, crack sealing and edge failure repair done, the entire extent of the highway shall be sealed with the bituminous layer. • Emergency works if necessary. In the event of a road disaster or an emergency that might disturb or pose a threat to the road construction works.

37. Works volume: The expected volume of materials to be used for the project is presented in table 2 below.

Table 2: The Volume of Materials to Be Used by the Project

Item Works Content Unit Packages CW1 CW2 RIC Total 1 Clearing and Grubbing Ha 2 2 2 6 2 (Earthworks)Excavation m3 31,545 25,565 174,480 231,590 3 Subbase and Base Course m3 119,614 145,213 216,340 481,167 4 Bituminous Surface Litre 3,540,947 514,295 47,470 4,302,712 5 Reinforced concrete pipes 1,941 1,318 1,623 4,882 Drainage (Cleaning existing 6 each 200 177 79 culvert) 456 Removal of Existing Culverts 7 m 750 250 40 (450 mm) 1,040 Removal of Existing Culverts 8 m 40 40 40 (450 mm) 120 9 Line Drain stone Pitched m 29,100 25,400 43 700 98,200 10 Concrete for Headwalls m3 1,910 70 194 2,174 11 Steel for Headwalls kg 13,627 3,870 10 470 27,967

38. These works will utilize various kinds of materials that will be sourced by Contractors from approved suppliers within the Highland Region and elsewhere. Locally sourced materials and supplies, most especially food, may be provided by the community. People from the community are anticipated to be involved in labour-intensive activities such as for vegetation clearing, drainage and slope protection works, and security services.

Table 3: Construction Materials Packages No Material Unit Total CW1 CW2 RIC 1 Cement M3 750 13,000 109,500 123,250 2 Timber Unit 5,400 5,600 11,000 3 Steel Ton 136 13,000 145,070 158,206 4 Glass M3 0 190,000 190,000 5 Bitumen litre 3,195,704 27,000 1,049,770 4,272,474 6 Asphalt Felt M2 13,000 219,000 232,000

7 Sand M3 200,000 5,600 216,340 416,340

8 Fuel litre 1,000,000 100 1,000,100 9 Water Pipe m 1,000 123,000 15,000 139,000

39. In addition, various heavy equipment and vehicles will be used, the type and estimated number of which will be determined by the CSC also during the subsequent preparatory works and by the Contractor(s) during actual implementation. The environmental management plan prepared under this IEE addresses all such concerns.

Table 4: Equipment Required for the Project

N Packages Description Total o Size/Capacity CW1 CW2 RIC Crushing /Screening and 1 100 TPH 1 3 1 5 washing plant 2 Aggregate chip Spreader 4 2 6 3 Bitumen Distributor/Sprayer 3, 000 Gal 3 4 2 9 4 Grader, Motorised (125 HP) 5 4 3 12 5 Wheel Loader 2.25 cu. yd/120 HP 9 3 3 15 6 Bulldozer Crawler 120 HP 4 2 6 7 Backhoe Crawler 1.32 m3/180 HP 3 2 2 7 8 Backhoe, Wheel 0.75 m3/60 HP 3 2 2 7 9 Pneumatic Tired Roller 10 tons/106 HP 2 4 3 9 10 Smooth drum vibratory roller 10 tons/155 HP 11 4 3 18 11 Dump truck 20 T 16 14 10 40 12 Flatbed Truck 20 T 2 5 2 9 13 Water Truck 3, 000 Gal. 5 4 2 11

40. The construction works will employ a workforce of managerial and administrative staff; and skilled and unskilled workers that will be hired locally if qualification and skills fir the requirements. The total number of this workforce will be determined by the CSC in the subsequent preparatory works and by the Contractor during the actual implementation. The Contractors establishes campsites for their staff and workers as following table.

Table 5: Campsites Establishment Campsite CW1 CW2 RIC Singsing Creek Kainantu Location Below the foot of Kainatu town, Kamaliki, Kiwaku/Gariaku Kassam pass, Enstern Eastern (Ganigle)/ Markham district Highlands Highlands Kerowaghi, Morobe province province province Simbu province Area (m²) 5,000 10,774 50,000 30,284 Population (Person) 30 25 13-50 65 Other Associated infrastructures in the camp site will include offices, laboratory, fuel storage facilities, storage facilities and a workshop

41. Quarry areas of the SHHIP-Tranche 1 have been identified as the following table.

Table 6: Quarry Areas Quarry areas CW1 CW2 RIC Quarry name Singsing Creek Bena quarry Ganigle River Quarry Riverine Quarry Location Umi Atzera Rural Namaro village, Ganigle River, 400 Local Level Unggai Bena district, meters south from the Government Eastern Highlands main Okuk Highway and Council, Markham province approximately 18 District, Morobe kilometres from the Province nearest Kundiawa town Capacity (year) 150,000 m³ 20,000 m³ 424, 000 m³ Term of Permit 10 years 5 years

42. Sensitive areas are identified along the highlands highway under SHHIP-Tranche 1 as the following table.

Table 7: Sensitive Areas Along the SHHIP - Tranche 1 Corridor

Item Location Chainage Brief Discussion 1 Nadzab Market area 39+250 about 100m from the construction site and community 2 Leron community 100+300 Along the stretch of the road corridor 3 Zummin School 133+000 On the right beside of the road 4 Watarise Junction 161+100 A black spot area due to the traffic flow from three directions, and the market on the roadside 5 Kassam spring 170+300 At the foot of the Kassam Pass, next to the road corridor and comprises of two fresh spring water, and markets on the roadside 6 Kassam Pass 176+800 Almost half road of Kassam Pass gone due to landslip 7 Yonki Market 180+900 The market and communities locate along the road 8 Kolwara Market area 195+200 The Kolwara Market area is within the road limits, a spring water flows next to the market area. 9 Kapatina Primary 240+350 Kapatina Primary School and the Kapatina School community lives along the road corridor 10 Henganofi Town 249+200 A density of population and along the road

11 Goroka Main Market 297 + 350 A major business amenity in the area such as community, bus stops, village courthouse and churches 12 Kabiufa Secondary 306 + 450 school The school along the road 13 Asaro Station 319 + 650 Many public services locate in this area such as business houses, offers banking services (BSP), and has a hospital, School, market and the Police station 14 Kundiawa town 379+020 The provincial capital of Simbu province and the main centre for commercial activities, police station and the provincial government headquarters

Item Location Chainage Brief Discussion 15 Kondom Agaundo 385+100 Along the Okuk Highway in Kundiawa Gembogl Secondary School district, Chimbu Province 16 Mingende Market 391+550 Along the Okuk highway, and at a central place and services 17 Ganigle Main Camp 401+050 Along the main highway and about 300 metres from the Quarry site. 18 Ganigle Quarry Site 401+440 Around 200m from the Ganigle bridge and the main Okuk highway, and about 100 meters from houses and public services such as police, small market and local communities 19 The Minz Market 422+350 A very busy Market in Jiwaka Province and along the Highlands Highway 20 Kudjip Bridge 472 + 950 One lane and narrow bridge, the Kudjip market and houses are about 100m to 300m from the bridge.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

43. The description of the environment presented below was taken from baseline survey, secondary information and generously used with minimal editing were appropriate to the observed conditions in the field during the rapid field inspections. A. Physical Environment 44. Topography Conditions: A 2002 feasibility and design (including environmental impact assessment) under a technical assistance grant from the World Bank, conducted for the rehabilitation of the entire route of the Highlands Highway identified 16 critical sections requiring rehabilitation works. The study indicated that of the total 600 km of the Highlands Highway, 170 km are in the lowland Region and 430 km are in the highland Region. The topographic characteristics of the critical sections are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8: Landform Characteristics of Critical Sections

Road section & Name of Road Section Altitude Main Landform Type(s) Province (Area) (m) 1-5 Lae through Markham 50 – 300 Flat Plain (flood plain) or alluvial fans Morobe Valley to Gusap 6 Kassam Summit to 1600 – 1800 Ridges and deep narrow valleys with Eastern Highland Yonki Dam steep sides (ravine) 7- 9 Yonki Dome through 1800 – 2000 Eastern Highland Komperi & Kainantu to Ridges and ravine East of Henganofi 10 Bena Bena 2000 – 2200 Alluvial plain (meander plain) Eastern Highland 11 South of Goroka 2000 – 2200 Alluvial fan Eastern Highland 12 Daulo Pass to Watabung 2500 Ridges and ravine Eastern Highland 13 Chuave Border to 2500 – 3000 Mainly hills, ridges and ravine Simbu Koronigl Bridge 14 Nebilyer Road to Kaugel 2500 – 3000 Volcanic foot slopes and volcano- Western & Southern River and Pauanda Hydro alluvial fans Highlands 15 Angurra river 2500 – 3000 Volcanic foot slopes and volcano- Southern Highland alluvial fans 16 Lumbi 2500 – 3000 Ridges and ravine Southern Highland Source: Volume 2-Environmental Impact Assessment, Highlands Highway Rehabilitation Project (WB/SMEC 2002)

45. Geological Conditions: Based on secondary data, PNG can be generally divided into three geo-tectonic Regions -southwestern, central and north-eastern (Davies, 1976), each of which is characterized by different geological features. The Highlands Highway runs through the central geo-tectonic Region, which has developed from tectonism, volcanism and sedimentation through the Quaternary, Mesozoic and Cainozoic periods. For the purpose of this project the Region can be sub-divided further into two sub-Regions, Central Highlands and Sepik-Markham Plain. 46. The Highlands have many defining geographical characteristics some of which are particularly pertinent to this study. First is the prevalence of sharp relief. There is very little flat land in the highlands and a large proportion of the land is steep to very steep. Second is the highly

fragmented nature of the watersheds. Much of the Highlands are made up of small and micro- catchments. Third, there are large areas with loose soil and large areas with clay-based soil and large areas where the water table is very high. This latter has resulted in many damp or swampy areas. These geographical characteristics contributed to historical impenetrability of the Highlands; until the middle of the 20th century the Highlands were almost entirely isolated from the rest of the country and the world.

47. The critical sections 1-5 (within the first 170 km of the Highway), which are located between Lae and Gusap, are in the Sepik-Markham Plain geological sub-Region. This sub- Region is mainly characterized by strong faulting and Quaternary deposits such as alluvium, raised corals and subaerial lavas and pyroclastic. From north to northeast of Markham Plain are the Sarawaged, Finnisterre and Atzera Ranges responsible for major sedimentation and alluvial deposits in the Markham Plain.

48. The critical sections 6-16 (within the remaining 430 km of the Highway), which are located between Kassam Pass Summit in the Eastern Highlands and Mendi in the Southern Highlands, are within the Central Highlands geological sub-Region. This sub-Region is characterized mainly by crystalline rocks (metamorphic, intrusive, and volcanic) and by strong faulting and structural complexity (Davies, 1976). The road corridor of these highway sections passes mainly through Miocene deposits such as siltstone, conglomerate, volcanic, granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, limestone and mudstone.

Table 9: Geology at Critical Sections

Road Section and Area Geological Geological Features Sub-Region (Rock Type) 1-5 Sepik-Markham Plain Mostly alluvial deposits. Also, some sedimentary Lae through Markham Valley to rocks as conglomerate and tuff. Gusap 6-7 Mainly sedimentary rocks such as mixed to Kassam Pass Summit to Yonki Central Highlands undifferentiated calcareous and alluvial deposits, Dome Limestone, Igneous rocks. 8-9 Orampaka River to Komperi Central Highlands Siltstone, conglomerate and volcanic rock deposits. (Kainantu to East of Henganofi 10-11 Central Highlands Unconsolidated alluvial and calcareous deposits. Bena Bena to Goroka Sedimentary – mixed including undifferentiated 12 Central Highlands calcareous deposits, Daulo Pass to Watabung Igneous rocks – mixed including undifferentiated intrusive. 13 Central Highlands Dominantly sedimentary rocks, mainly calcareous Chuave Gap through Kundiawa deposits, shales, mudstones and greywackes. to Koronigl Limestone. 14-15 Central Highlands Dominantly volcano-alluvial deposits and Kaugle area to Kireni pyroclastic. 16 Central Highlands Composed of sedimentary rocks, mainly calcareous Lumbi deposits. Source: Volume 2-Environmental Impact Assessment, Highlands Highway Rehabilitation Project (WB/SMEC 2002)

49. Meteorological Conditions: PNG is a tropical country lying roughly between latitudes 2° S and 12° S. The main climate drivers are the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and, to a lesser extent, the position of the South Pacific Convergence Zone. ENSO is considered to have

a weaker influence on the northern part of the country. There is little variation over the year in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures. The temperature in Port Moresby rarely rises above 32°c. The wet season is from November to April and the dry season from May to October, although, the seasonality of rainfall is considered rather weak except for the Region around Port Moresby.

50. Rainfall across PNG exhibits high spatial and temporal variability. For example, annual average rainfall in the capital Port Moresby is 1190 mm, whereas at Kavieng (on New Ireland Island) it is 3150 mm. 8 Year-to-year variability is mostly driven by the El Niño Southern Oscillation which has two extreme phases (El Niño and La Niña) and a neutral phase. Generally, El Niño years are drier, and the La Niña are wetter and lead to more flooding and landslides. El Niño is also associated with a late start to the monsoon. Finally, only southern PNG is affected by tropical cyclones and these are not considered to significantly affect rainfall in the Highlands.

51. Generally speaking, the HH passes through two climatic Regions: The Highlands and the Markham Valley. The Highlands lie in a Region classified as warm and wet with no marked dry season; the Markham Valley lies in a Region classified as hot with a marked dry season. The main threats posed to the Highway in the Markham valley from rainfall originates from intensive rainfall in the surrounding catchments – not from the rain in the valley itself.

52. Climate: The Highlands Highway passes through two major climatic Regions. The Markham Valley falls within the Koeppen Aw climate classification. According to McAlpine (1983), this climate classification is described as hot with a marked dry season. The Highland Region falls within Koeppen Cfb climate classification. This climate is warm and wet with no marked dry season (McAlpine, 1983).

53. The greatest climate related threat is extreme rainfall of short duration (within a 24-hour period). Prolonged rainfall also presents a risk as the water accumulates. There are no significant risks associated with high temperatures or strong winds. Both short-term and longer-term rainfalls exhibit strong temporal variability. Further, there is also some evidence of spatial variability in the maximum intensity of short-term rainfall and in annual rainfall. Notably, the storms causing extreme rainfall to appear generally small in geographical size.

54. By 20502, the expected changes in these threats due to climate change can be summarized as follows: • At any site, the average annual rainfall will increase by, at most, 14%; • At any site, the maximum daily rainfall, for any given return period, may increase by up to 30% (by 2055); • For any small catchment, the peak rainwater discharge may increase by up to 34% (for any given return period). This would notably influence the required size of drains; • For any small catchment, the peak water levels in streams and rivers may rise by up to 55% (for any given return period). This would notably influence the required height and design of bridges; • For larger catchments, it appears likely that: (i) the peak discharges will rise, but probably by less than 34%; and (ii) the peak water level will rise, but probably by less than 55%; and,

2 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, SHHIP 2017

• Increases in extreme and prolonged rainfall will most likely lead to increases in soil saturation levels, and in turn to increased slope instability and weakening of the road layers. 55. Most damage to the pavement is caused by the rain as follows: • This raises the water table so that it reaches the pavement foundation layers or even the pavement surface. This weakens the foundations and contributes to subsidence, deformation and pothole formation; • During short-term, intensive rain events, ineffective or absent side drains mean high- energy rainwater flows down the road crown and/or the road edge. This weakens the foundations and exacerbates any existing failures; • During short-term, intensive rain events, rainwater overflows the cross-culverts and crosses the road surface. In addition to damaging the surface, this can erode road foundations near the culvert outlet; and, • Accumulated rain, from both short-term, intensive events and prolonged rain spells, saturates the soil and contributes to rock and land instability.

56. Rainfall: The data available on rainfall in the Highlands is dispersed and incomplete. Data from various sources was collected in order to construct the most accurate and most complete picture of rainfall, however, this remains far from complete. Fifty years of annual rainfall was obtained for one site. With regards to daily rainfall, a total of 11 years data spread over 7 points in the Highlands was obtained.

57. The main findings for the Highlands are: • Annual rainfall in the Highlands is highly variable temporarily. For example, at Mendi, during a 52-year period from 1951, the annual rainfall ranged from 1,570 mm to 4,015 mm. • There is some evidence that annual rainfall in the highlands is also variable spatially – i.e. different sites along the highway have different average annual rainfalls and different maximum annual rainfalls. For example, annual rainfall, at four highlands cities3, over the three-year period 1998 – 2000, ranged from 1,282 mm (at Kainantu) to 3,026 mm (Mt. Hagen). The Region is subject to intensive rainfall events. Although the data is very limited, the highest recorded rainfall within a 24-hour period was 110 mm (recorded at the 20 km marker along the Mendi-Kandep highway).

• The intensive rainfall events appear to cover a small geographical area. That is, an intensive rainfall event may strongly impact one catchment but not touch a neighbouring catchment. For example, on the day that 110 mm of rain was recorded at the 20 km marker along the Mendi-Kandep highway, the rainfall at Mendi and Kandep, both considerably less than 40 km distant4, was only 5.7 and 5.5 mm, respectively. • There is some evidence of spatial variability in the maximum intensity of short-term rainfall – i.e. the maximum rainfall in a given time (2 or 24 hours) with a given return period (say 2 years) at one site may be quite different from that at a nearby site. For example, for Goroka, the highest recorded daily rainfall over the five years for which data is available is 65.6 mm; however, at the 20 km marker along the Mendi-Kandep highway, more than 80 mm was recorded six times during a six-month period in 2013. • There is no data available for rainfall in time lapses shorter than 24 hours.

3 Mendi, Mount Hagen, Goroka and Kainantu. 4 When considered in a straight line.

• There is insufficient data to understand any trends in annual rainfall in the Highlands. However, the limited data from Mendi is consistent with general findings for the Pacific that annual rainfall may be increasing slightly, and that inter-annual variability may be increasing slightly.

58. Average rainfall records from 1998-2000 for Lae, Nadzab, Kainantu, Goroka, Mt Hagen and Mendi along the road alignment are presented in Table 10 below. Based on these records, over the three-year period from 1998 to 2000, average annual rainfall for the Lae and Nadzab was 4595.1mm and 3836.2mm respectively. Nadzab, in particular, exhibited high monthly variations in rainfall with no seasonal pattern apparent. The average for Lae was the highest for the project area. Kainantu had the lowest average annual rainfall over this three-year period with 1282.3mm. For Kainantu and the other highlands locations the months around May to July were the driest. Figure 7 compares the average monthly rainfall for the lowland and highland Regions.

Table 10: Average Monthly and Annual Rainfall for Highlands Highway 1998 - 2000

Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) Annual Location Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Lae 312.5 229.2 272.9 458.6 337.4 480.7 425.7 488.3 454.4 442.9 395.1 297.4 4595.1

Nadzab 354.2 225 143.2 709.3 97.9 614.4 234.1 170.5 366 612.6 87.8 221.2 3836.2

Kainantu 161.5 225.3 165.5 189.0 133.5 51.5 50.0 76.3 119.0 156.7 124.7 179.0 1282.3

Goroka 200.9 210.9 167.1 185.7 51.7 85.8 45 108.2 80.5 144.2 142.8 218.8 2879.1 Mt 354 379.67 336.33 241.0 166.67 170.0 133.33 211.33 167.0 218.0 368.0 280.33 3025.66 Hagen Mendi 232.4 209.6 227.2 296.1 156.9 175.1 247.8 396.3 169.6 150.3 215.3 157.2 2053.3

Source: National Weather Service – Papua New Guinea

360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 Highlands: Road Sections 6-16 200 180

Rainfall Rainfall (mm) 160 140 Lowland: Road Sections 1-5 120 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month

Source: National Weather Service, Papua New Guinea Figure 7: Mean Monthly Rainfall for the Highland and Lowland Regions, 1998-2000

59. Temperature: Temperatures differ between the lower Markham valley and the Highlands. SMEC (2002) reported that temperature data for the highlands is not available from the National Weather Service. SMEC (2002) using various sources reported a mean annual maximum temperature of 23.7oc and mean annual minimum temperature of 13.0oc (both for Mount Hagen area). It reported that similar temperatures can be expected along the length of the highway within the highlands. However, it reported that temperatures in the lowlands are consistently hotter, falling between 25oc and 35oc and rarely falling below 20oc. 60. There is no evidence for sustained hot periods which could cause damage to construction materials used in road pavements.

61. Temperatures for the two Regions differ, with the highlands experiencing cooler conditions. Temperature data for the highlands is not available from the National Weather Service. However, Warren (1988) recorded a mean annual maximum temperature of 23.7oc and mean annual minimum of 13.0oc for Mount Hagen area. Similar temperatures can be expected along the length of the highway within the highlands. Temperatures in the lowlands are consistently hot, falling between 25 oC and 35oc and rarely falling below 20oc. The climate is humid and tropical.

62. Wind: Typically, the Northwest and Southeast trade winds dominate the broad-scale surface wind patterns over the project area. The Northwest winds are predominant during the (monsoon) season: mostly between November and March. April and May are transitional months where the wind starts to shift to southerly. The south-easterly in contrast are dominant from months June to August with September and October being transitional months when wind is variable.

63. Climate Change in the PNG Highlands: This study takes the existing best available climate change projections for PNG and uses these to determine how rainfall in the Highlands (and other parameters) may evolve in coming decades. PACCSAP Findings

64. The most comprehensive and recent studies available on climate change in the Pacific were completed with the support of the Australian Government under the Pacific - Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning (PACCSAP) Program in 2014.11 This work was undertaken through partnerships between BoM, CSIRO and Meteorological Departments in the Pacific island countries. The summary findings for Papua New Guinea are presented below. It is important to note that the models and knowledge are not sufficiently resolved to focus on the PNG Highlands. The information and understanding, to the extent that it does exist, exists at the level of PNG as a whole.

• El Niño and La Niña. These events are projected to continue, but there is little consensus as to whether these will be more or less frequent, or whether they will be more or less intensive; • Temperature. Annual mean temperatures are projected to continue to rise across PNG. Relative to 1995, they are projected to rise by 1.1°C by 2030, and, by 2090, a further rise of 0.4 – 4.2°C is projected, depending on scenarios and models used; • Extreme temperatures are also projected to continue to rise, by approximately the same amount as the annual mean temperatures. Further, the frequency of extremely hot days is projected to increase; • Annual rainfall. The long-term average rainfall is projected to increase in most areas of PNG. By 2050, annual rainfall is projected to increase by 6% to 8 % depending on the scenario (the entire range of possible increases, using all models, is from -3 to +14%). In addition, rainfall is projected to be more concentrated into the rainy seasons. Based on

this, to avoid risk, it may be appropriate to assume that the average annual rainfall will increase by at most 14% by 2050. This figure will be used where pertinent through the remainder of this report; • Extreme rainfall. The maximum intensity of rainfall is also projected to increase, although this projection is subject to a lower level of confidence than for annual average rainfall. The PACCSAP report states that, by 2030, the current 1-in-20-year daily rainfall amount is projected to increase by 12-14 mm; and by 2090, it is projected to increase by 21-55 mm. By 2090, the current 1-in-20-year daily rainfall event will become, on average, a 1-in- 7 year or even a 1-in-4-year event.

65. The most comprehensive and recent studies available on climate change in the Pacific were completed with the support of the Australian Government under the Pacific

66. The Pacific Climate Futures Program has been preparing regionalized climate change projections for application at the national scale. Dynamic downscaling of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to 60km and 8km grids undertaken for PNG is summarized in Table 11 below. Given that the expected design life of the road improvements anticipated for this Program is 20- 30 years, these projections consider 2030 and 2055 timeframes only.

Table 11: Climate Change Projections

Climate variable 2030 Projections 2055 projections (annual average) (annual average) Surface air temperature (0 C) +0.80 C +1.450 C Total rainfall (%) +1.2% +8.8% Humidity (%) +0.1% +0.15% Sea surface temperature (0 C) +0.7 ±0.4 +1.3 ±0.5 Mean sea level (cm) +10 (5-14) +20 (9-30) Source: Pacific Climate Futures Program; Climate Futures Exploration Tool (February 2012). Note: Ensemble mean data for 2030 and 2055 projections for A1B (medium emissions scenario)

67. Hydrographical Conditions: The Highlands Highway traverses many waterways (a combined total of 52 rivers, creeks, including large rivers in the Markham River and Ramu River valleys. Many of these large rivers carry high sediment loads. Some have unstable bed slopes and bed width. Importantly, evolving river morphology poses threats to existing road alignments and bridges along the highway. This is particularly so at the Yalu, Maniang, Gusap and Bora rivers in critical sections 2-5.

68. The river is very broad and braided. The main branch and smaller braids are subject to regular shifting and to localized flooding. The HH is not straight and from time to time it touches the northern edge of the valley where it crosses highly seasonal streams coming down from the hills to the North. 69. Major problems along the highway of the flat-floored Markham Valley have resulted from aggradation of its rivers induced by landslides in recent years. Some of these problems are major and require advanced river engineering techniques. Others are of a more confined nature, requiring relatively minor works. In the Highlands sections of the highway, streams vary from being nascent in nature to fast flowing rivers.

70. Geomorphology: The Markham Valley is in general a stable geomorphological zone comprising a relict fluvial depositional landform characterized by alluvial fans with unconsolidated alluvial deposits. It should be noted, however, that due to the instability of the surrounding higher areas, large sediment loads are transported along the rivers of the flood plain. These can damage

infrastructure, particularly bridges and roads, and can also dramatically alter the course of rivers and creeks.

71. Most of highlands comprise of denotational landforms characterized by fluvial erosion and mass movements. Ridges and deep narrow valleys with steep sides (ravines) are the major land features. However, some areas comprise of depositional landforms. For example, critical Section 10 in the Bena Bena area, is a depositional landform characterized by composite meander (fluvial) plains. Similarly, critical sections 14 and 15 are in a volcanic landform dominated by volcanic foot slopes and volcano-alluvial fans.

72. Seismicity: Papua New Guinea lies in the collision zone between two major lithospheric “plates” of the earth’s surface, the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate. Major earthquakes and volcanic activities are associated with this collision zone. These can cause destruction of properties, injury and death. There are no records of volcanic activity in the project area in the last century, but earthquakes are very common.

73. There are four main earthquake zones in PNG, according to Everingham and Ripper (1976), and they are: (i) most active zone of shallow (0-69 km) earthquakes; (ii) moderately active zone of shallow (0-69 km) earthquakes; (iii) zone of intermediate depth (70-299 km) earthquakes; and (iv) zone of deep (300-600+ km) earthquakes.

74. Road sections in Morobe Province are in the transitional area between earthquake zones (i) and (ii). The road sections in the Eastern Highlands and Simbu Provinces include earthquake zones (i), (ii) and (iii) experiencing both shallow (0-69 km) and intermediate depth (70-299 km) earthquakes. The highway sections in the Western Highland and Southern Highland Provinces experience moderately active shallow (0-69 km) earthquakes (earthquake zone (iii)).

75. Overall, seismic activity along the Highlands Highway is mostly evidenced by landslides and subsidence and to a lesser extent, changes in watercourses. The landslides have an enormous impact on the Highway and those who use it. Subsidence is also responsible for many of the degraded critical areas along the highway.

B. Environmental Quality

76. To assess the current status of environmental quality, the SHHIP’s Team has undertaken environmental monitoring in March and April 2019 as following:

- Ambient air quality: The parameters of PM10 and PM2.5 were sampled and analysed in one-hour averaging period sampling at sensitive receptors along the corridor including schools and residential areas. - Noise level: In-situ noise level measurements were conducted in the same location as the selected ambient air quality measurement - Surface water quality: Parameters of temperature, pH, turbidity was sampled in-situ by portable sampling equipment. Parameters of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Oil and Grease, and Total Coliform Bacteria were sampled and analysed at the Laboratory of Lae University of Technology. - Groundwater quality: Parameters of temperature, pH, turbidity was sampled in-situ by portable sampling equipment. Parameters of Total Coliform Bacteria, E. Coli, Arsenic,

Chloride, Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Nitrite, Hardness, Sodium, and Iron were sampled and analysed at the Laboratory of Lae University of Technology.

77. Air and Noise level: The samplings of air and noise include public sites, bus stops, marketplaces, schools and health centres which are located along the project corridor. Air and noise monitoring locations are as the following table.

