Sacred Natural Sites: Conserving Nature and Culture
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Sacred Natural Sites Conserving Nature and Culture Edited by Bas Verschuuren, Robert Wild, Jeffrey McNeely and Gonzalo Oviedo publishing for a sustainable future London • Washington, DC First published in 2010 by Earthscan Copyright © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2010 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published in association with: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without the prior, written permission of the publisher. Earthscan Ltd, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London EC1N 8XA, UK Earthscan LLC, 1616 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development For more information on Earthscan publications, see www.earthscan.co.uk or write to [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-84971-166-1 hardback ISBN: 978-1-84971-167-8 paperback Typeset by Composition and Design Services Cover design by Andrew Corbett Cover photos by Bas Verschuuren. Top image: Dressed Shinto statue and Buddha statue in the Sensoji (Buddhist) temple forest garden in Asakusa, Tokyo. In Tokyo, temple forest gardens still exist despite the increasing market value of the land. The Ginkgo Biloba tree (here shown in the background) is classified on IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species as ‘endangered’. Ginkgo has been reintroduced into the wild from monastery gardens and some populations survived that were tended by Chinese and Japanese monks. Bottom image: Santa María Volcano (3772m), named Gagxanul in the local K’iche’ language, is an active volcano in the Western Highlands of Guatemala, close to the city of Quetzaltenango. A large area of the mountain has been declared a protected area, which has helped to secure the cultural and spiritual use of this sacred natural site. Traditional Mayan ceremonies are carried out on the mountain as well as many Catholic rituals that fuse with traditional Mayan spirituality. The lead up to these ceremonies is a pilgrimage from the surrounding villages onto the mountain’s summit. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sacred natural sites : conserving nature and culture/edited by Bas Verschuuren...[et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84971-166-1 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-84971-167-8 (pbk.) 1. Natural areas. 2. Protected areas. 3. Sacred space. I. Verschuuren, Bas. QH75.S234 2010 333.95’16–dc22 2010015465 At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO2 emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our environmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books, an ISO 14001 accredited company. The paper used is FSC certified. CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables ix Chapter 5 About the Authors xiii The Enchanted Earth: Numinous Sacred Sites 53 Foreword by Julia Marton-Lefèvre, Denis Byrne IUCN Director General xix Preface xxi Chapter 6 Arguments for Developing Biocultural List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii Conservation Approaches for Sacred Glossary xxv Natural Sites 62 Bas Verschuuren Chapter 1 Introduction: Sacred Natural Sites SECTION TWO the Foundations of Conservation 1 Sacred Natural Sites: Bas Verschuuren, Robert Wild, Mutual Learning, Analysis, Jeffrey McNeely and Gonzalo Oviedo Planning and Management 73 SECTION ONE Chapter 7 Towards the Science and Spirituality Nature Saint and Holy Island, of Sacred Natural Sites 15 Ancient Values in a Modern Economy: The Enduring Influence of St Cuthbert Chapter 2 and Lindisfarne, United Kingdom 77 Conservation of Biodiversity in Sacred Robert Wild Natural Sites in Asia and Africa: A Review of the Scientific Literature 19 Chapter 8 Nigel Dudley, Shonil Bhagwat, Tourism Meets the Sacred: Liza Higgins-Zogib, Barbara Lassen, Khumbu Sherpa Place-based Bas Verschuuren and Robert Wild Spiritual Values in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park Chapter 3 and Buffer Zone, Nepal 87 Sacred Mountains and Global Changes: Jeremy Spoon Impacts and Responses 33 Edwin Bernbaum Chapter 9 The Road to the Future? The Chapter 4 Biocultural Values of the Holy Falling between the ‘Cracks’ of Hill Forests of Yunnan Province, Conservation and Religion: The Role China 98 of Stewardship for Sacred Trees Pei Shengji and Groves 42 Edmund G.C. Barrow vi Sacred Natural Sites Chapter 10 Chapter 17 Uncovering