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The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology

Robin Hard

The Rise of Zeus and Revolts Against his Rule

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Robin Hard Published online on: 17 Jun 2008

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2004 RobinHard, iv Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 king ofthegods.Aswehaveseen,hedidnotalwaysoccupythatposition,butrose Our centralconcerninthepresentchapterwillbemythologyofZeus,great were thefirst In thestandardversionofsuccessionmyth,asrecounted byHesiod,theTitans championing theinterestsofhumanrace. arose betweenZeusandacousinofhis,Prometheus,whoprovokedhisangerby the Aloadai.Wewillconcludebyexaminingconflictofaratherdifferentkindthat monster Typhon,bytheearthbornraceofGiants,andfinallytwogiganticbrothers, revolts thatwerelaunchedagainstZeusandtheOlympianorderbyfearsome repeated. Themainsubjectofthelatterpartchapterwillbethreegreat quell variousinsurrectionsonhisownaccounttopreventthecyclefrombeing established hisownpowerbyrevoltingagainsttheformerrulingpowers,Zeushadto general surveyoftheoriginsOlympiangods.Asasovereignwhohad in theorderwhichtheyaredescribed that precededhisfinalunionwithHera;wewillconsidertheseliaisonsandtheirissue principal liaisonswithothergoddessesbyclassingthemasaseriesofearlymarriages was commonlythoughttohavebeenhisonlywife,the some lessergoddesseswhorepresentedaspectsoftheneworder.AlthoughHera of HephaistosifhewasborntoHeraalone,seep.79); younger OlympiandeitieswerefatheredbyZeushimself(withthepossibleexception and sistersotherallies,theOlympianorderremainedtobecompleted.All had establishedhimselfasthenewrulerofuniversewithhelphisbrothers including otheraspectsofthemythologyKronosandhiswifeRhea.AfterZeus previous rulinggods.Variousside myth first partofthechapterwillbedevotedtoanexamination for himselfandhisfellowTitansbydisplacingownfather,Ouranos(Sky).The to powerinthethirdgenerationbydisplacinghisfatherKronos,whohadwon Routledge, Page65. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, ’ ( see p.33)whichtellsofthefamilyconflictsthatprovokedfall THE RISEOFZEUSANDREVOLTS - born childrenoftheprimordialcoupleGaia(Earth)and Ouranos(Sky), The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, THE GREEKSUCCESSIONMYTH AGAINST HISRULE CHAPTER THREE - issues willalsobeconsideredinthisconnection,