Table 12: Air and Noise Monitoring Locations

Chainage Coordinate Sampling Description Monitoring No. (Km) (x; y) Code location Air Noise 1 Nadzab 39+250 6o33'49" S AQ 1 NL 1 Market area and Junction 146o44'49" E community 2 41Mile 62+400 6o35'34" S AQ 2 NL 2 Near market area and Community 146o35'4" E community 3 100+300 AQ 3 NL 3 Market area and Leron 6o22'37" S community living near the Community 146o25'27" E road 4 Mutzing 122+600 6o20'44" S AQ 4 NL 4 Near School and Community 146o14'42"E Community 5 Zummin 133+000 6o12'24" S AQ 5 NL 5 School and market Community 146 o11'12" E 6 Umi 140+500 6o12'23" S AQ 6 NL 6 Market area and Community 146o11'10" E community 7 Kapatina 240+350 6o17'52" S AQ 7 NL 7 School and community Community 145o45'6" E 8 249+250 6o15'25" S AQ 8 NL 8 Henganofi Community and market 145o37'18"E 9 Harpin Black 343+150 604’56” S AQ9 NL 9 Few villages around the spot 145010’4” E corner, few stores 10 Kundiawa 379+020 6°1’156” S AQ10 NL 10 main commercial centre of Town 144°48’22” E the province 11 Kondom 385+100 AQ11 NL 11 Secondary 5°59’29” S School 144°56’10” E School and Health centre 12 Mingende 391+550 5°57’55” S AQ12 NL 12 A very busy market, bus Market 144°53’26” E stops, school and villages 13 Ganigle 401+050 5°56’37” S AQ13 NL 13 Camp site 144°49’9” E Villages and campsite 14 Ganigle 401+440 5°56’581” S AQ 14 NL14 Village houses, quarry Quarry Site 144°49’03” E area 15 Minj 5052’52” S AQ15 NL15 A very busy market in Junction 422+350 144040’50’E Jiwaka Province; Villages, schools 16 Kujip 5050’30” S AQ16 NL16 Busy market, bus stops, Junction 436+150 144034’59” E Kudjip Hospital 17 Apien 453+950 5048’52” S AQ17 NL17 A junction where people Junction 144029’23” E come to market, buy food

Chainage Coordinate Sampling Description Monitoring No. (Km) (x; y) Code location Air Noise 18 Tuman 453+450 5048’52” S AQ18 NL18 Junction where people Junction 144026’51” E exchange goods, and services 19 Kindeng 453+950 5048’52” S AQ19 NL19 Busy junction, market, Junction 1440’26’51” E shopping

20 Avi Junction 461+250 5049’27” S AQ20 NL20 Busy market, small stores 144023’11” E 21 Waghi 5050’16” S AQ21 NL21 Busy market, stores and Market 467+750 144019’39” E shops cramp

22 Kagamuga 470+850 5050’26” S AQ22 NL22 Stores, people moving Junction 144017’59” E back and forth for daily activities 78. Noise monitoring result: Results of monitoring indicate that the noise levels in 2 locations of Kundiawa Town and Waghi Market were 75 dBA and higher than WHO Standards (70 dB or less in daytime). Table 13: Noise monitoring results

Location Sample Code Average noise level (dBA) Nadzab Junction NL 1 62.8 41Mile Community NL 2 57.6 Leron Community NL 3 58.3 Mutzing Community NL 4 64.2 Zummin Community NL 5 62.2 Umi Community NL 6 68.1 Kapatina Community NL 7 62.8 Henganofi NL8 76 Harpin Black spot NL 9 56.6 Kundiawa Town NL 10 75 Kondom Secondary School NL 11 67.9 Mingende Market NL 12 55 Ganigle Camp site NL 13 66 Ganigle Quarry Site NL14 66 Minj Junction NL15 63.9 Kujip Junction NL16 53.6 Apien Junction NL17 53.6 Tuman Junction NL18 68.9 Kindeng Junction NL19 58.4 Avi Junction NL20 68.0 Waghi Market NL21 75.9 Kagamuga Junction NL22 66.3 WHO Standard 70 dB or less (daytime)

79. Air quality result: The parameters of PM10 and PM2.5 were sampled and analysed at 22 locations of sensitive receptors along the corridor including schools and residential areas. As the monitoring results, the parameter of PM10 in 8 locations were from 118 – 125 (µg/m3) and higher that WHO Standards (50 (µg/m3). The parameter of PM2.5 in 5 monitoring locations were from 83-84(µg/m3) and higher that WHO Standards (25 µg/m3). These locations are in the Town centre and the business areas. Additional, dust generation and resuspension also resulted from vehicles passing over unsealed roads particularly in the Highlands Highway section traversing Simbu Province and make the value of PM10 and PM2.5 higher than the standards. Table 14: Air monitoring results Location Sample Code Parameters PM10 (µg/m3) PM2. 5 (µg/m3) Nadzab Junction AQ 1 5.6 3.9 41Mile Community AQ 2 2.9 2.5 Leron Community AQ 3 12.8 12.7 Mutzing Community AQ 4 12.6 18.2 Zummin Community AQ 5 2.8 1.1 Umi Community AQ 6 4.7 2.4 Kapatina Community AQ 7 3.2 1.4 AQ 8 Henganofi 8.3 2.2

Harpin Black spot AQ 9 6.4 3.7 Kundiawa Town AQ10 125.6 18.2 Kondom Secondary AQ11 6.4 3.7 School Mingende Market AQ12 125.6 18.2 Ganigle Camp site AQ13 24.6 83 Ganigle Quarry Site AQ 14 218.10 84 Minj Junction AQ15 125.6 18.2 Kujip Junction AQ16 125.6 18.2 Apien Junction AQ17 6.4 3.7 Tuman Junction AQ18 24.8 83 Kindeng Junction AQ19 125.6 18.2 Avi Junction AQ20 24.8 83 Waghi Market AQ21 125.6 18.2 Kagamuga Junction AQ22 125.6 18.2 WHO Standards 50(µg/m3) 25(µg/m3) 24-hour Mean 24-hour Mean

80. Surface Water Quality: Monitoring locations present as the following table.

Table 15: Surface Water Monitoring Locations Sample Location Chainage Co-ordinate Description of Sampling Area Code (Km) SW1 41Mile 62+400 6o35'34" S School, community, marketplace & Community 146o35'4" E bridge SW 2 Mutzing 122+600 6o20'47" S Bridge, community, school and Community 146o14'42" E marketplace SW 3 Umi Market & 164+100 6o7'21" S Road junction (blackspot area), just next Bridge 146o2'46" E to roadside

Sample Location Chainage Co-ordinate Description of Sampling Area Code (Km) SW 4 Yonki Dam 186+200 6o16'31" S Water is used for domestic activities, 145o56'44" E near the road SW 5 Kainantu Bridge 211+000 6o17'25" S No community nearby 145o52'23" E WQ6 Henganofi Bridge 249+450 Villages upstream and downstream, water used daily activity WQ7 Bena Bridge 279+850 6011’17’ S Villages living around, water used for 145025’53’ E drinking WQ8 Taraboro Bridge 287+350 Coffee factories and quarry site locate in this area WQ9 Asaro Bridge 2 314+650 600’30” S Local people living about 200m up 145018’34” E stream, trade stores, using water for bathing, laundry but not for drinking WQ10 Fionoku Bridge 335+550 604’56” S Houses and settlement in downstream, 145010’4” E water using for drinking, cooking and all the house chores. WQ 11 Mangiro Bridge 348+400 Houses located along the river and using 6°6’069” S river water for bathing, laundry, 145°08’246” E recreational activities, not for drinking WQ 12 Kornigle Bridge 397+250 Villages and houses living along the river and using water river for bathing, 5°56’35” S laundry, recreational activities, but not for 144°51’07” E drinking WQ 13 Ganigle Bridge 401+450 Communities such as the Police Barracks and villages along the river use the water body for drinking, bathing, 5°56’557” S laundry and recreational activities. Near 144°48’945” E Quarry and camp site WQ 14 Miunde 404+520 Local communities using river water for Bridge 5°55’39” S bathing, laundry, fishing, recreational 144°47’33” E activities but not drinking. WQ15 Kukpa Bridge 426+550 5052’7” S Community living up and down stream 144039’19” E commonly using the river water for house chores but not for drinking. WQ16 Ambeke Bridge 428+350 5051’45” S Water using for washing and other house 144038’20” E chores but not for drinking WQ17 Damne Bridge 426+750 5051’38” S Community around the area use water 144038’15” E for house chores, bathing etc.; but not drinking. WQ18 Kurumula 2 428+650 5050’36” S Villages upstream and downstream used Bridge 144037’17” E the water for bathing and laundry, not for drinking WQ19 Kurumula Bridge 431+750 505037” S Villages up the stream use for drinking 1 144035’6” E and other house chores WQ20 Kudjip Bridge 1 436+350 5050’32” S Villages along the river commonly use it 436+150 144034’28E for house chores, shower, car wash, etc. but not for drinking. WQ21 Komon Bridge 465+850 5055’6” S Commonly used for car wash, rubbish 144020’34E dumped on the banks, community use for bathing and laundry, not for drinking WQ22 Waghi Bridge 467+750 5055’13” S Waste from Mt Hagen town are dumped 144019’34E here.

81. According to surface water analysis results, the parameters such as pH, BOD5, COD, Nitrogen, and Total P were satisfied WHO Standards. However, the parameters such as DO, TSS and Oil and Grease were higher than the permissible value of the regulation. The reasons were that there were flooded in some areas during the monitoring time and local communities are using river water for bathing, laundry, fishing and recreational activities. The analysed results of water monitoring are presented below. Table 16: Results of Surface Water Monitoring Sample Parameters Code ToC pH DO BOD COD Nitroge total TSS Turbidit Oil and Colifo (°c) (mg/L 5 (mg/L n P (mg/L) y Grease rm ) (mg/L ) (mg/L) (mg/L (mg/L) total ) ) SW 1 26.0 7.34 6.4 2.2 20 <10 <0.05 12 <1 - SW 2 28.4 7.46 9.7 3.7 40 <10 <0.05 900 1 - SW 3 27.4 7.3 5.2 2.1 <5 <10 <0.05 4.0 <1 SW 4 26.8 7.54 3.8 6.9 10 <10 <0.05 6.0 6.5 SW 5 23.9 7.55 8.2 2.5 <5 <10 <0.05 16 5.5 SW 6 24 7.0 5.1 3.4 6 <10 0.05 310 68 7.0 - SW 7 24 7.1 5.1 1.0 6 <10 <0.05 1800 600 74 - SW 8 24 6.8 4.0 1.3 8 <10 0.32 7000 2000 445 - SW 9 24 7.4 5.4 1.7 7 <10 0.09 270 200 8.0 - SW 10 24 7.4 5.3 1.5 <5 <10 <0.05 100 53 5.0 - SW 11 17 7.35 10.8 5.4 10 - <0.05 4.0 - - SW 12 22 7.2 16.7 1.3 <5 - 0.14 390 1.3 - SW 13 20 7.81 11.3 1.5 <5 - 0.05 10 1.3 - SW 14 23 7.53 10.9 3.9 7 - <0.05 20 1.3 - SW 15 24 7.4 5.1 1.7 30 <10 <0.05 70 73 7.0 - SW 16 24 7.0 5.3 1.5 20 <10 <0.05 40 65 16 - SW 17 24 7.3 5.2 1.4 9 <10 <0.05 27 52 61 - SW 18 24 7.3 5.3 1.4 8 <10 <0.05 47 45 14 - SW 19 24 7.0 5.1 1.5 10 <10 <0.05 30 84 177 - SW 20 24 6.9 5.1 1.2 10 <10 0.48 2100 2000 77 - SW 21 24 7.6 5.3 2.4 30 <10 0.05 150 81 8.0 - SW 22 24 6.8 4.7 4.4 9 <10 0.06 150 200 4.0 - WHO ≤ 6.0 ≤30 ≤125 ≤10 ≤4 ≤50 ≤10 ≤400 Standards

82. Ground water: Monitoring locations present as the following table.

Table 17: Ground Water Monitoring Locations Sample Location Chainage Co-ordinate Description of Sampling Area Code (Km) GW 1 Nadzab 39+250 6o33'49" S Project starting point. Junction 146o44'48" E - Small market, community use it for bathing GW 2 41Mile 62+400 6o35'34" S school, community, marketplace & Community 146o35'4" E bridge GW 3 Mutzing 122+600 6o20'47" S Bridge, community, school and Community 146o14'42" E marketplace GW 4 Watarais 161+100 6o7'21" S Road junction (blackspot area), just Junction 146o2'46" E next to roadside

Sample Location Chainage Co-ordinate Description of Sampling Area Code (Km) GW 5 Sing-song 163+600 - 6o8'40" S Contractor camp creek 146o2'22" E GW 6 Kassam 170+300 6o11'20" S Few houses, spring water near the Springwater 146o2'47" E road, washing vehicles area GW 7 Coldwara 195+200 6o16'31" S water using for domestic activities, Market 145o56'44" E near the road GW 8 Henganofi 249+250 6o15'29" S Near the market and provincial Bridge 145o37'16" E office, residential area GW9 Guaka 354+950 60 6‘42” S A bus pit stops along the highway Spring 1450 6’ 36” with a few houses and a small school.

83. Parameters of Total Coliform Bacteria, E. Coli, Arsenic, Chloride, Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Nitrite, Hardness, Sodium, and Iron were sampled and analysed at Laboratory. According to groundwater analysis results, the parameters of ground water were satisfied the permissible value of WHO. The analysed results of water monitoring are presented below.

Table 18: Results of Ground Water Monitoring

Parameter GW 1 GW 2 GW 3 GW 5 GW 6 GW 4 GW 7 GW 8 GW9 Standards PN WHO G Temperature 22 20-25 29.0 28.4 18.0 28.4 26.8 30 24.5 25.6 (°c) pH 7.86 7.46 7.84 7.46 7.67 7.80 7.55 7.45 7.2 6.5 – 8.0 DO (mg/L) 9.5 9.7 11.7 9.7 7.1 7.2 11.9 5.2 16.7 5 TDS (mg/L) 0239 0309 0113 0309 0070 0658 0196 0041 300 500 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 <0.00 0.0 0.05 Asernic (mg/L) 9 3 2 3 4 5 3 3 02 1 Calcium (mg/L) 45 37 33 65 66 42 15 33 89 75 Chloride (mg/L) 5.7 3.5 2.8 4.3 2.8 8.5 2.8 4.0 3.9 250 Coliforms, 0 Faecal(colonies/10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (CFU/10 0ml) 0 mL) 0 Coliforms, Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (CFU/10 (colonies/100ml) 0 mL) Colour, Apparent Colourle 100 70 30 5 5 20 5 10 (Hazen) ss 0 E.coli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (FU/100 (colonies/100ml) mL) <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 0.8- 1.5 Fluoride (mg/L) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.08 0 5 5 5 5 1.5 Hardness 252 ≤20 300 (Calculation) (mg/L 152 115 119 201 210 247 144 109 0 as CACO3) <0.00 0.3 Iron (mg/L) 2.2 0.48 0.22 0.12 0.032 0.032 0.014 0.43 1 7.2 ≤0. 50 Magnesium (mg/L) 9.8 5.4 8.8 9.4 11 34 26 6.7 5 Sodium (mg/L) 38 8.9 9.6 57 25 140 1.1 47 4.2 ≤50 200 Turbidity (N.T.U) 71 7.2 7.5 0.16 0.34 1.9 0.27 2.2 5 NTU

84. Soils. Based from the same secondary reference, the project area can be divided into three groups with respect to soil types. They are a) lowland plains soils (Sections 1-5), b) valley soils (Sections 6-11), and c) high mountain soils (Sections 12-16).

85. Sections 1-5 are generally characterized by soils of the plains. Sections 1-2 are dominated by well to imperfectly drained, undifferentiated soils and slightly to moderately weathered soils with altered B horizons. Sections 3-5 are characterized by soils with thick, dark topsoil and undifferentiated soils subjected to seasonal moisture stress. Sections 6-11 are generally characterized by soils of the valleys. The land in these highway sections is dominated by strongly weathered to poorly drained soils with finer textured subsoils. Sections 12-16 are generally characterized by soils of the high mountains. From sections 12 - 13, the land is dominated by moderately weathered soils with high organic matter content. From road sections 14-16, the land is dominated by moderately weathered ash soils with thick, dark topsoil. The soils associations of the above major soil groupings are summarized in the following table.

Table 19: Summary of Soil Types at Critical Sections

Road Area(s) Major Soil Grouping Soil Association Section s 1-2 Weigh Bridge to Lowland Plains Soils: Dominantly Eutropepts Yalu Creek Slightly to moderately weathered soils Sub-dominantly Troporthents with altered B horizons Lowland Plains Soils: Sub-dominantly Tropofluvents, Well to imperfectly drained Hapludolls, and Fluvaquents or undifferentiated soils Psammaquents 3-5 Mutzing through Lowland Plains Soils: Sub-dominantly Haplustolls, Zumin, Atsunas, Soils with thick, dark topsoil and Ustipsamments or Ustifluvents, Watarais to Gusap undifferentiated soils subjected to and Ustorthents seasonal moisture stress 6-8 Kassam Pass Soils of the Valleys: Sub-dominantly Plinthaquults, Summit through Strongly weathered, poorly drained soils Plinthaqualfs, Argiaquolls, Yonki Dam to with finer textured subsoils Plinthohumults or Tropofluvents Umbaka Creek 9 Komperi Primary Soils of the Valleys: Sub-dominantly Tropofluvents, School to Avanmofi Well to imperfectly drained Hapludolls Fluvaquents or Primary School undifferentiated soils Psammaquents 10-11 Bena to South of Soils of the Valleys: Sub-dominantly Plinthaquults, Goroka Strongly weathered, poorly drained soils Plinthaqualfs, Argiaquolls, with finer textured subsoils Plinthohumults or Tropofluvents 12 Daulo Pass to High Mountain Soils: Subdominantly Humitropepts, Watabung Moderately weathered soils with high Eutropepts and/or Troporthents organic matter content and various Andepts 13 Chuave through High Mountain Soils: Subdominantly Humitropepts, Kundiawa to Moderately weathered soils with high Eutropepts Troporthents and Koronigl organic matter content Tropaquepts 14-16 Nebilyer area High Mountain Soils: Dominantly or subdominantly through Kaugel Moderately weathered ash soils with Hydrandepts and Dystandepts. River, Angura River thick, dark topsoils to Lumbi Source: Volume 2-Environmental Impact Assessment, Highlands Highway Rehabilitation Project (WB/SMEC 2002)

C. Biological Environment 86. Papua New Guinea (PNG) contains a wealth of biodiversity and is one of eighteen mega diverse countries of the world, which has a high total number of species. PNG contains more than 7% of the world’s biodiversity in less than 1% of the world’s land area. It is home to more than 18,894 described plant species, 719 birds, 271 mammals, 227 reptiles, 266 amphibians, 341 freshwater fish species, 600 species of coral and 3000 species of reef fish. Many species remain to be discovered and documented scientifically. In addition, PNG has a remarkable cultural diversity, with more than 800 languages, associated with beliefs, dances, customs where 96% of the land is still held under customary ownership5.

Sources: CEPA 2017 Figure 8: Protected areas of PNG

87. Terrestrial and riparian ecosystems in the project area was identified by the SHHIP team in March and April 2019 as follows: • Undertake inventory of terrestrial flora and fauna species for each habitat type traversed by the Highlands Highway, and for each of the species identified take note of the following: conservation status, endemism, and rarity; • Through key informant interviews or community-level consultations, identify terrestrial flora and fauna species used for food, housing or shelter or other uses by the local communities; • Undertake an inventory of riparian flora and fauna in the project affected area and for each of the species identified note: conservation status, endemism, and rarity; • Through key informant interviews or community-level consultations, identify riparian flora and fauna used for food or others by the local communities.

5 Papua New Guinea POLICY ON PROTECTED AREAS

88. Inventories of terrestrial flora and fauna species were undertaken in 24 sites along the Highlands Highway from Nadzab airport turnoff to Kagamuga airport turnoff. Each of these sites were surveyed for mammals, birds, frogs and reptiles, invertebrates, insects, riparian biodiversity and plants in general. 89. There were no wildlife management or protected areas along the corridor. However, there are two mammals of Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus spp) and Barnton's Long Beaked Echidna (Zaglossus Bartoni) located in Daulo Pass that are in the IUCN Red List.

90. The Team Survey have limited information about these species. It needs continuously monitoring that can understand the status of species' distribution, feeding habits, life cycle and threats to its population among other things.

91. The detailed survey results of terrestrial and riparian ecosystems are indicated in the Annex D. The following table is the summary of site and habitat types.

Table 20: Summary of Sites and Habitat Types

Site Chainage Site Name Site Description Habitat Type No. (Km) Nadzab 39+250 Predominantly grassland and leucaena 1 Grassland Junction plants 62+400 Consist of grasses with some shrubs, 2 41 miles woody trees and edible plants like Grassland pawpaw and bananas 100+300 Consist of river under the bridge and Leron 3 few houses. Vegetation mostly grass Grassland Bridge and shrubs 122+600 Coconut and mango trees, with planted 4 Mutzing trees for biomass. Also, natural Grassland grasses and shrubs present 133+000 Coconut and mango trees, grass and 5 Zumim Grassland shrubs observed Watarais 161+100 Coconut trees, grass and shrubs 6 Grassland Junction observed Yang 167+100 Coconut trees, oil palm and grass Modified 7 Creek observed grassland Kassam 176+800 Lots of trees and forests at the top and 8 Montane forest Pass some grass at lower side Yonki 180+900 Consists of coffee trees, houses and 9 Modified Market grass 195+200 Contains trees and forests on the Montane forest 10 Kolwara hillside and grass on the lower side of and grassland site. Kainantu 211+000 Consists of gardens with food crops, 11 Modified Bridge elephant grass and giant weed grass 240+350 Lots of gardens with food crops and 12 Kafetina Modified coffee trees. Henganofi 249+250 District office, trade stores, market and 13 Modified Bridge bus stop. Different types of grasses i.e.

Site Chainage Site Name Site Description Habitat Type No. (Km) elephant grass, soft pipit and strong bamboos. Few shrubs, grasses, and types of Desmodium plants. 400+050 Villages and houses living along the Modified with Kornigle river use it for bathing, laundry, patches of 14 Bridge recreational activities, but not for forests and drinking gardens. 404+350 Communities such as the Police Barracks and villages along the river Grassland with Ganigle use the water body for drinking, 15 patches of Bridge bathing, laundry and recreational forests activities. Near CHEC Quarry and camp site 407+650 Local communities using river water for Modified with Miunde 16 bathing, laundry, fishing, recreational coffee trees and Bridge activities but not drinking. food gardens 426+550 Community living upstream and Modified with Kukpa downstream commonly use the river 17 coffee trees and Bridge water for domestic purposes but not for food gardens drinking. 426+750 Community around the area use for Modified with Damne domestic purposes, bathing etc.; but patches of 18 Bridge not drinking. forests, gardens and coffee 428+350 The community uses the water for Modified with Ambeke washing and other domestic purposes patches of 19 Bridge but not for drinking forests, gardens and coffee 428+650 Villages along the river commonly use Kurumal 20 it for domestic purposes, shower, car Modified Bridge 2 wash, etc. but not for drinking. 431+750 Villages up the stream use it for drinking and other house chores but Kurumal 21 community living down the stream Modified Bridge 1 used for bathing and laundry, not for drinking. 436+15 Villages along the river commonly used Kudjip 22 it for domestic purposes, bathing, car Modified Bridge wash, and others but not for drinking. 465+850 Area is commonly used for car wash, Komon rubbishes dumped on the banks, 23 Grassland Bridge community use for bathing and laundry, not for drinking Very busy marketing area, with stores Waghi 24 467+750 and makeshift shops. Cramp space Built-up Area Bridge and unorganized.

92. Forest Resources. Secondary information sources indicate that there are two montane forests along the route of the Highlands Highway under the proposed investment Program. These can be found in the Kassam Pass and Daulo Pass. Based on a previous study, the forest in Kassam Pass had been described by Saunders (1993), as a medium crowned forest with canopy at 20-25m, generally uniform with 60-80% closure but height of emergent at about 40m. It is floristically very mixed but dominant Genera are Pometia, Canarium, Anisoptera, Terminalia, and Cryptocarya. The other forest in Daulo Pass, also according to Saunders (1993), is a small crowned forest with tree canopy height at 20-30m and of relatively even height and closure and commonly dense.

93. These forests are however highly disturbed, have low to negligible biological biodiversity and conservation values as a direct result of increasing population pressure on the forests’ resource. These have been progressively cleared for agriculture over the past 9,000 years (see for example Golson and Hughes 1980) and today the landscape through which the highway passes consist of a mixture of cultivated land, coffee plantations, gardens, fallow grassland and shrub land with extensive areas of planted groves of trees (the local Casuarina species and exotic Eucalyptus trees) which the villagers use for building, timber, fencing and firewood. Village plantations have also been established to provide firewood and (to a lesser extent) building timber for sale to people living in the towns along the highway.

94. The proposed works under the investment Program are not anticipated to either induce discernible increases in the already very limited forest harvesting activities in these montane forests or should have any adverse impacts on forest protection management.

95. Biodiversity and wildlife management areas. The Highlands Highway from Nadzab airport turnoff to Kagamuga airport turnoff does not traverse any wildlife management or protected areas. The nearest is less than 20 kilometres but will not be directly affected by construction activities. Environmental management planning response prohibits entry into protected areas for quarrying, hunting or poaching and illegal tree cutting. This shall be strictly enforced by the DOW to the contractor and its workers and staff. Figure 9 indicates the locations of these areas within the Highlands Region.

96. Terrestrial flora. The highway and its corridor pass through areas that are highly modified by human activities and are dominated by grassland and shrubby regrowth interspersed with gardens, coffee plantations and settlements. Past assessments indicate that flora richness of both natural and domesticated plants along the highway is generally higher in the Highlands provinces than in Morobe province. There are four distinct vegetation types are identified along the entire corridor of the Highlands Highway and they are savanna, grassland, garden and montane forest. Grassland and garden are more common than savanna and montane forest vegetation. Gardens comprise present cash and food crops, plantations and regrowth on old gardens. Common domesticated food plants include banana, coffee, pandanus, coconut, betelnut, sweet potato, and bamboo. Many other food crops are also planted in the project area. Baseline terrestrial flora surveys shall be conducted during the preparation of the CEMP to confirm presence of critically endangered and endangered species along the Highlands Highway as listed in Annex C.

97. Terrestrial fauna. According to past assessments (SMEC 2002), the fauna of the lowlands from Lae to Ramu differs very much from the highlands Region. Very few fauna species are in both Regions. Generally, the highlands provinces, due to their similar climate and vegetation type, host the same fauna species. Domesticated animals such as pigs, dogs, goats, and chickens are common in both Regions and they roam freely along the entire highway. Results

of baseline terrestrial fauna surveys conducted by SHHIP Team in March and April 2019 are listed in the Annex C.

98. The Highlands Highway generally traverses a highly disturbed environment largely populated and characterized by secondary vegetation as a result of many years of subsistence cultivation, commercial and small holder coffee plantations, hunting and gathering, and commercial business activities. The fauna species listed in the following table are those observed along the highway during a walk over (drive-over) fauna survey of past assessments. The list also includes fauna species reported by the locals along the highway. Many more fauna species are known to be occurring along the highway but were not spotted during the drive-over survey and therefore were not recorded. This secondary information is presented here to provide further awareness and guide that during construction, the identified species shall be protected and spared from hunting when spotted. The EMP provides mitigating measures against hunting and poaching of these species.

Table 21: Fauna Identified in the Project Area N Species Name Common Name Lowlands Highlands o Mammals 1 Sus Scrofa Pigs1 ✓ ✓ 2 Dogs1 ✓ ✓ 3 Cat2 ✓ ✓ 4 Phalager carmelitae Mountain Cuscus ✓ 5 Melomys platyops Lowland Melomys ✓ 6 Melomys rubex Mountain Melomys ✓ 7 Rattus Rattus ✓ ✓ 8 Ratus novaeguinea New Guinea Rat ✓ 9 Chymipera kalubu Bandicoot ✓ 1 Petaurus breviceps Sugar Gliders ✓ ✓ 0 1 Bats (many Bats (Flying foxes) ✓ ✓ 1 species) 1 Dendrolagus Kangaroo (2-3 species) ✓ ✓ 2 Birds 1 Casuarius Southern Cassowary1 ✓ casuarius 2 Ardea alba Great Egret ✓ 3 Haliasturs indus Brahminy Kite ✓ ✓ 4 Rhipidura Friendly Fantail ✓ albolimbata 5 Rhipidura Willie Wagtail ✓ ✓ leucophrys 6 Paradisaea Raggiana Bird-of- ✓ raggiana Paradise* 7 Lophorina superba Superb Bird-of-Paradise* ✓ 8 Megalurus Tawny Grass bird ✓ timoerientis 9 Myzomela (many Robin (many species) ✓ species) 1 Trichoglossus Rainbow Lorikeet ✓ 0 haematodus

1 Psitteuteles goldie Goldie’s Lorikeet ✓ 1 1 Geoffroyus simplex Blue-collared Parrot ✓ 2 1 Corvus tristis Crow ✓ 3 * Protected Species. 1 Domesticated species; 2 Both feral and domestic Source: Volume 2-Environmental Impact Assessment, Highlands Highway Rehabilitation Project (WB/SMEC 2002)

99. Aquatic fauna. Past assessments indicate scarcity of literature on aquatic fauna in the project area. Species composition of aquatic fauna in the rivers and creeks of the project area is therefore not well known. Aquatic fauna surveys will form part of the baseline activities of the Contractor prior to the commencement of construction. However, most local people along the project area reported that their aquatic systems host little aquatic fauna. In the highlands it is mainly due to the steep topography and fast flowing river systems which are hostile for habitation of aquatic fauna. Most of the rivers are subjected to flooding and high sediment loads most times of the year.

100. Some aquatic fauna species were identified during past assessment as well as reported by local people along the highway. In critical sections 1-5, three (3) fish species where identified, and they include catfish, introduced mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) and eels. Catfish and Carp are common in the highland rivers such as the Bena River, Simbu River, Koronigle, and Garnige River. Carp and Rainbow Trout are farmed in small creeks and ponds in the highlands Region, particularly in Eastern Highlands and Simbu provinces. Varieties of frog species are known to occur in most rivers of the project area. In the lowland toads are more common.

101. Aquatic flora. No aquatic fauna survey was conducted during the preparation of this IEE. This will form part of the baseline activities of the Contractor prior to the commencement of construction. Secondary sources of information however indicated that there is poor development and establishment of aquatic flora in the rivers and creeks of the project area due to the nature of the rivers, which are fast flowing, frequently flooding, have high sediment loads and unstable river morphology. In very slow flowing creeks, local people plant and harvest some local fresh water- based vegetables. In the highland Region Casuarina trees and Imperata cylindrica become established along with other colonising species on disturbed creek beds and banks.

Figure 9: Wildlife Management Area in the Highlands Region Source: Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook

D. Socio-Economic Environment 102. Administrative units. The full length of the Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (SHHIP) encompasses five (5) provinces (viz., Morobe, EHP, Simbu, Jiwaka and WHP) traversing fourteen (14) districts6. The Provincial Headquarters of each of these provinces including the total number of local level government units under each province are presented in the table below and shown in Figure 10.

Table 22: Administrative Units (for Provinces included in SHHIP Program) Provincial Region/Province No. of Districts No. of LLGs No. of Wards Headquarters Highlands Region Western Highlands Mt. Hagen 3 7 244 Jiwaka Kurumul 4 8 235 Simbu Kundiawa 6 20 308 Eastern Highlands Goroka 8 24 261 Momase Region Morobe Lae 9 33 547 Source: District and Provincial Profiles - National Research Institute

103. Population and demography. The Highlands Region is home to more than 40% of the total population (approximately 8.776 million) of Papua New Guinea7. Based on final count for the 2011 Census, the population of the Highlands Region is 2,854,874 representing 39.2% of the total country’s population of 7,275,324 while that of the Momase Region represents about 25.7%. The population growth rate (2000-2011) of the Highlands Region is 3.3% while that of the Momase Region is only 2.4% compared to the country’ 3.1%. Table 23below shows the population of the Highlands and Momase Regions and by Province. Table 23: Population Count and Growth Rate

Total Population Growth Rate (%) Area Households Persons 2000-2011 Papua New Guinea 1,374,644 7,275,324 3.1 Highlands Region 1,121,258 2,854,874 3.3 Southern Highlands 88,041 510,245 3.2 Hela 65,271 249,449 2.7 Enga 76,421 432,045 3.5 Western Highlands 85,101 362,850 3.2 Jiwaka 65,155 343,987 5.6 Simbu 76,198 376,473 3.4 Eastern Highlands 136,992 579,825 2.6 Momase Region 348,648 1,867,657 2.4 Morobe Province 130,109 674,810 2.0 Source: National Population and Housing Census (2011)

6 These are: WHP: Mt Hagen Rural; Jiwaka: Anglimp,-South Waghi Rural; Simbu: Kerowagi, Kundiawa- Gembogl, Sinasina-Yonggomugl, Chuave; EHP: Daulo, Goroka, Unggai-Benna, Henganofi, Kainantu, Obura-Wonenara; Morobe: Lae and Markham 7 Source: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/

Figure 10: Administrative Boundaries along the Highlands Highway Source: Administrative Boundaries- http://www.diva-gis.org/gdata; Indicative Highlands Highway alignment (reconstructed overlay), SHHIP PPTA 2016

104. Agricultural development and land use. The Highlands Highway passes through cultivated areas, settlements, commercial and agricultural areas, towns, grassland, and a few forest areas (Kassam and Daulo Pass Montane Forest). Both the lowland and highland areas of the project area have generally a subsistence-based economy and the land use types are quite similar, although slightly differing in crops cultivated. However, those living near the Highlands Highway are involved in substantially more small-holder cash cropping, since the highway provides access to markets. The lowland Region (Lae to Gusap) has some commercial plantations and dairy/cattle farms or ranches. However, the intensity of land use differs greatly between the two Regions. Land use intensity in these two Regions is directly related to population density; whereby greater agricultural intensity was concentrated in areas with higher population density.

