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Gli Eubei Nella Penisola Calcidica

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Gli Eubei Nella Penisola Calcidica UNIVERSITÁ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” FACOLTÁ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA Dipartimento di Discipline Storiche “E. Lepore” Dottorato di Ricerca in Storia GLI EUBEI NELLA PENISOLA CALCIDICA Dott. ssa Rosa Maria ABETE Tutor Coordinatore Chiar. mo Prof. A. MELE Chiar. ma Prof. ssa M. TORTORELLI Chiar. ma Prof.ssa E. MIRANDA XIX° Ciclo INDICE INTRODUZIONE…………………………………………………p. 5 CAPITOLO I. La “colonizzazione” euboica nella Calcidica ed il problema delle origini dei Calcidesi di Tracia: la tradizione letteraria. Introduzione al problema…………………………………………………p. 9 I.1 Le testimonianze di Erodoto…………………………………………..p.14 I.2 Il problema del chalkidikon genos …………………………………….p.23 I.3 Le testimonianze di Tucidide………………………………………….p.35 CAPITOLO II. La documentazione epigrafica e i Calcidesi di Tracia Introduzione………………………………………………………………p.45 II.1 L’alfabeto…………………………………………………………….p.47 II.2 Il dialetto……………………………………………………………..p.55 II.2.a L’identità culturale e linguistica dell’Eubea nel periodo Geometrico……………………………………………p.59 Conclusioni………………………………………………………………..p.64 2 CAPITOLO III. Cronologia e forme della presenza euboica. Introduzione………………………………………………………………..p.68 III.1 Il contesto della “colonizzazione” euboica nel Nord dell’Egeo nella tradizione letteraria…………………………….p.69 III.2 La documentazione archeologica sui rapporti tra Eubea e Calcidica durante la prima età del Ferro ……………………………p.78 III.3 L’assenza di “tracce coloniali”e il problema della forma dell’insediamento euboico nella Calcidica………………p.88 III.4 Strabone e il synoikizein della Calcidica…………………………….p.100 CAPITOLO IV. Proteo, Torone e la Pallene. IV.1 Le tradizioni precoloniali euboiche nella Calcidica…………………p.115 IV.1a Proteo e Torone……………………………………………………p.116 IV.2 Le tradizioni sulla Pallene tra Mende e Skione……………………..p.132 IV.3 Enea nella penisola Calcidica………………………………………p.140 Conclusioni……………………………………………………………….p.151 CAPITOLO V. La Calcidica tra ethnos e koinon Introduzione ………………………………………………………………p.154 V.1 Per una valutazione della realtà politica dei Calcidesi di Tracia: da Androdamas al chalkidikon genos ………………………………… ..p.155 V.2 Le testimonianze di Tucidide e Senofonte: dal sinecismo all’egemonia di Olinto……………………………………..p.164 3 CONCLUSIONI …………………………………………………..p.169 ABBREVIAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE ……………………….p.179 4 INTRODUZIONE La scelta di una linea di ricerca rivolta all’attività svolta dagli Eubei nella Calcidica si impone dopo il riaccendersi, tra gli anni ’80 e 90’ del secolo scorso, dell’interesse per il problema in seguito alle prime valutazioni dei risultati forniti dai lavori di scavo condotti in diversi siti della regione. Questo nuovo interessamento per il tema ha portato gli studiosi a concentrarsi su di un problema in particolare, in parte già trattato in precedenti lavori (si pensi ai lavori dell’Harrison e del Bradeen, o a quello più recente della Bettolini), allo scopo di ridiscuterlo alla luce di una prospettiva fortemente arricchita dalla documentazione archeologica: si tratta del problema delle origini dei Calcidesi di Tracia la cui euboicità si è pensato di poter mettere nuovamente in discussione. Il discorso sui Calcidesi di Tracia chiama però inevitabilmente in causa altre più generali questioni, non sempre prese in considerazione, sul significato, sui tempi e sui modi dell’insediamento euboico nella regione, questioni che, soprattutto in seguito alle sollecitazioni emerse nel corso del convegno sull’Eubea e la presenza euboica in Calcidica ed in Occidente, tenutosi a Napoli nel 1996, dovevano essere affrontate allo scopo di tracciare un quadro più ampio e completo in relazione al quale leggere ed interpretare quanto la tradizione letteraria da un lato ed i nuovi dati archeologici dall’altro ci dicono sulla presenza euboica nell’Egeo settentrionale. L’attualità del problema è del resto ancora evidente qualora si consideri quello che emerge dai recentissimi lavori pubblicati dall’Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens su Torone 1, nei quali la discussione sulla più antica storia 1 Mi riferisco in particolare al volume Torone I. the excavations of 1975, 1976 and 1978 , pubblicato nel 2001 ad Atene a Iron Age Cemetery at Torone , vol. I-II, cura di A. Cambitoglou, J.K. Papadopoulos and O. Tudor Jones; al recentissimo contributo del Papadopoulos sulla necropoli toronea dell’età del Ferro ( The Early Iron Age Cemetery at Torone , vol. I-II, Los Angeles 2005), oltre che alle brevi considerazioni presenti in A.S. Henry, Torone. The literary, documentary and epigraphical testimonia , Athens 2004. 