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GIS Business GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 General Issues on The History of The Uzbek Literary Language and Dialects Eldar Khusanov Davlatjonovich EFL teacher of 3rd SSBS in Baghdad, Fergana,Uzbekistan E-mail address: [email protected] Annotation: Uzbek is one of the most widely spoken languages in the Turkic language family and has been developing and improving over the centuries. As the Uzbek literary language develops, so do the Uzbek dialects. This article describes the history of the development of the Uzbek language, its dialects and some features of these dialects, scientific and substantiated information about the areas of distribution. Key words:Turkic languages, the Altai language family, Karluk,Kypchak, Oguz,heKarluk-Khorezm languages, the Uyghur language, Indo-Iranian languages, Fergana dialects, urban dialects. Uzbek language is the official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan. More than 34,5 million people live in Uzbekistan, over 70% of the population consider Uzbek as their native language. About 26.5 million people speak the Uzbek language, moreover, this language is spread not only on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also in other Asian states: in Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, in the People's Republic of China and in Russia [7]. The modern Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic languages of the Altai language family. However, different linguists classify the Turkic languages in different ways, based on various characteristics, which, at times, are not always obvious. Traditionally, the Uzbek language belongs to the eastern (Karluk) group of the Turkic language group. Along with Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, Uzbek is considered one of the most common languages of this group[1;5]. Professor Baskakov singles out the Uzbek language as part of the subgroup of the Karluk-Khorezm languages and emphasizes the following specific features that make it possible to refer it to this subgroup: [1: 56-57] the presence of a labialized "a" in many dialects, six vowel phonemes; lack of vowel harmony in most urban dialects of the Uzbek language According to V. A. Bogoroditsky's classification, the Uzbek language is a part of the Central Asian group of Turkic languages together with the Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak languages. According to V.V. Radlova, Uzbek language (together with Uyghur) belongs to the Central Asian group of Turkic languages. P a g e | 96 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 In terms of its grammatical structure and vocabulary, the Uzbek language is primarily closely related to the Uyghur language, which is widespread in the Chinese province of Xinjiang, and the or-Turkic language; its other characteristic features were borrowed from Persian, Arabic and Russian[2;3]. A strong influence of the Persian language can be traced in the phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the Uzbek language; the vocabulary also contains numerous borrowings from the Arabic and Russian languages. A specific feature of the Uzbek language is the agglutinative structure, which means that word formation in this language is carried out by agglutination - the attachment of affixes to the root or the base of the word, each of which is unambiguous and carries its own grammatical meaning. The term "agglutinate" comes from the Latin language and has the meaning of "merge", "stick together". The central word-building elements in the Uzbek language are suffixes, which, due to the mentioned grammatical unambiguity, expand or change the meaning of words. Many suffixes can be added to the base of one word, and, moreover, all suffixes follow one after the other and have clear boundaries, that is, they do not merge with the root of the word or other suffixes. Thus, the length of Türkic words may increase depending on how much information they carry [4; 147]. The main phonological feature of the Uzbek language is the absence of singarmonism (vowel harmony), which is characteristic of the Turkic languages. This is explained by the fact that the basis of the literary Uzbek language is the Fergana dialect, which is distinguished by the absence of singarmony. This phenomenon has survived only in certain dialects that are closest to the Oghuz or Kypchak group of languages. Another phonetic feature that distinguishes the Uzbek language from other Turkic languages is the characteristic "o"[3- 5; 152]. It is assumed that the Turkic peoples settled along the basin of the Amu Darya, Syrdarya and Zeravshan rivers as early as 600-700 AD. and gradually drove out the tribes that spoke Indo-Iranian languages and previously lived in Sogdiana, Bactria and Khorezm. The first ruling dynasty of this region was the Karakhanid dynasty, which was one of the Karluk tribes and reigned in the 9-12 centuries. Scientists consider the Uzbek language as a direct descendant or late form of the Chagatai language - the Turkic Central Asian