105. Lowland Region. Eaton (1976) classified the land between Lae and Ramu areas as having moderate potential for agriculture but subject to various limitations. The area between Weigh Bridge to Yalu Creek is a resettlement area characterized by clustered dwellings and is very densely populated. Much of the land in this area is utilized for settlements, big industry establishments, institutions, subsistence gardening and commercial agriculture plantations. The remaining areas from Mutzing to Gusap are not so populated and characterized by isolated nuclear settlements. Gardens in these areas are generally patches of small plots. Coconut, banana and betelnut are the common crops cultivated for sale and personal consumption. Newly cleared gardens are usually only planted once, then abandoned for many years, to allow for fallow regeneration. The locals and settlers in these areas also carry out fishing and hunting to supplement their protein requirement.

106. Highlands Region. Eaton (1976) described the land in the highlands as generally unsuitable for commercial agriculture with only few areas having moderate potential. However, most of the areas from Kassam Pass all the way to Lumbi are located in very densely populated areas with both dispersed and clustered settlements and intensive subsistence and cash crop agricultural activities. Unlike in the lowlands, gardens in the highlands are big plots of mixed cropping mostly dominated by sweet potato, sugarcane, banana, taro, peanuts, corn, and pawpaw. There is a rise in the production of fruits and vegetables especially in the Western Highlands Province and Eastern Highlands Province, and they send “exports” to other Regions of PNG, and much is traded between districts. These "exports" include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, onions, Irish potatoes (sometimes called English potatoes), as well as spring onions, garlic, ginger, carrots, pineapples, tomatoes and oranges. This is, a shift from subsistence agriculture focused on root crops and occasional coffee production. Cash crops, mainly coffee and tea, are also grown in large areas.

107. There are no major forest areas and most of the unused lands are comprised of regrowth vegetation that is used for hunting and gathering especially when there is need for additional protein. Fishing is not intensive and not an important activity in the highlands area, except near Yonki dam and where the Fisheries Department has introduced inland fresh fish farming in small ponds.

108. Industrial development. There are no major industries in the Highlands Region. The small domestic market, relatively high wages and high transport costs are constraints to industrial development, both in the country in general and in the Highlands Region in particular. The Lae District in Morobe Province however is a major commercial and industrial hub.

Figure 11: Subsistence Agriculture Source: Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

109. The maintenance and upgrading works of the Highlands Highway will have few and limited adverse impacts mainly occurring during the construction phase. There will be a range of expected minor impacts which can be readily addressed by appropriately implementing the measures identified in the EMP. While construction activities will be limited along existing pavements, slope protection and drainage works may affect privately- or communally owned assets such as land and gardens. These will be compensated for, based on existing procedures of the government and SPS as per the Program’s land acquisition and resettlement framework and resettlement plan. No cultural or heritage sites are anticipated to be affected nor will any primary forest be cleared, or areas of biodiversity value traversed. There may be some impacts on water quality in the waterways, but these impacts can be mitigated and/or managed through the implementation of the EMP.

110. During construction, potential major negative impacts maybe identified in which case, mitigation measures will be immediately developed to reduce these impacts to acceptable levels. Impacts created during construction activities are dependent on a number of factors including the temporary use of land and its rehabilitation after construction; ‘best practices’ being employed during construction activities, coordination and cooperation with local authorities in terms of impact management, and strict enforcement of environmental clauses and conditions included in project bid documents, the contract and technical specifications and adherence to the EMP contained in the IEE and construction environmental management plan (CEMP) prepared by the contractor and submitted to, and approved by Engineer. This process is explained further in Section 8.

A. Design and Pre-Construction Phase 111. There are no significant adverse environmental impacts anticipated during the pre- construction phase of the project. The following may constitute major activities during this phase.

112. Land clearance. Maintenance and upgrading works will be mainly done on the existing road corridor cleared of encroachments. However, there may be a need to acquire additional land for slope protection works, and maybe to some extent for drainage work capacity expansion. This will be coordinated with activities undertaken for the land acquisition and resettlement plan as may be triggered during implementation of SHHIP civil works. During the preparation of this document, Memorandums of Agreement (MOAs) between the private owner or tribal owners of the customary lands as the case maybe, through which the Highlands Highway traverses and the DOW, may have to be initiated if so required. These MOAs are instruments granting the DOW the use of the customary land for both the existing road and the land required for the additional improvements. As of this update, no land acquisition and/or resettlement impacts have been triggered. However, the ongoing studies especially for the 22 critical sites along the RIC section and the road-failure sections under other two sections indicate any additional work scopes affecting private assets, a site-specific Corrective Action Plan or Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) shall be prepared and implemented. The LARP will address resettlement and compensation issues. Implementation of the LARP will be the responsibility of the PMO/DoW and compensation payments must be satisfactorily completed before construction commences.

113. Climate change adaptation. A complete climate risk and vulnerability assessment has been prepared and submitted separately. During the detailed design, general guidance shall be as follows:

• Design slopes with appropriate angles for the soil types encountered and constructed with benches and bench drains where necessitated by the height of the slope; • Inventory and assess existing drainage canals, culverts and observe natural watercourses; replace and/or add drainage pathways to accommodate anticipated flows with allowance for increased flows and sedimentation in determining appropriate sizes with design considerations to the treatment of culvert inlet and outlet works to ensure smooth flow conditions and to minimize any risks of scour; and • Design roadside drains to accommodate anticipated run-off from the carriageway and adjacent slopes; lined drains shall be provided in the design where the longitudinal gradient exceeds 3% or where the soil is considered susceptible to erosion; and sealing of the carriage way will be extended to the shoulders where there is a steep longitudinal gradient or high super-elevation or a combination of both to protect the shoulders from scour.

114. The Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). Before commencing work the contractors prepare a CEMP with detailed method statements in sub-plans/sections in accordance with the EMP included in the BCD. The CEMPs also include site specific drawings at river crossings, slope protection and drainage works, bio-engineering remediation requirements, embankments and all other associated civil works requirements including layout of worker camps and construction yards and amplify how the contractor specifically intends to address the mitigation requirements of each activities and impacts. The contractors prepare the CEMPs that establishes the contractor’s management and compliance requirements with the construction section of the EMP. Once prepared, the CEMP will be reviewed by the PMO and CSC environmental specialists; s/he will also identify if there are gaps or areas for refinements especially in regard to site specificity. The final draft of CEMP will be approved by the SCS prior to any works commencing on site. • The CEMP will be updated, reviewed and approved by CSC, subject to meeting all requirements. • Contractor identifies and secures necessary permits/compliance approval requirements and complies with all permitting requirements associated with the CEMP including quarry permits, approval/ requirements for establishment of batching plant, disposal sites and other related activities for submission and approval of PMO/Engineer and CEPA. • As required to meet the monitoring provisions of the EMP, the Contractor shall engage the services of environmental experts in the University of Technology in Lae and/or other qualified and capable organizations to collect baseline data for air quality, noise levels and water quality as defined in the EMP one month upon receipt of the Notice to Proceed. Monitoring for specific parameters and indicators will be conducted at the frequency specified in the EMP throughout the construction period. This will be reported in progress and monitoring reports and is expected to be costed out by the contractor as part of the pay item in the BOQ.

115. Induction of contractor to the site. Following the selection of the contractor, the contractor will undergo training and prepare and submit the CEMP. Following approval of the

CEMP, the contractor together with the person on the contractor’s staff who will be responsible for supervising and monitoring the CEMP and all the concerned staff of the contractor will meet with the PMO and the CSC on-site where the CEMP requirements will be confirmed by the contractor. The contractor and their staff will also be made aware of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) recording and resolution requirements and protocols for addressing complaints, issues and concerns raised by the stakeholders during the construction. The Contractor will also be advised of the responsibility for securing environment permits if needed and assessment of sources (quarries, river, etc.) of materials. All employees of the contractor will be made aware of the safeguards requirements and their obligations as stipulated in the CEMP.

116. Mobilization of the contractor, construction camp and materials sites. Prior to contractor mobilization to the sites, PMO and CSC will work with the contractor to establish the communications protocol between the contractor and communities as per its communications plan and assist the contractor(s) to obtain necessary licenses for quarrying and gravel extraction. The contractor will identify one member of their staff to perform community relations work and to be the liaison between the ward councillors, village leaders and elders and contractor, as well as between the contractor and CSC.

117. The construction camp accommodation, maintenance yard and other associated facilities such as quarry, crushers, batching plant, asphalt mixing plant-base shall be located outside any areas identified by the authorities to be protected for biodiversity or landscape values and shall be outside any designated protected areas or wildlife management areas.

118. Mitigation measures. The contractor will adopt good management practices to ensure that fuels and chemicals, raw sewage, wastewater effluent, and construction debris/scarified material is disposed of in controlled conditions to reduce the risk of contamination as well as community grievance. Measures to minimize disturbance by construction workers and others’ presence at the works site/area include: • As much as possible, labour shall come from the communities traversed by the Highlands Highway. But where this cannot be avoided due to the absence of skills appropriate to the requirements, workers hired from off-site shall be provided briefing of village protocols as part of awareness and mobilization training; • The contractor is to ensure that workers’ actions outside work site are controlled and village codes and rules of conduct are observed at all times; • The contractor will identify one member of their staff to be the liaison between the ward councillor, village leaders and elders and contractor, as well as between the contractor and PMO; • Worker camp location and facilities will be located at least 500m from settlements and agreed with local communities and facilities approved by CSC and managed to minimize impacts; signage and security will be adequately provided at the site office and works yard and unauthorized people (especially children) entering the area will be prevented; • Adequate signage and security provided at the site office and works yard and prevention of unauthorized people (especially children) entering the area; • As many local workers as possible will be hired and trained for the construction activities. In order to avoid clan conflicts over access to employment, it is important that local workers are sourced from each of the customary land areas along the

highway. There is a risk of conflict if workers are expected to work outside their own customary boundaries. • Adequate housing shall be provided for all workers hired off-site when living at the construction camps and provided with clean canteen/eating, exercise/recreation, and cooking areas; • Construction camp(s) will be established in areas with adequate drainage in order to prevent water logging at the camp and formation of breeding sites for mosquitoes and to facilitate flow of the treated effluents; • Potable water, clean water for showers, hygienic sanitation facilities/toilets with sufficient water supply, worker canteen/rest area and first aid facilities will be provided. Separate toilets and shower areas shall be provided for male and female workers; • Portable lavatories (or at least pit latrines in remote areas) shall be installed and open defecation shall be prohibited; use of lavatories encouraged by cleaning these facilities daily and cleanliness maintained at all times; • Wastewater effluent from contractors’ workshops and equipment washing yards will be passed through gravel/sand beds and all oil/grease contaminants will be removed before discharging it into natural streams. Oil and grease residues shall be stored in drums awaiting disposal in line with the agreed waste management section of the EMP; • Workers shall respect village and landowner’s boundaries and recognize and follow village rules and terms of conduct (especially addressing women and elders); • Wastewater effluent discharges from construction works shall have the necessary permits from CEPA and local authorities before the works commence; • As much as possible, food shall be provided from nearby gardens or from businesses within the community. Poaching of animals or birds for ‘bush meat’ or fishing will not be allowed; • Provision of safe access across the works site (particularly during construction of drains) to people whose village and access are temporarily affected during construction works; • The management of solid, liquid and hazardous waste will be addressed in the Solid Waste Management Plans prepared by the Contractors and managed in line with the provisions of the waste management section of the EMP; • Use of guns and hunting equipment by workers will be banned and workers taking or hunting or in possession of wildlife will be dismissed; • Entry to the protected and wildlife management areas and/or sensitive areas (forested areas and rivers) by workers will be banned; Provision of adequate protection to the general public in the vicinity of the work site, including advance notice of commencement of works, installing safety barriers as required by villagers, and signage or marking of the work areas;

• Safe access shall be provided across the works site (particularly during construction of drains) to people whose village and access are temporarily affected during construction works; • At all times workers should respect village and landowner’s boundaries and be recognize and follow village rules and terms of conduct (especially addressing women and elders); children and young people should not be allowed within the camp areas or living quarters of construction staff. • Avoid or minimize damage to productive trees such as coffee, and gardens, water resources and springs (prior approval from landowners and community will be required); • The contactor will engage an accredited third-party service provider to deliver HIV/AIDS/STIs awareness and prevention for the contractor’s workers and adjacent communities in accordance with provisions of the gender action plan (GAP). The service provider must be an existing organization actively providing such services in the vicinity of the highway, to ensure on-going activities and follow- up of at-risk groups. • Workers should respect village and landowner’s boundaries at all times and follow village rules and terms of conduct (especially addressing women and elders); • Land used for campsites shall be cleaned and turned over to the clan’s owner free from all debris and junk materials including unserviceable equipment. Upon landowner’ advice, the area shall be planted with the same vegetation as soon as possible before it is vacated; • Work and camp sites will be cleaned up to the satisfaction of the landowner and/or local community after use; and • Licenses and EPs for materials extraction and spoil disposal will be obtained in advance and before work commences from landowners, and appropriate authorities including CEPA.

B. Construction Phase 119. The Contractor shall implement the approved CEMP and commit itself and it resources in the proper execution and maintenance of all the required works following good management practices including sound environmental management.

120. The Contractor shall take full responsibility for the adequacy, stability and safety of all site operations and methods of construction. The Contractor shall limit the movement of his workmen and construction plant within the acquired road right-of-way (ROW) so as to minimize damage to adjacent properties along the Highlands Highway. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for any damage to property resulting from its operations, whether on ROW or on land adjacent to it.

B.1 Impacts on the Physical Environment

121. Air quality. Air quality levels are influenced by the intensity of civil works during the construction period of the project. The potential sources of air pollution during the construction stage include: dust generation and resuspension from earth works; emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; fugitive emissions from vehicles regularly plying the highway; fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; air pollution other than

dust arising from the combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants; and localized increased traffic congestion approaching the work areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter and are expected to settle down in the vicinity of the construction sites. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The impacts will be minor, local, short-term, direct and reversible.

122. Emission factor of exhaust fumes are much dependent upon types of equipment, machinery and vehicles and their operation time. Obviously, old equipment, machinery and vehicles will produce more exhaust than new ones. Moreover, equipment, machinery and vehicles lacking maintenance will also generate much more exhaust than fully maintained ones Table 24: Emission Factors of Some Diesel Equipment Hours of Construction Emissions (g/horsepower/hr) Operatio Equipment n per day CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2,5 Water truck 8 2.070 5.490 0.740 0.410 0.400 Road compactors 8 1.480 4.900 0.740 0.340 0.330 Dump truck 8 2.070 5.490 0.740 0.410 0.400 Trenchers 8 2.440 5.810 0.740 0.460 0.440 Cement and mortar 8 2.320 7.280 0.730 0.480 0.470 mixers

123. Pollution of PM and exhaust fumes will significantly impact on human health, especially on the workers and local people living near the construction site. Respiratory diseases are typical of the ambient air environment polluted by PM and exhaust. However, it is difficult so as to compute exact concentrations of PM and exhaust fumes in the ambient air environment at the construction site. The following table shows detailed emission factors of some exhaust arising from operation of some typical equipment.

Table 25: Emission Factors of Some Diesel Equipment

Construction Hours of Operation Emissions (g/horsepower/hr)

equipment per day PM10 PM2.5 Water truck 8 0.410 0.400 Dump truck 8 0.410 0.400 Excavator 8 0.320 0.310 Graders 8 0.330 0.320 Backhoes 8 1.370 1.330 Bull dozers 8 0.330 0.320 Front end loaders 8 0.350 0.340

124. The following are the identified projected impacts on the air quality of the receiving environment: (i) elevated levels of noise and emissions as a result of the operation of the various heavy equipment, vehicles and the operation of the batching and asphalt plants; (ii) increased levels of particulate matter as a result of the excavation works and roadside dumping of materials which is anticipated to be particularly problematic during the dry periods; (iii) emissions of fumes

from engine exhaust pipes and the hot mix plants; (iv) incidents of respiratory diseases due to inhalation of dust and fumes in the works areas and adjacent settlement areas; (v) increased incidences of accidents due to poor visibility during dusty conditions in the work areas; and (vi) nuisance from dust to residents near haul roads due to construction traffic in the area.

125. Mitigation measures. Based on the data in this table, an emission of exhaust fumes into the ambient air may be estimated. However, applying effective mitigation measures will eliminate unexpected impacts arising from problems of PM and exhaust fumes emission.

The Contractor shall prepare and implement a plan for dust management to minimize and/or suppress dust generation and resuspension created by construction activities in the affected work areas. This plan will address dust created by the civil works activities along the highway, as well as by off-site hauling and disposal of construction wastes. It will include regular watering services during dry construction days in settlement areas such as markets, schools and other sensitive entities such as hospitals, and on dust generators such as excavation/open cut areas, and stockpiles. Spillage during transport shall be minimized by covering dump trucks when transporting excavated soils to approved disposal sites. The contractor shall also ensure that dump trucks will not be overloaded.

126. A traffic management plan shall be implemented as part of the CEMP to manage minimization of emissions due to traffic congestion along the construction corridor. The plan will ensure that vehicle passage is not hampered by unnecessary obstructions, especially in areas that have very limited passing space. Construction areas shall be planned to reduce vehicle idling and waiting time, and resources required (i.e. traffic enforcers, warning signs, traffic advisory billboards, etc.) are properly deployed in place. Construction equipment and vehicles shall not be parked longer than necessary on the highway leading to the construction areas. The contractor’s construction equipment and vehicles shall be properly maintained to meet existing ambient air quality standards.

127. Additional measures to be implemented to avoid, reduce or mitigate these impacts include: • The spoil will be disposed of to the allocated sites, or fortification of the foundation in other areas approved by the local authority; • Heights from which excavated materials are dropped shall be controlled to the minimum practical to limit the fugitive dust generation from unloading; • Construction equipment and vehicles shall be inspected for operational worthiness by an accredited third-party service provider. Air pollution control devices shall be installed in the ancillary facilities, i.e. batching and asphalt plants; and mufflers shall be installed in all vehicles to minimize noise pollution; • Appropriate traffic signs shall be installed around sensitive receptors such as residential, institutional (schools and hospitals) and commercial areas advising approaching motorists to maintain slow speeds to minimize or prevent elevated dust generation and resuspension in these areas; • Water sprinkling will be carried out in dust prone locations, unpaved haulage roads, earthworks, and stockpiles including asphalt mixing plant areas; • Open burning of solid wastes (plastic, paper, organic matters) will be prohibited;

• Use of dust control methods (such as covers, water suppression on paved or unpaved road surfaces, or increase moisture content for open materials storage piles) will be practiced; • A regular vehicle preventive maintenance and repair Program shall be implemented to reduce emission of fumes from exhaust pipes; • Masks and personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be provided to construction workers to protect them from inhalation of dust and exhaust fumes; • Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants including crushers and the batching plants will be located at least 1 km downwind from the nearest settlement only after receiving permission from the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC). Hot mix plant will be fitted with stack /chimney of adequate height as prescribed by CSC to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases; • Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters will be used to the extent feasible; • Diesel generating sets will be fitted with adequate stack height; and • Low-sulphur diesel will be used in generator sets as well as other machinery.

128. The following table will summarize some mitigation measures for PM emission. Table 26: Mitigation Measures for PM Emission from Construction PM10 Source activity Mitigation measure control efficiency Demolition and Apply water every 4 hours to the area within 30 36% - 98% debris removal meters of a structure being demolished, to reduce vehicle track out. Construction Apply water every 3 hours to disturbed areas within 61% activities the construction site. Scraping Require minimum soil moisture of 12% for earth 69% moving by use of a moveable sprinkler system of a water truck. Moisture content can be verified by lab sample or moisture probe. Construction Limit on-site vehicle speeds (on unpaved roads). 57% traffic Grading All trucks hauling dirt, sand, soil, or other loose 91% materials are to be trapped with a fabric cover and maintain a freeboard height of 12 inches.

129. Noise: During construction, noise pollution is inevitable due to operation of construction equipment, machinery and heavy vehicles. Most construction equipment operates with a noise level between 75 and 90 dBA as measured at a distance of 50 feet (US EPA, 1971). Noise levels from a point source such as a piece of construction equipment will attenuate 6 dBA per doubling of distance over hard surface. Over a “soft” or vegetated surface noise levels will attenuate 9 dBA per doubling of distance. Thus, if a piece of construction equipment generates 87 dBA at 50 feet, the noise level at 100 feet would be 78 dBA. In case several construction equipment are operating at the same time, a total equivalent noise level is computed based on the following formula:

k (L ) LAeq, total = 10 x log10 i=1 [10 Aeq, i /10 ]

Where:

LAeq, total is the total equivalent noise level for a typical workday during a particular construction period; k is the number of different types of equipment; and

LAeq, i is the equivalent sound level for equipment type i. 130. Temporary noise impacts in vicinity of the project site may occur due to the construction and transportation activities. The magnitude of impact will depend upon the specific types of works, types of equipment will be used and their associated range of noise level, the traffic volume.

131. Among the impacts identified are the following: (i) operation of heavy equipment and various construction machinery are primary noise generators during construction. It is projected that noise levels could reach from 65 - 80 dB (A) at peak times; (ii) poor equipment maintenance may cause very high noise levels; faulty or damaged mufflers, loose engine parts, rattling screws, bolts, or metal plates all contribute to increasing the noise level of a machine including careless or improper handling and operation of equipment; and (iii) poor loading, unloading, excavation and hauling techniques may also lead to increased noise levels.

132. Mitigation measures. The contractor will manage noise in the work areas to ensure these will not affect the adjacent communities. Noise will not likely be an issue due to the dispersed nature of and low-density levels of settlements along the highway, and the distance between the activities and the communities. However, the contractor shall be prepared to limit work only to daylight hours more for security reasons and where the community finds that any night-time operations will become a nuisance. Measures included in the EMP to achieve this objective are: • Temporary construction facilities such as labour camps, vehicle maintenance workshop and earth moving equipment will be located at least 500 meters away from settlements and other sensitive receptors; • Noise sources such as stone crushers, vehicle movements and quarries shall be re-located to less sensitive areas and at least 1 km away to take advantage of distance and shielding; • Opportunities will be explored to take advantage of the natural topography as a noise buffer such as behind the ridge that break the line of sight between the source of noise and the receptors; • Silencers will be installed in construction equipment and machinery and maintained properly at all times; • Equipment and machinery with lower sound levels will be selected for the construction activities; • Protection devices such as ear plugs or earmuffs will be provided to the workers during period of operating high noise generating machines; • Noise levels will be regularly measured during the peak of construction period in particular using portable noise meters to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures; • Noise generation activities may be carried out between 7 am to 7 pm only to avoid disturbance to nearby communities at night and ideally should not exceed 45 dBA

measured at the outside of any residence. Only in extreme instances will work beyond these hours be allowed after the Community Relations Officer (CRO) of the contractor has informed the community about change in work Program well in advance; • Noise barriers such as earth mounds or walls of wood, metal that form a solid obstacle between the road and roadside community will be used, especially in the schools and hospitals; and • Proper information and notification of the concerned local level governments will be done to assist in the dissemination of impending disturbance and nuisance to nearby settlement areas.

133. Vibration: Vibration propagates from a piece of construction equipment through the ground to a distant vibration-sensitive receiver predominantly by means of surface waves and secondarily by body waves. The amplitude of these waves diminishes with distance from the source. The general equation modelling propagation of ground vibration from point “a” (a location at distance from the source) to point “b” (a location at distance from the source) may be stated in the form of Equation:

  r   a   (ra − rb )  b = a   e  rb 

Where  is a coefficient dependent of propagation mechanism and  is a material damping coefficient.

134. Depending upon propagation mechanism of wave types and types of soil, vibration diminishing will vary. After Wiss (1967), if the soil type is sanding the geometric attenuation () is 1.0 and if the soil type is claying the geometric attenuation () is 1.5. The most common generic model of construction vibrations as a function of distance was developed by Wiss (1981), the damage threshold for residential area is approximately 80 mm/s. Construction of the network will require small equipment and machinery so the vibrations emitted from them will not be large and are predicted to be less than 10 mm/s at distance of 1 meter.

135. In order to avoid unnecessary claim for damages caused by construction activities from local residents, especially when use vibration rollers to compact materials, prior starting construction work at the part of road crossing resident’s houses, The Contractor and PMO will invite commune authorities, related local residents and the Engineer’s Representative to participate in a house investigation to record existing conditions of their facilities. This data will serve as a basic to estimate cost for repairing these damages after completion of the construction work. The Contractor also confirms writing that The Contractor will pay compensation for repairing these damages after completion of the construction work.

136. Water quality. Short-term impacts to the water quality of runoff draining from project construction areas may result, predominantly from sediment loading related to erosion of exposed soil surfaces. Long-term impacts to the water quality of runoff may result from increased pollutant loading to storm water due to additional impervious roadway surfaces. Storm water runoff has the

potential to wash pollutants, including hydrocarbons, metals, and sediments, from impervious surfaces.

137. Impacts on water quality can occur during construction through increase in suspended particulate matter attributed to earthmoving works, and removal of vegetation for slope protection works. These impacts may also include: (i) contamination of water bodies and the aquifer resulting from generation of solid and domestic wastes from construction camps and offices; (ii) contamination of nearby water courses resulting from accidental spills and improper storage of fuel and lubricants and construction materials; (iv) turbidity of river water from eroded materials; (v) blockage of streams and changes in water courses affecting community access to water, including existing roadside drains and water sources used for washing; (vi) impairment of water quality from uncontrolled runoff from quarry and borrow areas; (vii) disruption in the hydrology of the water courses resulting from excavation of river beds; (viii) increased turbidity as a result of the disturbance of the channels or creeks; and (ix) disruption of the hydrology and hydraulic characteristics of creeks as a result of laying of gabions and other water course protection works and river training works.

138. Mitigation measures. Several measures to mitigate the foregoing impacts include: • Petroleum, oils and lubricants will be stored in containers/dedicated enclosures with sealed floors and located away from water bodies; • Works in rivers/streams will be scheduled during the dry season and shall be as short as possible. Bare slopes shall be stabilized immediately after works are completed; • Stockpile areas and storage areas for hazardous substances shall be located away from water bodies; • Diversion ditches will be dug around material stockpiles; • Interference with natural water flow in rivers, watercourses or streams within or adjacent to work sites shall be avoided or minimized. Abstraction from rivers will only be allowed after permission from PMO and shall not be done immediately near the vicinity of bridges. • Solid wastes, debris, spent oil or fuel from construction machinery or plant, construction material, or waste vegetation removed from work sites will not be dumped in or near streams, rivers or waterways; • Discharge of sediment-carrying storm water from construction or stockpiled materials (including dredged spoil) shall be done through settling ponds or settling tanks with sufficient capacity to provide holding times to allow settlement, prior to final discharge and not directly into waterways. • Spoil and material stockpiles will not be located near waterways, streams or rivers, or on the edge of slopes or hills above rivers or stream and shall be protected by perimeter diversion drains; • An emergency response plan shall be prepared by the Contractor as part of the CEMP and approved by the SCS to address containment and clean-up of spills involving hydrocarbons, fuel, and oil spills; • Used oils and waste hydrocarbons will be disposed in approved sites approved by SCS and shall not be indiscriminately discharged into the soil or any waterbody;

• Contractor’s site offices and work yards shall be equipped with portable sanitary latrines that do not discharge directly to or pollute surface waters and waterways; • Civil works shall be planned to be carried out only during the dry season if this involve activities adjacent to waterways; • Where roadside drainage areas, culverts, and water pipes are used as washing sites, civil works will ensure that these remain operational, or are moved and reconstructed further off the road, to enable on-going access to water supplies for local communities; • Temporary sediment controls such as silt fences or other sediment reducing devices (rock dams or silt barriers) shall be provided to prevent both siltation and silt migration during works being undertaken in the vicinity of streams and rivers; • Consultation with landowners and village chiefs shall be conducted to identify suitable land- based areas for settling ponds or discharge areas;

139. Works in rivers and streams. Bridge works are not part of the scope of work at this time. However, it will be necessary to carry out excavations for new road pavements or of existing pavement materials, and for culverts, cross drains and drainage works in the vicinity of rivers and streams. These activities can result in risks of channel shifts and erosion, particularly of stream or riverbanks that would lose their vegetation cover, most particularly during floods. Interference with natural water flow in rivers, watercourses or streams within or adjacent to work sites shall be minimized.

140. Stockpiled materials, if located adjacent to waterbodies, may be eroded and dispersed by runoff causing sedimentation and water turbidity. However, most rivers along the highway are visually observed to be turbid due to the highly disturbed upper reaches of the watershed; and are regularly subjected to flooding and channel shifts. Impacts brought about by activities in these locations are then likely to be minimal but will still have to be managed locally.

141. Mitigation measures. Potential impacts on riverine habitats, including their channels, banks and floodplains will be mitigated by: • Material stockpiles will not be located on the riverbeds or immediately adjacent to riverbanks and all areas used for stockpiles will be rehabilitated upon completion of the works; • Scour protection will be used as temporary measures, as needed, to ensure temporary structures do not damage river configuration; • Discharge zones from culverts and drainage structures will be carefully identified, and structures will be lined with riprap; • Movements of vehicles and machinery across riverbeds in riverine habitats shall be managed to minimize or reduce disturbance; • Down- drains and chutes will be lined with riprap, masonry or concrete; spillways will be lined with riprap to prevent under-cutting; • Spoil and material stockpiles will not be located near waterways or on the foot of slopes or hills above rivers or stream; • Embankments and in-stream/river activities will be monitored for signs of erosion during construction;

Re-vegetation with fast growing local species of trees, or other plants will be carried out incrementally and as quickly as possible after completion of any work within any river habitat and after consultation with landowners and village chiefs; and • Spoils, rubbish or any other surplus material shall be disposed in suitable disposal sites approved by the CSC Engineer. • Material stockpiles shall not be located within riverbeds, any islands in the rivers, or within the current area of floodplain of river in areas subject to regular flooding; • All lands used for stockpiles shall be rehabilitated to original or better condition upon completion; and • The contractor shall be responsible for repairing damaged and/or paying compensation to the riparian owners in the event it causes damages to riverbanks

142. Landscape and soil quality, and erosion. Clearing and grubbing activities for setting up the temporary facilities that will be used by the Contractor including contractor’s facilities, offices, worker camps, storage of equipment and materials, service areas, quarries and batching plant areas may affect the landscape and soil quality of adjacent lands as there may be accidental spillage of solid wastes, contaminants from pavement seal processing, construction debris, petroleum products and many other construction wastes. The natural landscape maybe also damaged from unnecessary clearing and removal of vegetation as well as grading of rolling terrains of the natural surroundings. These are, however, anticipated to be minimal, manageable and avoidable with siting criteria, and for the most part short term in nature.

143. Soil erosion is anticipated during civil works when vegetation will be removed to make way for slope and drainage works that will expose soil to rainfall. During heavy rains, these loose soil materials will be carried away by run-off from the construction areas to the waterways. The impacts during this phase will be of short duration and will be moderate. Cutting of elevated slopes during construction is expected to cause erosion and landslides and the landscape of the project site along the highway will be physically altered on a permanent basis.

144. The DOW maintains several approved quarries and sites for borrow materials in the Highlands Region. The choice of quarry or borrow material sites depends upon the requirements of the contractor and the location of the work areas. If already opened sites are to be used by the contractor, established procedures for these sites shall be followed. Should the contractor need to open a new quarry or borrow site, this will first be discussed with the PMO and CSC prior to the preparation of necessary documentation as required by the CEPA. It is however preferred that the Contractor utilize existing sites to minimize the negative impacts of opening new ones. New quarry or borrow sites shall not be located adjacent or within protected areas.

