DOCSLIB.ORG

139 Heritage Language Journal, 9(2) Summer, 2012

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
139 Heritage Language Journal, 9(2) Summer, 2012 139 Heritage Language Journal, 9(2) https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.2.1 Summer, 2012 Multilingual Education in South Siberia: National Schools in the Republics of Altai and Tyva Joan F. Chevalier United States Naval Academy Abstract Subtractive bilingualism is widespread throughout Siberia, with indigenous youth often more proficient in Russian than in their non-Russian local languages. Siberia’s national schools, which are secondary schools offering instruction in local languages of Russia, provide critical institutional support for minority languages. The goal of this interdisciplinary regional study is to present an overview of national schools’ development in two neighboring southern Siberian republics, Altai and Tyva, up to the present, and to evaluate the role of national schools’ local language programs in promoting language vitality. The study examines a shift in priorities and challenges in local language education since 1991, the factors contributing to the shift, particularly federally-enacted educational reforms, and what has been done in these regions to meet these challenges. I. Introduction This interdisciplinary study traces the development of language education in the republics of Altai and Tyva since the end of the Soviet period, when major efforts, many of them based in schools, were launched to revitalize local languages in the Russian Federation (RF). The paper examines the development of these school-based local heritage language programs within the broader context of language contact to ascertain how local heritage language education is faring in south Siberia since these revitalization efforts were launched. The contiguous Siberian republics of Altai and Tyva provide rich material for a comparative analysis of local language education programs. The community languages in Tyva and Altai, Tuvan and Altaian, are typologically similar Turkic languages. Although societies in this region share common cultural roots, language contact in each area has evolved in distinct ways. Ethnic Tuvans have always comprised the majority of the population of Tyva, whereas Russians have made up over 50% of the population of Altai since the 1920s. The analysis below will show that while local language education in each republic has been influenced by that republic’s distinct set of demographic characteristics, both republics are similarly affected by recent federally enacted education reforms. This study is based on qualitative data collected in field studies conducted in the republics of Tyva and Altai in 2009 and 2010, funded in part by a National Endowment of Humanities Grant. The research for this project was conducted in two stages. First, secondary and primary literature on the establishment and history of local language education in Altai and Tyva was reviewed in order to locate current local language education issues within a historical context. Second, face- to-face interviews were conducted with local language teachers and school administrators from Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 09:30:51PM via free access 140 Heritage Language Journal, 9(2) https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.2.1 Summer, 2012 rural and urban school districts. The interviews were designed to elicit teachers’ views about the status of local language education in their schools and school districts. Parts III through V below summarize the history of local language education in Altai and Tyva up through the 1990s. Part VI presents an overview of federal and local policies affecting local language school-based programs. II. Ethnolinguistic Vitality and Language Contact The notion of ethnolinguistic vitality was introduced by Giles, Bourhis, and Taylor in 1977 to account for the key factors that influence the outcomes of language contact (Harwood, Giles, & Bourhis, 1994; Giles et al., 1977). Giles et al. identified three main factors that influence the degree of linguistic assimilation in a region: 1) demographic factors, especially the size and distribution of local language communities, 2) the status of languages in relation to one another, and 3) institutional support for local languages. Language status, defined by Giles et al. as the relative prestige of a language, is affected by language attitudes. As Karan (2000) points out, language status is influenced by popular perceptions of the language’s utility. If knowledge of a particular language is generally viewed as critical for socio-economic advancement, it is more likely to enjoy high levels of intergenerational transmission. Institutional support for local languages is also a critical factor in language vitality. While the use of and support for local languages in mass media, government, and business all affect the outcome of language contact, local education arguably has a more direct effect on the future of local language vitality since it enables younger generations of local language speakers to develop biliteracy while maintaining local language skills. This paper focuses primarily on the development of local language programs in South Siberian schools, but it also seeks to place school-based revitalization efforts within the context of language contact region-wide. From the late 1980s to 1990s there was widespread support for local language education in Tyva and Altai in spite of substantial differences in demographic conditions and levels of linguistic assimilation in each republic. Since the 