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Virgilwithenglis01virg Bw.Pdf ' LIBRARY ^ UNIVERSITY OF CAUFOANIA . SAN DIEGO 'f ?3a(^q UNIVERSITY OF California SAN DIEGO I THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY EDITED BY T. E. PAGE, MTT.n. E. CAPrS; PH.D., LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, utt.d. VIRGIL IN TWO VOLUMES I ECLOGUES G E O R G I C S AENEID 1-VI First printed 1916 Keprinted 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930 { •itimes) CAMEO PORTRAIT OF THE EMPEROR AUGUS TUS. FROM THE ABBEY OF ST DENIS. M <^/'W VeijJ/i(/S /l^^ro' VIRGIL WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY H. RUSHTON FAIRCLOUGH PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN STANFORD UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA IN TWO VOLUMES ECLOGUES GEORGICS AENEID I-VI LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MCMXXX TO MY WIFE Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS FAQK INTRODUCTION LIFE OF VIRGIL vii MANUSCRIPTS Xi EDITIONS AND COMMENTARIES Xiii ECLOGUES 1 GEORGICS BOOK I 80 BOOK II I 16 BOOK III 154 BOOK IV 196 THE AENEID BOOK I 240 BOOK II 294 BOOK III S48 BOOK IV S9& BOOK V 446 BOOK VI 506 LIFE OF VIRGIL PoBLius Vergilius Maro was born October 15, 70 B.C., at Andes, a district near Mantua. He was "of rustic parentage, and brought up in tlie bush and forest," ^ but his father gave him a careful edu- cation, first at Cremona, then at Milan, and lastly at Rome. In the capital he studied esi)ecially under Epidius the rhetorician, and Siro, a distinguished Epicurian. To his student-days belong the short poems known as Cataleplon (/cara AtTTToV, i e. "small"), some of which are probably genuine. To the same period would belong the rest of the minor j)oems—the Culex, Ciris, Copa, Dirae, and Moretum— though it is very doubtful whether any of these are authentic. Virgil's second period begins with 43 b.c, when, after Caesar's assassination, we find the poet again in Mantua. In that year the second triumvirate was formed, and in the year following Brutus and Cassius were defeated at Philippi. In the subse- quent allotment of lands to the victorious veterans Cremona and Mantua suffered severely. The poet was dispossessed of his farm and, attempting resist- ance, barely escaped with his life. However, he found a friend in C. Asinius Pollio, governor of ^ Macrobius, Saturnalia, V. ii. 1. LIFE OF VIRGIL Cisalpine Gaul, and in Pollio's successor (41 B.C.), L. Alfenus Varus. Through Pollio he was intro- duced to Octavius, and either recovered his farm or received in compensation an estate in Campania. The poems in which Virgil records his experience at this time are the ten Eclogues, or Bucolics, which were published in their present order in 37 B.C. The two that are mainly concerned with the poet's expulsion i'rom his farm are the first and ninth, but at least three, viz. the second, third, and fifth (with probably the seventh as well), preceded the first in point of time and, like it, were written in the poet's native district. The sixth and ninth were composed at Siro's villa ; the remainder, viz. tlie fourth, eighth, and tenth, were written in Rome. The first doubtless won its place in the series because of the tribute it pays to Octavius, who before 37 B.C. had become sole ruler in Italy. Seven years were devoted to the Georgics, the four books of which were published in 29 b.c, two years after the battle of Actium. The work was under- taken at the request of Maecenas, to whom it is dedicated. Though a didatic poem, being a treatise on agriculture, the Georgics are perhaps the most carefully finished production of Roman literature. The rest of Virgil's life was devoted to the Aeneid, the greatest of Roman epics. Before it was ready for publication V^irgil set out in 19 B.C. for Greece and Asia, where he intended to spend the next three years in revising his work. At Athens, how- ever, meeting Augustus on his homeward journey from the East, he was induced to return with the Emperor to Italy. A fever, contracted at Megara, grew worse during the voyage, and ended in his death at Brundisium, a few days after landing, in the LIFE OF VIRGIL fifty-first year of his age, September 22, 19 b.c. He was buried at Naples, and on his tomb was inscribed the epitaph : MANTUA ME GENUIT, CALABRI RAPUERE, TENET NUNC PAUTHENOPE ; CECINI PASCUA, RURA, DUCES. Conscious of many imperfections in the Aeneid, Virgil had begged Varius (who along with Tucca was V^irgil's literary executor), in the event of his death, to burn the epic. It was published, however, by order of Augustus, who directed the executors to edit it, removing all superfluities, but making no additions. Examples of passages removed are furnished by the prooemium of four lines at the beginning of the Aeneid, and by the Helen episode in the second book (11. 