145. Mitigation measures. A number of the measures cited above to mitigate effects on water quality will also mitigate soil and erosion impacts. Additional measures include: • Construction works shall be scheduled as much as possible for the dry season and strictly follow the design requirements and specifications, particularly those dealing with runoff management and slope stabilization. Schedule construction so that large areas of soil are not laid bare during the wet season, and avoid excavating areas and operating machinery during the wet ground conditions; • Ground disturbance (particularly for earthwork cuts) shall be minimized as much as possible following design requirements, and stabilized either by benching,

proper side sloping, vegetation, bioengineering, gabions or any combination of these as conditions may apply;

• The length of time during which bare surfaces are exposed shall be minimized. Re- vegetation shall be done in steeply sloping embankment areas of the road sections and will be immediately carried out on each completed section; • Excavated soils shall be prevented from being washed from the work area into nearby water bodies or gardens (especially during inclement weather) by immediately hauling these materials away and disposed in approved disposal sites. Work scheduling shall take into account potential weather disturbances and rainy days historically recorded in the area. This will allow worked areas to be properly managed and avoiding large disturbed areas being exposed longer than necessary. Stockpiling of base and sub-base materials shall be also kept to a minimum to avoid being exposed longer than necessary; • Removed topsoil shall be stored in separate heaps and located in stable areas for later re-use for site rehabilitation. Spoils shall be prohibited from being dumped over the side of slopes and hills; • Excavated materials shall be sorted as either suitable (able to be reused) and unsuitable (to be disposed of) materials. The Contractor shall accommodate requests of local people to utilize such materials for levelling their property with the consent of the CSC and PMO for proper documentation; • Materials are not to be disposed/stockpiled near water courses; • Asphalt batching areas are to be provided with bunds to control movement of runoff to waterways; • Balance cut and fill requirements to minimize impacts from extraction of aggregates; • Adequate drainage shall be provided in the material source/quarry areas to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water during the operation; • Material sources and quarry areas located near the alignment shall be preferred to minimize hauling distance and travel time, and disturbance to settlement areas along the haul roads; • The contractor shall be required to prepare a quarry management plan that meets the requirements of the DOW Code of Practice, which shall include compensation to landowners for the extraction of materials from the site and rehabilitation. The quarry management plan shall be approved by CSC and PMO prior to implementation.

146. Material extraction. Materials extraction would be an important activity of the Program that shall be managed accordingly to minimize associated environmental impacts. Sources of materials (sand and gravel, borrow materials etc.) and quarry sites shall be agreed with the CSC and PMO prior to any extractions. Permits and licenses shall be obtained prior to commencement of works and quarry sites must not be occupied, prepared or operated by the contractor before the issuance of the necessary land occupation permit and EPs from the CEPA and all other authorities as required.

147. The contractor will be required to identify sources during the preconstruction phase and prepare an extraction plan for all sources of materials that will be used in the road works. The aggregate extraction plan shall be submitted to PMO through the CSC, which will approve and monitor implementation of the extraction plan. No quarries and borrow sites shall be located in areas for protecting biodiversity and/or wildlife management areas. The suitability of quarry and borrow pit sites will be assessed in consultation with the CSC together with landowners and village chiefs that shall provide written permissions or consent.

148. Only permitted/licensed facilities and operations may provide materials for the Program. Establishment of quarries, crushers and asphalt mixing plants shall be disclosed to the CEPA following the requirements of the Environment Act and EPAR and obtain an EP in accordance with DOW’s Code of Practice.

149. The BCD will specifically require contractors to: (i) balance cut and fill requirements to minimize impacts from extraction of aggregates; (ii) prioritize use of existing quarry sites with suitable materials and update the list of quarries and borrow pits monthly and report to DOW; (iii) procure materials only from quarries and borrow sites acceptable to CEPA or licensed and authorized by CEPA; (iv) if the contractors shall operate the quarry site, required environmental licenses and permits shall be secured prior to operation of quarry/borrow areas (including preparation, approval and implementation as required of aggregate extraction plan and/or quarry management plan); and (v) borrow/quarry sites shall not be located in productive land or forested areas or land subject to instabilities and landslides.

150. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures identified to minimize impacts from material extraction at quarries and borrow pits include but not necessarily limited to the following: • As part of the CEMP and EP (or similar) application, the contractor will prepare and submit to POM and CEPA for approval the aggregate extraction plan and/or quarry management plan; • Topsoil, overburden and low-quality materials shall be properly excavated and stockpiled near the site to be used for re-use and/or site rehabilitation after completion of the road works; • Quarry sites close to where the road works will be done and highly accessible with low hill gradients will be used; • Adequate drainage shall be provided to avoid accumulation of stagnant water during quarry/borrow site operation; • Access roads affected by the transport of quarry/borrow materials shall be rehabilitated. Agricultural lands and other privately- or communally owned properties shall be likewise compensated if similarly affected by the same or any other project-related activities; • Choose alluvial materials from at least 10m from the banks of the river to maintain the integrity of the flowing stream; • Gravel and alluvial materials shall not be taken from within 200m upstream or downstream of any bridge or river protection structures; • Alluvial terraces or alluvial deposits which lie on the riverbeds but not covered by water in normal hydrological conditions shall be preferred;

• Berms and terraces shall be cut during and after extraction in quarries in the mountainous or hilly areas to stabilize slopes; and provide drainage works to properly channel runoff, and vegetative cover or bioengineering for rehabilitation; • Quarries and borrow pits shall be dewatered and fenced off as appropriate, upon completion of extraction activities to minimize community safety risks most especially to children; • If borrow pits cannot be immediately dewatered, the contractor shall provide fencing and flotation devices to warn communities of impending danger and risks; • Borrow pits shall be provided with stable side slopes and proper drainage to avoid creation of water bodies favouring mosquito breeding; • Borrow pits shall be backfilled and marked as maybe required by CEPA using surplus inert materials and excavated unsuitable soils. • Restoration of quarry sites and borrow areas, as well as their immediate surroundings, will be undertaken in an environmentally sound manner to the satisfaction of the PMO which will sign-off before final acceptance and payment under the terms of the contract; • Additional extraction sites and/or borrow pits shall not be opened until SCS and PMO are satisfied with the restoration of previously utilized areas;

151. Spoil disposal. Along the highland’s highway, the use of readily available excavated materials or what would otherwise be classified as construction spoils when not immediately utilized will reduce the need for additional extraction of quarry-based materials. These materials shall be graded, and suitable materials reused as much as possible. The surplus can then be stockpiled at locations agreed with local authorities for use on the other sections of the highway reducing the need to extract other rock and gravel resources from off-site vulnerable hillsides and riverbeds. Areas for temporary storage if not immediately utilized on the worked sections shall be identified with local landowners and agreed with village leaders and local authorities. The CSC will advise PMO before these materials shall be used for stockpiling or eventual disposal to a suitable location.

152. Surplus rock and soil-based materials for re-utilization along the highlands highway or eventual disposal shall be managed to avoid or minimize potential impacts. Spoil disposal management shall form part of the CEMP to be submitted by the contractor. This CEMP shall update the EMP prepared under this IEE and shall include a section ensuring construction wastes are properly managed. Government land is preferred to be used for stockpiling and dumping of material where these are available along the highway. Otherwise, if private lands are to be used for the purpose, storage or dumping shall commence only after written permission from the landowner is confirmed by the PMO and likewise agreeable to the community leaders and local authority.

153. Mitigation measures. The CSC will be responsible for reporting to PMO the monthly update of the contractor’s cut and fill estimates in conjunction with asphalt and aggregate materials planning between the different areas and advise on overall balancing for cut and fill materials to minimize impacts on local resources.

154. The spoil disposal section of the CEMP will include; (i) locations and quantities of spoil anticipated from the works; (ii) agreed locations for disposal/endorsement from CEPA and local

groups; (iii) method of transportation to minimize interference with normal traffic; (iv) establishment of acceptable working hours and constraints; (v) agreement on time scale and Program for disposal and chain of custody; (vi) rehabilitation and bioengineering of spoil dump slopes after works completion, (vii) programming issues including the time of year and available resources; (viii) discussion of the PMO inspection/monitoring role; and (viii) links to the grievance redress mechanism and complaints management system for the duration of the works.

155. The PMO assisted by the CSC will be responsible for the monitoring of the progress of slope cutting and the implementation of mitigation measures to minimize impacts. The mitigation measures in the CEMP will include but not necessarily be limited to: • Spoil will be reused as much as possible for backfilling; • Spoil will not be disposed in any waterways along the highland’s highway; • Spoil disposal shall not cause sedimentation and obstruction of flow of watercourses, damage to agricultural land and densely vegetated areas; • Surplus materials shall not be stockpiled on the roadside or dumped over crash barriers; • Construction spoils shall not be disposed on fragile slopes, flood ways, wetland, farmland, forest, religious or other culturally sensitive areas or areas where livelihood is derived; • Surplus spoils shall be used as much as possible for local repair works along the highway; backfill eroded gullies, low-lying areas, and degraded lands in consultation with the local communities; • Spoils shall be disposed only in areas approved by local authorities and landowners after approval by the PMO through the endorsement of the CSC; • Spoil disposal shall be monitored by PMO through the CSC and recorded using a written chain of custody (trip-ticket) system to the designated disposal sites; • Random and uncontrolled tipping of spoil, or any materials will not be permitted; • Before dumping commences, designated spoils dumping areas shall be marked on a plan and in the field with marker poles/flags to identify the agreed areas and limits for disposal. Spoils may be disposed in disused quarries and abandoned borrow pits if these are practicable; and • The spoil disposal site shall be located at least 50m from surface water courses and shall be protected from erosion by avoiding formation of steep slopes and provided grassing.

156. Waste management. Construction wastes such as steel and timber off-cuts, sand and gravel, cement bags are anticipated to be generated. These materials may cause nuisance to the surrounding environment if not properly collected and disposed of. Anticipated impacts may include but not necessarily limited to the following: (i) contamination of the land where the solid waste is deposited; (ii) decrease in water quality of nearby water courses; (iii) the stockpile of solid wastes may create habitation for rodents, pest and vermin which may present a health risk to workers and residents of nearby communities; (iv) health and safety impacts on local communities and reduced aesthetics as the heaps of solid waste in the area will be an eyesore.

157. Mitigation measures. The following mitigation measures include but not necessarily limited to the following: • Burning of wastes associated with the project activities shall not be allowed anywhere in the work areas; • Contractor shall practice waste segregation, provide the necessary receptacles and institute awareness campaign to its staff and workers. Organic (biodegradables) shall be collected and disposed on-site by composting, and recyclable materials shall be recovered and collected for sale to third party collectors/integrators or recyclers; • Non-recyclable solid wastes will be collected and disposed only in approved disposal sites; • The contractor will maximize the recycling of used materials to minimize waste generation; • Used wood and timber shall be reused for formworks and other associated works.

158. Hazardous materials. Hazardous substances such as oils and lubricants are anticipated to be used and can cause significant environmental impacts if improperly managed or disposed. The PMO with assistance from the CSC shall be responsible for the monitoring of contractor’s hazardous materials management and disposal through its CEMP to avoid or minimize impacts from use of these hazardous substances.

159. Improper storage and handling of hazardous materials may result in the pollution of the surrounding areas and may lead to the loss of aesthetics in the surrounding landscape environment.

160. The CEMP will provide a hazardous materials and waste management section and shall include the following: (i) expected types and volumes of hazardous materials and wastes to be used and generated; (ii) methods for treatment and disposal of all hazardous wastes; (iii) approvals and environmental licenses required; (iv) methods of transportation to minimize interference with normal traffic; and (v) establishment of regular disposal schedule as agreed or as provided as a condition in the granting of environmental license.

161. Mitigation measures. The mitigation measures required to be implemented by the contractor includes but not necessarily limited to: • Staff and workers involved in the management and utilization of oils, fuel and lubricants are shall be properly trained in the handling, storage and dispensing of such materials; • An emergency response and contingency plan will be prepared as part of the CEMP to address accidental spills and the occurrence of fire in the contractor construction camp and facilities including its reporting to DOW and CEPA; • Petroleum, oil and lubricants shall be stored in securely locked, fenced and properly designated areas away from water courses/bodies; • The contractor shall segregate hazardous wastes (oily wastes, used batteries, fuel drums, etc.) and ensures that storage, transport and disposal of these wastes shall be undertaken consistent with national and local regulations and shall not cause pollution;

• All storage containers shall be in good condition at all times with clear and proper labelling, regularly checked for leakage, and repaired or replaced as necessary; • Hazardous materials shall be stored in areas free from floods at all times; and discharge of oil-contaminated water to nearby waterways shall be prohibited; • Spill clean-up materials (e.g., specifically designed for petroleum products and others) shall be available at all times in adequate quantities in the same storage areas; • When spillage occurs, the contractor shall immediately report to the CSC and cleaned with utmost caution by properly trained personnel; and • The contractor shall be required to display safety information in all work areas and to train workers in the safe use of hazardous materials, including the provision of protective equipment.

B.2 Impacts on the Biological Environment

162. Impacts on flora. Civil works activities that will be undertaken shall be confined within the existing road corridor or acquired road right of way that had already experienced past disturbances. For the most part, plant species along the disturbed highway alignment are either introduced species, for example some species serving as nurse trees for coffee plantation or native species, which are highly tolerant of disturbances. Whilst the highway alignment is predominantly rural, no record of endangered and rare species of flora exists as mentioned in Chapter IV: Description of the Environment. Impacts upon terrestrial habitats and flora are therefore anticipated to be minor under this Program.

163. Construction activities are anticipated to result in the loss of vegetation including trees in the area. No inventory of losses of these vegetative cover had been done but visual assessment indicates that the vegetation species that will be removed are mostly those thriving on drainage canals and possibly those in sloping areas to be disturbed for slope stabilization requirements from either low to medium volumes depending on location of the anticipated works. For most of the sections, the vegetation comprises grasses and shrubs interspersed with growths of small to medium trees.

164. There are some gardens, coffee plantations and occasional individual trees such as eucalyptus that may require removal. However, these are common species and have no special characteristics to merit protection. Consistent with DOW’s Code of Practice, trees shall be avoided as much as possible by adjustments in the design.

165. Mitigation measures. Measures to be included in the project to ensure minimization of impacts from vegetation removal include but not necessarily limited to the following: • The contractor shall conduct a tree inventory (species and size) during the staking of the alignment in the pre-construction stage, and trees that may be removed will be agreed with PMO and landowners prior to cutting and carefully marked on a site drawing. Trees to be maintained will be protected; • Vegetation clearing shall be kept to a minimum and occur only within the designated construction limits. Trees shall not be indiscriminately cut, but instead given root protection for replanting elsewhere if at all possible;

• Vegetation clearance during staking and demarcation activities, especially of trees along the roadside shall be minimized. Trees that may be felled shall be clearly marked and only these marked trees shall be removed; • The contractor shall be responsible for providing adequate knowledge to construction workers in relation to existing laws and regulations regarding illegal tree cutting. • Contract documents and technical specifications shall include clauses expressly prohibiting the indiscriminate felling of trees by construction workers; • The contractor shall not utilize cut timber as fuelwood but return it to the landowner; and • Invasive species shall not be used to revegetate cut slopes and replanting or compensatory tree planting that maybe required shall have full agreement of the local forest authorities.

166. Impacts on fauna. The construction activities are anticipated to have only minimal impacts on mammals, birds, and reptiles that may still be found in the already disturbed condition of the surrounding environment of the traversed areas. For the most part, these are highly mobile and would easily move away from sources of noise disturbance and dust generation during construction. There are no records of endangered or rare species observed in this disturbed environment. The potential for construction workers to poach edible animals and birds of the locality whenever they may be found in spite of prohibition on poaching exists and this could be an impact to be managed. The contractor will be responsible for providing enough food and awareness to workers regarding the protection of fauna and imposing sanctions on workers found trapping, killing or wounding birds or other wildlife.

167. Mitigation measures. The mitigation measures include but not necessarily limited to the following: • Labour employment agreement between the contractor and workers shall include a provision for prohibiting the hunting, poaching and/or catching wildlife (including birds and fish) for trade or any other reason; • Contractor shall provide adequate food supplies and rations at the construction camp for camp-based workers; • Workers shall be prohibited from hunting or catching wildlife including fish; and • The contractor will be responsible for providing awareness to construction workers in regard to fauna in the area. Contract documents and technical specifications will include clauses expressly prohibiting the poaching of fauna by construction workers and making the contractor responsible for imposing sanctions on any workers who are caught trapping, killing, poaching, being in possession of or having poached fauna.

B.3 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment

168. Access and traffic safety. Project activities will cause temporary negative impacts due to the presence of vehicles and equipment on the worked portions of the highway, including inconvenience, minor disruptions to traffic flow, and on local access to and from the villages along the highway during the construction period.

169. Mitigation Measures. Mitigation of impacts shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following: • The contractor shall prepare and submit to PMO, a traffic management plan detailing temporary diversion where necessary and the associated management measures (reference can be made from DOW’s “Safe Traffic Control at Road Works Field Guide”); • Signs and other appropriate safety measures shall be provided on site to indicate construction works are being undertaken; • Contract clauses specifying care that must be taken during the construction period shall be incorporated to ensure that disruptions to access and traffic are minimized and that access to villages along the project road is maintained at all times; • Local administration and village officials shall be consulted in the event that access to a village may be disrupted any time and temporary access arrangements provided accordingly; • Construction vehicles will use local access roads, or negotiate access with landowners to obtain access to material extraction sites; where local roads are used, these will be rehabilitated to their original condition after the completion of work; • The road shall be kept free of debris, spoils, and any other materials or obstructions at all times; • Disposal sites and haul routes shall be identified and coordinated with local officials, and village leaders; • Road safety protection shall be provided in the vicinity of the work site to protect the general public. This shall include advance notifications of commencement of works, installing safety barriers as necessary, and providing signages or markings on the work areas.

170. Effects on existing services and utilities. Community or village water supply services were observed along the highway, but it is not yet known if these are piped to existing houses in several locations. It is also not known at this time if there are underground telecommunication lines placed along the highway. Where power lines are observable, posts can be readily moved or relocated out of the way of drainage works and slope stabilization areas. The PMO and contractor shall consult with all relevant authorities to ensure that disruptions are minimized to this existing infrastructure and services. Plans (if available) will be obtained from utility/service providers showing all underground facilities and/or services in order to avoid damage or disruption during works. Where plans and drawings may not be available, the contractor will conduct interviews with local officials and village leaders and report locations to the PMO through the CSC during the pre-construction stage.

171. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures to be included in the CEMP will require the contractor to: • Inform affected communities of anticipated disruptions that maybe brought about by utility relocation works; • Reconfirm power, water supply, telecommunications and facilities likely to be interrupted by the works and any additional trees to be cut near these utilities; • Contact all relevant local authorities for utilities and local village groups to plan re- provisioning of power, water supply, telecommunications and other facilities that may be affected; • Relocate and reconnect utilities well ahead of commencement of construction works and coordinate with the relevant utility company at the district and village levels including compensation requirements for affected trees; • Arrange reconnection of utilities and other facilities in the shortest time possible before construction commences; and • If utilities are accidentally damaged by contractor during construction, these shall be reported to the PMO and DOW and utility authorities and repairs immediately arranged at contractor’s expense.

172. Workers’ health and safety. Construction activities pose a range of health and safety risks. The ADB SPS 2009 requires that health and safety impacts on workers and the community are identified and mitigation measures proposed that will meet World Bank’s Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSG).

173. Air pollution, noise and traffic safety aspects which also have health and safety concerns have already been discussed. The risk of spread of communicable disease is dealt with in the next section.

174. Worker occupational health and safety is generally governed by the Employment Act. The CEMP shall address this concern and routine safety measures as required by EHSG and Employment Act and by good engineering practice, shall be established. Contractor’ construction camp shall be equipped with first aid and health-post which shall include basic medical supplies. To reduce the risk of accidents in the workplace, access to construction camps by other than authorized workers and people will be prohibited. Security personnel are expected to implement rules and procedures in securing access to work areas.

175. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures to avoid or minimize impacts on worker health and safety include but are not necessarily limited to: • At least one month before construction commences, contractors will demonstrate to the PMO that they are properly resourced and a qualified/experienced environment, health and safety officer (EHSO) will be identified by the contractors in the bid; • Safety measures as required by law and by good engineering practice shall be established and first aid facilities at work sites and in vehicles are likewise provided; • The contractor will instruct and induct all workers in health and safety matters (induction course) including construction camp rules and EHSO shall follow up with

toolbox talks on a weekly basis. Workforce training for all workers starting on site will include safety and environmental hygiene; • In addition, workers shall receive a daily safety and work briefing (toolbox talk) from contractor; • Workers shall be provided with appropriate personnel protection equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, helmets, reflector vest, gloves, protective clothes, dust mask, goggles, and ear protection at no cost to the workers. Contractor will issue PPE on a daily basis to workers after the toolbox talk; • Fencing will be installed on all areas of excavation greater than 1m deep, and on all sides of temporary works; • Reversing signals (visual and audible) shall be installed on all construction vehicles and equipment; • Potable water supply shall be provided and maintained at all times in the contractor’ camp and all its work locations; • Where worker exposure to traffic cannot be completely eliminated, protective barriers and warning signs shall be provided to shield workers from passing vehicles. Another measure is to install channelling devices (e.g., traffic cones and barrels) to delineate the work zone, and trained flag men at each end of the current working zone shall be provided to direct traffic movement in and around work areas; and • Construction camps shall be provided with toilets/sanitation facilities in accordance with local regulations to prevent any hazard to public health or contamination of land, surface or groundwater. These facilities shall be well maintained and cleaned regularly to encourage use and emptied regularly to prevent overflows. • First aid facilities shall be provided at the work sites, in vehicles; • The contractor shall conduct training for all workers on safety and environmental hygiene at no cost to the employees; • Instruction and induction of all workers shall be carried out for all workers before they start work in health and safety matters, including road safety; construction camp rules; • Assigned safety monitors will follow up with toolbox talks on a weekly basis; • Workers shall receive daily safety and work briefing from contractor called the toolbox talk. 176. Community health and safety. Presence of construction workers (most especially those hired off-site) and work camps can induce or increase the risk of spread of communicable diseases. Transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and other communicable diseases is a potential impact during the construction phase posed by construction workers engaging in either commercial/transactional sex or sexual relationships with local people.

177. Potential poor sanitation and impacts from disease shall be avoided or minimized by maintaining hygienic conditions in the worker camps and implementing social and health awareness programs for the project.

178. Public safety, particularly of pedestrians and children can be threatened by the excavation for sub-base and base preparations, trenches for drainage works and slope stabilization construction. Fencing shall be installed on densely populated settlements prior to excavation work commencing on all sides of temporary excavations. This shall also include provisions for site security and watchmen (preferably coming from the community), trench barriers and coverings, and any other applicable safety measures necessary to ensure community safety. The contractor shall provide warning signs at the periphery of the site to warn the public of imminent danger. The contractor shall coordinate with local level authorities regarding limiting speed in these areas; restricting speed of its project vehicles; and also control traffic by providing flagmen and warning signs at either end of the work zones.

179. The contractor will provide information boards near the work sites to inform and instruct the public on how to conduct themselves if they approach the work zones. Information boards shall show the name and contact details in the CSC, PMO and contractor’s offices for complaints about the works.

180. Mitigation measures. The contractor shall implement the following safety measures for the public: • The contractor shall appoint an EHSO to address health and safety concerns of the project and liaise with the PMO and village leaders of the project area; • Barriers (e.g., temporary fences) and signs shall be installed at construction areas to prevent pedestrian access. Pedestrian shall be directed instead to designated crossing locations; • Adequate signage and security will be provided at the site offices and works yard to prevent unauthorized entry of people (including children) from entering the work areas and camp; • The general public/local residents shall not be allowed in high-risk areas, e.g., excavation sites and areas where heavy equipment shall be in operation; and these sites shall be provided with watchmen to prevent unauthorized entry; • Speed restrictions shall be imposed on project vehicles and equipment traveling within settled villages and sensitive receptors (e.g. residential, schools, places of worship, hospitals); • No alcohol will be allowed in camps or construction sites, and any staff or drivers found drinking alcohol will be immediately dismissed; • Project vehicle drivers shall be provided awareness on safe driving practices to prevent or minimize accidents and to avoid spill of spoils, hazardous substances (fuel and oil) and other construction materials during transport; • Contractor shall ensure that no wastewater will be discharged to waterways; • Measures to prevent proliferation of mosquitoes shall be implemented (e.g., provision of insecticide treated mosquito nets to workers, installation of proper drainage to avoid formation of stagnant water. Standing water will not be allowed to accumulate in the temporary drainage facilities or along the roadside);

• The contractor shall engage an accredited service provider currently engaged in health services in the vicinity, to provide construction workers with STI and HIV/AIDS prevention awareness prior to commencement of any civil works; and • Village-based community awareness raising about transmission of STIs and HIV, reproductive health, safe sex and gender violence shall be provided and implemented after contractor mobilization but prior to the commencement of construction works.

181. Physical cultural resources. Due to the disturbed nature of the highway, it is unlikely that physical cultural resources (PCR) may be discovered. However, as a precautionary measure, the contractor shall prepare as part of the CEMP a plan to address such concerns. Generally, in the event PCRs are uncovered, work shall cease immediately and the PMO through the CSC shall be informed. The PMO will then inform relevant authorities to conduct the necessary assessments. Construction activities shall not re-commence until the authorities have signed-off that the site/resources have been dealt with appropriately and that work may continue. The contractor shall be responsible for complying with the requirements of authorities and the PMO shall monitor compliance. The contractor will include a section on “chance finds” in the CEMP.

182. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures for potential impacts on PCR include but not necessarily be limited to the following: • Contract personnel shall be instructed to keep watch for relics that may be uncovered during excavations, and local communities will be consulted to identify potential sites of concern, such as graveyards or taboo areas; • Should any potential items be located, the PMO through the CSC shall be immediately informed and work stoppage be immediately implemented; • The PMO with the assistance of the CSC, and in cooperation with local leaders, will determine if the item is of potential significance and contact DOW to pass the information to the relevant department in the government who will be invited to inspect the site; • Work shall stop to allow time for inspection, removal or in-situ preservation of the PCR and until the relevant government agency indicates works can re-commence; and • Until the government has responded to this invitation, work will not re-commence in this location until agreement has been reached with the government and PMO as to any required mitigation measures.

C. Operation Phase

183. After the completion of the construction phase, the contractor will maintain and/or make correction on all defects in the implementation of the project for one year prior to hand-over to the DOW. Maintenance works will be properly implemented in the operation which includes: strengthening of the inspection and monitoring system, periodic inspection and assessment of road condition, timely implementation of repair works, asphalt removal, replacement and resealing, vegetation control, clearing of side diches, repair of erosion protection works, and periodic replacement/repainting of traffic safety signages.

C.1 Operation Impacts on Physical Environment

184. Air quality - gaseous emissions. Vehicle emissions will be the main air pollution sources during operation. This concern shall be addressed by local level and national government authorities to implement anti-pollution laws after project completion.

185. Air quality - particulate emissions. Particulate contamination from dust will be expected to be significantly reduced due to the sealed surface. However, toxic residues from vehicle emissions are likely to accumulate or create significant impacts if anti-pollution laws are not implemented. This concern shall be addressed by local level and national government authorities to implement anti-pollution laws after project completion.

186. No significant air quality impacts are anticipated if anti-pollution laws are implemented. However, sustained highway maintenance activities are required to ensure vehicles continue to efficiently run the highway without being bothered by potholes and other obstructions that may result in congestion creating highly localized vehicle emission pollution.

187. Run-off and soil erosion. Soil erosion and slope stabilization will be prevented by the proper application of engineering design and climate change adaptation measures.

188. The frequency of preventive maintenance inspections and implementation of sustained maintenance on designed structures will be increased. Storm drains and highway drainage systems will be periodically cleared to allow free flow of storm water. A system of monitoring, reporting and maintenance shall be developed consistent with the concept of this investment Program.

189. Water quality. Major potential impacts on water quality are not expected to occur during operation unless accidental spills of hazardous materials happen.

190. There is however, anticipated minor impacts on sedimentation and water quality during improper management of removed silt from lined drainage canals or during close ground clearing of roadside vegetation, and vegetation removal on unlined canals.

191. The maintenance contractor will be responsible for regular clearing of drainage structures to keep them effective. Vegetation on unlined canals shall not be removed but only cut just above ground to maintain vegetative cover. Vegetation growing on silt in lined drainage will however be removed together with desilting activities. Additional plantings of deep-rooted vegetation in sloping areas adjacent to drains in combination with engineered structures will also be done to further prevent soil erosion that may eventually accumulate as silt in drainage canals.

192. Dilapidated or damaged culverts will be replaced during the maintenance Program to ensure that passage of high runoff and overland flows from the carriageways are unimpeded, ensuring the integrity of the surface of the road pavement; and removing the potential risk from scouring.

193. Routine and ongoing maintenance. There are unlikely to be any significant impacts on soil during the operation phase of the project as long as the structures are properly maintained. Riprap, gabion baskets or bio-engineering alternatives will be used appropriately to prevent slope instabilities, improve drainage and reduce scouring and erosion in unstable sections.

194. Increasing awareness about the need to maintain vegetative cover in areas adjacent to potentially unstable slopes along the highway, and in terms of both reducing soil erosion and landslides can be included as a component of the project’s communication plan and as part of the maintenance activities. Regular vegetative maintenance also improves the line of sight of vehicle drivers and will have road safety benefits.

C.2 Operation Impacts on the Biological Environment

195. Effects on flora and fauna. The operation of the project is not likely to have impacts on flora with the exception of vegetative cover on the roadsides that needs to be regularly cut as part of the regular maintenance activities.

196. There are no rare or endangered fauna that may be impacted by the operation of the highway. The traversed area of the highland’s highway currently as in the past have already disturbed highly mobile fauna in the area due to sustained noise disturbances from passing vehicles. Besides, the areas adjacent to the highway are also already heavily disturbed from agricultural activities, gardens and coffee plantations that would have denied habitation of endangered or rare fauna.

C.3 Operation Impacts on the Social Environment

197. Noise. Even under the most optimistic scenario of increased traffic, the ambient noise level during the regular maintenance activities along the highway will not be of sufficient magnitude to require mitigation except the implementation of anti-pollution laws. Highway noise is a function of the volume of traffic and ambient noise levels is not anticipated to increase above acceptable levels due to the low forecast traffic, and generally less dense settlements along the highway (excepting those in town centres).

198. Maintenance of vehicles to maintain an acceptable level or to reduce noise emissions is beyond the scope of the project but is more to do with policy implementation (i.e. implementation of anti-pollution laws).

199. Risk of spread communicable disease. Roads have the potential to pose a risk as a pathway for disease transmission particularly if they carry a large volume of traffic; routes that connect cities, towns or large numbers of villages, (especially roads with international borders where improved access to major markets can facilitate international trade); and there is a commercial industry established that is geared towards large numbers of truck drivers and a mobile population.