1990s support for local language education in Altai and Tyva has waned. The groundswell of public support for school-based language revitalization efforts has been replaced by a focus on Russian language programs. This shift has been precipitated to a large degree by federal education reforms, which are reshaping educational priorities throughout Russia. III. Heritage Language Learners in South Siberia: An Introduction This study adopts the definition of heritage speakers presented by Polinsky and Kagan: heritage speakers are “raised in a home where one language is spoken who subsequently switch to another dominant language” (2007, p. 368). As we shall see below, the term heritage speaker in the south Siberian region is most applicable to the language contact situation in the Republic of Altai, where linguistic assimilation to Russian is observed in a significant portion of the local Altaian population. The school-based language revitalization programs adopted in Altai were developed in response to ongoing language shift from bilingualism in Altaian and Russian to Russian monolingualism among younger generations of Altaians. Only 77.5% of Altaians identified Altaian as their native language in the 2002 Census (Federal’naia sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki, 2004).1 Levels of linguistic assimilation from Tuvan to Russian are much lower in Tyva since Russians migrated to Tyva in comparatively modest numbers, and Tuvans have always comprised the majority of the population (see Table 1 below). The Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 09:30:51PM via free access 141 Heritage Language Journal, 9(2) https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.2.1 Summer, 2012 demographic situation in Tyva continues to support the vitality of the Tuvan spoken language; moreover, there has been a concerted effort since the end of the Soviet period to support Tuvan language literacy by reforming and strengthening Tuvan language education. Local education programs in the Russian Federation, and earlier in the Soviet Union, have taught the local language in one of two ways: 1) as the language of instruction, in what were until recently referred to as “national schools,”2 or 2) as a subject of study. In both types of programs Russian language and literature are studied as subjects as established in the federal curriculum. In schools where local language courses are offered a few hours a week, Russian is used as the language of instruction across the curriculum. In each republic, the current priorities of local language education reform have been shaped by the legacy of the Soviet system of education. Tyva was one of the few regions that maintained national schools offering instruction in Tuvan across the curriculum throughout the Soviet period. Since the 1980s 80% of secondary schools in Tyva have used Tuvan as the primary language of instruction. In contrast, by the 1980s Altaian national schools had shifted entirely to a curriculum taught in Russian. It must be noted that heritage language instruction in Kazakh is available in a few schools in Altai. A number of schools in Kosh-Agach, the southern region of Altai bordering on Kazakhstan, enroll a significant number of ethnic Kazakhs, but there are no schools in Altai with a curriculum taught entirely in Kazakh. Mongolian is not offered in schools in the Erzin region of Tyva near the Mongolian border, even though trilingualism in Russian, Mongolian, and Tuva is prevalent in that region. Due to the limited scope of these language programs, they are not discussed below. IV. Altai and Tyva: An Introduction Ethnic Altaians and Tuvans were traditionally indigenous Samoyedic and Kettic speaking pastoral nomads who took on the language of their Turkic occupiers beginning in the fifth century as the Altai-Sayan region became part of the Turkic Khanate (Naumov, 2006, p. 37-43). In the 12-13th century, Mongols conquered the Yenisei basin, the territory of today’s Republic of Tyva, introducing Lamaist (Tibetan) Buddhism to the region (Mongush, 2001, p. 24). By the end of the 18th century, the first Buddhist monasteries were built in Tyva, and Buddhist monks introduced the first system of formal education.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature As a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature as a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Department of the Kalmyk language and Mongolian studies Director of the Mongolian and Altaistic research Scientific centre, Kalmyk State University 358000, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Pushkin street, 11 Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p126 Abstract The article deals with the problem of commonness of Turkic and Mongolian languages in the area of vocabulary; a layer of vocabulary, reflecting the inanimate nature, is subject to thorough analysis. This thematic group studies the rubrics, devoted to landscape vocabulary, different soil types, water bodies, atmospheric phenomena, celestial sphere. The material, mainly from Khalkha-Mongolian and Old Written Mongolian languages is subject to the analysis; the data from Buryat and Kalmyk languages were also included, as they were presented in these languages. The Buryat material was mainly closer to the Khalkha-Mongolian one. For comparison, the material, mainly from the Old Turkic language, showing the presence of similar words, was included; it testified about the so-called Turkic-Mongolian lexical commonness. The analysis of inner forms of these revealed common lexemes in the majority of cases allowed determining their Turkic origin, proved by wide occurrence of these lexemes in Turkic languages and Turkologists' acknowledgement of their Turkic origin. The presence of great quantity of common vocabulary, which origin is determined as Turkic, testifies about repeated ancient contacts of Mongolian and Turkic languages, taking place in historical retrospective, resulting in hybridization of Mongolian vocabulary.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS Business
    GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 General Issues on The History of The Uzbek Literary Language and Dialects Eldar Khusanov Davlatjonovich EFL teacher of 3rd SSBS in Baghdad, Fergana,Uzbekistan E-mail address: [email protected] Annotation: Uzbek is one of the most widely spoken languages in the Turkic language family and has been developing and improving over the centuries. As the Uzbek literary language develops, so do the Uzbek dialects. This article describes the history of the development of the Uzbek language, its dialects and some features of these dialects, scientific and substantiated information about the areas of distribution. Key words:Turkic languages, the Altai language family, Karluk,Kypchak, Oguz,heKarluk-Khorezm languages, the Uyghur language, Indo-Iranian languages, Fergana dialects, urban dialects. Uzbek language is the official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan. More than 34,5 million people live in Uzbekistan, over 70% of the population consider Uzbek as their native language. About 26.5 million people speak the Uzbek language, moreover, this language is spread not only on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also in other Asian states: in Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, in the People's Republic of China and in Russia [7]. The modern Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic languages of the Altai language family. However, different linguists classify the Turkic languages in different ways, based on various characteristics, which, at times, are not always obvious. Traditionally, the Uzbek language belongs to the eastern (Karluk) group of the Turkic language group. Along with Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, Uzbek is considered one of the most common languages of this group[1;5].
    [Show full text]
  • The Imposition of Translated Equivalents to Avoid T
    International Humanities Studies Vol. 3 No.1; March 2016 ISSN 2311-7796 On some future tense participles in modern Turkic languages Aynel Enver Meshadiyeva Abstract This paper investigates phonetic and morphological-semantic features and the main functions of the future participle –ası/-esi in modern Turkic languages. At the present time, a series of questions concerning an etymology of the future participle –ası/-esi in the modern Turkic languages does not have a due and exhaustive treatment in the Turkology. In the course of the research, similar and distinctive features of the future participles –ası/-esi in Turkic languages were revealed. It should be noted that comparative-historical researches of the grammatical elements in the modern Turkic languages have gained a considerable scientific meaning and undoubted actuality. The actuality of the paper’s theme is conditioned by these factors. Keywords: Future tense participle –ası/-esi, comparative-historical analysis, etimology, oghuz group, kipchak group, Turkic languages, similar and distinctive features. Introduction This article is devoted to comparative historical analysis of the future tense participle –ası/- esi in modern Turkic languages. The purpose of this article is to study a comparative historical analysis of the future tense participle –ası/-esi in Turkic languages. It also aims to identify various characteristic phonetic, morphological, and syntactic features in modern Turkic languages. This article also analyses materials of different dialects of Turkic languages, and their old written monuments. The results of the detailed etymological analysis of the future tense participle –ası/-esi help to reveal the peculiarities of lexical-semantic and morphological structure of the Turkic languages’ participle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study on the Sayan Languages (Turkic; Russia and Mongolia)
    MASTER THESIS A comparative study on the Sayan languages (Turkic; Russia and Mongolia) Author: Supervisor: Tessa de Mol-van Valen Dr. E.I. Crevels Second reader: Dr. E.L. Stapert A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Linguistics June 2017 For Tuba, Leo Hollemans, my students and dear family “Dus er is een taal die hetzelfde heet als ik? En u moet daar een groot werkstuk over schrijven? Wow, heel veel succes!” Acknowledgements I am indebted to my thesis supervisor Dr. E.I. Crevels at Leiden University for her involvement and advice. Thank you for your time, your efforts, your reading, all those comments and suggestions to improve my thesis. It is an honor to finish my study with the woman who started my interest in descriptive linguistics. If it wasn’t for Beschrijvende Taalkunde I, I would not get to know the Siberian languages that well and it would have taken much longer for me to discover my interest in this region. This is also the place where I should thank Dr. E.L. Stapert at Leiden University. Thank you for your lectures on the ethnic minorities of Siberia, where I got to know the Tuba and, later on, also the Tuvan and Tofa. Thank you for this opportunity. Furthermore, I owe deep gratitude to the staff of the Universitätsbibliothek of the Johannes Gutenberg Universität in Mainz, where I found Soyot. Thanks to their presence and the extensive collection of the library, I was able to scan nearly 3000 pages during the Christmas Holiday.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts English
