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Uyghur Language Under Attack: the Myth of “Bilingual” Education in the People's Republic of China

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Uyghur Language Under Attack: the Myth of “Bilingual” Education in the People's Republic of China Uyghur Language Under Attack: The Myth of “Bilingual” Education in the People’s Republic of China Uyghur Human Rights Project July 24, 2007 I. Overview of the Report new “bilingual” education imperative is designed to transition minority students from Uyghur language is under attack in East education in their mother tongue to education Turkistan1 (also known as the Xinjiang in Chinese. The policy marks a dramatic shift Uyghur Autonomous Region or XUAR). In away from more egalitarian past policies that the past decade, and with increasing intensity provided choice for Uyghur parents in their since 2002, the People’s Republic of China children’s languages of instruction. In the (PRC) has pursued assimilationist policies PRC “bilingual” education amounts to aimed at removing Uyghur as a language of compulsory Chinese language education. instruction in East Turkistan. Employing the term “bilingual” education, the PRC is, in “Bilingual” education in East Turkistan is reality, implementing a monolingual Chinese responsible for: language education system that undermines the linguistic basis of Uyghur culture.2 The • Marginalizing Uyghur in the educational sphere with the goal of eliminating it as a language of instruction in East Turkistan. 1 Use of the term ‘East Turkistan’ does not define a • Forcing Uyghur students at levels ‘pro-independence’ position. Instead, it is used by ranging from preschool to university to Uyghurs wishing to assert their cultural distinctiveness from China proper. ‘Xinjiang’, meaning ‘new study in a second language. boundary’ or ‘new realm’, was adopted by the • Removing Uyghur children from their Manchus in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and reflects cultural environment and placing them the perspective of those who gave it this name. This into Chinese language “Xinjiang classes” use of terminology, whether ‘Xinjiang’ or ‘East located in inland China. Turkistan’ is often compared by Uyghurs to use of the term ‘Tibet’ by Tibetans. That is, Tibetans use the • Using Chinese language requirements name they choose, and not a translation of the Chinese and school mergers to force veteran ‘Xizang’ meaning ‘western treasure-store’. Uyghurs Uyghur teachers out of the classroom. also choose to use a name other than the one • Taking decisions on language of designated by the Chinese authorities. instruction for Uyghur children out of the 2 Uyghur is a Turkic language spoken by at least 11 hands of parents. million people, mostly located in East Turkistan, with • Increasing tensions between Uyghurs and significant populations also located in Kazakhstan, Han in East Turkistan. Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Turkey, Australia, Germany and the United States. It belongs to the southeastern branch of the Turkic This report begins by reviewing the language family, a family which has about 200 million PRC’s language policy commitments under speakers in the world. Uyghur, seen as the heir to the Chagatai language that once served as a lingua franca of large parts of Central Asia, today serves as a lingua Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse, franca among many minority groups in East Turkistan. Washington: The East-West Center, 2005. See Arienne Dwyer, The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur domestic and international law and languages and to preserve or reform contrasting these agreements with the reality their own folkways and customs.3 of East Turkistan’s language policy, including the recent push to marginalize The legal framework of “regional Uyghur language education through autonomy” is spelled out in the Regional “bilingual” education. It explores the effects Ethnic Autonomy Law. This law establishes of the Chinese language push on Uyghur the principle that language policy in East students, teachers, and parents, as well as on Turkistan’s schools should be formulated at ethnic relations, placing language policy into the local level: the context of other policies of assimilation directed at the Uyghurs. In conclusion, the Autonomous agencies in ethnic report recommends that the PRC implement autonomous areas decide on educational true bilingualism in East Turkistan’s schools. plans in these areas, on the establishment of various kinds of schools at different levels, and on their educational system, II. China’s Language Policy: Theory and forms, curricula, the language used in 4 Reality instruction and enrollment procedures. PRC Domestic Law and International It goes on to guarantee language rights Agreements Regarding Language Policy for minority students in the classroom: Before looking closely at the current Schools (classes) and other educational government policy aimed at removing organizations recruiting mostly ethnic Uyghur from East Turkistan’s schools, it is minority students should, whenever important to review PRC agreements under possible, use textbooks in their own languages and use these languages as the domestic and international law with regards 5 to regional autonomy, language policy and media of