200. The highlands highway has some of these characteristics although traffic volume is still considered low, and it does not connect directly to the international border with Indonesia in West Papua. However, In PNG, the Highlands Highway has become known colloquially as “the HIV/AIDS Highway” because this is where the epidemic is focused, largely as a result of truck drivers picking up sex workers along the route. There are many truck stops that cater for sexual services and although the extent has not been assessed thoroughly at this time, there is a risk of transmission of communicable diseases and this is anticipated to increase during operation. This risk will be mitigated with the implementation of STIs/HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign, in cooperation with local government and NGO health service providers.

201. Safety and access. During operation, safety and access between the capital centres in the Highlands and Momase Regions as well as local access of the rural transport network connecting to the highland’s highway, is anticipated to significantly improve. This will result in the smoother flow of traffic, exchange of goods and services, and passenger comfort when travelling between the capital centres, towns and villages along the highlands highway. Access to social services and key community facilities will be likewise anticipated to improve as a result of the investment Program. The implementation of the maintenance plan to be implemented by DOW will ensure the sustainability of the road rehabilitation.

202. In general, road safety will be also improved with road safety infrastructure and improvements put in place. Overgrown vegetation poses a traffic hazard, especially when it reduces sightlines around corners. Vehicles are known to cross to the other side of the road to avoid heavily vegetated areas or potholes, posing accident risks to oncoming vehicles. Regular cutting and clearance of road-side vegetation will be included as part of the road maintenance Program.

203. An improved highlands highway is likely to encourage vehicle drivers to increase speed, necessitating the review, regulation and enforcement of speed restrictions in built-up areas. Overall the condition of the road facilities will be enhanced and driving conditions will also improve. Routine safety measures, signage and road markings will be introduced to reduce driving risks between capital centres, villages and accident-prone areas.

D. Cumulative Impacts 204. Approach: Based on the nature of the project-environmental linkages, the baseline conditions within the receiving environment and the amounts of change expected in each case, the environmental impacts of the proposed project have been identified and quantified to the extent possible. The following conceptual model has been used as the underlying basis for assessment.

• Examining the role of the Valuable Environmental Components (VEC) in the environment: - Key links in the social, economic or ecological integrity of the area; - Components directly linked to human health and welfare; - Local key resources; - Important cultural resources; - Variability in abundance or quality over time (i.e. periods of critical availability). - Absolute change in numbers, densities, frequencies and/or duration; and - Proportional increase or decrease in volumes, flow and composition. • Determining the severity of negative impacts: - Very high - major losses or ecosystem disruption, system unable to function without substantial mitigation, usually irreversible impacts. - High - substantial losses or disruption but system could still function albeit at a lower level, usually irreversible impacts; - Moderate - measurable losses or disruption, but system could continue to work without mitigation; - Low - small changes, possibly measurable, reversible; • Examining the scale of the effect:

- Site (local) - within close range of a specified component or activity; - Catchment - within the drainage area of the River and its linked catchments; - Regional - within a specified and well-defined area within PNG; - National - country wide. • Examining the likely duration of impacts: - Short-term - occurring during construction phase only (2-3 years); - Medium term - approximately 1-2 decades; or - Long-term - persisting during the project's existence. • Other considerations: - Synergistic effects on the VECs by non-project related actions; - Project-on-environment and environment-on-project impacts.

205. Significance is defined as the perceived level of importance of an impact and is dependent on many factors, including duration, severity, scale, and reversibility. The amount of subjectivity in impact significance assignment can be reduced by formulating a definite set of criteria based on the above assessment parameters. The links have been subjectively but consistently determined and provide a basis for comparing and prioritizing impacts of the overall project.

206. Total impacts to environment within the project will be presented by marking points and calculated by the following formula:

Total impact =  (Criteria of impacts) x Significance of impacts

207. The Environmental Impact Matrix overleaf presents an assessment of Impact severity of each activity for all sensitive issues using the following coding:

Table 27: Types of Activities, Environmental Impact Assessment Coding

Activity Scale of impact Severity of impact A Clearing the right-of-way 4 National 3 High B Removal of unsuitable materials 3 Province 2 Moderate C Storage of materials 2 District 1 Low D Production of materials 1 Commune E Construction of pavement Duration Significance F Construction of culvert 3 Long-term 5 Very high G Construction of public works 2 Medium-term 4 High H Installation of safety devices 1 Short-term 3 Moderate I Operation of road Others 2 Low N/A Not assessed-0 1 Nil

208. The following environmental impact matrix has been developed using the methodology described above. It identifies those issues of greatest significance and enables the development of mitigation strategies and management plans to limit the adverse effects of those issues whilst building on potential environmental benefits that may arise.

Table 28: Environment Impacts Matrix

Item Issue

Scale

Activity

Severity

Duration

assessment

Significance

Total Total impact Generalimpact A Physical Environment A 1 1 2 2 8 L B 2 2 3 3 21 H C 2 2 3 2 14 M D 2 2 3 3 21 H Air quality and 1 E 3 2 3 3 24 H particulates F 1 1 2 3 12 M G 2 1 2 3 15 M H 1 1 1 1 3 L I 4 3 2 2 18 M A 1 1 2 2 8 L B 2 2 2 3 18 M C 1 1 2 2 8 L D 2 2 3 3 21 H 2 Noise E 3 2 3 3 24 H F 2 2 2 3 18 M G 2 2 3 2 14 M H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 3 3 2 2 16 M A 2 1 3 2 12 M B 3 2 3 3 24 H C 2 2 2 2 12 M D 3 2 3 3 24 H Construction 3 E 3 2 3 3 24 H waste F 2 1 2 3 15 M G 1 2 2 2 10 M H 1 1 1 1 3 L I 0 0 0 0 0 L A 1 1 2 2 8 L B 2 2 2 3 18 M C 1 1 2 2 8 L D 2 2 2 3 18 M 4 Vibration E 2 2 2 4 24 H F 1 2 3 3 18 M G 1 2 2 2 10 M H 1 1 1 1 3 L I 4 3 2 2 18 M

Item Issue

Scale

Activity

Severity

Duration

assessment

Significance

Total Total impact Generalimpact A 1 1 1 1 3 L B 2 2 2 2 12 M C 2 2 2 3 18 M D 2 2 3 3 21 H Water quality 5 E 3 2 2 3 21 H and pollutants F 1 1 3 5 25 H G 1 1 2 2 8 L H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 3 3 2 2 16 M A 0 0 0 0 0 L B 1 2 2 2 10 M C 0 0 0 0 0 L D 0 0 0 0 0 L Modification of 6 E 2 3 2 2 14 M surface flows F 2 3 3 2 16 M G 1 2 1 2 8 L H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 0 0 0 0 0 L A 2 2 2 1 6 L B 2 2 2 3 18 M C 1 1 1 1 3 L D 1 1 1 1 3 L 7 Soil erosion E 3 3 2 3 24 H F 2 3 3 3 24 H G 1 2 2 2 10 M H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 1 1 1 1 3 L B Biological Environment A 3 2 2 2 14 M B 1 1 2 2 8 L C 1 1 1 2 6 L D 1 1 1 2 6 L 1 Flora E 3 1 1 2 10 M F 1 1 1 2 6 L G 2 1 2 2 10 M H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 1 1 1 1 3 L 2 Fauna A 1 1 1 1 3 L

Item Issue

Scale

Activity

Severity

Duration

assessment

Significance

Total Total impact Generalimpact B 2 1 1 2 8 L C 1 1 2 2 8 L D 1 1 2 2 8 L E 3 2 2 2 14 M F 1 1 2 2 8 L G 1 1 2 2 8 L H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 4 2 1 2 14 M A 0 0 0 0 0 L B 1 1 2 3 12 M C 1 1 3 2 10 M D 1 1 2 3 12 M Fish and aquatic 3 E 3 1 2 2 12 M invertebrates F 1 1 3 3 15 M G 1 1 2 2 8 L H 0 0 0 0 0 L I 4 3 1 2 16 M C Socio-Economic Environment Resettlement – 1 All 1 1 1 1 3 L permanent 2 HIV/AIDS All 4 3 2 3 27 H 3 Cultural impacts All 3 2 2 2 14 M

Changes to A-H 3 2 2 2 14 M 4 livelihoods and subsistence I 3 3 2 2 16 M A-H 3 2 3 3 24 H 5 Safety I 4 3 2 3 27 H

Legend: Colour Code Impact Point H High Greater than 20 M Medium Greater than 10 and Less than 20 L Low Less than 10

VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

209. Proposed Program. As discussed elsewhere in this IEE, the Program concept arises from the following key requirements to address existing risks and problems: • The failures of the road pavement are primarily due to a prolonged lack of maintenance not to an inadequate structural design, except for flood-prone sections in the Morobe Province; • Many sections can be restored without engaging into costly reconstruction if corrective actions are implemented rapidly; • The current two-lane design should remain sufficient to carry the projected traffic over the next 20 years, except for the crossing of Goroka however the dense urban fabric would not accommodate a 4-lane highway; • Road traffic safety is poor, and pedestrians are especially at risk; • 29 one-lane bridges constitute a primary safety hazard and 40 two-lane bridges need repairs if not reinforcement or full reconstruction; • Budget is constrained; and • Climate change, although a real threat, is of an uncertain nature, meaning flexible, adaptive response mechanisms are necessary

210. The Program is therefore based on the following core activities: • Comprehensive sustained maintenance: Put the entire section under specific (repairs) routine and periodic (resurfacing) maintenance from day one to keep the road open to traffic at all time; gradually improve the ride comfort; salvage the sections in fair condition; remove the vegetation encroachment, restore drainage efficacy, and unearth currently suppressed paved shoulders; and secure a quick response to emergency situations, and; • Appropriate upgrading: Over the Program period, incrementally strengthen the pavement structure8; increase the drainage capacity and multiply the protections against slope instability following recommendation from adaptation to climate change; and improve the traffic safety; • Widen all single lane bridges to 2 lanes; repair, reinforce and reconstruct as appropriate all 2-lane bridges; integrate climate change adaptation recommendation in the design and complete all the due diligence for social and environment safeguards. Because of their size and duration, the preparatory activities will be undertaken during the first tranche of the Program while the works will be executed over the second tranche; • Keep existing cross section, alignment and longitudinal profile; make localized improvement only where required and economically justified, in particular to improve road safety9.

8 Including grade raising where necessary. 9 For example slight realignment of bridges when widened to two lanes.

211. Currently, access to marketplaces, jobs, education, health care etc. is hampered by the poor conditions of the road, which is a result of a lack of proper and sustained maintenance. Transport is more costly and more time consuming than it would be with a properly maintained road, and in many parts of the Highlands Highway. More specifically, the investment Program is expected to produce the following benefits: • Vehicle operating cost savings: Savings in Vehicle Operating Costs will represent a large share of benefits and are the difference between the costs of operating vehicles on the road with the proposed improvement compared with the base case of the existing condition. • Travel time savings. Travel time savings are a function of improved speeds, the shadow wage rate, the share of leisure and work time, and travel demand. The improved speeds are a function of existing travel times, and the design travel times. • Safety benefits: These benefits include probable savings in terms of the reduction in fatalities and serious injuries after road safety improvements. • Rehabilitation savings. These pertains to the cost of rehabilitation saved by virtue of the road improvements in the SHHIP design and works. • Road not closed. Landslides, regressive erosion, flooding/wash-out, and bridge collapse/wash-out have the potential to close the road to traffic, and these closures have the potentially large economic impacts in terms of interrupted production and reduced consumption, plus the cost of emergency works. Road closure benefits include the costs avoided by not conducting emergency works. • Agricultural productivity. This pertains to the increased value added in the agricultural sector created by virtue of the freight and logistics platforms to be included in Tranche 3.

212. Alternative Approaches. One alternative approach to the proposed Program, similar to what is currently the norm along the Highlands Highway – with the marked exception of the AusAid funded TSSP maintenance operations in Morobe and Eastern Provinces during 2013 to 2015 – would have been to fully rehabilitate and substantially upgrade selected sections of the highway while reducing10 maintenance activities on the others to emergency interventions to restore traffic after major distress or road collapse. This alternative has been turned down because it is expensive, runs a high risk of road closures, provides less resilience to climate risks and climate change, and creates worsening driving conditions on the sections that did not benefit from upgrading works, i.e. the majority of them. Should this alternative approach be implemented, only 40% of the entire length of the Program could be completed within the same budget envelope and time frame with a high likelihood that the remaining 60% would be close to impassable. • Widening to a 4-Lane Highway. This alternative had not been considered in the Program because the traffic level does not warrant it except in the crossing of Goroka. However, if a four-lane highway were built across the town built up area it would generate significant environmental and social impacts. For that reason, the Program has opted for a bypass to relieve the town from the negative impacts of through and heavy traffic.

10 Because (a) DOW’s maintenance budget is crowded out by large capital investment and (b) the cost of specific maintenance required for keeping these roads open to traffic is substantial. The Morobe section of national road is a case in point. 81

• Do Nothing Alternative. Would not be sustainable and the road transport problems currently experienced will continue to persist hindering further improvements in the socio-economic development of the highlands Region.

VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

213. As required by the ADB’s environmental and social safeguard requirements and Public Communications Policy (2011), consultations were undertaken by the PPTA team with provincial administration officials and community leaders to present the proposed investment Program, identify issues and concerns that the people, stakeholders, and concerned parties in the impact area may have relevant to the proposed development. The EARF, IEE and other project documents have been disclosed as per the Public Communications Policy during the MFF preparation stage. This IEE as updated at the initial implementation stage is also planned to be disclosed accordingly.

214. During the ongoing consultations, the PMO teams have been presenting and explaining to the participants the scope of the investment Program and the need to rehabilitation highlands highway. Also explained are the environmental and social impacts and the indicative mitigating measures that will be followed during the implementation of the Program as applicable.

215. After the presentation, issues and concerns of the stakeholders and participants are solicited, discussed and noted for further consideration in the investment Program design and implementations. The stakeholders consulted at the stage of project preparation were generally comprised of provincial and local government officials while additional consultations are being conducted during the implementation stage as required.

A. Implementation Stage Consultations 216. During the implementation stage, consultation activities have been continued with SHHIP communities, public administrations and others.

217. Nine different community consultations have been conducted between Jan and Aug ’19 across all SHHIP Provinces. Also, SHHIP general public awareness program has been launched for the entire 430km SHHIP Highway during 14-18 Feb’19. Likewise, eight different events for SHHIP awareness and consultation have been organized targeting all three different (Provincial, District and Local) levels of the Public Administrators by this update period - encompassing all five SHHIP Provinces.

218. Multiple consultations with other SHHIP stakeholders conducted during the period include those with the police and Defense Force representatives, DoW Provincial teams, and Daulo and Four-mile Area Landowners’ Association representatives, amongst others.

219. SHHIP stakeholders have been informed about the entire Program components including the Highway repair, maintenance, upgrading and rehabilitation; bridge works; trade and logistics platforms; social infrastructure (market stalls, bus bays, etc.); awareness programs on gender- based violence prevention, environmental protection, etc.; livelihood enhancement schemes; impacts (both beneficial and adverse) of the entire Program.

220. Major issues and concerns raised by the stakeholders during the consultation and feedback collections included four-lane versus two-lane works, pollution, disposal of spoils, river and other local resource use, land acquisition, community infrastructure, accesses during civil works implementation, employment generation, trainings, health and safety, traffic management and consultations. Queries/concerns/issues raised by the participants have been responded to by SHHIP teams. Almost all stakeholders have shown their happiness about SHHIP and made commitments to support its implementation. Summary of such key activities is presented in Table 29 below. Table 29: Community and other stakeholder consultation activities

Type Key Issues/Queries/Feedback Remarks

Kundiawa (Simbu Major social safeguard issues discussed Targeted at Province) and during the multiple sessions with different Construction Goroka/Eastern CSC and Contractor teams focused on overall Supervision Highlands social requirements for SHHIP Consultants and Province)/ Pre- implementation, viz., gender mainstreaming, Contractors. construction landownerships and legacy issues, Altogether 55 Orientation and social/community infrastructures, community Attendees in Consultation livelihood-support initiatives, local employment multiple sessions generation requirements, synergistic implementation of social activities together with civil works, Contract provisions on labor standards, etc. Clarity enhanced on applicable social standards and team works.

SHHIP General The awareness campaign focused on A week of Public disseminating comprehensive overall awareness Awareness- information on SHHIP to the general public campaigns targeted building program living along the SHHIP section of the at General Public Highlands Highway. The tools (recorded living along all three dialogue in Tok Pisin language and written SHHIP 430 km statements in English) were also especially sections. designed to clarify some confusions as the Approximate PMO came to know of their existence – number of mainly those linked to four-lane versus two- audiences noted at lane works under SHHIP, land acquisition each of the 15 total requirements, Highway corridor clearance, stopovers during the implementation-timings, sequencing of SHHIP three-day (Feb 14, components, etc. Campaign perceived to be 15 and 18) successful, overall, in meeting the objectives. campaign.

SHHIP Public SHHIP awareness-building focused on overall Targeted at Public Admin Awareness Program presentation, including social Administrators at and Consultation impacts (both adverse and beneficial ones), Provincial, District program applicable standards of the ADB and those of and Local levels of the GoPNG, safeguard plans, current the Government. implementation status, imminent social Four sessions activities, etc. Likewise, consultations primarily attended by 104

Type Key Issues/Queries/Feedback Remarks

were vital in receiving participant feedback, participants queries and responses specific to (including DoW resettlement, legacy issues, appreciative representatives) social/community infrastructures and livelihood-support initiatives, worker- community interactions, sustainable solutions to landslide and other pertinent SHHIP issues. Overall happiness about the SHHIP and full- fledged support assurances received from almost all participants

Grievance SHHIP overall and Grievance Redress Targeted at Redress Mechanism presentations were made. Major Grievance Redress Committee feedback received included queries on civil Committees in each Orientation work status, legacy issues, consultation of the five SHHIP Training and activities, resolution process for various types Provinces, Consultation of grievances, etc. altogether 84 participants attended.

SHHIP- SHHIP awareness-building focused on overall Targeted at SHHIP Community Program components, social and communities living Consultation environmental impacts (both adverse and along the Highway. programs beneficial ones), social/community Altogether 367 infrastructure support, etc. Feedback, queries people participated and responses primarily regarding in eight different resettlement, legacy issues, appreciative consultation events social/community infrastructures and launched during livelihood-support initiatives, etc. Overall Jan-Aug ‘19. happiness about the SHHIP was received from almost all participants

B. Ongoing Consultation and Disclosure

221. During the initial stages of the consultations, the stakeholders were informed that there will be continuing public consultations that will be conducted as the investment Program proceeds into further development. Accordingly, such consultations have been ongoing during the implementation stage with multiple stakeholders, including with the Program communities; their documentation is being done and reported as part of the periodic PMO reports (including the Quarterly and Semi-annual Environmental and Social Safeguard Monitoring Reports).

222. The ADB will continue arranging for the updated IEE and other reports to be posted on the website of the Bank. Following approval of the IEE, a copy of the IEE document will be sent to all relevant local government offices. DoW will arrange for the IEEs to be posted on their website and copies will be made available to the public.

VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 223. Experience in implementing earlier subprojects under the HRRIIP has demonstrated that despite good environmental and social policies, there have been individual and community concerns with the project's environmental and social performance and the effective implementation of the EMP and LARP. For example, complaints, issues and concerns from stakeholders were received by the contractor’ site office or DoW and handled in an ad hoc manner since “there was no definitive GRM established for Project 1 of the HRRIIP” (Draft EARF September 2013, Project Number: 40173) as a formal mechanism to resolve issues and complaints. This had been addressed in the subsequent improvements of the GRM in HRRIIPs Tranche 2 and similar issues that may arise during implementation of the SHHIP can be handled more effectively following the same process. The HRRIIP includes projects to improve the HCRN, the preparation of long-term maintenance contracts for the HCRN, and develop the capacity development of road agencies.

224. SHHIP dedicated grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established for all CW sections through the formation of the grievance redress committee (GRC) in each Province. This body has inclusive representations from the District and Local Levels of governance as well. It is to ensure that all AP grievances regarding any aspect of their environmental or socio-economic rights including rights to use additional land and/or compensation for affected assets, are resolved in a timely and satisfactory manner. APs and relevant stakeholders are being made fully aware of their rights (both verbally and in writing), and informed how they can access the GRM, during the initial community consultations, and through an information brochure. The GRM has been operating on the principle of trying to solve problems locally at the lowest project level, as far as possible, with the PMO teams guiding CSC and Contractor teams in taking into account customary problem-solving methods as well. However, the grievance redress committee (GRC) in each province has been also established for hearing and resolving any complaints, issues, concerns that cannot be resolved at the local level or by the PMO.

225. Complaints from APs can be filed as a written or oral complaint addressed to the PMO as the implementing body. The SHHIP community relations officers and/or safeguard officers have been assisting APs in registering their complaints, usually with the construction site office, or, (if the AP wishes for whatever reason), with the provincial DOW office, Provincial Administrator’s Office or the Goroka PMO, where registers for this purpose have been kept. All complaints in the register record: date, name of complainant, contact address or mobile; nature of complaint; response and resolution/referral; etc. A duplicate copy of the entry is being given to the complainants for their record, at the time of registering it. The register also shows details such as who has been directed to deal with the complaint, the date when it has been resolved, together with the date when the complainant was informed of the decisions, and how this was conveyed to the complainant. The register is being signed off by the person responsible for the decision, dated, and included in monitoring reports.

226. The PMO staff, along with local government officials, have been assisting the Project Managers and GRCs in reviewing and addressing the complaints, issues, concerns. The safeguards officers have been facilitating communication between the APs and the PMO in this process, and also between the PMO and the contractors. Where no solution is found by the PMO, the GRC is being asked to meet to consider the complaints, issues, concerns. The grievance redress mechanism makes it necessary to make the initial response within a week of receiving the minor complaint whereas so is required within two weeks in case of major ones. Likewise, the complaints, issues, concerns must be redressed within one and two months from the date of lodging the complaint for minor and major case, respectively. Where no resolution is possible,

guidance/referral is made to other relevant authorities, including to the PNG courts. The key functions of the GRC are to (i) record, categorize and prioritize the unsolved grievances; (ii) settle the grievances in consultation with complainant(s) and other stakeholders; (iii) inform the aggrieved parties about the solutions; and (vi) provide guidance or forward the unresolved cases to the other authorities.

227. The provincial GRC handles environmental, land, resettlement, compensation and other social related grievances. The committee is composed of the key public administrators at the Provincial, District and Local levels of governance, PMO staff and a representative from civil society. There shall be up to three hearings of the GRC, and the scheduling of the final hearing should be not more than 10 days after the first hearing. Both parties may re-negotiate the solutions proposed during the first hearing and may introduce new arguments and evidence to support their respective positions. After summation of the case, the GRC will decide the issues based on the policies governing the SHHIP, the prevailing laws in PNG and taking account of customary laws of the place where the dispute or complaint arose.

228. The SHHIP grievance process is similar to and will also take account of the PNG procedure for addressing environmental issues outlined in Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000. Any unsolved grievances related to land and compensation issues received by the PMO, also involves discussions with the DOW teams as appropriate.

229. If the AP is not satisfied with any environmental decision of the GRC, the complainant may take the complaint further to the CEPA and follow the grievance process in accordance with Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000 (which deals with compensation claims for environmental impacts.) This procedure is set out as follows:

• The complainant meets with the contractor and/or EP holder to formally register concern over impact and seek redress. A copy of the alleged impact is submitted to CEPA.

- EP holder has to determine whether the impact has occurred due to its activities. - If EP holder accepts responsibility for the impact, it can negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement with AP within 90 days. - If EP holder rejects responsibility for the impact, the complainant can request CEPA to carry out a verification investigation. - If CEPA confirms that the impact has occurred, he/she will advise the EP holder and complainant to negotiate a settlement within 90 days. - If a negotiated settlement is not reached, the EP holder or complainant can request CEPA to formulate a determination. Once this request is made, CEPA will have 90 days to reach a determination. If either party is dissatisfied with the determination, they can appeal to the National Court.

• Should the complainant not be satisfied with the ruling of the CEPA, the AP may at their discretion take the grievance to the PNG judicial system. This will be at the AP’s cost but if the court shows that the CEPA or the administration have been negligent in making their determination the AP will be able to seek costs.

230. All of the foregoing steps are being recorded in an inventory/register and included in the PMO Quarterly and Semi-annual social and/or environmental safeguards monitoring reports (based on the nature of the grievances), and such reports are being submitted to DOW and ADB.

231. During both construction and operation, the same procedures and conditions apply: i.e. there are no fees attached to the AP for making a complaint, the complainant is free to make the complaint which will be treated in a transparent manner, and the AP will not be subject to retribution for making any complaint.

IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

232. The environmental management plan (EMP) for this investment Program contains a number of components as follows: (i) institutional arrangements and responsibilities (for various aspects of EMP implementation); (ii) monitoring and reporting; (iii) environmental management plan (EMP) and monitoring matrix; and (iv) indicative environmental monitoring cost. These are explained in detail below.

A. Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities 233. Overall implementation of environmental safeguards including environmental management requirements is a joint responsibility between the DOW/PMO, CSC, contractor(s) and ADB. As regards the preparation of SHHIP - Tranche 1, all the safeguards due diligence tasks have been undertaken by the PPTA team complemented by a design firm, with the assistance of the ESSB. The Department of Works (DOW) is the Executing Agency while PMO is the implementation agency based in Goroka in EHP. The PMO has the overall responsibility to plan and coordinate implementation and monitoring environment and social safeguards related to civil works and acquiring additional land to implement SHHIP subprojects, as well as compensation for damages on project-affected land. The DOW has established a Program Management Office (PMO) in Goroka headed by a Program Director with delegated authority to manage the day to day activities of the Program. Within the PMO there is a Consultancy Team with International Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialists and national teams to based also in Goroka to manage SHHIP environmental and social safeguard aspects. The Environment and Social Safeguards Branch (ESSB) within the DOW also supports in the relevant areas wherever required. The overall organizational structure for environmental management for the project is shown in Figure 12. Likewise, a Steering Committee at the national level has been providing strategic guidance, high-level decisions, and overall performance monitoring of the Investment Program.

Figure 12: Institutional Arrangement for SHHIP Environmental Safeguards Management

234. Department of Works. The DOW, as executing agency for the Investment Program, has overall responsibility to manage the planning, implementation and performance monitoring of the Program. The DOW is responsible for ensuring that aadequate funding is provided under the Program to enable the PMO to fulfil their responsibilities. DOW/PMO is also responsible for ensuring that environmental assessments are prepared and submitted to ADB together with the Periodic Financing Request (PFR) for review and approval prior to commencement of any work proposed under the Program. DOW--through the PMO based in Goroka has been monitoring the progress of the environmental work stream to ensure that environmental safeguards as set out in the EARF are implemented and complied with country safeguards requirements and the SPS. The PMO is responsible for daily management and implementation of the subprojects under the Program and the ESSB has been supporting the PMO wherever required in ensuring the Program’s environmental safeguard requirements are adequately and properly implemented.

235. Environmental and Social Safeguards Branch (ESSB). The ESSB is primarily responsible for DOW's compliance with the National safeguards requirements for all projects implemented under the Department of Works. They interact between DOW and the PMOs. The ESSB is responsible for implementing safeguards on behalf of DOW for all programs and projects (development partner financed and internally financed) throughout the country. Both ADB and WB have been providing project-based resources to support ESSB. A capacity building program has been delivered to the ESSB through funds from the existing ADB-funded HRRIIP which will benefit the SHHIP eventually. Officers from the ESSB and DoW other teams shall be trained under SHHIP as well through the PMO to further enhance their capacity in managing environmental and social safeguards.

236. Project Management Office (PMO). For each tranche of this Program, the DOW, through the PMO will be responsible for the implementation of the entire environmental assessment and review procedures. Given that EP applications and assessments are not required for road maintenance and rehabilitation activities, the assessments will be prepared following ADB prescribed format (Annex 3). For other activities (waste discharge, water use, materials sources and quarry activities) that trigger need for permits, these will follow national requirements as well as SPS. As discussed above, all of the subprojects have been identified but will be executed over time in three subsequent tranches. The safeguards due diligence and assessments for T2 and T3 have yet to be undertaken.

237. Construction Supervision Consultants. The CSC has been supporting DOW/PMO during implementation of the Program, assisting the international and national safeguards specialists in complying with country systems and SPS. The CSC includes international and national safeguards specialists to actively ensure that contractors’ operations comply with the CEMP, country systems and SPS. The safeguards expert with the CSC supervises the compliance of contractor's operations with the safeguard’s requirements in the contract, and more specifically the Environmental Management Plan (prepared by the contractor, reviewed and validated by the safeguards expert of the CSC and vetted by the PMO).

238. PMO and ESSB Collaboration. On top of the support from the CSC, the ESSB has been also supporting the PMO wherever required for implementation of the EARF. This includes, but is not limited to ensuring that: (i) the EARF procedures are strictly adhered to and that screening and preparation of environmental assessments is carried out in a timely and adequate manner, (ii) environmental monitoring and institutional requirements are fully met, and (iii) meaningful public consultations are carried out satisfactorily. The PMO/DOW has been submitting the categorization, environmental assessments, and monitoring reports to ADB for review in a timely manner. These same requirements apply for the subsequent investment tranches (T2 and T3)

while the categorization and environmental assessments has been done for tranche 1, monitoring for tranche 1 projects implementation is ongoing.

239. The PMO is tasked to (i) strengthen the environmental management of subprojects during contract process, construction, and implementation; (ii) provide induction training to contractors prior to preparation and submission of the CEMP for each subproject; (iii) provide assistance for review and clearance of the CEMPs; (iv) monitor compliance with the approved CEMP of each subproject; (v) prepare reports on environmental safeguards activities as required; and (vi) supervise and guide the environmental assessment and review process for implementation of subsequent tranches.

240. Environmental specialists in the PMO. The PMO's safeguards experts are responsible for the compliance of SHHIP's operations with national and ADB's safeguards requirements. They interact with the Safeguards Expert of each CSC, with ESSB, and with ADB. For the implementation of Tranche 1 and the preparation of Tranche 2 and 3, the environmental specialists – also working with the ESSB wherever required - in carrying out environmental management steps such as the following: • Build capacity of the ESSB staff, providing on-the-job and specialist support, advice and training as required; • Undertake the screening of each subproject of Tranche 2 and then of Tranche 3 (based on design information and baseline conditions) and plan resources for preparing due diligence, depending on the category, required per subproject; • Undertake assessment (including baseline, surveys as required, consultations etc.) and prepare the due diligence for each subproject (IEE for category B subprojects and guidelines for category C subprojects); • Ensure that the due diligence is undertaken in compliance with the requirements of the government and ADB (as set out in this EARF), and that adequate consultation with affected people is undertaken in accordance with ADB requirements; • Following ADB clearance of the assessments/due diligence, apply for and obtain necessary permits and/or clearance, as required, from CEPA and other relevant government agencies (DOM), ensuring that all necessary regulatory clearances are obtained before awarding contracts for civil works; • Based on detailed design, update the EMP from the approved/cleared assessment and integrate the updated EMP and any permit conditions into the civil works bid and contract documents; • Provide induction training to the contractor(s) on the EMP requirements and ensure that the contractor(s) understand their responsibilities to mitigate environmental problems associated with construction activities; • Review and clear the contractor(s)’ CEMP and ensure and monitor that the approved CEMP, including an environmental monitoring plan, will be properly implemented; • Working with the resident engineer or site supervisor, undertake regular checks of contractor(s) compliance with the approved CEMP, and report on the same; • Note and document corrective actions required to be implemented by the contractor(s);

• Based on findings from above and review of contractor(s) monthly reports, prepare inputs to the quarterly progress reports; and • Submit semi-annual safeguards monitoring reports to PMO for onward submission to DOW and ADB.