Theogony Robin Hard, , beforeconcludingwitha 1 Theogony andZeusalsofathered

© 2004 RobinHard, formalizeshis ‘ 65 succession Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 providing himwithhisthunder middle oftheirforehead,wouldhelpZeustovictoryinhiswaragainsttheTitansby Gaia, whowillhavetheirownparttoplayinthesuccessionmyth. with hisfather,somethingmustbesaidaboutthemonstrouschildrenofOuranosand and hiswifeRhea.BeforewepassontoconsiderhowKronosenteredintoconflict body oftheTitansinsuccessionmyth,Kronos,secondruleruniverse, draws themintohisgenealogicalscheme,twoalonestandoutfromthecollective chapter; althoughHesiodassignsindividualnamestoallofthem(seepp.36 (Hundred who thengeneratedtwosetsofmonsters,theKyklopesandHekatoncheires Briareos inthe or HUNDRED times devisedaconvenient nameforthem,callingthemtheHEKATON by theirindividualnames alone, Kottos,BriareosandGyges,mythographersin later beings whoeachhadfifty heads andahundredarms;althoughHesiodrefersto them The secondgroupofmonstrous sonsofOuranosandGaiaconsistedthreegigantic them toensurethatnobodywouldbeableacquirearmsfrominthefuture. his sonAsklepios was sometimessaidtohavekilledthemforhavingmadethethunderboltthat one wouldexpecttheKyklopestobeimmortalinviewoftheirdivinebirth,Apollo toiling athissideinahugeforgeunderMtEtnaorelsewhere(seep.166). in theHellenistictraditionthattheyassistedsmith they mustevidentlyhavebeenskilledandpowerfulcraftsmen,itcametobeimagined Arges (Vividlybright,anepithetappliedtoZeus Hesiod assignstothem,Brontes(Thunder and lightningasthemanufacturersofthunderboltisreflectedinnamesthat ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The threeKYKLOPES(Round down massivestonesofthatkindwhileplayingatquoits. who arecreditedwiththeerectionofmega workmanship. masonry seemedtoliebeyondthecapacity of ordinaryhuman pp. 237and243)andotherMycenaeanstructures whose who weresupposedtohaveerectedthewallsofMycenae andTiryns(see with asingleeye. who capturedOdysseus(seep.492),theyweresavage sonsofPoseidon the furthermostreachesofsea;ifallwerelike Polyphemos, theogre pastoral lifewithoutgovernmentorlawonamythical islandsomewherein builders ofpopularlore.TheKyklopesthe were calledbythesamename,HomericKyklopesandmaster should bedistinguishedfromsomemythicalgiantsoftwootherkindswho cult. Corinth, sacrifices wereofferedtotheKyklopesatanancientaltarIsthmusof constellation oftheAltar(Ara)insouthernsky. transferred totheheavens,presumablybyZeushimself,become before makingwaragainsttheTitans,andthatthisaltarwaslater fashioned thealtaronwhichZeusandhisalliessworetheirallegiance In anastralmythofHellenisticorigin,itwassaidthattheKyklopes As ancientmythographersalreadyremark,

- Handers). 8 butthereisnoindicationotherwisethattheywerehonouredin Iliad - HANDERS 5 The Routledge Handbook ofGreek Mythology, 11 (seep.151);oraccordingtoafragmentfromPindar,Zeuskilled 13 2 Theymaybecomparedwiththegiantsofmodernfolklore TheTitanshavealreadybeendiscussedintheprevious ). Ashundred 10 TheKyklopesoftheotherraceweregiantsfolklore 12 (thecorresponding adjectiveisalready appliedto - weapon (seep.74).Theirconnectionwiththunder - - eyes), whoweregiantswithasingleeyeinthe handed giants ofirresistiblestrength, - man), Steropes(Lightning - ’ liths oraresaidtohavethrown s thunderboltinearlyepic). 9 theseprimordialKyklopes Odyssey - god Hephaistosinhislabours, Robin Hard, 7 Pausaniasreportsthat