    International Symposium: Interaction of Turkic Languages and Cultures Abstracts Saule Tazhibayeva & Nevskaya Irina Turkish Diaspora of Kazakhstan: Language Peculiarities Kazakhstan is a multiethnic and multi-religious state, where live more than 126 representatives of different ethnic groups (Sulejmenova E., Shajmerdenova N., Akanova D. 2007). One-third of the population is Turkic ethnic groups speaking 25 Turkic languages and presenting a unique model of the Turkic world (www.stat.gov.kz, Nevsakya, Tazhibayeva, 2014). One of the most numerous groups are Turks deported from Georgia to Kazakhstan in 1944. The analysis of the language, culture and history of the modern Turkic peoples, including sub-ethnic groups of the Turkish diaspora up to the present time has been carried out inconsistently. Kazakh researchers studied history (Toqtabay, 2006), ethno-political processes (Galiyeva, 2010), ethnic and cultural development of Turkish diaspora in Kazakhstan (Ibrashaeva, 2010). Foreign researchers devoted their studies to ethnic peculiarities of Kazakhstan (see Bhavna Dave, 2007). Peculiar features of Akhiska Turks living in the US are presented in the article of Omer Avci (www.nova.edu./ssss/QR/QR17/avci/PDF). Features of the language and culture of the Turkish Diaspora in Kazakhstan were not subjected to special investigation. There have been no studies of the features of the Turkish language, with its sub- ethnic dialects, documentation of a corpus of endangered variants of Turkish language. The data of the pre-sociological surveys show that the Kazakh Turks self-identify themselves as Turks Akhiska, Turks Hemshilli, Turks Laz, Turks Terekeme. Unable to return to their home country to Georgia Akhiska, Hemshilli, Laz Turks, Terekeme were scattered in many countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Diversity in Russia Is a Threat to Sovereignty Or a Condition of Cohesion?
    Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM) ISSN: 2251-6204 www.mjltm.org Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? Dmitry V. Bondarenko *1 Vladimir V. Nasonkin 2,3 Rozalina V. Shagieva 4 Olga N. Kiyanova 5 Svetlana V. Barabanova 6 1 Federal Centre for Educational Legislation, Moscow, Russia. 2 Federal Centre for Educational Legislation, Moscow, Russia. 3 Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia. 4 The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia. 5 The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia. 6 Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia. *corresponding author ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Original Research Paper The current state of linguistic diversity in the world in the context of Received Mar. 2018 globalization is characterized by various political and legal Accepted May. 2018 regulations of linguistic relations. On the one hand, the process of Keywords: giving global status to only those languages whose dominance in the minority languages language policy world has developed historically and is conditioned by geopolitical international legal regulation language processes continues. On the other hand, we can say with confidence conflicts about such a global trend as the preservation and development of lingua-franca minority languages. As a result of the research the author makes a well-founded conclusion that giving the status of state to a large number of languages in Russia does not guarantee political stability and national security. The growing influence and dominance of the world's major languages is inevitable. But, first, among them, the position of the Russian language should be restored, and secondly, the desire to create a single global language-a utopian and destructive phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkic Toponyms of Eurasia BUDAG BUDAGOV
    BUDAG BUDAGOV Turkic Toponyms of Eurasia BUDAG BUDAGOV Turkic Toponyms of Eurasia © “Elm” Publishing House, 1997 Sponsored by VELIYEV RUSTAM SALEH oglu T ranslated by ZAHID MAHAMMAD oglu AHMADOV Edited by FARHAD MAHAMMAD oglu MUSTAFAYEV Budagov B.A. Turkic Toponyms of Eurasia. - Baku “Elm”, 1997, -1 7 4 p. ISBN 5-8066-0757-7 The geographical toponyms preserved in the immense territories of Turkic nations are considered in this work. The author speaks about the parallels, twins of Azerbaijani toponyms distributed in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Altay, the Ural, Western Si­ beria, Armenia, Iran, Turkey, the Crimea, Chinese Turkistan, etc. Be­ sides, the geographical names concerned to other Turkic language nations are elucidated in this book. 4602000000-533 В ------------------------- 655(07)-97 © “Elm” Publishing House, 1997 A NOTED SCIENTIST Budag Abdulali oglu Budagov was bom in 1928 at the village o f Chobankere, Zangibasar district (now Masis), Armenia. He graduated from the Yerevan Pedagogical School in 1947, the Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Institute (Baku) in 1951. In 1955 he was awarded his candidate and in 1967 doctor’s degree. In 1976 he was elected the corresponding-member and in 1989 full-member o f the Azerbaijan Academy o f Sciences. Budag Abdulali oglu is the author o f more than 500 scientific articles and 30 books. Researches on a number o f problems o f the geographical science such as geomorphology, toponymies, history o f geography, school geography, conservation o f nature, ecology have been carried out by academician B.A.Budagov. He makes a valuable contribution for popularization o f science.