241. Conservation and Environmental Protection Authority. The CEPA is required to and has been engaged in review applications and issue permits (with or without conditions) for associated activities (waste discharge, water use, materials sources and quarry activities), and where possible, participate in monitoring and compliance review.

242. Asian Development Bank. The ADB has been providing safeguards support and advice as required to the ESSB and PMO. The ADB is responsible for the: (i) concurrence with the screening (and resulting due diligence requirements) of each subproject; (ii) review and clear the due diligence prepared for each subproject; (iii) participate in missions to review implementation of the EARF and subprojects; (iv) arrange disclosure on the ADB website of cleared due diligence reports and monitoring reports; and, (v) as required, provide advice to DOW/PMO in carrying out its responsibilities to implement the EARF for the Program.

243. The responsibilities of the agencies and institutions are summarized in Table 30. Table 29: Institutional Responsibilities for Environmental Safeguards Responsible Agency Responsibilities DOW • Support PMO for preparation of and submission of PFR (and supporting documentation) for future tranches • Ensure budget and funding availability; • Provide counterpart support and contribution to the Program as agreed; • Disclose safeguard documents on behalf of government ADB • Review and clearance of due diligence (IEE and EMP) • Review all feasibility study documentation • Board approval of project (incl. preparing documents package for Board review – requirements in PAM and covenants in loan agreement) • Assist government to recruit CSC • Review contractor’s reports and monitoring reports • Disclose documents on website ESSB • Prior to works commencing ensure the requirements under EPAR and CSS (including permits for associated activities) are met; • Support PMO teams as may be required PMO Environmental • Undertake the screening of each subproject of Tranche 2 and then of Tranche 3 Specialists (based on design information and baseline conditions) and plan resources for preparing due diligence, depending on the category, required per subproject • Undertake assessment (including baseline, surveys as maybe required, consultations etc.) and prepare the due diligence for each subproject (IEE for category B subprojects and guidelines for category C subprojects) • Ensure that the due diligence is undertaken in compliance with the requirements of the government and ADB (as set out in this EARF), and that adequate consultation with affected people is undertaken in accordance with ADB requirements • With support from CSC, provide induction training to the contractor prior to the preparation and submission of the contractor’s CEMP and as required work with the contractor’s environmental specialist to identify appropriate construction methodologies and detailed site-specific mitigations; • Work with contractor environmental specialist for provision of awareness/training to workers and technology transfer to contractor as required • Supervise, monitor and report on contractor’s implementation of CEMP and all other contractual obligations and enforce contractual requirements • Preparation and submission of quarterly progress reports and semi-annual monitoring reports

Responsible Agency Responsibilities CSC • Provide support to, and coordinate with, PMO for safeguards implementation • Undertake preliminary design and detailed design • Prepare IEE including overall EMP • Update IEE (including EMP) filling information gaps and elaborating baseline as required based on surveys and detailed design • Incorporation of IEE mitigation measures into bidding documents and technical specifications • Incl. in above TOR for environmental specialist as part of contractor’s team • Provide inputs to the bid evaluation in respect of contractor’s response to the EMP requirements including the suitability of the environmental specialist proposed as part of the contractor’s team; • Supervise, monitor and report on contractor’s implementation of CEMP and all other contractual obligations Audit construction phase through environmental inspections and review monitoring data • Submission of QPR and semi-annual monitoring reports for allocated section (s) to PMO Civil Works Contractor(s) • Provide suitably qualified environmental specialist • Prepare CEMP including the site-specific plans and drawings at river crossings, construction camps and yards showing layouts and mitigation, and construction methodologies (working methods, and spoil disposal locations and methods etc.) and GRM, • Submits CEMP to CSC for review and approval • Identify materials and equipment sources and arrange necessary permits and compliance certificates • Pre-mobilization provide induction on CEMP (incl. OHS) to employees • Implementation and monitoring of CEMP • Implementation of GRM • Reporting of CEMP and GRM implementation in monthly reports • Implement corrective actions as required by CSC CEPA • Ensure compliance with government requirements • Review applications and issue permits (with or without conditions) for associated activities (waste discharge, water use, materials sources and quarry activities) • Review complicated issues arising from the project • Participate in monitoring and compliance review wherever required Maintenance contractor • Undertake environmental monitoring and prepare bi-annual reports • Prepare maintenance reports to adaptively manage environmental risks related to operations.

B. Monitoring and Reporting 244. Throughout implementation of the Program, DOW/PMO and ADB will monitor the progress and impact of the Program. This includes monitoring the implementation of safeguards and effectiveness of mitigation measures. DOW is required to implement safeguard measures and relevant safeguard plans, as provided in the legal agreements, and to submit periodically monitoring reports on their implementation performance.

245. Overall, the EMP implementation is being monitored by the PMO with support from the CSC. In consultation with DOW and ADB, the PMO has established a system for preparing quarterly progress reports (QPR) which include safeguards (environmental performance i.e. compliance with EMP and approved CEMP, GRM implementation and issues resolution, audits/compliance checks and corrective action plans, and training and capacity building). The safeguards sections from the QPR can be aggregated to provide information for the semi-annual safeguards monitoring reports. The semi-annual safeguards monitoring reports are being submitted by the PMO to DOW and ADB. ADB discloses them on the website. The EMP for each subproject includes the outline plan for monitoring and supervision and is being implemented by the PMO and CSC with required support from the ESSB. Progress on the preparation and

implementation of the CEMP is being included in the QPR. Specific monitoring activities defined in the CEMP are being carried out by the contractor and monitored by the PMO and CSC.

246. In general, the overall extent of monitoring activities, including their scope and periodicity, is commensurate with the subproject’s impacts identified by during assessment undertaken by the Contractor during preparation of the CEMP. In addition, the Contractors have conducted baseline measurements for indicators defined in the CEMP. Baseline measurements for air quality, noise levels, water quality, and terrestrial and aquatic environment have been conducted as required. The baseline information will be used as basis for the monitoring of changes in the indicators during quarterly monitoring by the PMO.

247. In respect of monitoring and reporting, DOW through the PMO has been: • Ensuring the baseline conditions are recorded and properly benchmark the elements to be monitored; • Establishing and maintaining procedures to monitor the progress of implementation of environmental safeguards; • Verifying the compliance with environmental measures and whether they are achieving the intended outcomes (mitigated level of impact); • Identifying necessary corrective and preventive actions including actions required when the GRM has been triggered i.e. the report will outline where work has not complied with the EMP and what steps (and timeline) were taken to rectify it; • Documenting and disclosing the monitoring results; • Following up on these actions to ensure progress toward the required outcomes; • Where required (for complex subprojects or subprojects in locations with particularly sensitive receptors) retaining qualified and experienced external experts or qualified NGOs to verify monitoring results; and • Submitting periodic monitoring reports on safeguard measures as agreed with ADB.

248. ADB has been carrying out the following monitoring actions to supervise safeguards implementation: • Conduct review and supervision missions (including conducting site visits) with detailed review by ADB’s safeguard specialists/officers or consultants; • Review the QPR and semi-annual monitoring reports submitted by DOW/PMO to ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed with ADB; • Disclose the reports in compliance with the Public Communications Policy; • Work with DOW/PMO to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and • Prepare project completion reports that assess whether the objective and desired outcomes of the EMPs have been achieved, taking into account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.

249. The PMO through the CSC, has been reviewing the IEE and corresponding EMP/CEMP for each subproject to ensure that mitigation measures and monitoring plans proposed in that document are proportional/commensurate with the identified risks and impacts, and in compliance with ADB’s and national requirements. According to the reports and reviews during its missions, ADB, in consultation with the government, has been confirming compliance. For this purpose, the

PMO has been providing ADB with access to information on any projects. The information on implementation of an EMP/CEMP, as well as that on environmental and social safeguard compliance, is being systematically documented and reported to ADB as part of the regular progress reports.

250. Monitoring plans have been prepared and are included as part of the EMP in the IEE prepared for the Tranche 1. Following loan effectiveness, the following monitoring actions are being taken: (i) the PMO and CSC are responsible for reviewing and updating the monitoring program to ensure that it meets the intention of the EMP (including whether the baseline needs to be updated or completed) and that it identifies resources and arrangements suitable for carrying it out; (ii) the CSC has been providing inputs to the QPR and the PMO has been using the QPR to prepare the semi-annual safeguards monitoring reports; (iii) the semi-annual safeguards monitoring reports are being reviewed and cleared, and cleared reports disclosed on ADB’s website; and (iv) after one year the PMO, with support from ESSB as may be required, will arrange to review the monitoring program and make any adjustments to it as required. The PMO will inform the DoW who will inform ADB of any changes that are recommended to be made prior to implementing any changes.

251. Table 31 provides the key tasks for environmental monitoring that will be incorporated into the EMP, and as necessary, elaborated by the contractor in the CEMP. The reporting will be as per the following schedule: • A monthly report prepared during construction by the Contractor reporting on progress of CEMP activities, issues and corrective actions. This will be based on the site diary maintained by the EHSO and compiled notes of daily and weekly inspections; • QPR prepared by PMO every three months. The QPR will include a section on safeguards activities and CEMP compliance for the subproject and will summarize the monthly reports submitted by the contractor and any actions or citations made by the Engineer; • A semi-annual safeguards monitoring report (prepared every six months) by the PMO submitted to DOW and ADB and disclosed; and • The project completion report will include a section on safeguards implementation and make recommendations as required for modifications to the processes set out in the EARF and EMP procedures based on the review undertaken at the end of the project. The safeguards section will be prepared by the DOW/PMO with support from ESSB (if required) three months prior to the end of Tranche 1.

252. During operation monitoring will be carried out by the DOW, in coordination with the CEPA. Table 30: Key Tasks for Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring tasks Responsibility Timing Design Phase For information, or as required, submit EMPs PMO Prior to construction (including monitoring plans) to CEPA Ensure IEE and EMP included in bids and PMO and ADB Prior to issue of bidding documents environmental provisions are included Construction Phase

Training and briefing of contractor’s PMO and Contractor First training prior to preparation of management, site agents with regards to all CEMP and commencement of each EMP requirements in respect of monitoring contract and refresher courses at yearly intervals throughout construction period Monthly monitoring and reporting by contractor Contractor, Continuous throughout the construction on implementation of approved CEMP and period statutory environmental requirements Regular monitoring and reporting of contractor’s CSC Continuous throughout the construction compliance with CEMP and statutory period environmental requirements Monitor the performance of environmental PMO and Contractor Ongoing, prior to and during training by contractor and briefings and of the implementation of works and operation environmental awareness of contractor staff, toolbox talks and refresher courses. Regular monitoring and reporting of complaints PMO and Contractor Continuous throughout construction and responses (GRM) period Monitor adjustments to the CEMP for PMO and Contractor Continuous throughout construction unexpected impacts and the thorough period implementation of detailed CEMP Operation and Maintenance Phase Observations during routine maintenance DOW-ESSB, As per PMO inspection schedules inspections of facilities. Inspections will include Main. Contractor monitoring implementation of operational mitigation measures versus environmental criteria specified in EMP for operational impacts Post-construction monitoring of water quality at DOW-ESSB Monthly up to three months after any sites where complaints about completion of construction or until air/noise/water quality from works were justified air/noise, water quality meets baseline in construction phase conditions Monitoring survival of trees / shrubs and grass DOW-ESSB During the first three years after in bioengineered slopes (e.g. at landslides, also installation or rehabilitation transplanted / compensatory planted trees)

C. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Monitoring Matrix 253. Table 32 presents environmental mitigation and monitoring measures to address anticipated impacts of the investment Program. The table also shows responsibilities for the implementation of these mitigation measures and corresponding monitoring and reporting.

Table 31: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Monitoring Matrix

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification DESIGN AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Survey and land 1. MOAs signed and validated; DOW During As Per Compensation As per LARP; DOW PMO As per LARP access, land clearing - 2. LARP/Due Diligence Report detailed LARP entitlements internal and with Budget land availability engineering Budget paid; external assistance by design monitoring CSC-Goroka Designing for climate 1. Design slopes with appropriate angles for the CSC and DOW During Part of 1 – 3 civil Once during DOW PMO Part of change adaptation - soil types encountered and constructed with with Technical detailed detailed engineering the design and with detailed Uncertain flood return benches and bench drains where necessitated Assistance engineering design – design tender assistance by design – frequencies; by the height of the slope; Consultants design Tranche specifications in document CSC-Goroka Tranche 1 undersized structures 2. Inventory of existing drainage canals, culverts 1 tender preparation may fail earlier than and observe natural watercourses; replace documents prior stage; Design designed and/or add drainage pathways to to start of Engineer accommodate anticipated flows with allowance contract and site guided by the for increased flows and sedimentation in works; number CRVA determining appropriate sizes with and capacity of prepared for considerations to treatment of culvert inlet and waterways/site the investment outlet works to ensure smooth flow conditions works and Program; and minimize risks of scour; corresponding 3. Design roadside drains to accommodate appropriate anticipated run-off from the carriageway and structures adjacent slopes; lined drains shall be provided in the design where the longitudinal gradient exceeds 3% or where the soil is considered susceptible to erosion; and sealing of the carriage way will be extended to the shoulders where there is a steep longitudinal gradient or high super-elevation or a combination of both to protect the shoulders from scour. Integrate EMP in BCD 1. The safeguard provisions will be included in ESSB and During the Project 1 and 2 Once during PMO verified Project cost – to ensure the bidding documents: PMO tendering cost compliance with detailed by DOW and environmental • Section 4 – Bidding Forms: Bidders were Contractor process ADB and PNG- design stage ADB safeguards’ requested to price for social and DOW and CEPA and prior to competence in project environmental works including requirements; tendering; preparation and implementation of the environmental check tender environmental management plan; requirements documents compliance with environmental form part of the monitoring and the provision of the tender resettlement plan; preparation and documents implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness and HIV/AIDS management plan. • Section 6 – Employer’s requirement: Related documents also were provided to bidder with the bidding document including Environmental Management Plan and HIV/AIDS Awareness; and

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 2. Inclusion of SPS Appendix 5 - Prohibited Investment Activities List in the BCD. Bid evaluation and 1. The contractors bidding for the contract will be PMO and During the Project 1 – 3 contractor Once during PMO/ESSB Project Cost selection of contractor required to provide a short statement attached ESSB tendering Cost certifications that the tendering - selection of to their bids that confirms the following: process CEMP properly process; competent contractor 2. That the CEMP to be prepared by the costed; checklist of will ensure that the contractor in response to the EMP section has Contact details tender environmental been properly costed into the bid price. The provided; compliance to integrity of the contractor is required to provide the name, Attendance at requirements Program is details of qualifications and experience of the induction maintained person on the contractor’s team who will be training responsible for the environmental compliance requirements and the preparation of CEMP. Should the contractor fail to provide these details, the bid will consider to be non- responsive and the bid rejected. 3. The contractor will take-up opportunities for capacity building in environmental management prior to preparation of the CEMP; will undergo induction training on EMP requirements and provisions to be provided by the PMO and ESSB. CEMP prepared, 1. The CEMP (including construction Contractor, After issuance Incl. in 1 approved Once after the CSC/PMO Incl. in BOQ submitted and methodologies and site-specific plans and Subcontractor of Notice to BOQ and CEMP; induction and project approved before work drawings) will be prepared Contractors, and (baseline Proceed project 2 all necessary training; commences - reviewed and approved by CSC and the final surveys) (NTP) and required Check CEMP contractor inducted to approval will be given by PMO, subject to PMO/ESSB prior to start of permits and submission as site, provided training meeting all EMP requirements; construction compliance basis for to reduce risk of non- 2. Contractor obtains all necessary activities approvals Contractor compliance with permits/compliance approval requirements applied and compliance; requirements and complies with all permitting requirements secured/ associated with the implementation of the acquired; CEMP including quarry permits, water permits, 3 subcontracts approval/ requirements for establishment of with qualified batching plant, disposal sites and other related environmental activities for submission and approval of experts PMO/ESSB and CEPA engaged to 3. The Contractor shall engage the services of conduct qualified environmental experts (for e.g. from baseline data the University of Technology in Lae) to collect collection one baseline data for air quality, noise levels, water month upon quality and flora and fauna as defined in the receipt of NTP; EMP one month upon receipt of the Notice to monitoring Proceed. Monitoring for specific parameters parameters and and indicators will be conducted at the indicators to be frequency specified in the EMP throughout the included in the construction period. This will be reported in CEMP. progress and monitoring reports and is expected to be costed out by the contractor as part of the pay item in the BOQ. 97

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification Induction of contractor 1. Contractor will undergo induction training and PMO/ESSB After issuance Project 1 - 5 attendance Once; Check DOW/ADB Included in to site - prepare and submit the CEMP of Notice to cost at induction for available contract price Understanding of 2. Following approval of the CEMP by PMO, the Proceed training and documentation CEMP requirements contractor together with the person on the (NTP) and meetings; of induction and environmental contractor’s staff who will be responsible for prior to start of GRM, permitting training and compliance facilitates supervising and monitoring the CEMP and all construction requirements, meeting efficient safeguards the concerned staff of the contractor will meet activities and safeguards including implementation with the ESSB, PMO and the CSC on-site explained; attendance where the CEMP requirements will be Contractor sheet(s) confirmed by the contractor; issued certificate 3. Contractor and their staff will also be made of attendance aware of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM); and its recording and resolution requirements as well as protocols for addressing complaints, issues and concerns raised by the stakeholders during the construction; 4. Contractor will be also advised of the responsibility of securing environment permits if needed and assessment of sources (quarries, river, etc.) of materials; and 5. All contractor employees will be given orientation of safeguards requirements and their obligations as stipulated in the CEMP. Mobilization of the 1. As far as possible, labour shall come from the Contractor After issuance Included 1 and 2 Daily progress CSC/PMO to Included in contractor/ communities traversed by the Highlands of Notice to in agreements as required; verify; contract price construction camp Highway. But where this is not possible due to Proceed contract reached with Once unless Community and works/materials the absence of skills appropriate to the (NTP) and price village leaders; there is members to sites prepared - requirements, workers hired from off-site shall prior to number hired; personnel monitor presence of be provided briefing of village protocols as part commenceme checklist of turnover; Site Contractor construction workers of awareness training; nt of mobilization inspections; activities hired off-site may 2. The contractor shall ensure that workers’ construction requirements (6) Monthly; affect community actions outside work site are controlled and activities prepared and payroll/list of protocols ignored and village customs and traditions are observed at signed off when workers; (7 to relations; village all times; completed; 9) Once during potential for conflict 3. The contractor will identify one member of mobilization, and unrest; access to their staff to be the liaison between the ward 3 contractors daily for materials sites and councillor, village leaders and elders and contact person hygiene and any new operation not contractor, as well as between the contractor identified; housekeeping; permitted or agreed and PMO; Once for (10 creating local conflicts 4. Worker camp location and facilities will be 4 compliance to 11) during and environmental located at least 500m from settlements and with work camp mobilization; impacts agreed with local communities and facilities locational periodic spot- approved by PMO and managed to minimize requirement; checking impacts; during 5. Adequate signage and security provided at the 5 signs and operation site office and works yard and prevention of security unauthorized people (especially children) requirements entering the area; provided;

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 6. As many local workers as possible will be 6 number of hired and trained for the construction activities. workers hired In order to avoid clan conflicts over access to locally and employment, it is important that local workers trained for the are sourced from each of the customary land construction areas along the highway; activities; 7. Adequate housing shall be provided for all workers at the construction camps and 7 to 9 adequate establish clean canteen/eating and cooking housing, cooking areas; and dining 8. Construction camp(s) will be established in areas, potable areas with adequate drainage in order to water, and prevent water logging at the camp and sanitation and formation of breeding sites for mosquitoes and drainage to facilitate flow of the treated effluent; facilities 9. Potable water, clean water for showers, provided as per hygienic sanitation facilities/toilets with agreed sufficient water supply, worker canteen/rest specifications; area and first aid facilities shall be provided. Separate toilets shall be provided for male and 10 – 12 report of female workers and portable lavatories (or at poaching and/or least pit latrines in remote areas) shall be access to installed and open defecation shall be protected areas prohibited; cleaning lavatories regularly and with keeping lavatory facilities clean at all times; administrative 10. Poaching of animals (incl. fish and birds) for sanctions food, trade or other will be prohibited with imposed; sanctions imposed for non-compliance; 11. Use of guns and hunting equipment by workers will be banned and workers taking or in possession of wildlife shall be dismissed from employment; 12. Entry to protected and wildlife management areas and/or sensitive areas (forested areas and rivers) by workers will not be allowed; 13. Provision of safe access across the works site (particularly during construction of drains) to people whose village and access are 13 safe access temporarily affected during construction works; provided; 14. Adequate protection shall be provided to the general public in the vicinity of the work site, 14 – 15 clean including advance notice of commencement of and tidy work works, installing safety barriers as required by sites and villagers, and signage or marking of work construction areas; camp, number of 15. Workers shall respect village and landowner’s workers boundaries and comply with village rules and informed of terms of conduct (especially in relation to customs and women and elders); traditions, prohibited 99

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 16. Avoid damage to productive trees and equipment and gardens, water resources and springs (prior activities; approval from landowners and community will be required); 17 approved 17. The contactor will engage an accredited HIV/AIDS/STI service provider to deliver HIV/AIDS/STI service provider awareness and prevention for the contractor’s engaged; workers and adjacent communities. The number of service provider must be an organization awareness actively providing such services in the vicinity activities; of the highway to ensure on-going activities reported and follow-up of at-risk groups; incidence of 18. Land used for campsites shall be cleaned and infections; turned over to the landowner free from all debris and materials including unserviceable 18 – 19 sites equipment. Upon landowner’s advice, the area cleaned, and shall be planted with pre-use vegetation as replanting soon as possible before it is vacated; completed 19. Work and camp sites will be cleaned up to the before satisfaction of the landowner and/or local demobilization; community after use; and number and 20. Licenses and EPs for materials extraction and species planted spoil disposal will be obtained in advance and recorded; before work commences from the appropriate authorities including CEPA. 20 photocopies of licenses and EPs displayed on notice boards, and original copies shown upon demand. CONSTRUCTION STAGE Operation of the 1. Spillage during transport shall be minimized by Contractor Before and Included 1 and 3 traffic Daily visual CSC/PMO to Included in various heavy covering dump trucks when transporting during in and dust monitoring as verify; contract price equipment, vehicles excavated soils to approved disposal sites. construction contract management determined by community and the operation of The contractor shall also ensure that dump activities price plan prepared wind and site members to the batching and trucks will not be overloaded; and approved; conditions; monitor asphalt plants - 2. A traffic management plan shall be creating dust implemented as part of the CEMP to manage 2 dust Daily during nuisance/impacts on minimization of emissions due to traffic generation and dry air quality congestion along the construction corridor. re-suspension; construction The plan will ensure that vehicle passage is watering days; site not hampered by unnecessary obstructions activities inspection; especially in areas that have very limited conducted visual passing space; especially in observation; 3. Construction areas shall be planned to reduce sensitive vehicle idling and waiting time, and resources locations; Spot checks; required (i.e. traffic enforcers, warning signs, site inspection; 100

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification traffic advisory billboards, etc.) are properly 4 and 5 waiting visual deployed in place. time; vehicle observation; 4. Construction equipment and vehicles shall not congestion; be parked longer than necessary on the traffic warning Third party highway leading to the construction areas. The devices and inspection contractor’s construction equipment and human certificate to vehicles shall be properly maintained to meet resources be provided as existing ambient air quality standards. provided; part of the 5. Construction equipment and vehicles shall be number and type compliance inspected for operational worthiness by an of vehicles requirements accredited third-party service provider. Air parked; pollution control devices shall be installed in associated facilities, i.e. batching and asphalt 6 traffic warning plants and mufflers are to be installed in all signs provided in vehicles; appropriate 6. Appropriate traffic signs shall be installed locations as around sensitive receptors such as residential, required; institutional (schools and hospitals) and commercial areas advising approaching 7 number of motorists to maintain slow speeds to minimize vehicles used in dust generation and re-suspension; spraying and 7. Water spraying will be carried out in dust volume of water prone locations, unpaved haulage roads, used; earthworks, and stockpiles including asphalt mixing plant areas; 8. Open burning of solid wastes (plastic, paper, organic matters) will be prohibited; 9. Use of dust control methods (such as covers, water suppression on paved or unpaved road surfaces, or increase moisture content for open materials storage piles) will be practiced; 10. A regular vehicle preventive maintenance 8 any smoke inspection and repair Program shall be observed from implemented to reduce emission of fumes burning; from exhaust pipes; 11. Masks and personal protective equipment 9 type of dust (PPE) shall be provided to the construction control methods workers to protect them from inhalation of dust applied; and exhaust fumes; 12. Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants 11 PMI records including crushers and the batching plants will on file; be located at least 1 km downwind from the nearest settlement only after receiving 12 PPE provided permission from the design and supervision to construction consultant (CSC). workers; 13. Hot mix plant will be fitted with stack/chimney of adequate height as prescribed by CSC to 13 - 16 ensure enough dispersion of exhaust compliance with emissions; locational requirements 101

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 14. Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters shall and anti- be used to the extent feasible; and pollution devices 15. Diesel generating sets shall be fitted with installed; adequate stack height and low-sulphur diesel shall be used in generator sets as well as other machineries. Operation of plant and 1. Contractor shall be prepared to limit work only Contractor During Included 1 permission to 1 as CSC/PMO to Included in vehicles/works using to daylight hours more for security reasons construction in be sought from determined by verify; contract price machinery - elevated and where the community finds that any night- activities contract community; village Community noise levels and time operations will become a nuisance; price complaints from protocols and members to vibration 2. Temporary construction facilities such as communities site conditions; monitor construction camps, vehicle maintenance (GRM and 2 Once; Site ambient noise workshops and earthmoving equipment shall records); inspection to levels after be located at least 1 km away from verify training by settlements and other sensitive areas as much 2 and 3 distance locational PMO as possible. from settlements requirements 3. Noise sources such as stone crushers, vehicle and sensitive compliance; movements and stone quarries shall be re- areas; checklist of located to less sensitive areas and at least 1 items to be km away to take advantage of distance and monitored is shielding. 4 presence of prepared and 4. Opportunities will be explored to take natural breaks; used to check advantage of the natural topography as a off items of noise buffer such as behind the ridge that 5 muffled concern; break the line of sight between the source of equipment; noise and the receptors; 5. Silencers will be installed in construction 6 PPE provided; equipment and machinery and maintained properly at all times. Equipment and 7 and 8 peak machinery with lower sound levels will be construction selected for the construction activities; activities 6. Protection devices such as ear plugs or identified; noise earmuffs will be provided to workers; meters made 7. Noise levels will be regularly measured during available; the peak of construction activities using complaints portable noise meters to ensure the received from effectiveness of mitigation measures; community if 8. Noise generation activities will be carried out work activities between 7am to 7 pm only in extreme carried out instances will work beyond these hours be beyond allowed after the Community Relations Officer prescribed (CRO) of the contractor has informed the period; community about change in work Program; 9. Noise barriers such as earth mounds or walls 9 type of barriers of wood or metal that form a solid obstacle installed in between the road and roadside community sensitive shall be used, especially in the school, church receptors and and hospital areas; and effectiveness 10. Proper information and notification of the (noise levels concerned local level governments shall be through readings 102

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification done to assist in the dissemination of and/or impending disturbance and nuisance to nearby complaints) settlement areas. 10 information disseminated Works adjacent to 1. A detailed erosion and sedimentation control Contractor During Included 1 control plan 1, 2 and 4 - CSC/PMO to Included in streams and plan will be required to be formulated in the construction in included in the compliance verify; contract price rivers/water quality CEMP; activities contract CEMP; with plan and Community impacts – 2. Petroleum, oil and lubricants shall be stored in price 2 secured locational members to contamination of containers/dedicated enclosures with a sealed storage away requirements; monitor water nearby water courses floor away from water bodies; from quality after and aquifer; blocked 3. Work adjacent to rivers/streams shall be waterbodies; 3 weeklies as training by streams and rivers; scheduled during the dry season and work 3 length of time maybe PMO sedimentation and duration shall be planned as short as possible. for bare surfaces required - turbidity; uncontrolled Bare slopes shall be immediately stabilized to be exposed to checklist of runoff from quarry and after works are completed; the elements of items to be borrow areas; 4. Stockpile areas and storage areas for nature; proper monitored is accidental spills of hazardous substances shall be located away work scheduling; prepared and hazardous materials from water bodies; work areas free used to check 5. Diversion ditches shall be dug around material of contaminants; off items of stockpiles; 4 obstructions; concern; 6. Interference with natural water flow in rivers, stockpiles watercourses or streams within or adjacent to verified for 4 and 5 spot work sites shall be avoided or minimized. locational checking; Abstraction from rivers will only be allowed requirements after permission from PMO and shall not be compliance; 6 – 8 daily done immediately near the vicinity of bridges; 5 diversion checklist of 7. Solid wastes, debris, spent oil or fuel from ditches housekeeping construction machinery or plant, construction provided; requirements material, or waste vegetation removed from permission prepared and work sites shall not be dumped in or near granted by verified for streams, rivers or waterways; PMO; compliance; 8. Discharge of sediment-carrying storm water verify from construction or stockpiled materials 6 – 9 cleanliness locational (including dredged spoil) shall be done of work areas; requirements through settling ponds or settling tanks with settling ponds compliance for sufficient capacity to provide holding times to provided; stockpiles and allow settlement, prior to final discharge and availability of spoils; not directly into waterways; approved 9. Spoil and material stockpiles will not be disposal sites; 9 once during located near waterways, streams or rivers, or perimeter CEMP on the edge of slopes or hills above rivers or diversion drains preparation; stream and shall be protected by perimeter provided; review of plan; diversion drains; 10. An emergency response plan shall be 10 approved 10 to 12 at prepared by the Contractor as part of the plan and least monthly CEMP and approved by the CSC to address timeliness of spot checks containment and clean-up of spills involving response; and checklist hydrocarbons, fuel, and oil spills; that CEMP