instruction. education policy. By forcing Uyghur children to study in a language other than The rights of ethnic minorities regarding their mother tongue, China’s government is language of instruction are also spelled out in in clear violation of its own laws and the PRC’s Compulsory Education Law, agreements. which reiterates the right of minorities to be When the XUAR was established as an educated in their mother tongue: autonomous region of the PRC in 1955, it was given special powers of self-government 3 under the concept of “regional autonomy”. The PRC Constitution (adopted by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further This concept appears in Article 4 of the PRC revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004.) Article 4. Constitution and specifically mentions the 4 importance of language: People's Republic of China Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law, issued by the Second Session of the Sixth National People’s Congress on May 31, 1984 Regional autonomy is practiced in areas (effective October 1, 1984) and amended on February where people of minority ethnic groups 28, 2001: Article 36. Translation prepared by the live in compact communities… All ethnic Congressional-Executive Commission on China, groups have the freedom to use and available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpd?s develop their own spoken and written howsingle=9507 5 Ibid, Article 37. 2 Schools in which the majority of students government destroyed the intellectuals. are of ethnic minorities may use the Now they are in the process of destroying spoken and written languages of those the language.8 ethnic minorities in instruction.6 Despite these laws and agreements, the In the international realm, the PRC is a Uyghur language is being marginalized in signatory to the International Covenant on East Turkistan. Chinese language names are Civil and Political Rights and the Convention overtaking long established Uyghur place on the Rights of the Child, both of which names.9 Officials in East Turkistan whose guarantee minorities protection of their first language is Chinese almost never learn language rights. The Convention on the Uyghur, even to a rudimentary level, though Rights of the Child, which China signed in they are directed to do so under the Regional 1992, specifically extends language Ethnic Autonomy Law.10 Almost all Uyghur protections to children: language newspapers, television reports and textbooks are direct translations of Chinese In those States in which ethnic, religious language materials. Uyghur farmers struggle or linguistic minorities or persons of with Chinese language instructions on indigenous origin exist, a child belonging fertilizer and pesticide labels, and emergency to such a minority or who is indigenous response centers lack operators with Uyghur shall not be denied the right, in language skills.11 community with other members of his or This marginalization reflects a her group, to enjoy his or her own disparaging view of Uyghur language and culture, to profess and practice his or her culture that exists at the highest levels of the own religion, or to use his or her own Chinese government and has informed the language.7 move towards a monolingual educational system in East Turkistan.12 Although PRC Language Policy in Practice in East linguists agree that all languages have the Turkistan ability to be modern, that is to absorb new This new wave is like a new Cultural 8 Uyghur Human Rights Project interview with Revolution for the Uyghurs. In the first Uyghur Professional, May 16, 2007. 9 Cultural Revolution the Chinese Stanley Toops, “Tourism in Turpan: The Power of Place in Inner Asia/Outer China,” Central Asian 6 Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Survey; Vol. 18, No. 3 (September 1999): 303-18. Republic of China (Adopted at the Fourth Session of Toops notes that archaeological sights in Turfan are the Sixth National People’s Congress, promulgated by all known by their Chinese names and nearly always Order No.38 of the President of the People’s Republic presented by Han tour guides who know very little of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of July 1, about Uyghur history and always emphasize the high 1986) Article 6. Translation prepared by UNESCO, water marks of Chinese influence, the Han and Tang available at dynasties. http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php- 10 Herbert S. Yee, Ethnic Relations in Xinjiang: a URL_ID=12456&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&UR survey of Uygur-Han relations in Urumqi, Journal of L_SECTION=201.html Contemporary China, 12(36), August 2003, 431-452. 7 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted and 11 Urumqi Will Strengthen Bilingual Education for opened for signature, ratification and accession by 120 Switchboard Operators, Urumqi Evening News, General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November April 11, 2007 [“乌鲁木齐市要加强120接线员双语 1989, entry into force 2 September 1990, in 教育,” 乌鲁木齐晚报 2007-4-11]. accordance with article 49, Article 30. available at 12 See Dwyer, op. cit. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm 3 words and express new ideas based on societal and technological changes, the leading political figure in the region since III.
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