livedaprimitive

- 4 CHEIRES man) and Although – 3 7) and Since ’ - 6

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page66. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 make nofurtherappearanceinmyth,atleastasagroup. were sentdowntoTartarosafterwardsactasguardsthedefeatedTitans,they they wouldbeinvaluablealliesforZeusinthestruggleagainstTitans.Since warned children, Hestia,Demeter, Hera,Hades,PoseidonandZeus;butsincehe was were laterrescuedbyZeus. Kyklopes andHundred however, thatinHesiod as thelordsofuniverseundersovereignty ofKronos.Itwouldseem, (see p.38).TheTitanswerenowabletoemergeinto thelight,andtoassumepower sprang upfromtheearthafteritwasfertilisedbydrops ofbloodthatfellfromthem (see p.194);andthreeothergroupsofchildren,the Giants,MeliaiandErinyes, goddess oflove,sprangupfromthefoamthatgathered aroundtheminthewaters Kronos cutoffhisgenitalswiththesickleandcastthem intothesea.Aphrodite, her instructions.AsOuranoswasengaginginintercourse withhiswifeatnightfall, the sicklefromhismotherandwaitedinambushfor hisfatherinaccordancewith respond exceptforKronos,theyoungestandmostterrible oftheTitans,whotook to persuadeherchildrentakeactionagainsttheir father.Allwerefrightenedto metal ofextremehardness),sheusedittomakealargejaggedsickle,andthentried under thestrainandthoughtupacraftyplan.Afterfirstcreatingadamant(amythical vague onthismattertoo);andhetookdelightinhiswickedworks.Gaiagroaned emergence byengaginginceaselessintercoursewithhisconsort(althoughHesiodis hid themdeepawayinsidetheearthaseachwasborn,apparentlyblockingtheir they wereterribletobehold,especiallythemonsterswhobornfirstofall.He about thecauseofhishatred,itwouldseemthathetookadisliketothembecause his offspringandpreventedthemfromcomingtothelight.AlthoughHesiodisvague Trouble soonarosewithinthenewlygeneratedfamilyofOuranosbecausehehated Routledge, Page67. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, After hisrisetopower,Kronos marriedhissisterRhea,whoborehimsixsplendid like toknowmoreofhimthancanbegatheredfromthesesurvivingscraps. Aigaion atChalkis. cult onEuboeaundertwodifferentnames,asBriareosatKarystosand for possessionofthelandinearlytimes(seep.103). Briareos hadactedasarbitratorwhenHeliosandPoseidoncompeted respects fromthatinthe Briareos, asseemslikely,thisaccountofhimclearlydifferedincrucial and foughtasanallyoftheTitans. apparently describedasasonofGaiaandPontos(Sea)wholivedinthesea Aigaion. that hewascalledBriareosbythegodsbutknowntomortalsas from hisrelationshipwithPoseidoninthe nymph, thiswouldsuggestthathelivedinthesea,asmightalsobeinferred revolt byHera,PoseidonandAthena once summonedtoOlymposbyThetissaveZeusfromathreatened walker, otherwiseunknown)asawife. after thefallofTitansbyofferinghimhisdaughterKymopoleia(Wave for itisstatedtherethatPoseidonmadehimhisson Olympian rule.Heismarkedoutfromhisbrotherseveninthe has independentstoriesnonethelesswhicharesetduringtheperiodof One ofthebrothers,BRIAREOS(theMightyOne,alsocalledOmbriareos),

16 Inthe The Routledge Handbook ofGreekMythology, 19 - Titanomachy Handers remainedimprisoned beneaththeearthuntilthey Allinall,heisamostintriguingfigure,andonewould ’ s version(unlikethatof Apollodorus,seebelow)the 20