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 11. Used oils and waste hydrocarbons will be 11 available requirements disposed in approved sites approved by CSC approved sites accomplished; and shall not be discharged into the soil or any for disposal; water body; 12. Contractor’s site offices and work yards shall 12 portable be equipped with portable sanitary latrines that sanitary facilities do not discharge directly to or pollute surface provided for both waterways; men and women 13. Where roadside drainage areas, culverts, and and wastewater water pipes are used as washing sites, civil and septage works will ensure that these remain treatment operational, or are moved and reconstructed facilities; further off the road, to enable on-going access to water supplies for local communities. 14. Temporary sediment controls such as silt fences or other sediment reducing devices 13 – 14 proper 13 – 14 once, (rock dams or silt barriers) shall be provided to scheduling; followed by prevent both siltation and silt migration during operational regular site works being undertaken in the vicinity of washing sites; inspections; streams and rivers; and sediment 15. Consultation with landowners and village controls 15 as chiefs shall be conducted to identify suitable provided; required; site land- based areas for settling ponds or inspections or discharge areas. 15 landowners spot checks and village chiefs consulted Works in rivers and 1. Interference with natural water flow in rivers, Contractor During Included 1 visual As maybe CSC/PMO Included in streams - risks of watercourses or streams within or adjacent to construction in observation of required; site contract price channel shifts and work sites shall be minimized; activities contract any waterway inspection; erosion of stream-or 2. Material stockpiles will not be located on the price obstructions; checklist of riverbanks; losing riverbeds or immediately adjacent to items for vegetation cover riverbanks and all areas used for stockpiles 2 stockpiles compliance during floods will be rehabilitated upon completion of the checked; prepared; works; 3. Scour protection will be used as temporary 3 and 5 scour During each measures, as needed, to ensure temporary protection work and structures do not damage river configuration; provided; location; 4. Quarrying directly from rivers shall be allowed checklist of only after seeking permission from CEPA, 4 gravel items for approval sought will include gravel extraction extraction plans compliance plan; submitted, and prepared; site 5. Discharge zones from culverts and drainage permission inspection; structures will be carefully identified, and granted; structures will be lined with riprap; 6. Movements of vehicles and machinery across 6 frequency of riverbeds in riverine habitats shall be managed vehicle and to minimize or reduce disturbance; machinery 7. Drains and chutes will be lined with riprap, movements masonry or concrete; spillways will be lined across with riprap to prevent under-cutting; riverbeds; 104

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15 repairs made as required and/or compensation paid for other damages Earthworks, land 1. An erosion and sedimentation control plan will Contractor During Included 1 erosion and 1 Once; CSC/PMO Included in clearance and be incorporated in the CEMP; construction in sedimentation checklist of contract price grubbing - materials 2. Construction works will be scheduled as much activities contract control plan as items for storage/stockpiles; as possible for the dry season and strictly price part of approved compliance landscape and soil follow the design requirements and CEMP; prepared; quality degradation, specifications, particularly those dealing with verify and erosion slope stabilization. Schedule construction so 2 proper compliance; that large areas of soil are not laid bare during scheduling; the wet seasons, and avoid or minimize 2 – 4 site excavating areas and operating machinery 3 as above, size inspections; during wet ground conditions; of the area 3. Ground disturbance (particularly for earthwork affected; cuts) shall be minimized as much as possible 105

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 12. The contractor shall be required to prepare a quarry management plan (QMP) that meets the requirements of the DOW Code of Practice which shall include compensation to landowners for the extraction of materials from the site and rehabilitation. The quarry 12 QMP 12 Once management plan shall be approved by CSC prepared and during CEMP and PMO prior to implementation. approved, preparation, consents/permit subsequent obtained checks for compliance with approved QMP and permit conditions and compliance with Code of Practice Material extraction 1. Sources of materials (sand and gravel, borrow Contractor During In BOQ 1, 3 and 4 Once; ESSB-DOW, Included in and quarry sites - materials etc.) and quarry sites shall be PMO-CSC construction and approved QPM Checklist of PMO and CSC contract price materials sites and agreed with the CSC and PMO prior to any activities BCD; and/or GEP for items for any new operations extractions; Included sources; compliance not permitted or 2. Permits and licenses shall be obtained prior to in prepared; site agreed creating commencement of works and quarry sites contract 2 and 5 permits inspections; conflicts and must not be occupied, prepared or operated price and licenses and environmental by the contractor before the issuance of the conditions; As per QPM impacts necessary land occupation permit and EPs and/or GEP; from the CEPA and all other authorities as 6 QPM/GEP checklist of required; requirements; items 3. The contractor will be required to identify volume of cut prepared and sources during the preconstruction phase and and fill recorded; utilized for prepare a QPM or gravel extraction plan verification; (GEP) for all sources of materials that will be site used in the road works; inspections to 4. No quarries and borrow sites shall be located check in areas for protecting biodiversity and/or compliance to wildlife management areas; locational 5. Only permitted/licensed facilities and requirements; operations may provide materials for the project. Establishment of quarries, crushers As required; and asphalt mixing plants shall be disclosed to site inspection the CEPA following the requirements of the Environment Act and EPAR and obtain EP in accordance with DOW’s Code of Practice; 6. The BCD will specifically require contractors to: (i) balance cut and fill requirements to minimize impacts from extraction of aggregates; (ii) prioritize use of existing quarry sites with suitable materials and update the list of quarries and borrow pits monthly and report 107

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 15. Borrow pits shall be provided with stable side slopes and proper drainage to avoid creation of water bodies favouring mosquito breeding; 16. Restoration of quarry sites and borrow areas, as well as their immediate surroundings, will be undertaken in an environmentally sound 14 to 17 fenced, manner to the satisfaction of the PMO which secured and will sign-off before final acceptance and dewatered payment under the terms of the contract; and quarries and 17. Additional extraction sites and/or borrow pits borrow pits shall not be opened until PMO is satisfied with the restoration of previously utilized areas. Spoil disposal - 1. Spoil will be reused as much as possible for Contractor During In BOQ; As per spoil During each PMO-CSC Included in impacts on backfilling; construction Included management work and contract price rivers/streams, soil 2. Spoil will not be disposed in any waterways activities in plan location; stability, community/ along the highland’s highway; contract requirements; Checklist of agricultural land 3. Spoil disposal shall not cause sedimentation price volume reused; items for through incorrect spoil and obstruction of flow of watercourses, spoil disposal compliance disposal damage to agricultural land and densely location; prepared; vegetated areas; verify 4. Surplus materials shall not be stockpiled on compliance; the roadside or dumped over crash barriers; site inspection; 5. Construction spoils shall not be disposed on fragile slopes, flood ways, wetland, farmland, forest, religious or other culturally sensitive Checklist of areas or areas where livelihood is derived; items for 6. Surplus spoils shall be used as much as compliance possible for local repair works along the steep prepared; slopes and provided grassing. Highway; verify backfill eroded gullies, low-lying areas, and compliance degraded lands in consultation with the local communities; 7. Spoils shall be disposed only in areas approved by local authorities and landowners after approval by the PMO through the endorsement of the CSC; 8. Spoil disposal shall be monitored by PMO through the CSC and recorded using a written chain of custody (trip-ticket) system to the designated disposal sites; 9. Random and uncontrolled tipping of spoil, or any materials will not be permitted; 10. Before dumping commences, designated spoils dumping areas shall be marked on a plan and in the field with marker poles/flags to identify the agreed areas and limits for disposal. Spoils may be disposed in disused quarries and abandoned borrow pits if these are practicable; and

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 11. The spoil disposal site shall be located at least 50m from surface water courses and shall be protected from erosion by avoiding formation. Waste management - 1. Contractor shall prepare waste management Contractor During Induced 1 waste As per CSC/PMO to Included in nuisance, health and plan as part of CEMP; construction in management requirements verify contract price safety impacts, land 2. Burning of wastes associated with the project activities contract plan approved; of waste and/or water activities shall not be allowed anywhere in the price management contamination from work areas; 2 to 5 smoke plan; improper storage and 3. Contractor shall practice waste segregation, and/or disposal; create provide the necessary receptacles and complaints; As observed; habitation for pests institute awareness campaign to its staff and volume of site inspection; and vermin workers. Organic (biodegradables) shall be segregated, collected and disposed on-site by composting, recycled and and recyclable materials shall be recovered composted at and collected for sale to third party camp and sites; collectors/integrators or recyclers; 4. Non-recyclable solid wastes will be collected 7 and 8 and disposed only in approved disposal sites; treatment 5. The contractor will maximize the recycling of facilities for used materials to minimize waste generation; septic tank and 6. Used wood and timber shall be reused for wastewater formworks and other associated works; installed and 7. Wastewater effluent from contractors’ functioning workshops and equipment washing yards will be passed through gravel/sand beds and all oil/grease contaminants shall be removed before discharging into natural streams. Oil and grease residues shall be stored in drums awaiting disposal in line with the agreed waste management section of the EMP and all wastewater effluent discharges from construction works shall have the necessary permits from CEPA and local authorities before the works commence; 8. Solid and liquid wastes will be managed in line with the provisions of the waste management section of the CEMP; Use of hazardous 1. An emergency response and contingency plan Contractor During Included 1 emergency Initially once to CSC/PMO to Included in materials; storage and will be prepared as part of the CEMP to construction in response plan approve verify contract price handling of fuel, address accidental spills and the occurrence activities contract approved as part storage and lubricants and of fire in the contractor construction camp and price of CEMP; handling bitumen - improper facilities including its reporting to DOW and procedures storage and handling CEPA; 2 number of then as of these materials 2. Staff and workers involved in the management trained staff and required; site results in pollution of and utilization of oils, fuel and lubricants are workers; inspection the surrounding areas shall be properly trained in the handling, (land and soil) and storage and dispensing of such materials; 3 to 6 location contamination of 3. Petroleum, oil and lubricants and any other and proper water bodies and hazardous substances shall be clearly handling; marked/labelled and shall be stored in 110

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification aquifer; health and securely locked, fenced and properly 7 spill clean-up safety issues designated areas away from water materials courses/bodies; available; 4. The contractor shall segregate hazardous incidents wastes (oily wastes, used batteries, fuel recorded (incl. drums, etc.) and ensure that storage, transport near misses) and disposal of these wastes undertaken in and number of compliance consistent with national spill kits used; regulations and shall not cause pollution; 5. All storage containers shall be in good 8 incidents condition at all times with clear and proper recorded (incl. labelling, regularly checked for leakage, and near misses) repaired or replaced as necessary; and number of 6. Hazardous materials shall be stored in areas spill kits used; free from floods at all times; and discharge of oil-contaminated water to nearby waterways shall be prohibited; 7. Spill clean-up materials (e.g., specifically designed for petroleum products and others) shall be available at all times in adequate quantities in the same storage areas; 8. When spillage occurs, the contractor shall immediately report to the CSC and cleaned with utmost caution by properly trained personnel; and 9. The contractor shall be required to display safety information in all work areas and to train workers in the safe use of hazardous 9 information materials, including the provision of protective posted and PPE equipment. provided Vegetation removal, 1. The contractor shall conduct a tree inventory Contractor During Included 1 Tree species At start of CSC/PMO to Included in tree clearing; re- (species and size) during the staking of the construction in and size clearing work; verify contract price vegetation - alignment in the pre-construction stage, and activities contract identified and Site inspection Impacts on flora; trees that may be removed will be agreed with price marked; accidental introduction PMO and landowners prior to cutting. Trees to Prior to start of of invasive species be removed will be clearly marked on site 2 and 3 area work; drawing/plan; affected, and documentation 2. Vegetation clearing shall be kept to a trees removed of induction minimum, and occur only within the checked against training designated construction limits; plan; including 3. Vegetation clearance during staking and attendance demarcation activities, especially of trees 4 awareness sheets along the roadside shall be minimized. Trees provided; that may be felled shall be clearly marked and employee only these marked trees shall be removed; induction 4. The contractor shall be responsible for training providing adequate knowledge to construction conducted; workers in relation to existing laws and number of regulations regarding illegal tree cutting. induction trainings done 111

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 5. Contract documents and technical specifications shall include clauses expressly 5 tender prohibiting the indiscriminate felling of trees by provision, construction workers; and sanctions 6. The contractor shall not utilize cut timber as imposed on fuel wood but return it to the landowner; and workers; invasive species shall not be used to re-vegetate cut slopes and replanting or 6 proof of return; compensatory tree planting that maybe approved tree required shall have full agreement of the local species forest authorities. replanted Disturbance to 1. Labour employment agreement shall be Contractor During Included 1 and 4 Prior to start of CSC/PMO to Included in habitats from works or enforced by contractor banning the hunting construction in employee work; records verify; contract price presence of workers - and trading in wildlife by workers; activities contract induction of site Community Impacts on flora and 2. Contractor shall provide adequate food price training inspections; members may fauna; loss of supplies and rations for workers staying in its conducted; records of monitor indigenous vegetation construction camp; number of sanctions and/or endemic 3. Workers shall be prohibited from hunting or induction imposed species due to catching wildlife including fish and birds. training invasive species; Sanctions will be imposed on any workers not sessions; poaching complying with the provision and all sanctions 2 and 3 to be recorded; adequate food 4. The contractor will be responsible for providing provided in awareness to construction workers in regard to camp; fauna in the area. Contract documents and administrative technical specifications will include clauses order issued to expressly prohibiting the poaching of fauna by all contractor construction workers and making the workforce; contractor responsible for imposing sanctions number of on any workers who are caught trapping, sanctions killing, poaching, being in possession of or imposed; having poached fauna; 5 and 6 5. Conducting further inventories to more recorded understand the status distribution and other numbers of characteristics of endanger species of Tree endanger Kangaroo (Dendrolagus spp) and Zaglossus species in the Bartoni or Barnton's Long Beaked Echidna; project areas; 6. Propose mitigation measures and monitoring 7 vehicles and Program of endanger species if needed; equipment 7. Any potential seed source such as earth and properly organic materials that may be attached to washed; machinery shall be removed by washing prior to deployment to the work areas; and 8 indigenous 8. Non-indigenous plant species shall not be plant species used during replanting/re-vegetation works. used and re- established in project area Access and traffic 1. The contractor shall prepare and submit to Contractor During Included 1 traffic Once for traffic CSC/PMO to Included in safety - unsafe PMO, a traffic management plan detailing construction in management management verify; contract price presence of work temporary diversion where necessary and the activities plan; daily Community 112

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification sites, haulage of associated management measures (reference contract plan prepared visual members may materials and plant, can be made from DOW’s “Safe Traffic Control price and approved; observations; monitor vehicles and at Road Works Field Guide”); machinery operating 2. Signs and other appropriate safety measures 2 to 8 any Compliance in areas shall be provided on site to indicate complaints verification to construction works are being undertaken; received; action be done to 3. Contract clauses specifying care that must be taken in ensure taken during the construction period shall be response; activities meet incorporated to ensure that disruptions to approvals from mitigation access and traffic are minimized and that local/village requirements access to villages along the project road is administration maintained at all times; and officials; 4. Local administration and village officials shall cleanliness be consulted in the event that access to a maintained; road village may be disrupted any time and safety protection temporary access arrangements provided devices provided accordingly; and visible at all 5. Construction vehicles will use local access times; roads, or negotiate access with landowners to obtain access to material extraction sites; where local roads are used, these will be rehabilitated to their original condition after the completion of work; 6. The road shall be kept free of debris, spoils, and any other materials or obstructions at all times; 7. Disposal sites and haul routes shall be identified and coordinated with local officials, and village leaders; 8. Road safety protection shall be provided in the vicinity of the work site to protect the general public. This shall include advance notifications of commencement of works, installing safety barriers as maybe necessary and providing signage or markings on the work areas. Any works and 1. Contractor shall prepare health and safety Contractor During Included 1 requirement Verify once CSC/PMO to Included in activities - worker plan (HSP) as part of the CEMP. HSP based construction in included in the during verify; contract price health and safety on WB Environmental Health and Safety activities contract tender tendering and Guidelines (EHSG); price documents, HSP before start of 2. At least one month prior to start of as part of site works; construction, the contractor shall demonstrate CEMP; and to the PMO that it is properly resourced and a throughout the qualified/experienced environment, health and 2 qualified project safety officer (EHSO) shall be identified in the EHSO provided; duration as bid; required until 3. Safety measures shall be established as 3 and 4 site has been required by law and by good engineering induction established; practice. The contractor will instruct and induct training and compliance to all workers in health and safety matters daily toolbox be checked; (induction course) including construction camp verify that 113

11. The contractor shall conduct training (assisted 11 sanitation by PMO) for all workers on safety and and hygiene environmental hygiene at no cost to the training provided employees; and observed; 12. Instruction and induction of all workers shall be

carried out for all workers before they start 12 and 13 work in health and safety matters, including training road safety, construction camp rules; and 114

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Any works and 1. Contractor shall prepare HSP as part of the Contractor and During Included 1 requirement Once during CSC/PMO to Included in activities - community CEMP. HSP based on the EHSG. The HSP approved construction in included in the the tender verify contract price health and safety shall include the provision of STI and HIV service provider activities contract BCD, HSP process; awareness and prevention training delivered (sub-contractor) price addressing check record by approved service provider; community of qualification 2. The contractor shall appoint an EHSO to health and on file; address health and safety concerns of the safety included Contract with project and liaise with the PMO and village in CEMP; approved leaders of the project area; awareness and service 3. Barriers (e.g., temporary fences) and signs prevention provider; shall be installed at construction areas to training provided prevent pedestrian access. Pedestrian shall be and number of 2 to 11 directed instead to designated crossing participants; throughout the locations; project 4. Adequate signage and security shall be 2 EHSO contact duration as provided at the site offices and works yard to details and GRM required until prevent unauthorized entry of people made available site has been (especially children) to the work areas and to community; established; camp; site inspection/ 5. The general public/local residents shall not be 3 – 5 safety observation; allowed in high-risk areas, e.g., excavation precautions number of sites and areas where heavy equipment shall provided; community be in operation; and these sites shall be accidents/ members provided with watchmen to prevent incidents (incl. participating in unauthorized entry; near misses) training 6. Speed restrictions shall be imposed on project avoided; sessions (as vehicles and equipment traveling within settled documented) villages and sensitive receptors (e.g. 6 speed limits in residential, schools, places of worship, sensitive hospitals); receptors; 7. No alcohol will be allowed in camps or administrative construction sites, and any staff or drivers actions on found drinking alcohol will be immediately violations dismissed; recorded; 8. Project vehicle drivers shall be provided awareness on safe driving practices to prevent 7 – 9 alcohol or minimize accidents and to avoid spill of restrictions spoils, hazardous substances (fuel and oil) observed; safe and other construction materials during driving transport; education and awareness 115

Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 9. Contractor shall ensure that no wastewater will provided; be discharged to waterways; sanitation and 10. Measures to prevent proliferation of hygiene mosquitoes shall be implemented (e.g., observed; provision of insecticide treated mosquito nets to workers, installation of proper drainage to 10 – 12 service avoid formation of stagnant water. Standing providers water will not be allowed to accumulate in the engaged; temporary drainage facilities or along the number of roadside); awareness 11. The contractor shall engage an approved training service provider currently engaged in health provided; services in the vicinity, to provide construction infections workers with STI and HIV/AIDS prevention recorded; awareness prior to commencement of any civil Village-based works; and awareness 12. Village-based community awareness raising conducted about transmission of STIs and HIV, reproductive health, safe sex and gender violence shall be provided and implemented after contractor mobilization but prior to the commencement of construction works. Activities/works on 1. The PMO and contractor shall consult with all Contract or During As per 1 records of As work CSC/PMO to Included in utilities - affect relevant authorities to ensure that disruptions DOW-ESSB construction agreeme consultations progresses; verify; contract price services or are minimized to this existing infrastructure activities nts with utility site inspection; Community provisioning/services and services. Plans (if available) will be providers, feedback from members to disrupted obtained from utility/service providers showing plans/drawings the community monitor all underground facilities and/or services in of utility order to avoid damage or disruption during locations and works. Where plans and drawings may not be the like; available, the contractor will conduct complaints interviews with local officials and village received; action leaders and report locations to the CSC during taken in the pre-construction stage; response; 2. Inform affected communities of anticipated disruption disruptions that maybe brought about by utility minimized and relocation works; of short duration; 3. Reconfirm power, water supply, telecommunications and other facilities likely 2 and 3 to be interrupted by the works and any information additional trees to be cut near utilities. Contact provided to the all relevant local authorities for utilities and community; local village groups to plan re-provisioning of power, water supply, telecommunications and 4 duration of other facilities that may be affected; relocation and 4. Relocate and reconnect utilities well ahead of reconnection; commencement of construction works and coordinate with the relevant utility company at 5 shortened the district and village levels including disruption during compensation for affected trees; relocation; 116

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Mitigation and/or Enhancement Measures Monitoring Plan Project Activity/ Frequency & Responsible Timing to Responsible Environmental Issue Mitigation measures and actions Cost Parameters means of Cost to implement implement to monitor verification 5. Arrange reconnection of utilities and other facilities in the shortest time possible before 6 timeliness of construction commences; and repair and 6. If utilities are accidentally damaged by damage contractor during construction, these shall be compensation reported to the PMO and DOW and utility authorities and repairs immediately arranged at contractor’s expense. Excavation and 1. As a precautionary measure, the contractor Contractor During Included 1 chance finds 1 once during CSC/PMO to Included in clearance work – shall prepare as part of the CEMP a plan to excavation in contact procedure CEMP review verify contract price discovery of physical, address chance finds; works price established in to ensure cultural resources 2. Generally, in the event PCR are uncovered, CEMP; chance finds (PCR) work shall cease immediately and the PMO procedures through the CSC shall be informed. The PMO 2 to 7 artefacts, included; will then inform relevant authorities to conduct sites or other the necessary assessments. Construction PCR discovered, 2 to 7 site activities shall not re-commence until the proper inspections authorities have signed-off that the authorities and site/resources have been dealt with informed; assessment; appropriately and that work may continue. documented and as triggered 3. Contract personnel shall be instructed to keep secured; site number of watch for relics that may be uncovered during secured; days of work excavations, and local communities will be communities suspension consulted to identify potential sites of concern, informed such as graveyards or Tambu (no-go) areas; 4. Should any potential items be located, the PMO through the CSC shall be immediately informed and work stoppage be immediately implemented; 5. The PMO with the assistance of the CSC, and in cooperation with local leaders, will determine if the item is of potential significance and contact DOW to pass the information to the relevant department in the government who will be invited to inspect the site; 6. Work shall stop to allow time for inspection, removal or in-situ preservation of the PCR and until the relevant government agency indicates works can re-commence; and 7. Until the government has responded to this invitation, work will not re-commence in this location until agreement has been reached with the government and PMO as to any required mitigation measures. OPERATION STAGE Infrastructure 1. All maintenance wastes shall be collected and DOW During DOW Volume of During PMO-ESSB DOW maintenance - disposed properly; and specific operating materials conduct of operating lowering of soil and maintenance cost handled and maintenance cost water quality works and hauled out; works; regular 117

Noise and 1. Not a major concern due to low volume. If DOW/CEPA As the DOW Written and Duration of PMO- DOW emissions control traffic increases significantly, provision of Government operating verbal operation; ESSB operating - increase levels noise/dust fence barriers at selected locations may require cost complaints from Spot checks; cost of noise and (school and hospital). If required, quarterly community complaints emission measurements shall be undertaken. from the community Public safety/Safety 1. Traffic calming measures to be provided (e.g. DOW/CEPA During routine DOW Written and Duration of PMO- DOW issues from speed bumps) at selected sites i.e. schools, maintenance operating verbal operation; ESSB operating increased traffic markets, and densely populated areas. works cost complaints from Spot checks; cost 2. Provision of off-road lay down stops for community; compiled data vehicles; and accident/incide 3. Proper road signage and pavement markings, nt registry particularly accident-prone/blind spots maintained by authorities

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D. Environmental quality Monitoring 254. Environmental quality monitoring: The environmental monitoring program is being implemented during construction stage. The Consultants and Contractors have been carrying out periodic monitoring with sampling and laboratory analysis as shown in Table 33. Table 32: Environmental Monitoring

Item Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Comparison Location No. items parameter Frequency standard 1. Air Quality Temperature, Quarry areas, Measure WHO , and Noise TSP, PM10 Campsite areas, once every Level PM22,5, Noise Construction sites 03 months (Leq) 2. Surface Temperature Quarry areas, Measure PNG Water (oC), Turbidity Campsite areas, once every standards, (NTU), Construction sites 03 months WHO Conductivity (S/m), pH (mg/m3), TSS (mg/l), Oil and Grease(mg/l), Total Coliform/Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml)

255. Cost estimate: The estimated environmental monitoring cost for the implementation of tranche 1 is US$ 661,100 over the tranche 1 period. The cost includes acquisition of equipment and for laboratory testing. Details are provided in Annex G.

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X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

256. The SHHIP will significantly improve the Highlands Highway traversing Regions that are major contributors to the PNG economy through agricultural production and mineral resources, as well as commercial and shipping activities. A well-maintained Highlands Highway is essential to improve access to health, education and standard of living; increase opportunities for equality and prosperity in rural areas; provide well integrated, safe, financially and environmentally sustainable transport systems; and make the movement of people, goods and services between the Highlands Region and domestic and international markets safer and more efficient;.

257. Almost all the maintenance and upgrading works of the investment Program will be executed within the existing cross section and the alignment and longitudinal profile of the road will be maintained. Among the core activities of the investment Program is to put the entire 430 km section of the Highlands Highway under specific (repairs) routine and periodic (resurfacing) maintenance from day one to keep the road open to traffic at all time; gradually improve the ride comfort; salvage the sections in fair condition; remove the vegetation encroachment, restore drainage efficacy, and unearth currently suppressed paved shoulders; and secure a quick response to emergency situations. Also, over the Program period, incrementally resurface or strengthen the pavement structure; increase the drainage capacity and multiply the protections against slope instability following recommendations for adaptation to climate change; improve the traffic safety among others.

258. The Program activities will be undertaken in a highly disturbed alignment that is significantly experiencing very poor maintenance and frequent exposure to climatic and disaster risks. The section of the Highlands Highway under the SHHIP does not traverse nor is located near or within ecologically sensitive areas such as wildlife management and protected areas, and areas with high biodiversity. No endangered terrestrial and/or aquatic species will be affected by the Program activities.

259. The investment Program activities will have anticipated site-specific negative impacts that will be monitored and appropriately mitigated through the implementation of the CEMP by the Contractor. Contractor activities will be closely supervised and monitored by a PMO supported by CSC with staffing complement of safeguard specialists.

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ANNEXES

Annex A: List of International Treaties and Agreements to which PNG is a signatory

Annex B: Highlands Highway Chainage and Zones

Annex C: List of Critically Endangered and Endangered Species of Papua New Guinea

Annex D: Results of Biological Survey Undertaken by SHHIP Team (March and April 2019)

Annex E: SHHIP Information Leaflet for the Provincial Consultation Meetings

Annex F: Minutes of Provincial Consultation Meetings

Annex G: Indicative Environmental Monitoring Cost

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Annex A: List of International Treaties and Agreements to which PNG is a Signatory

Year Treaty/Convention/Agreement 1951 International Plant Protection Convention, Rome 1954 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, London 1956 Plant Protection Agreement for the South East Asia and Pacific Region, Rome 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels 1971 RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially waterfowl habitat International Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other 1972 Matter, London, Mexico City, Moscow 1972 Convention on the World Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 Washington (CITES Treaty) 1973 International Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild fauna and Flora 1976 International Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific, Apia International Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental 1976 Modification Techniques, New York 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay 1982 International Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South 1986 Pacific (SPREP Convention) 1992 International Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro

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Annex B: Highlands Highway Chainage and Zones

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Annex C: List of Critically Endangered and Endangered Species of Papua New Guinea

Critically Endangered Species Species Name Common Name Details Mammals Dorcopsis atrata Black Forest-Wallaby Listed as Critically Endangered because the extent of occurrence is less than 100 km², it is one location, and there is continuing decline due to hunting and habitat loss. Dendrolagus Tenkile Tree Listed as Critically Endangered because of an ongoing population decline, suspected to be more than 80% over scottae Kangaroo the last generation (i.e, 10 years), and projected exceed 30% over the next two generations (i.e., 20 years), due to hunting and habitat loss and degradation. Hunting moratoria are working in some parts of its range. Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus Listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) because it’s only known location was completely destroyed by fire in 1998. There is a strong possibility that this species is extinct, however, surveys of other potential sites are required. Should this species be located, its total population would be very small (likely less than 50 mature individuals). Solomys ponceleti Poncelet's Naked- Listed as Critically Endangered because of a drastic population decline, estimated to be more than 80% over the Tailed Rat last ten years, inferred from losses of its forest habitat (extensive deforestation on Bougainville and Choiseul Islands), and increased hunting pressures. Threats to this species have not ceased. Dendrolagus Golden-Mantled Tree Listed as Critically Endangered because of a drastic, ongoing population decline suspected to have exceeded pulcherrimus Kangaroo 80% over past three generations (i.e., 30 years), and projected to decline more than 80% further over the next three generations (i.e., 30 years). The current, proven extent of occurrence for this species includes one location of less than 100 km2, and there is a continuing decline in: extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, the extent and quality of habitat, number of locations, and number of mature individuals due to hunting. The total population of the species is probably less than 250 mature individuals and is projected to decline by more than 25% over the next generation (i.e., 10 years). Pteralopex flanneryi Greater Monkey-faced Listed as Critically Endangered because of a drastic population decline, estimated to be more than 80% over the Bat last three generations and continuing into the future inferred from increased hunting pressure and habitat destruction. This species may already have been extirpated from Choiseul Island and has not been detected on Bougainville Island in recent years despite surveys for the species. Pharotis imogene New Guinea Big Listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) because if this species still exists it is likely to have a very Eared Bat small population size, and small range size that is subject to a continued decline in extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and the extent and quality of habitat. This species has not been recorded in more than 100 years (since 1890) and it is known only from a rapidly changing portion of south eastern Papua New Guinea. There is still a possibility that new survey methods to the Region, particularly harp traps, might lead to the rediscovery of this species and such surveys are urgently needed. Peteurus abidi Northern Glider Listed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation and human encroachment, as well as a decline in the number of mature individuals due to hunting. Zaglossus bartoni Eastern Long beaked Listed as Critically Endangered due to a suspected continuing population decline of at least 80% over the last Echdna three generations (i.e., the last 45-50 years) based on direct observation in parts of its range, declines in area of occupancy (reports from hunters), and actual levels of exploitation due to hunting. Spilocuscus Black Spotted cuscus Listed as Critically Endangered because of a suspected population decline in excess of 80% over three rufoniger generations (i.e., 15 years) (the last five years and next ten years) due to levels of exploitation and habitat loss (especially oil palm concessions and logging concessions).

