One of the Endangered Languages: Yellow Uyghur
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Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism
UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT SPECIAL REPORT Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism: Abduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education Rustem Shir, Research Associate Logo of the Ana Til Balilar Baghchisi (Mother Tongue Children’s Garden) May 2019 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Introduction 5 1. CCP language policy on education in East Turkestan 6 Foundations of CCP ethnic minority policy 6 Eras of minority language tolerance 9 Primary and secondary school ‘bilingual’ education policy 12 The Xinjiang Class 20 Mandarin as the language of instruction at Xinjiang University 22 Preschool and kindergarten ‘bilingual’ education policy 23 Suppression of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 26 The Hotan Prefecture and Ghulja County Department of Education directives 28 Internment camps 29 Discussion 32 2. ABduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 36 Upal: Why couldn’t we study Kashgari? 36 Toquzaq: Oyghan! (Wake Up!) 38 Beijing: Our campus felt like a minority region 41 Doletbagh: My sad history repeating in front of me 50 Urumchi: Education for assimilation 55 Lanzhou: Are you bin Laden? 60 Ankara: Ethno-nationalism and a counterbalance 67 Urumchi: For the love of community 72 Lawrence: Disconnected 77 Kashgar: Rise of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 81 Urumchi: Just keep silent 89 Kashgar: You’re going to be arrested 93 Doletbagh Detention Center: No choice, brother 98 Urumchi Tengritagh Detention Center: Qorqma (Don’t be afraid) 104 Urumchi Liudaowan Prison: Every color had disappeared 109 Urumchi Koktagh Prison: Do you want to defend yourself? 124 2 Urumchi/Kashgar: Release and return 127 Kashgar: Open-air prison 131 Ankara: Stateless and stranded 138 Paris: A new beginning 146 3. -
Operation China
Yugur, Saragh December 24 Location: Approximately west of their present good hosts unless their MONGOLIA 10,000 Saragh (Western) location. Today, their guests get drunk. Yugur live in the western descendants are no longer INNER MONGOLIA XINJIANG •Dunhuang part of the Sunan Yugur called Yugur and probably Religion: The Saragh Yugur Zhangye• Autonomous County, in the have become part of the adhere to a mixture of GANSU QINGHAI narrow northern corridor of Uygurs in Xinjiang, who also Tibetan Buddhism and •Lanzhou Scale Gansu Province. The nearest speak a Turkic language. A shamanism. Each family 0 KM 400 town to the Saragh Yugur is small number of people clan has a shaman who Population in China: Zhangye. Other Saragh migrated back inside the consults the spirit world for 8,197 (1990) Yugur communities are wall to avoid the conflict them. 9,870 (2000) located in the Dahe and between the Turfan and 11,880 (2010) Location: Gansu Minghua districts, and in the Hami rulers. They are Christianity: This group had Religion: Tibetan Buddhism Huangnibao area near believed to be the Yugur’s no knowledge whatsoever of Christians: 50 Jiuquan City in western ancestors. Christianity until 1997, Gansu. when about 15 Saragh Overview of the Customs: Most Saragh Yugur believed in Christ Saragh Yugur Identity: The Saragh Yugur, Yugur live in yak-hair yurts. A after watching the Jesus film also known as Yaofuer, are visitor who comes by in Mandarin.5 This number Countries: China the Turkic half of the official horseback should leave his grew to around 50 believers Pronunciation: “Sah-rahg-Yoo-gur” Yugur nationality. -
547 References
Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages Nugteren, H. Citation Nugteren, H. (2011, December 7). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT dissertation series. Utrecht : LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18188 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). REFERENCES Apatóczky, Ákos Bertalan. 2009. Dialectal traces in Beilu Yiyu. V. Rybatzki & A. Pozzi & P. W, Geier & J. R. Krueger (eds.). The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History. Tümen tümen nasulatuɣai. Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. 9-20. Bloomington. Binnick, Robert I. 1987. On the classification of the Mongolian languages. CAJ 31. 178-195. Bökh, & Chén Năixióng. 1981. Tóngrén Băo‟ānhuà gàiyào [Outline of the vernacular of Tongren Bao‟an]. Mínzú Yŭwén 1981:2. 61-75. Peking. Bökh & Čoyiǰungǰab. 1985 [1986]. Düngsiyang kele ba Mongɣol kele / Dōngxiāngyŭ hé Mĕnggŭyŭ [Dongxiang and Mongolian]. Hohhot. Bökh & Liú Zhàoxióng. 1982. Băo’ānyŭ jiănzhì [Concise grammar of Bao‟an]. Peking. Bökh, et al. 1983. Düngsiyang kelen-ü üges / Dōngxiāngyŭ cíhuì [Vocabulary of Dongxiang]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu & Jalsan. 1988. Jegün Yuɣur kelen-ü kelelge-yin matèriyal / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ huàyŭ cáiliào [Materials of Eastern Yugur spoken language]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu, et al. 1984 [1985]. Jegün Yuɣur kelen-ü üges / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ cíhuì [Vocabulary of Eastern Yugur]. Hohhot. Bolčuluu & Jalsan. 1990 [1991]. Jegün Yuɣur kele ba Mongɣol kele / Dōngbù Yùgùyŭ hé Mĕnggŭyŭ [Eastern Yugur and Mongolian]. -
Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang. -
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty. -
Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson and Vivan Franzén