5G7-588). In both cases Virgil's dissatisfaction with the passages may have been known to his literary friends. MANUSCRIPTS The text of Virgil has been remarkably well pre- served. In the large number of V^irgilian manu- scripts there are as many as seven that can safely be assigned to an age as early as the fourth or fifth century. These are the following, all written in capital letters, square or rustic : A. Frnsmentum Ausustcuni, or Schedae Berolhi- enses, partly in Rome and partly in Berlin ; containing portions of Georg. i and iii, with Aen. IV, 302-305. F. Schedae Vaticanae, in Rome ; containing portions of Georg. in, iv, and Aen. i-viii, and preserving some interesting miniatures. G. Schedae Sangallenses, at St. Gall, Switzerland. Eleven leaves of a palimpsest, including portions of Georg. iv and Aen. i, ni, iv, vi. M. Codex Mediceus, in the Laurentian Library at Florence. Written before a.d. 494. Con- tains Eel. from vi, 48, Georg. and Aeii. P. Coder Palatinus, in the Vatican Library, Rome, but up to 1622 in the Palatine Library at Heidelberg. Out of 280 leaves, 33 here and there are wanting. xi MANUSCRIPTS R. Codex Romaniis, in the Vatican Library. Out of 309 leaves, 77 here and there are lost. V. Schedae Veronenses, a palimpsest at Verona. The 51 leaves include fragments from Eel., Georg., and Aen. Of the many cursive manuscripts, the most im- portant are the Codex Giidianus (y) of the ninth century, and three codices Bernenses (a, b, c) of the same century. For a full account of the MSS., see Henrv, Aericidca, vol. i, and Ribbeck, Prolegomena ad Vergilium, vol. iv.^ 1 How far the capital MSS. are available is indicated at the side of the text b3' tlie several capital letters emplojed. The cursive MSS. are referred to only in the registry of variant readings at the foot of the page. When a MS. reading has been corrected by a later hand, the original and the correction are indicated respectively by the Arabic numerals ^ and ^. EDITIONS AND COxMMENTARIES The editlo princeps appeared in Rome (probably 1 4b9). Of subsequent editions the most important are tliose of Heinsius (1664-88), Hevne (1767-75, 4th ed. by Wagner, 1830-41), Ribbeck (1859-68), Forbiger (1872-75), Benoist (1876), Thilo (1886), Hirtzel (Clarendon Press, 1900). Complete annotated edi- tions in English are by Kennedy (1879), Conington (completed and revised by Nettleship, 1st vol. re- edited by Haverfield, 1881-83), Papillon (1882), Sidgwick (1890), Page (1900-2), and, in America, Greenough and Kittredge (with a complete vocabu- lary, 1 899). Partial editions in various languages are very numerous, the most conspicuous of recent years being E. Norden's Aeneid, Book vi, with German commentary and translation (190-^)-^ The ancient commentary of Servius (fourth cen- tury) was printed as early as 1471, and is given in several editions of Virgil. ^ It is edited separately by Lion (1826) and by Thilo and Hagen (1878 sqq.) ^ Certain disputed passages are discussed by the translator in the Fairclough-Brown edition of the Aeneid, Books i-vi (Sanborn and Co., Boston : latest reprint 1925), and in the Tranftadionn and Proceedingn of the American Philological A.tsociation for 1907, vol. 38, pp. xxxvi ff. ^ Besides Servius, occasional references are made in the notes to the grammarians, Nonius, Charisius, Donatus, and Philargyriiis. EDITIONS AND COMMENTARIES The Berne SchoJia are edited by Hagen (1867). An account of all the ancient Virgilian commentators is given by Ribbeck in his Prolegomena, and by Coning- ton, vol. i. The latest Index to Virgil's works is Wetmore's Index Verborum J'ergiliamis {\9^\^. Henry's Aeyieidea (187-3-92) is a valuable work on the interpretation of the Aeneid ; so is Heinze's Firgils Epische Technik (1903). Glover's Studies in Virgil (^IQOi) illuminates all of the poet's work. Other important books on ^^irgil are Sainte-Beuve's Etude sur f'irgile (^]859) ', Comparetti's I'ergil in the Middle Ages (translated by Benecke, 189j); Nettleship's I'irgil (1879); and Boissier's Xouvelles Promenades ArchcologKjues (18S6), translated as The Country of Horace and Virgil, by Fisher (1895). Noteworthy essays on Virgil are in Green's Stray Studies {\ SI Q); Sellar's Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: Virgil (2nd ed. 1883); F. W. H. Myers, Classical Essays (1883); Patin, Essais sur la Pocsie latine (4th ed. 1900); Tyrrell, Latin Poetry (1898); Mackail, Latin Literature (3rd ed. 1 899) ; Woodberry's Great IVriters (New York, 1907). ECLOGUES ECLOGAE I MELIBOEUS TiTYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi pr silvestrem tenui musam meditaris avena : nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva ; nos patriam fugimus : tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas.
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