the Intangible Values Wetland Cultural and Spiritual Values, of Earth Care: Using Cognition to and the Ramsar Convention 180 Reveal the Eco-spiritual Domains Thymio Papayannis and Dave Pritchard and Sacred Values of the Peoples of Eastern Kham 107 Chapter 18 John Studley Sacred Natural Sites, Biodiversity and Well-being: The Role of Sacred Sites Chapter 11 in Endogenous Development in the Ancestral Beliefs and Conservation: COMPAS Network 188 The Case of Sacred Sites in Bandjoun, Freddy Delgado, Cesar Escobar, West Cameroon 119 Bas Verschuuren and Wim Hiemstra Sébastien Luc Kamga-Kamdem Chapter 19 Chapter 12 Sacred Natural Sites in Technologically The Crocodile is our Brother: Sacred Developed Countries: Reflections from Lakes of the Niger Delta, Implications the Experience of the Delos Initiative 198 for Conservation Management 129 Josep-Maria Mallarach and Thymio E.D. Anwana, R.A. Cheke, A.M. Martin, Papayannis L. Obireke, M. Asei, P. Otufu and Chapter 20 D. Otobotekere Developing a Methodology and Tools Chapter 13 for Inventorying Sacred Natural Sites How African-based Winti Belief Helps of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico 209 to Protect Forests in Suriname 139 Mercedes Otegui-Acha, Gonzalo Oviedo, Tinde van Andel Guillermo Barroso, Martín Gutiérrez, Jaime Santiago, Bas Verschuuren Chapter 14 Chapter 21 Seeking and Securing Sacred Culture-based Conservation of Sacred Natural Sites among Jamaica’s Groves: Experiences from the North Windward Maroons 146 Western Ghats, India 219 Kimberly John, Collin L.G. Harris and Archana Godbole, Jayant Sarnaik and Susan Otuokon Sameer Punde SECTION THREE SECTION FOUR Sacred Natural Sites: International In Our Own Hands: Living Culture and Recognition, Global Governance Equity at Sacred Natural Sites 229 and Field Action 157 Chapter 22 Chapter 15 Community-based Ecotourism at Sacred Natural Sites, Cultural Tafi Atome Monkey Sanctuary, Landscapes and UNESCO’s Action 161 a Sacred Natural Site in Ghana 233 Thomas Schaaf and Mechtild Rossler Alison Ormsby and Craig Edelman Chapter 16 Chapter 23 Synergies and Challenges for Legal Sacred Valley, Conservation Management Protection of Sacred Natural Sites and Indigenous Survival: Uch Enmek in the South Pacific 170 Indigenous Nature Park, Altai Republic, Erika J. Techera Russia 244 Joanna Dobson and Danil Mamyev CONTENTS vii Chapter 24 Chapter 27 Towards a Sustainable Management Conclusions: Sustaining Sacred Natural and Enhanced Protection of Sacred Sites to Conserve Nature and Culture 280 Marine Areas at Palawan’s Coron Robert Wild, Bas Verschuuren and Island Ancestral Domain, Philippines 254 Jeffrey McNeely Arlene G. Sampang Annex 1 Chapter 25 A Statement of Custodians of Sacred Culture, Conservation and Co-management: Natural Sites and Territories 292 Strengthening Soliga Stake in Biodiversity Conservation in Biligiri Rangaswamy Annex 2 Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, India 263 A Preliminary Strategy and Action Plan Sushmita Mandal, Nitin D. Rai and for the Conservation of Sacred C. Madegowda Natural Sites 297 WCPA Specialist Group on the Cultural Chapter 26 and Spiritual Values of Protected Areas The Devi as Ecofeminist Warrior: Reclaiming the Role of Sacred Natural Index 300 Sites in East-Central India 272 Radhika Borde and Alana Jules Jackman List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 3.1 Pilgrimage to Ausangate Glacier 36 3.2 St. Catherine’s Monastery at foot 0.1 Indigenous Ranger Marlangaj of Mount Sinai 39 Yunupingu presents Julia Marton- 4.1 The Fever Tree 44 Lefèvre with a Yidaki at the launch of 4.2 Tree planting ceremony near the Sacred Natural Sites Guidelines Badrinath, India 48 at the IUCN World Conservation 5.1 Pre-Christen sacred ‘well’ and Congress, Barcelona 2008 xx pilgrimage destination in 1.1 Karamat of Shaykh Hohamed Hassen Westerhoven, Ghaibie Shah al-Qadiri at Lion’s Head, Southern Netherlands 54 Signal Hill within Table Mountain 5.2 A spirit (phi) shrine at Chiang Saen, National Park (Cape Town is ringed northern Thailand 56 by a Holy Circle of Islamic Shrines) 3 6.1 The ruins of Tikal are situated in 1.2 The goddess Jomo Miyo Lang Samba the World Heritage Site and national from Pangbuche Monastery who park ‘Peten’ in Guatemala 64 lives on Mount Everest 4 6.2 Galapagos, Stained glass window 1.3 The ‘Tagyl’ is a stone ritual altar used celebrating Galapaganian diversity for group prayer meetings held twice from the Church of St Francis, a