Theogony , anearlyepicnowlost,Aigaionwas 17 . ACorinthiantraditionsuggestedthat 15 IfthisAigaioncanbeidentifiedwith (seep.82);sinceThetiswasasea 14 Theogony The Iliad Robin Hard,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 up thestone,whichZeusinstalledatDelphitobeasignandwondermortals(see accordance withaplanthatwassuggestedtohismotherbyGaia.Afterfirstspewing quickly inhisCretanhiding Hesiod offerslittledetailonwhathappenednext,merelystatingthatZeusgrewup swaddling Crete (seefurtheronpp.74 on Kronos.Ontheiradvice,shesecretlyentrustedthenew them todeviseaplanenablehersaveforthcomingchildandbringretribution to beborn,RheafinallyconsultedOuranosandGaiaonherownaccount,asking each ofhischildrenatbirth,causingendlessgrieftowife. by hisparentsthathewasdestinedtobeoverpoweredownson,swallowed universe inthethirdgeneration. won victory,Zeusandtheyoungergodsassumedpowerasnewrulersof detained, ZeusappointedtheHundred Tartaros tobeimprisonedthereforevermore.Toensurethattheywouldsecurely finally overpoweredbythemany the battle,fromhighheavenstomurkyTartaros.KronosandTitanswere pelted themwithhugerocksinsuccessivesalvoes.Theentireuniverseresoundedto against theTitans,dazingthemwithhisthunderbolts,whileHundred for help.ThestrugglenowreacheditsdecisivephaseasZeusunleashedhisfullfury with nectarandambrosia.TheywerethenquitehappytorespondZeus imprisoned beneaththeearthlikeKyklopes),andrevivedtheirstrengthspirits Zeus releasedthemonstersfromtheirconfinement(fortheyhadremained that theywouldbevictoriousifrecruitedtheHundred either sidegainingaclearadvantage,untilGaiarevealedtoZeusandtheOlympians the northernbordersofprovince.Thebattleragedonfortenlongyearswithout Thessaly astheirstronghold,whileZeusandhisalliesfoughtfromMtOlymposon fought, theTitanomachy( universe fromKronosandtheTitans,confrontingthemingreatestwarever powerful weapon,thethunderbolt. by theirfatherOuranos;andtheyshowedgratitudearmingZeuswithhisall apparently remainedimprisonedbeneaththeearthsincetheyhadbeenconfinedthere to thatinwhichhehadswallowedthem.ZeusalsoreleasedtheKyklopes,who p. 145),KronosvomitedupthefivebrothersandsistersofZeusinreverseorder Routledge, Page68. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Zeus nowjoinedtogetherwithhisbrothersandsisterstowrestcontrolofthe sets ofmonstersonce and entrustedthesovereignty toKronos.ButKronosimprisonedthetwo dethronement ofOuranos, theTitansrescuedtheirbrothersfromTartaros as inHesiod p. 37forthesignificanceofthis).Kronosstruckdecisive blow,however, all ofthemtookpartintheassaultwithsoleexception ofOkeanos(see the Titanstoattacktheirfather,givinganadamantine sickletoKronos;and Distressed bythelossofherchildrenwhohadbeencast below,Gaiaincited Tartaros bytheirfatherwhiletheTitansareapparently leftunharmed. Kyklopes arebornbeforetheTitansinthisaccount, and arehurleddownto Hesiodic versioninsomeimportantrespects.The Hundred lost Apollodorus offersanaccountofuncertainorigin(perhaps derivedfromthe Such isthestandardaccountofsuccessionmyth as providedbyHesiod; Titanomachia - clothes, whichheswallowedintheusualmannerplaceofhischild. ’ The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, s version,byseveringthe genitalsofOuranos.Afterthe , orfromtheOrphicliterature)whichdiffers the Titanomachia

- place, andthenforcedKronostovomituphischildrenin 24 –

5) andgaveKronosalargestonewrappedin 23 -

handed monsters,whohurledthemdownto - Handers astheirwarders.Afterhard ). TheTitanschoseMtOthrysinsouthern Robin Hard, - Handers astheirallies.So 21 - born ZeustoGaiain WhenZeuswasdue © - Handers and 2004 RobinHard, 68 - ’ Handers s appeal 22 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 value, first offivesuccessive races,fourofwhich arenamedaftermetals ofdecreasing these fortunate peoplewholivedunder the ruleofKronosarepresented asbeingthe things cametobeastheynow are. myth, butsimplybecause hehadpresidedoverthepreviousdivineorderbefore rule ofKronos,notbecause hewaspresentedasbeinginanywaybenevolent in concluded thatthismustbe anaccountoftheconditionsthathadprevailedunder the of whatcouldbewitnessedintheharshpresentunder theruleofZeus,itcouldbe identified withtheageofKronos.Sinceeverythingin thatagewasquitetheopposite rooted infolklore;anditisbynomeansdifficultto understandwhyitcametobe Saturnia regna overcome byagentlesleep.Inshort,itwastheGolden Age, the earthofitsownaccord;andwhentheyfinallydied, itwasasthoughtheywere things incommonandenjoyingabundantfruitscrops thatwerebroughtforthby Isles oftheBlessed(seep.116),withouttoilorstrife orneedoflaw,owningall view, hismortalsubjectslivedlivesofblissfulease, much liketheinhabitantsof happiness whenmortalslivedlongandvirtuouslives under hisbenevolentrule.Inthis another traditionalsotobefoundinHesiodpresentshisreignasatimeofinnocent succession mythpresentshimasabrutaltyrantwhoswallowedhisownchildren, Greek legendofferscontrastingvisionsofKRONOSandhisregime.Ifthe In thecelebratedmythof progressivedeclineinHesiod world insofarastheywerehonouredcult. order; andKronosRheawerethemselvesthoughttobeactiveinthe permanent forcesintheworldaspersonificationsofmemoryandright engaged inliaisonswithZeuseventhe nor Tethysperhapsthesea;ThemisandMnemosynearesaidtohave stage inanycase.Okeanoscouldnothavedesertedhisstreams(seep.37), Hesiod has alreadybeenremarked,someindividualswhoarenamedasTitansin (see p.96),whichwouldimplythattheyhadbeensetfreebyZeus. as thechorusalongwithPrometheusafterhewasreleasedfromTartaros Prometheus Unbound one ofhisodes,thattheTitanswereeventuallyreleasedbyZeus;andin the caseinpost gods their guards. the TitansandimprisonedtheminTartaroswithHundred assistance oftheHundred with acapofinvisibility.Withtheaidthesedevices,andpresumably thunderbolt asusual,andalsogavePoseidonhistridentprovidedHades certain Kampe,andsetthemfree.TheKyklopesarmedhimwithhis had beenbanishedtoTartarosbyKronos.Sohekilledtheirwarder,a that hewouldbeabletodosoifenlistedthehelpofmonsterswho Titans fortenyears,butwasunabletodefeatthemuntilGaiaprophesied With theaidofhisbrothersandsisters,ZeusfoughtagainstKronos swallowing anemeticdrugtoforcehimdisgorgehisswallowedchildren. personification ofcunningwisdom,seep.77),whotrickedKronosinto the usualstory.WhenZeuscameofage,hesoughthelpMetis(the again, andthenswallowedhisownchildrenwiththeexceptionofZeus,asin THE FURTHERMYTHOLOGYOFKRONOSANDRHEA