    [Show full text]
  • Oov in the Turkic Languages
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 Comparative-Historical Analysis of the Infinitive Form in –Oov in the Turkic Languages Aynel E. Meshadiyeva (PhD, Ass. Prof.) Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, The Institute of Linguistics named after Nasimi, Baku, Azerbaijan [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p203 Abstract This paper is devoted to a comparative-historical analysis of the infinitive form ending in -oov in Modern Tur kic languages as well as in their dialects and sub-dialects. Currently a number of issues regarding the morphological - semantic and functional features of infinitive forms in the Turkic languages have not received exhaust tive coverage. The experiences of study of the infinitive form ending in -oov in Turkology is analyzed, approaches to definition of its structural-semantic, syntactic features and etymology are discussed. Similar and distinctive features have been detected, as well as phonetic variants of the infinitive form ending in -oov in Modern Turkic languages. Etymological aspects of the construction are also considered in this paper. It should be noted that a systematic comparative-historical study of the grammatical elements of the modern Turkic languages takes on special significance in Turkological linguistics. In the author’s opinion, the relevance of the chosen topic is determined by these factors. Keywords: infinitive form ending in –oov, comparative-historical aspect, etymology, modern Turkic languages and dialects, similar and distinctive features 1. Introduction A comparative-historical study of individual structural elements and grammar of the Turkic languages, in particular, infinitives, have important scientific value.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualized Bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2021 14(4): 466–477 DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0734 УДК 81’272 Contextualized Bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia Tamara G. Borgoiakova and Aurika V. Guseinova* N.F. Katanov Khakass State University Abakan, Russian Federation Received 02.02.2020, received in revised form 08.02.2021, accepted 09.04.2021 Abstract. The article examines the development of bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia. Its social context is formed under the influence of both extralinguistic factors and the language hierarchy in the form of vertical bilingualism. According to the latest sociolinguistic surveys, bilingualism is the norm for indigenous peoples – Altaians, Tuvans and Khakass – and their language behavior is determined by a strong instrumental and integrative motivation for using Russian as a language of social promotion. The increase of the subtractive type of bilingualism has resulted in the exclusive use of Russian not only in the external, but also in the internal circle of communication with the highest rates in the Republic of Khakassia (about 60 and 30%, respectively). A pragmatic attitude influences the language behavior: the more indigenous respondents declare their fluency in Russian, the fewer of them speak their native language. At the same time, the languages of the titular peoples retain a high symbolic status, expressed in recognition of native languages and in willingness to contribute to their support and promotion. Keywords: bilingualism, indigenous languages, language policy, Khakassia, Tuva, Altai. The research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project “Dynamics and prospects of languages interaction in the Republics of Southern Siberia” No.