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Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer's Fruit Bat Listed as Critically Endangered, because there are believed to be less than 250 mature individuals, it is likely that over 90% of mature individuals occur at a single locality, and there is believed to be a continuing decline in the overall population. In addition, the area of occupancy is less than 10 km2, the distribution is severely fragmented, and there is believed to be a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. This species occurs in a relatively well-surveyed Region, with high population density. Bird Pseudobulweria Beck's petrel becki Reptile Eretmochelys Hawksbill Turtle imbricata Amphibian Choerophryne Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2, all individuals are in a siegfriedi single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat around Mount Elimbari in Papua New Guinea. Plants Aglaia mackiana

Paphiopedilum Bougainville Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum is very rare and local with a restricted distribution on Bougainville Island. The bougainvilleanum Paphiopedilumasdfa population trend is decreasing. The number of mature individuals is very low, and it is estimated that there are under 50 in one subpopulation. The population has declined by more than 90% in the last three generations and is projected to decline similarly in the next three generations. There are many threats including illegal collection for horticultural purposes and hybridization, regional and international trade, deforestation and habitat destruction. The estimated extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 80 km2 and 8 km2, respectively, with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality of the habitat in the single location Bruguiera hainesii This species is very rare and has a limited and patchy distribution. There are approximately 200 known mature individuals remaining in Singapore, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, and there has been at least 27% loss of mangrove area in this species range over a 25-year period (less than one generation length) due to extensive coastal development. It is listed as Critically Endangered. More research is needed to determine this status of this species population in Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Viet Nam. Calohyllum acutiputamen Diospyros benstonei Diospyros lolinopsis

Guioa grandifoliola

Guioa hospita

Halfordia papuana

Helicia peltata

Helicia polyosmoides Helicia subcordata

Hopea inexpectata

Madhuca boerlageana

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nothofagus nuda

Schistochila undulatifolia Paphiopedilum Wentworth's Paphiopedilum wentworthianum is very rare and local with a restricted distribution on Bougainville and wentworthianum Paphiopedilum Guadalcanal islands. The population trend is decreasing with a decline of over 90% in the last three generations and this is projected to continue in the next three generations as most of the localities are quickly stripped. The number of mature individuals is under 200 with less than 50 in each subpopulation. The main threats are illegal collection for horticultural purposes and hybridization, regional and international trade, deforestation and habitat destruction. Endangered Species Scientific Name Common Name Comments Mammals Thylogale calabyi Alpine Wallaby Listed as Endangered because it has an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km2 and an area of occupancy of less than 500 km2 (being confined to alpine grasslands) Pteralopex anceps Bougainville Monkey- Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely faced Bat fragmented, and there is continuing decline in: Solomys salebrosus Bougainville Naked- Listed as Endangered because of a serious population decline inferred from the extent of logging on Choiseul tailed Rat and the increasing degree of logging on Bougainville Echymipera davidi David's Echymipera Listed as Endangered from the little information available. This species has a very small extent of occurrence (<300 km2) and area of occupancy; it is essentially a single location and there is almost certainly a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to the high human population and extensive agricultural activities. Peroryctes Giant Bandicoot Listed as Endangered because of a serious population decline, estimated/projected to be more than 50% within broadbenti three generations (1 generation or 4 years in the past, and 2 generations/8 years into the future), due to direct exploitation from hunting and to habitat loss with lowland forests in southeastern New Guinea being converted to agriculture. Dactylopsila tatei Fergusson Island Striped Possum Dendrolagus Listed as Endangered because it is suspected to have undergone at least a 50% population reduction in the last notatus three generations (i.e., 30 years) that has not ceased, due to hunting pressures and loss of habitat Paramelomys Gressitt’s Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 3,400 km2, all individuals are known from gressitti Paramelomys two locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the activities of gold miners and wood collectors. Melomys Manus Melomys Listed as Endangered as it has an extent of occurrence of less than 1,800 km², and the habitat is being matambuai fragmented by expanding plantations and human settlement. If the species is found to tolerate habitat disturbance, it may warrant down listing. Dendrolagus Matschie's Tree- Listed as Endangered because the number of mature individuals is expected to be less than 2,500 based on its matschiei kangaroo naturally low population density and small extent of occurrence (restricted to high elevations), there is a continuing population decline due to hunting pressures and habitat loss due, and all individuals are contained within a single subpopulation. Thylogale lanatus Mountain Pademelon Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km2, with all individuals in just two locations, and there is continuing decline in number of mature individuals due to hunting.

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Phalanger lullulae Woodlark Cuscus Listed as Endangered because it has an extent of occurrence of much less than 5,000 km², all individuals are known from two (possibly 3) locations, and there is an imminent risk (=projected decline) to its remaining habitat due to plans to develop oil palm on Woodlark Island. Rattus vandeuseni Van Deusen's Rat Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is suspected to be severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. This species is known only from a few localities in a small area, and not found in other areas which have been surveyed. Dendrolagus Ornate Tree-kangaroo Listed as Endangered based on an ongoing population decline of at least 50% over the past three generations goodfellowi (i.e., 30 years) due to actual levels of exploitation from hunting and a decline in habitat quality. It has already been extirpated from significant portions of its range. Pogonomys D’entrecasteaux Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km², all individuals are in fewer than fergussoniensis Archipelago six locations, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat through deforestation, and the Pogonomys population of mature individuals is presumably decreasing. The species does appear to be tolerant of some disturbance, but this needs to be confirmed. Paraleptomys Northern Water Rat Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than rufilatus five locations, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to hunting. Birds Pitta superba Black-backed Pitta This species is having been up listed from Vulnerable because its population, which was previously thought to be stable, is now thought to be in decline based on new information. It is listed as Endangered on the basis that it has a very small population which is inferred to be in decline based on known threats to the species’ habitat and apparent population declines in some locations. Otidiphaps insularis Black-naped This newly split species probably has a very small population and is precautionarily inferred to be undergoing a Pheasant-pigeon continuing decline in its population based on a decline in the extent of its forest habitat, which is subject to some pressure from logging and subsistence agriculture. It is therefore classified as Endangered. If habitat loss is not found to be driving a continuing decline, or its population is found to be larger than currently suspected, it may be eligible for down listing to a lower threat category. Numenius Eastern Curlew This species has been uplisted to Endangered as new information suggests it is undergoing a very rapid madagascariensis population decline which is suspected to have been primarily driven by habitat loss and deterioration in the Yellow Sea Region. Further proposed reclamation projects are predicted to cause additional declines in the future Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot This species has been uplisted to Endangered owing to recent evidence showing a very rapid population decline caused by reclamation of non-breeding stopover grounds, and under the assumption that further proposed reclamation projects will cause additional declines in the future. Aplonis White-eyed Starling Population trends in this poorly known species are difficult to discern, however it is categorised as Endangered brunneicapillus as available evidence suggests it has a small and fragmented population, which may be declining owing to colony destruction. Better data may lead to it being down listed to a lower category of threat. Actenoides Moustached This spectacular species is judged to be Endangered on the basis of a very small estimated population which is bougainvillei Kingfisher suspected to be declining, at least in part of its range. However, further research may reveal it to be more common. Reptile Pelochelys cantorii Frog-faced Softshell P. cantorii is threatened over much of its range due to direct exploitation and habitat loss. It is found for sale in Turtle all markets in coastal areas of Bangladesh and in Indonesia is traded at low but steady volumes. The same situation is presumed to exist in many of the other range states. Chelonia mydas Green Turtle

Chelodina pritchardi Pritchard's Snake- necked Turtle

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Arthropods Gymnopholus Lichen Weevil This species is very poorly known. Its precise range is not known but the suitable habitat in the vicinity is limited lichenifer and similar weevils have very narrow altitude zonation and mobility. The best estimate of the extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2,000-5,000 km2. The habitats in the general area are deteriorating due to the impacts of mining and deforestation. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered. Ornithoptera meridionalis Papilio moerneri

Ornithoptera Queen Alexandra's alexandrae Birdwing

Plants Alloxylon brachycarpum Bleasdalea papuana Calophyllum morobense Calophyllum waliense Diospyros gillisonii

Diospyros insularis

Flindersia ifflaiana

Flindersia pimenteliana Paphiopedilum Gland-Bearing glanduliferum Paphiopedilum

Helicia insularis Paphiopedilum Papua Paphiopedilum The population trend is decreasing, and the number of mature individuals is very low at under 50 remaining in papuanum three subpopulations. The population trend is decreasing and there has been a population reduction of up to 80% in the last three generations and this is projected to continue in the next three generations as most of the localities are quickly stripped. These declines are due to many threats including illegal collection for horticultural purposes and hybridization, regional and international trade, deforestation and habitat destruction. The estimated area of occupancy is 50 km2 with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality of the habitat in all three locations. Manilkara kanosiensi Terminalia archipelagi Santalum macgregorii

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Ponapea hentyi Paphiopedilum Wilhelminha's Paphiopedilum wilhelminae is rare and local with a restricted distribution in west and east New Guinea. The wilhelminae Paphiopedium population trend is decreasing, the number of mature individuals is low and the population has declined by up to 80% in the last three generations and this is projected to continue in the next three generations as most of the localities are quickly stripped due to many threats, including illegal collection for horticultural purposes and hybridization, regional and international trade, deforestation and habitat destruction. The estimated area of occupancy is 100 km2 with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality of the habitat in all the subpopulations. There are five locations. Xanthostemon oppositifolius Paphiopedilum Shimmering Purple Paphiopedilum violascens is local and fairly uncommon with a scattered distribution in northeast New Guinea violascens Paphiopedilum with very small subpopulations. The population trend is decreasing, the number of mature individuals is low, and the population reduction is very high. This is due to many threats including illegal collection for horticultural purposes and hybridization, regional and international trade, deforestation and habitat destruction. The estimated area of occupancy is 100 km2 with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality of the habitat in all four locations. Source: Compiled from http://discover.iucnredlist.org/

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Annex D: Results of Biological Survey Undertaken by SHHIP Team (March and April 2019)

Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status I. Mammals Rat Rattus Common Domestic Pig Sus domesticus Common Domestic Goat Capra aegagrus hircus Common Common Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus maculatus Least concern Sugar glider Petaurus breviceps Least concern Flying fox Pteropus vampyrus Not threatened Wild Pig Sus scrofa Least concern Large Flying fox Pteropus vampyrus Not threatened Good fellows Tree kangaroo Dendrologous goodfellowii Endangered Wallaby g. Thylogale Threatened Common spiny bandicoot Echymipera kalubu Least concern Micro bats Microchiroptera Near threatened Wild Pig Sus scrofa Least concern Horse Equus ferus caballus Common Grazing Cow Bos taurus Common Common spiny bandicoots Echymipera kalubu Least concern Feral cat Felis cattus Common Mountain cuscus Phalanger carmelitae Bats (Flying foxes) Bats (many species) Long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bartoni Endangered Long fingered triok Dactilopsila palpator Raffrays Bandicoot Perocyctes raffrayana), Least Concern Black Rat Rattus rattus Least Concern II. Birds Eagle Accipitridae Common Domesticated chicken Gallus galus domesticus Common Parrot Psittacoidea Common Sparrow Passeridae Common Hawk Accipitrinae Common *Owl Strigidae Common Cockatoo Cacatuoidea Common Land fowl Megapodiidae Common Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus Common Bird of Paradise Paradisae raggiana Least concern Dwarf Cassowary Casuarius bennetti King Quail Excalfactoria chinensis Brahminy Kite Macheriamphus alcinus Pygmy Eagle Hieraaetus weiskei Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis Black-billed Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia nigrirostris Ornate Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus perlatus Mountain Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bellus

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Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Goldie’s Lorikeet Psitteuteles goldie Pygmy Lorikeet Chrnosyna wilhelminae Chested-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis castaneiventris Glossy Swiftler Collocalia esculenta Bicoloured Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis nigrorufa Mountain Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis robusta White-shouldered Fairywren Malurus alboscapulatus Elfin Myzomela Myzomela adolphinae Red-collared myzomela Myzomela rosenbergii Olive Straightbill Timeliopsis fulvigula Onate Melidectes Melidectes tortquatus Belford’s Melidectes Melidectes belfordi Mountain Meliphaga Meliphaga montana Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys Superb Bird-of-Paradise Lophorina superba Blue-grey Robin Petroica bivitatta Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach Hooded Mannikin Lonchura montana Kumul Paradisaedia raggianna Least Concern Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys Least Concern Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida Least Concern III. Amphibians and Reptiles Brown Frog Rana temporaria Common Green Frog Litoria infrafrenata Common Lizard Scincidae Emoia Common Green Python Snake Morelia viridis Common Green Snake Opheodrys Common Death adder Acanthophis laevis Common Common toad Bufo marinus Common toad Bufo melanostictus Northern New Guinea Tree frog Litoria graminea Terrestrial frogs Lechrioduc Melanopyga Skink Carilia sp Cane Toad Bufo marinus Least Concern IV. Insects Common grass Yellow Butterfly Eurema hecabe Common Grasshopper Caelifera Common Asian bee Apis cerana Common Cicada Cicadoidea Common Blue Butterfly Hypolimnas. alimena Common Diamond moth Plutella xylostella Common Common grass Yellow Butterfly Eurema hecabe Common

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Wasp Hymenoptera Common Brown Butterfly Mycalesis phidon Common Locust Acrididae Common Ladybird beetle Coccinellidae Common Praying mantis Mantodea Common Cricket Gryllus assimilis Common Praying Mantis V. Invertebrates Earth Worm Oligochaeta Common Cricket Gryllidae Common Ground Ant Formicidae Common Dragonfly Anisoptera Common Flies Diptera Common Spider Araneae Common Fly Diptara Common Dragon fly Anisoptera Common Maroon dragonfly Anisoptera Common Centipede Chilopoda Common Cricket Gryllidae Common Caterpillar larva Lepidoptera Common VI. Riparian Species Common carp Cyprinus carpio Least concern Trout Salmo trutta Least concern Tilapia Tilapiine cichlid Common *Freshwater turtle Testudinidae Common *Freshwater Eel Anguilliformes Common Common carp Cyprinus carpio Common Freshwater shrimp Caridea Common *Freshwater turtle Testudinidae Common Eel tailed Catfish Plotosidae sp Loach Goby Rhyacichthys aspro). VII. Plant Species 1. Grass/weed - mainly savanna and soft weeds Elephant grass (Napier grass) Pennisetum purpureum common Giant nut grass Cyperus rotundus common Thurston grass Paspalum common Bamboo stalk common Wiry lovegrass Eragrotis tenuifolia common Sensitive grass Mimosa pudica common Kunai grass Imperata cylindrica common Soft weed Common Sour Grass Paspalum conjugatum least concern Giant Cane Arundo donax Least Concern Kunai Grass Imperata cylindrica Wild pitpit Saccharum spondeneum Least Concern

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Molasses grass Melinis minutiflora Elephant Grass Cenchrus purpureus Least Concern Kangaroo Grass Themeda australis 2. Trees Pine tree Acacia Koa rare Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa rare Gum tree Eucalyptus obliqua rare Deciduous conifer rare Crawling vine Hedera rhombea rare Tree fern Cyatheales common Betel nut palm Areca common Coffee Coffea arabica common Mustard tree Piper? common Coconut Cocos nucifera rare Cocoa Theobroma cacao common Monkey pod tree Samanea saman secure Kamarere Eucalyptus declupta Least Concern Marmar Parkia sp Yar Casuarina equisetifolia Least Concern Hoop pine Araucaria cunninghanii Least Concern Bamboo Bambusa forbesii 3. Flower/shrubs Marigold Calendula offcinancalis rare Sunflower Giganteus common Ringworm shrub/ plants Cassia alata common Morning glory Ipomoea purpurea common Rose Rosa pouzinii common Blue-top Ageratum conyzoides Thickhead Crassocephalum crepidioides NA Rattlepods Crotalaria micans least concern Devil's Fig Solanium torvum NA Spiked Pepper Piper anducum Least Concern Candle Stick senna Senna alata Least Concern Blue Thunbergia Thunbergia grandifolia Ipomoea sp. Wild kaukau Ipomoea tricolor 4. Fruit trees Guava Psidium guajava common Mango Mangifera indica rare banana Musa acuminata common Pawpaw papaya rare Avocado common Kaukau (Sweet potato) Ipomea batatus rare Mareta Red pandenus common Taro Colocasia esculenta rare Yam Ipomoea batatas rare Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum rare Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus rare Mareta Red pandenus common

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Annex E: Information Leaflet for the Provincial Consultation Meetings

Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (SHHIP)

Project description

The SHHIP is a 10-year Program that will fully restore the road to good condition and protect it from flooding and landslides. It will:

• restore, upgrade and effectively maintain the 430km section of the Highlands Highway between Nadzab and Kagamuga airports from day one • increase the resilience to climate change and the safety of pedestrians and vehicle occupants • replace 29 one-lane bridges and repair, reinforce, or reconstruct 40 two-lane bridges • improve the transport logistics chain for local commodity trade between the provincial capitals (by building two depots/platforms with cold storage for fresh produce); • construct truck climbing / overtaking lanes at the Kassam Pass and Daulo Pass sections • provide a by-pass road around Goroka for long-distance through traffic; and • develop DOW managerial and operational capacity to deliver the Program and sustain its benefits. The current two-lane road design is sufficient to carry the projected traffic over the next 20 years. Current Road Condition

About 3% of the highway section is in good condition, 75% is in fair condition, and 22% in poor condition. The road can be divided into five distinct zones requiring different interventions:

• Zone 1: Light Repair (101 km) Nadzab Airport - Umi Bridge • Zone 2: Heavy Repair (208 km) Umi Bridge - Magiro Bridge • Zone 3: Pavement Strengthening (57 km) Magiro Bridge - Miunde Bridge the entire crossing of the Simbu Province) • Zone 4: Heavy Repair (20 km) Miunde Bridge – Ambeke Bridge • Zone 5: Light Repair (42 km) Ambeke Bridge – Kagamuka Airport

Program Sequencing of Activities

• The Program has been sliced in three tranches Tranche 1: 2017 – 2020 Tranche 2: 2020 – 2023 Tranche 3: 2023 – 2027

• Maintenance and upgrading works will start immediately under two Output and Performance- Based Road contracts (OPRC) of about 200 km each: Nadzab-Henganofi (OPRC1) and Henganofi-Kagamuka (OPRC2)

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• Upgrading of the entire Zone 3 (57 km), i.e. the crossing of Simbu Province, will be procured separately and executed during tranche 1 and T2 under a third contract. Once completed, this section will be handed over to the OPRC2.

• Other upgrading works like grade raising, pavement resurfacing, pavement stabilization, pavement strengthening, drainage, slope stability, and road safety improvements will be gradually executed over the 10 years Program period under the corresponding OPRC contract.

• Upgrading of bridges (repair, reinforcement, widening, and reconstruction in compliance with climate change adaptation recommendations) will be undertaken through a fourth contract.

• Logistics platforms in Goroka and Mt Hagen, truck climbing lanes in Kassam and Daulo Passes, and a by-pass to channel through and heavy traffic around Goroka, and weigh stations in Lae, Goroka and Mt Hagen will be undertaken during T2 and T3, while field investigations, detailed design, safeguards due diligence, and preparation of the bidding documents, will be completed during tranche 1.

Implementation Arrangements

A Steering Committee and a Core Working Group, both backed up by a Technical Secretariat will be responsible for strategic guidance, high level decisions, and overall performance monitoring.

A Project Management Office (PMO) located in Goroka will be responsible for all operations and deliverables supported by a TA team providing implementation support and capacity development. Works are expected to start in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Impacts

Expected positive impacts are: • Creation of employment opportunities through jobs in construction and through on-going maintenance contracts. These will be targeted at local people on each stretch of the road to minimize clan or inter-community conflict. • Improved access to social services such as health and education facilities • Increased opportunities for equality and prosperity in rural areas, particularly through marketing of fresh produce • Increased road safety for both pedestrians and vehicle occupants • Smoother rides, less discomfort, reduced dust and mud, and lower vehicle operational costs • Reduced travel times through better driving conditions

However, there will also be some temporary negative impacts during the construction phase, as well as longer term costs: • Diversion of road traffic (in a few selected places) though the road will remain trafficable • Noise from heavy equipment • Dust and mud from construction works • Limited tree felling and garden disturbance (in a few selected places where land may need to be acquired for realignment of bridge approaches or other improvements)

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• Higher speeds may generate an increase in traffic accidents. (For every 1 km/hour increase in speed of vehicles, it is estimated that traffic accidents increase by 5%)

Mitigation strategies will minimize negative impacts:

• There will be on-going community consultation, to ensure local people’s concerns are taken into account and social and environmental safeguards specialists will be employed by the Project Management Office. • A grievance redress mechanism will be established to deal with any complaints and to quickly solve problems arising during the road works. Complaints about contractors or other issues, will require a response within a defined time limit, and if affected people do not receive prompt resolution, the complaint can be forwarded to a Grievance Redress Committee chaired by the District Administrator for a solution. Full details of the GRM will be provided to communities before construction begins. • An Environmental Management Plan will be developed including: a quarry management plan; traffic management plan; dust control plan; noise control plan; spill management plan; wastewater management plan; occupational and community safety plan; and an emergency response plan • A Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework will provide guidelines for any subprojects that require purchase of land outside the existing road corridor, or compensation for loss of income or assets • There will be a Road Safety Component to protect vulnerable road users, including effective road safety education for school children and those living along the highway

For further details and inquiries, please contact:

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Annex F: Minutes of Provincial Consultation Meetings

31st Oct – 4th Nov 2016

Western Highlands

1. Participants raised the issue of needing good quality control and supervision of contractors in order to achieve the outcomes. The fact that foreign exchange reserves are going down, will limit the amount of foreign exchange available for overseas companies who might bid for contracts. However, there will be a consulting firm hired to regularly monitor progress and ensure compliance with safeguards and contract requirements.

2. There was a long discussion about drunk driving, liquor licensing and the number of beer outlets operating along the Highlands Highway. Both SHP and Enga Provincial Governments have banned beer outlets along the Highlands Highway to the west and have set up checkpoints on the provincial borders to police the ban (at Tomba for Enga, and Kagul for SHP). The Enga one is working well: a mini police station with cell block, and permanent police housing have been built, and the police are well trained. They are strict and check everyone. This has had a very positive effect on the behaviour and driving along the highway in those provinces. WHP has no such legislation to control beer outlets.

3. The need for road safety education in schools and footpaths for pupils near schools was raised by a school principal.

4. Road safety is an issue at Minj where the market is on both sides of the road, there is a junction to Banz, and people are crossing the road all the time.

5. Drains along the highway get blocked near markets because people are encroaching on them with stalls and throwing rubbish in them. Truck-stops and markets are always surrounded by potholes because of this. The 20m clear ROW road corridor should be enforced by police, but there is rarely any police presence. Markers could be installed to show the 20m limit. There is a need to clearly delineate boundaries,

6. Drains are also being used for washing, so it would be good if people could be given laundry facilities where there is a water source, or near bridges, to keep them out of the drains.

7. All those present also appealed for help in repairing the road between Kagamuga and Mt Hagen (which at present is not part of the Investment Program), as it is in a terrible condition and holds up all the traffic coming into Hagen. It was explained by the ADB consultants that this is to be done under a separate government contract and is not part of the current Program. Financing is currently being sought from a Chinese bank to fund the construction.

Jiwaka

1. Jiwaka provincial staff asked that the weighing station for vehicles be situated in Jiwaka Province, rather than in Mt Hagen, as there is more land available to build the station. In fact, land owned by the provincial government has already been set aside for a weighing station, and planning has begun to establish one. The TL said that this idea had merit and would be further investigated. He promised to send the PWM information about truck weigh bridges, which could help inform where to build it, and includes best practice from around the world. Jiwaka staff wanted to know if the construction could be brought forward into Tranche 1 activities.

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2. Jiwaka also proposed that a fresh produce logistics depot with cold storage be built near the market, as it is the center of a large vegetable and fruit growing area.

3. A suggested re-routing of the Chimbu section of the highway from Kundiawa-Mingende to Jiwaka (where there is a lot of land instability) was not thought to be viable in this ADB project as the costs would be prohibitive to move it to the other side of the Waghi River.

4. Jiwaka DOW asked if the provincial branch offices would benefit from training by the PMO under the SHHIP project. ADB staff assured them that capacity building would include the provincial works departments.

5. The Provincial Police Commander, Joseph Tondop, suggested that Mobile Units to check maintenance should be instituted, so that repairs can be done quickly rather than waiting weeks or months. It was noted that if labour-based maintenance teams were employed to maintain local sections of the road, they should each be assigned to their own clan land, in order to prevent conflict with surrounding groups, and women as well as men should be employed so that the income is distributed fairly.

6. The PPC also said that small roadside alcohol distributors should be restricted as they are not registered with the Liquor Licensing Board. Jiwaka province is currently working on a master plan to clamp down on alcohol distributors. This was strongly supported by the women’s group representative, ‘Voice for Change’, who said the beer outlets contributed to the breakdown of the social fabric, to traffic accidents, and to domestic violence.

7. The Jiwaka PWM suggested that a truck overtaking lane was needed on the steep section between Simbu Wara and Kundiawa town.

8. People were concerned about how the procurement of contracts is handled under ADB processes and were anxious to avoid political interference or wantokism. They want to make sure ADB will ensure transparency and fairness.

9. Jiwaka provincial authorities were keen to assist the project wherever possible, such as with the community road safety pilot project, and in mitigating problems with roadside dwellers.

Simbu

1. Simbu participants also expressed a need for a fresh produce storage and logistics facility in Kundiawa, as it is the marketing center for surrounding districts of Gembogl, Kup, Gumine, Sina and Elimbari. ADB consultants were not confident that the project could afford to build more than two fresh produce facilities but agreed to consider priorities within the overall budget.

2. There was an appeal to involve local authorities in district and provincial administrations when planning and implementing the project within the road corridor, so that local disputes could be sorted out. In the Duman area between Tambar creek and Nintel, a 3 km strip of land was apparently not acquired by the state, and landowners are refusing to allow DOW to maintain that section of the road. The District Administrator for Sine Sine/Yoggomugl, Bal Numapo, said that local people no longer trusted the DoW because they feel their grievances have not been properly addressed and that the project would need to deal with this issue, as well as establishing an effective Grievance Redress Mechanism.

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3. The PA, Joe Kunda Naur, suggested that there was an urgent need for toilets and parking places or rest areas along the road, so that drivers could rest. There have been numerous accidents where drivers fell asleep.

4. Contracts for regular maintenance should be awarded to local people rather than companies or outsiders, so that residents living close to the road feel responsible for its condition.

5. More bus stops with seats, bus shelters, pedestrian crossings at schools and in town areas, stop signs, footpaths, and other facilities are needed at appropriate places along the highway.

6. The steep section of road from Wara Simbu up the hill to Kundiawa town is dangerous, as large trucks get stuck there, it is busy, with lots of traffic and pedestrians. The Simbu officials would like to see a passing lane for trucks built on this short section, as well as crash barriers, footpaths, guardrails, school signs, and other safety features. The participants were pleased to hear about the planned safety improvements where the highway crosses Kundiawa town.

7. The PA suggested that recipient communities should be part of the monitoring of the project, and on completion, they should be asked if they are satisfied with the work as part of the formal approval sign off process and completion report.

Eastern Highlands

1. The meeting participants were very pleased to hear of the plans for a Goroka bypass, as well as the proposed fresh produce logistical platform, the replacement of one-lane bridges, the weigh stations, and the proposed location of the PMO in Goroka. However, they asked whether the by-pass could be constructed during Tranche 1 of the Investment Program. ADB representatives thought this unrealistic and not likely to happen, as it will take a lot of planning and design work, and it will also be very expensive, so time is needed for preparation. The old highway on the other side of the Asaro River (between Kamaliki (6km south from Goroka) and the Kafamo/Ufeto turnoff from the highway, has been investigated, but this would involve construction of 24km of road, much longer than the usual bypass. More work needs to be done to find and plan a viable route.

2. Drunk driving and alcohol outlets were discussed, and the PA, Solomon Taato, pointed out that there is already a steering committee working on issues to do with the control of alcohol sale and distribution. It was noted that the police, DOW, Lands, Agriculture and other provincial bodies all need to play a role, and there is a need to carry out awareness raising activities.

3. Jackson Appo (Deputy Director, Technical Health Program, Provincial Health Authority) noted that Environmental Health Officers could be employed to assist with control of alcohol outlets. He also appealed to the project to use the existing public health authorities and NGOs to assist with HIV/AIDS prevention training and traffic safety campaigns. He recommended that local NGOs be involved, as some such as Save the Children have long-term programs to assist sex workers and keep them safe. Short-term one-off training events are unlikely to affect behaviour change and are not sufficient to mitigate against the risks of HIV/AIDS.

4. The DOW said they had plenty of land on which to locate a PMO for the SHHIP and hoped it would be built in their grounds.

5. Mr Solomon Tata the Provincial Administrator reminded the ADB / DOW that if they

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required contributions from the provincial government or needed them to do anything, then they would need to be told in good time to allow items to be budgeted. ADB pointed out that all PAs and governors were members of the high-level steering committee, and they needed to attend the meetings to ensure that provincial perspectives and local knowledge were incorporated into the plans and design.

Morobe

1. There was a discussion about the new weigh bridge in Lae, and all agreed that the current design is problematic, as there is not enough space to park waiting trucks, nor room for them to turn around, should they fail the inspection. It needs to be re-designed, and preferably moved to a better location. Jacob Luke, chairman of the PNG Road Transport Association and owner of Mapai Transport suggested that the weigh station would be better sited at Nadzab where the government (Civil Aviation) has plenty of flat space for parking. He also suggested that newer digital technology was needed, and that some mobile weigh bridges should be introduced. It was felt that fees and fines are not the answer to overloading as this easily leads to ‘bribery’, and it would be better to turn trucks back to re-load if they breached the regulations. It was also suggested that the weigh bridges should be built as early as possible (in Tranche 1), so that newly restored and upgraded roads are not being damaged by overloaded trucks. Trucking companies face a lot of pressure from suppliers to overload trucks (or lose the contracts). There is a need to educate communities and companies about the risks this entails.

2. The freight companies are also concerned that almost half the fresh produce goes to waste because of the poor packaging, lack of cool storage, and other problems. The Mapai Transport company often refuses to carry produce because the containers are not cooled, and if the road is blocked or impassable, the farmers then complain about produce being kept too long in the truck and spoiled. The PNG Road Transport Association would like to be involved in the planning and design of the logistics platforms for the SHHIP, as it is in important issue for them. Planning for these needs to be done in cooperation with FPDA, DAL, NARI, and provincial administrations.

3. Lae participants also raised concerns about the lack of toilets and rest facilities along the highway, pointing out that there are thousands of people using the road daily, but there are no public facilities.

4. There is also a need for designated truck parking areas especially in towns, as trucks are used as lodging places, and also used for sex work. At the moment, they park along the seafront at Lae, which is unsatisfactory. There needs to be good on-going HIV/AIDS prevention programs associated with the project, (run by established local organizations with appropriate expertise), as many of the drivers are becoming HIV positive, and three or four men working for Mapai Transport have already died of HIV/AIDS related illness.

5. When the issue of drunk driving was discussed, some participants rejected the idea of restricting the sale of beer along the highway, saying that banning alcohol outlets would just increase the use of home brew and drugs such as marijuana.

6. The Morobe participants acknowledged the importance of the AusAID Transport Sector Support Program to them, saying that much of the rehabilitation work is still visible. However, more resources are needed to continue the maintenance and rehabilitation work, and they look forward to working with the SHHIP.

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Annex G: Indicative Cost for Environmental Monitoring (Source of Unit Costs; HRRIIP T3 IEEs)

Cost Number Numb Numb item/Equip /Station er/Stat er/Stat Frequency (CW1) Frequency (CW2) Frequency (RIC) Cost (USD) ment (CW1) ion ion Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Unit Total (CW2) (RIC) Construction Construction Construction

Water 1 0 0 1 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 3,500.00 Quality (Portable Sampler 7000 Air Quality 3 1 0 0 1 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 5,000.00 Gas Analyzer 10000 PM10 1 0 0 1 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 4,000.00 Sampler 8000 Ambient 1 0 0 1 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 2,000.00 Noise (Portable Noise Meter 4000 Subtotal 29000 Regular Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Unit Amount Monitoring/Fi Construction Construction Construction Prices eld Sampling Water 35 12 1 1 1 16 0 16 0 16 0 Quality 5 0 0 Air Quality 10 12 1 1 1 16 0 5 16 0 16 0 0 0 Noise 10 12 1 1 1 16 0 5 16 0 16 0 0 0 Subtotal 0 Laboratory Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Pre- Construction Operation Unit Cost Total Analysis of Construction Construction Construction Cost Samples Water 35 12 1 1 1 16 0 600 16 0 16 0 Quality 5 506400 Air Quality 10 12 1 1 1 16 0 300 5 16 0 16 0 125700 Noise 10 12 1 1 1 16 0 5 16 0 16 0 0 0 Subtotal 632100 Grand Total 661100

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