5 della città è di nuovo posta in termini di euboicità o non euboicità dell’insediamento, di adattabilità o non adattabilità del dato archeologico con le fonti letterarie, in un quadro che in generale nega che i Calcidesi di Tracia possano essere collegati a Calcide in Eubea ed interpreta la continuità che caratterizza dal punto di vista della cultura materiale la storia dell’insediamento come riflesso della mancanza di un momento di “fondazione” greca. Rispetto all’impostazione dominante in questi studi più recenti ci è sembrato opportuno riprendere la discussione sulla colonizzazione euboica nella Calcidica in una prospettiva più ampia. Liberandosi di una impostazione della discussione del problema che appare spesso “limitata” dalla volontà di far coincidere a tutti i costi tradizione letteraria e dati archeologici, si cercherà di affrontare l’argomento attraverso la valutazione di più aspetti quali: la continuità che si rivela nella storia dei rapporti tra l’Eubea ed il nord dell’Egeo; il ruolo svolto dall’interesse per le risorse locali; il rapporto con gli indigeni (sulla base di quanto si può cogliere non solo da quanto in generale emerge dalle tradizioni relative alla creazione di insediamenti in area tracia, ma anche più specificatamente da quanto si riflette nelle tradizioni mitiche che si riferiscono ai centri euboici); le forme politiche sulla base delle quali si organizzano le comunità euboiche. Insomma, lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di ricostruire la storia più antica della presenza euboica nella regione, della quale si cerca di definire tempi e caratteristiche 2 all’interno del quadro più generale delle navigazioni e delle esperienze insediative euboiche d’età arcaica. Il problema del rapporto tra tradizione letteraria e dati archeologici che è stato più volte richiamato negli studi recenti 3 sull’attività insediativa euboica lungo 2 Si tratta di una impostazione diversa, sostanzialmente più generale, rispetto a quella sviluppata nell’unica monografia (se si eccettua il lavoro della Psoma- PSOMA 2001- che affronta principalmente questioni numismatiche) finora dedicata agli Eubei nella Calcidica, quella dello Zahrnt (ZAHRNT 1978), che in verità si concentra,ancora una volta, sui Calcidesi di Tracia e sulla storia della Lega calcidica, in una prospettiva che non è certo quella di un discorso su una vicenda di colonizzazione (che tra l’altro lo studioso esclude, riconoscendo nei Calcidesi di Tracia un locale ethnos greco senza alcun rapporto con l’Eubea). 3 Si pensi ad esempio ai lavori di Hammond e dello Snodgrass (HAMMOND 1995; SNODGRASS 1994) e, soprattutto, ai numerosi interventi del Papadopoulos che ha molto ridimensionato il valore 6 la costa tracia deve essere rivisto anche tenendo conto di quanto sta emergendo dalle riflessioni più recenti sulla colonizzazione arcaica. Appare particolarmente sentita infatti per il caso della Calcidica la necessità di evitare l’applicazione di modelli interpretativi troppo rigidi alla luce del carattere complesso, dinamico e variegato degli aspetti e degli esiti delle esperienze insediative greche di epoca arcaica. Si tratta di una prospettiva che, come si è detto, viene emergendo ultimamente negli studi sui fatti coloniali della Grecia antica e che ha portato fino a interpretazioni radicali come quella dell’Osborne 4 il quale non solo avanza forti dubbi sulla possibilità di ricostruire la colonizzazione di VIII-VII sec. a partire da fonti letterarie molto più tarde rispetto agli eventi che raccontano, ma propone anche di sostituire al modello basato sul rapporto metropolis-apoikia , un modello che fa scaturire le fondazioni gerche d’occidente da iniziative private di individui e gruppi che si stabiliscono in regioni presentanti condizioni favorevoli all’insediamento convivendo, almeno in un primo momento, con le popolazioni locali. Questa troppo radicale interpretazione è il riflesso del bisogno di tener conto del carattere articolato delle più antiche fasi dell’insediamento greco d’oltremare (sebbene a questo bisogno l’Osborne risponda comunque con una rappresentazione del fenomeno coloniale arcaico ugualmente appiattita e generalizzante). Tale bisogno è certo molto sentito soprattutto, ma non solo, in quegli studi che si rivolgono ad aree “periferiche” del mondo coloniale (anche questi divenuti più frequenti negli ultimi decenni), come la Tracia ed il Ponto 5, dove particolarmente problematica diventa la definizione di fenomeni insediativi segnati da una forte dimensione emporica e da una evidente complessità dei rapporti con gli indigeni (ed al mondo indigeno, alle dinamiche di relazione con i Greci, si dedica oggi una più forte attenzione anche per le colonie del Mediterraneo). Questo comporta anche un interesse della documentazione letteraria a favore di una lettura in chiave puramente “archeologica” delle realtà insediative calcidiche (si veda in particolare PAPAPDOPOULOS 1999). 4 OSBORNE 1998. 5 Per la Tracia ci si può riferire ai lavori della Owen su Taso (in particolare, anche per considerazioni
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