    [Show full text]
  • Divergence of Altai Macro System Languages and Issues of Their Genetic Relationship O. Sapashev* A. Smailova** B. Zhaksymov
    Türkbilig, 2016/31: 109-126. DIVERGENCE OF ALTAI MACRO SYSTEM LANGUAGES AND ISSUES OF THEIR GENETIC RELATIONSHIP O. SAPASHEV* A. SMAILOVA** B. ZHAKSYMOV*** Abstract: Scientists recognize the difficulties associated with final and perfect solution of the problem of origin of the Altai community. The most important issue according to their opinion is a difficulty in differentiation of elements of a possible genetic commonality, the traces of which can be found in all Altaic languages, from the secondary elements of community, developing in different periods of close contacts of various Altaic peoples for at least of two millennia period. Mutual lexical borrowings of not only from single Altaic languages, but also borrowings from non-Altaic languages (the phenomenon of the substrate or super stratum) led to a significant lexical generality of secondary order and gave the reasons for establishment of various kinds of correspondences not relating to common Altaic protolanguage heritage that creates a large difficult to apply comparative- historical method. Keywords: Altaic, macro-system, genetic kinship, language typology, the rudiments Altay Makro Sistemi Dillerinin Farklılıkları ve Onların Genetik İlişkilerine Dair Konular Özet: Altayistik çalışan araştırmacıları, Altay toplumun kökeni sorununun nihai ve mükemmel bir çözümüyle ilişkili olan zorluklar bekler. Araştırmacıların görüşüne göre en önemli konu, olası genetik ortaklık unsurlarının ve Altay dillerinde bulunabilecek izlerin farklılaşması zorluğudur. Bu zorluklar, toplumun ikincil unsurlarından kaynaklanır ve farklı zamanlarda çeşitli Altay topluluklarının en az iki bin yıllık yakın ilişkiler sonucu gelişmiştir. Sadece Altay dilleri ve Altay dilleri dışındaki dillerden karşılıklı sözcük alışverişi (altkatman ve üstkatman olgusu) ikincil seviyede önemli sözcüksel genellemeler ortaya çıkardı ve tarihi-karşılaştırmalı metodun uygulanmasını zorlaştıran ortak proto Altay dil mirasıyla ilgili olmayan bir yapının oluşmasına neden oldu.
    [Show full text]
  • Yakut Leader Tygyn As a Phenomenon of Ethnic Culture
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 359 4th International Conference on Social, Business, and Academic Leadership (ICSBAL 2019) Yakut leader Tygyn as a phenomenon of ethnic culture Olga Parfenova Faculty of history North-Eastern Federal University, NEFU Belinskogo str. 58, 677000 Yakutsk Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] Saassylana Sivtseva Faculty of history North-Eastern Federal University, NEFU Belinskogo str. 58, 677000 Yakutsk Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] Matrena Okorokova Faculty of history North-Eastern Federal University, NEFU Belinskogo str. 58, 677000 Yakutsk Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the culture of the Yakut people, the image of the legendary leader Tygyn, who lived at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, is of great importance for the world’ ethnography, folklore, and ethnic studies. Moreover, it is an interesting example of a study of leadership. Tygyn attempted to unite the scattered Yakut tribes into a single state formation - the chiefdom of his sort. His activities were suppressed by events related to the accession of Yakutia to the Moscow state. Our paper shows how the legendary figure Tygyn became the image of the ideal leader for the Yakuts - their Khan, idealized military leader, as well as the descendant of divine ancestors. We recorded a significant cycle of historical legends about this charismatic leader. Our results and findings prove that charisma of Tygyn goes back to the mythology of the Turkic-Mongolian epic. The transition from traditional to charismatic legitimacy occurred in the Yakuts in the era of the meeting of the two power systems.
    [Show full text]
  • 106 Imitative Vocabulary in the Maaday-Kara Epic (Yakut Language Translation Analysis of the Altai Epic)
    „ ORBIS LINGUARUM “ , VOLUME 19, ISSUE 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v19i1.11 IMITATIVE VOCABULARY IN THE MAADAY-KARA EPIC (YAKUT LANGUAGE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE ALTAI EPIC) Eugenia ZHIRKOVA North-Eastern Federal University, Russia Е-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The article examines the features of the use of the Altai epic "Maadai-Kara" in the text and the translation of imitative words into the Yakut language. The aim of the study is to identify the lexical and semantic features of imitative vocabulary in epic texts in the Yakut and Altai languages, as well as some ways of translating the text of the Altai epic into the Yakut language. The analysis revealed that the epic most often uses words of onomatopoeic origin expressing the sounds and voices of animals, as well as the sounds of inanimate objects of nature. Due to the fact that image-imitative words in the Altai language are not considered a separate group, the author made an attempt to independently isolate units of this vocabulary from the text, relying on the analogy in structure and semantics of image-imitative words of the Yakut language. The selected units by meaning were divided into four groups: 1) words expressing ideas about movement in a broad sense; 2) words expressing various movements performed by a person or an animal; 3) words characterizing the appearance, form; and 4) words characterizing color and light representations. The same principle of expanding the meaning of imitative words through the transition from onomatopoetic to image imitation was determined. Semantically, Altai imitative words have a broader meaning, which makes them universal.
    [Show full text]