Review of The Phonology of Mongolian The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Nevins, Andrew. 2009. Review of The Phonology of Mongolian by Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson and Vivan Franzen. Phonology 26(3): 525-534. Published Version doi:10.1017/S095267570999025X Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4554741 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Phonology 26 (2009) 525–534. f Cambridge University Press 2009 doi:10.1017/S095267570999025X Reviews Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson and Vivan Franze´n (2005). The phonology of Mongolian. (The Phonology of the World’s Languages.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xix+314. Andrew Nevins Harvard University This book describes the phonology of Halh (Khalkha) Mongolian in detail, and provides an overview of ten other modern Mongolic languages (Buriad, Kamnigan, Oirad/Kalmuck, Dagur, Shira Yugur, Monguor, Santa, Bonan, Kangjia and Moghol). Its empirical focus is on vowel harmony, epenthesis and syllabification, laryngeal oppositions, reduplication, loanword phonology, his- torical vowel shifts and consonantal phonemicisation. The book largely takes a historical-comparative approach, and is presented within the framework of CV Phonology (Clements & Keyser 1983), with a highly articulatorily based approach to features (a` la Wood 1979, e.g. [velar], [pharyngeal], [palatal] as features corresponding to action of the styloglossus, hyoglossus and genoglossus muscles respectively). -
Mongol Rulers, Yugur Subjects, and Tibetan Buddhism 377
Mongol Rulers, Yugur Subjects, and Tibetan Buddhism 377 Chapter 15 Mongol Rulers, Yugur Subjects, and Tibetan Buddhism Translated by Ilia Mozias and Meir Shahar Yang Fuxue and Zhang Haijuan Yang and Zhang Tibetan Buddhism has played a pivotal part in Asian history. The formation of a distinct ethnic group with an equally distinct culture, the Yugurs (Chinese: Yugu zu 裕固族) is an excellent example of such influence. Officially recog- nized as one of China’s fifty-six national minorities, the Yugurs reside in present-day Gansu Province. Their origins can be traced back to the Yuan period (1279–1368), when the local Uighur population (Chinese: Weiwuer zu 維 吾爾族) was ruled by a Mongol clan, (hereafter: the Bin 豳 Clan, after the title that was bestowed upon its chieftains by Kublai Khan (1215–1294)). The leaders of the Bin Clan were ardent supporters of Tantric Buddhism. Under their influ- ence the Mongols and Uighurs converted to the Tibetan faith, a move that served to unite them. Their common religion enabled the Mongol rulers and their Uighur subjects to forge a very particular identity, to wit, the Yugur nationality. The dual ethnic origins of the Yugurs—Uighur and Mongol—are linguisti- cally attested. To this day, the Yugurs are split down the language divide: one group speaks a variant of the Uighur (Turkic) language whereas the other con- verses in a Mongolian dialect. At the same time, their shared Tantric beliefs distinguish both subgroups from the Uighur Muslim population in Western Xinjiang Province while their Uighur heritage differentiates them from the Mongols to the north. -
Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler a Dissertati
Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Chair Ann Anagnost Stevan Harrell Danny Hoffman Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology ©Copyright 2018 Darren T. Byler University of Washington Abstract Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies This study argues that Uyghurs, a Turkic-Muslim group in contemporary Northwest China, and the city of Ürümchi have become the object of what the study names “terror capitalism.” This argument is supported by evidence of both the way state-directed economic investment and security infrastructures (pass-book systems, webs of technological surveillance, urban cleansing processes and mass internment camps) have shaped self-representation among Uyghur migrants and Han settlers in the city. It analyzes these human engineering and urban planning projects and the way their effects are contested in new media, film, television, photography and literature. It finds that this form of capitalist production utilizes the discourse of terror to justify state investment in a wide array of policing and social engineering systems that employs millions of state security workers. The project also presents a theoretical model for understanding how Uyghurs use cultural production to both build and refuse the development of this new economic formation and accompanying forms of gendered, ethno-racial violence. -
Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map
SVENSKA FORSKNINGSINSTITUTET I ISTANBUL SWEDISH RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN ISTANBUL SKRIFTER — PUBLICATIONS 5 _________________________________________________ Lars Johanson Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul Stockholm 2001 Published with fõnancial support from Magn. Bergvalls Stiftelse. © Lars Johanson Cover: Carte de l’Asie ... par I. M. Hasius, dessinée par Aug. Gottl. Boehmius. Nürnberg: Héritiers de Homann 1744 (photo: Royal Library, Stockholm). Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala 2001 ISBN 91-86884-10-7 Prefatory Note The present publication contains a considerably expanded version of a lecture delivered in Stockholm by Professor Lars Johanson, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, on the occasion of the ninetieth birth- day of Professor Gunnar Jarring on October 20, 1997. This inaugu- rated the “Jarring Lectures” series arranged by the Swedish Research Institute of Istanbul (SFII), and it is planned that, after a second lec- ture by Professor Staffan Rosén in 1999 and a third one by Dr. Bernt Brendemoen in 2000, the series will continue on a regular, annual, basis. The Editors Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map Linguistic documentation in the field The topic of the present contribution, dedicated to my dear and admired colleague Gunnar Jarring, is linguistic fõeld research, journeys of discovery aiming to draw the map of the Turkic linguistic world in a more detailed and adequate way than done before. The survey will start with the period of the classical pioneering achievements, particu- larly from the perspective of Scandinavian Turcology. It will then pro- ceed to current aspects of language documentation, commenting brief- ly on a number of ongoing projects that the author is particularly fami- liar with. -