literary language used during the reign of the Chagatai Khan, Timur (Tamerlane) and Timurids and separated from other Central Asian Turkic languages in the early 14th century [7]. The Uzbek thinker and activist Mir Ali-SherNavoi stood up to defend the Old Uzbek language, through whose efforts the Old Uzbek language became a single and developed literary language, the traditions and norms of which were preserved until the end of the 19th century. Based on the Karluk version of the Turkic languages, the Old Uzbek language contained a large number of words P a g e | 97 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 borrowed from Persian and Arabic. By the 19th century it became less and less used in literary works [5; 145-147]. The term "Uzbek", applied to the language, at different times meant different concepts. Until 1921, Uzbek and Sart languages were treated as two different dialects. The Uzbek language was called the Kypchak dialect, characterized by syngharmony (harmony of vowel sounds), which was the language of the descendants of the tribes who settled in Transoxania with Sheibani Khan and lived mainly near Bukhara and Samarkand [5;6]. According to one of the versions of scientists, "Uzbeks" were the inhabitants who lived in the domain of Sultan Muhamed Uzbek Khan (1313-1341), the ninth khan of the Golden Horde and a descendant of Genghis Khan, after whom the Uzbek language was named[7]. The Sart language was the name of the Karluk dialect, which was widespread among the ancient settlers of the Fergana Valley, the Kashkadarya region and, partially, the Samarkand region; this dialect was distinguished by an admixture of a large number of Persian and Arabic words and a lack of syngharmony. The Sarts who lived in Khiva also spoke the Oghuz dialect, which was heavily Iranian [5:49-50]. After 1921, the concept of the Soviet regime abolished the concept of "sart" as a humiliating one and decreed that henceforth the entire Turkic population of Turkestan was to be called "Uzbeks", despite the fact that many people did not even have a true Uzbek origin. However, despite the fierce protests of the Bolsheviks of Uzbekistan in 1924 the written literary language of the new republic was not recognized as the pre-revolutionary Uzbek language, but namely the Sart language, which was widespread in the Samarkand region. The modern Uzbek language, which is spoken in the very middle of the Turkic-speaking area, has a complex structure of dialects. Among the most famous dialects are Afghan Uzbek, Fergana, Khorezm, Turkestan-Chimkent and Surkhandarya dialects [3; 45]. Dialects of most Uzbek urban centers (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara, Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the southeastern (Karluk) group of Turkic languages, which is why the Uzbek language as a whole is referred to this group. Also, as part of the Uzbek language, a group of dialects are distinguished that belong to the Kypchak group (they are used throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan and in other republics of Central Asia, as well as in Kazakhstan), and the Oguz group, which includes the dialects of Khorezm of the adjacent territories located in the north. - the west of the Republic, including two dialects in Kazakhstan. P a g e | 98 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 On a territorial basis, four main dialect groups are distinguished: North Uzbek dialect group of southern Kazakhstan South Uzbek dialects of central and eastern Uzbekistan and northern Afghanistan, as well as dialects of large urban centers of Uzbek settlement. This group is represented by fully and partially Iranian dialects, which include Fergana, Tashkent, Samarkand-Bukhara, Karshi, Turkestan-Chimkent dialects. The long- term influence of Persian dialects (especially the Tajik language) is strongly manifested not only at the level of vocabulary, but also in phonetic characteristics. Kypchak dialects of the Uzbek language, which have Western Turkic features and are close to the Kazakh language. These dialects are widespread not only in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also in other Central Asian republics, including Kazakhstan. This group also includes the Surkhandarya dialect. Dialects of this group historically arose among nomadic Uzbeks. Oguz group, which includes the Khorezm dialect, similar to the Turkmen language, and other dialects of the southern and northwestern parts of Uzbekistan (including two dialects in Kazakhstan). ON THE. Samoilovich describes these dialects as Khiva-Sart and Khiva-Uzbek dialects and unites them into the Kypchak-Turkmen group [4;150-152]. Scientist A.K. Borovkov classifies dialects of the Uzbek language also on the basis of phonetic characteristics and divides them into two groups: "o" (dialects of Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand and other nearby regions) and "a" dialects, which, in turn, depending on the use of the initial consonant sound "дж" or "и" are divided into two subgroups.
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