Uyghur Language Under Attack: the Myth of “Bilingual” Education in the People's Republic of China
Uyghur Language Under Attack: The Myth of “Bilingual” Education in the People’s Republic of China Uyghur Human Rights Project July 24, 2007 I. Overview of the Report new “bilingual” education imperative is designed to transition minority students from Uyghur language is under attack in East education in their mother tongue to education Turkistan1 (also known as the Xinjiang in Chinese. The policy marks a dramatic shift Uyghur Autonomous Region or XUAR). In away from more egalitarian past policies that the past decade, and with increasing intensity provided choice for Uyghur parents in their since 2002, the People’s Republic of China children’s languages of instruction. In the (PRC) has pursued assimilationist policies PRC “bilingual” education amounts to aimed at removing Uyghur as a language of compulsory Chinese language education. instruction in East Turkistan. Employing the term “bilingual” education, the PRC is, in “Bilingual” education in East Turkistan is reality, implementing a monolingual Chinese responsible for: language education system that undermines the linguistic basis of Uyghur culture.2 The • Marginalizing Uyghur in the educational sphere with the goal of eliminating it as a language of instruction in East Turkistan. 1 Use of the term ‘East Turkistan’ does not define a • Forcing Uyghur students at levels ‘pro-independence’ position. Instead, it is used by ranging from preschool to university to Uyghurs wishing to assert their cultural distinctiveness from China proper. ‘Xinjiang’, meaning ‘new study in a second language. boundary’ or ‘new realm’, was adopted by the • Removing Uyghur children from their Manchus in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and reflects cultural environment and placing them the perspective of those who gave it this name. -
Daniel Southerland
China's Changing Strategic Concerns: The Impact on Human Rights in Xinjiang Wednesday, November 16, from 10:00 - 11:30 PM Room 480 of the Ford House Office Building Statement of Daniel Southerland "The [RFA] programs speak to my heart… The world must hear what is going on here."—RFA Uyghur service listener. The Chinese government has for many years tightly controlled information reaching the Uyghur people in Xinjiang. But the government’s controls over the media and freedom of expression in Xinjiang appear to have grown even stricter since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001. The Chinese government currently controls the media in Xinjiang even more tightly than in other parts of China, except perhaps for Tibet. As a result, broadcasting to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) has constituted one of the most challenging tasks undertaken by Radio Free Asia (RFA). RFA broadcasts in 12 languages and dialects to listeners in Asia who primarily have access only to state-run media. RFA’s purpose is to deliver accurate news, information, and commentary, and to provide a forum for a variety of voices from within Asian countries that do not tolerate free media. RFA, by broadcasting objective news, seeks to promote freedom of opinion and expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any medium regardless of frontiers. This principle is enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. When it comes to Uyghur language broadcasting, RFA is the only broadcaster that attempts to provide accurate and objective news. -
Uighurs – Discrimination – Forcible Return to China – Separatist Movements
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: UZB35765 Country: Uzbekistan Date: 27 November 2009 Keywords: Uzbekistan – Uighurs – Discrimination – Forcible return to China – Separatist movements This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Question 1. Is there any evidence ethnic Uighurs in Uzbekistan face ill-treatment or are discriminated against? RESPONSE 1. Is there any evidence ethnic Uighurs in Uzbekistan face ill-treatment or are discriminated against? The 2003 US Department of State human rights report for Uzbekistan indicates that “as a group, the Uighurs have not suffered harassment or social or political discrimination based on their ethnic identity”.1 However, a number of sources indicate that Uighurs in Uzbekistan have experienced religious repression. In particular, the government has suppressed Uighur separatists associated with Islamic groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Hizb ut-Tahrir (Party of Liberation) Islamic movement. In addition, China has used its influence in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), of which Uzbekistan is a member, to encourage the forcible return of Uighurs from Uzbekistan to China, where they have reportedly been tortured and/or executed.