Fitting thoughitmaybethatKronosandtheTitans,asaraceof ’ , ’ should bebanishedfromtheupperworldforever,thisisnotalways s listcouldnothavebeenremovedfromtheupperworldatthisearly . 25 27

Thispeasant

- Hesiodic accounts.Pindarstatesexplicitly,forinstance,in , alostAeschyleanplay,theyappearedonthestage - Handers too,Zeusandhisalliesnowdefeated ’ s daydreamofalostagehappinesswasevidently

Theogony ’ s , andtheywere Works andDays - Handers as ‘ 69 former 26 As

, 28 , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page69. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 immortal gods.TheirimpietyarousedtheangerofZeus,whoeventuallyremoved were unabletorefrainfromwrongdoingandviolencefailedhonourthe brief andwretchedlifewhentheyfinallygrewup,forwerefoolishbeingswho years toreachmaturity,remainingallthewhileattheirmother which wasinferiorinbothbodyandmind.Thepeopleofthisracetookahundred harm andwatchingovertheirdeeds.Thegodsreplacedthemwithasilverrace became beneficentspirits( to die,asthoughfallingasleep,withouteverhavingsufferedtheravagesofage,they under Kronosinaccordancewiththeusuallegend;andwhenthesefirstpeoplecame iron. Thegodscreatedagoldenraceofmortalsfirstall,wholivedanideallife namely gold,silver,bronzeandiron.Webelongtothefifthworstrace,thatof associated withhiminconnectionhisattackon father attribute ofthesickledoesnotnecessarilyhaveagricultural connotations,foritis which issaidtohavebeenknownasKronioninearly times;andKronos after harvest often beenviewedasaharvest subordination thathadprevailedduringthereignofKronos. AlthoughtheKroniahas wished. Thiscouldberegardedasatemporaryreturn tothelifewithouttoilor masters andallowedtorampagethroughthetown creating asmuchnoisethey normal socialdistinctionswereoverturned,andslaves wouldbefeastedbytheir also atThebesinconjunctionwithamusicalcontest. Onthedayoffestival, the Kronia,whichwascelebratedatAthensandotherIoniancitiesinparticular, phrase whichcanmeanbothgoldenraceandage). ‘ authors oftenfinditconvenienttousethesetermswhenreferringhismyth;the should benotedthatHesioddoesnotrefertogoldenandother bad, theywillgrowprogressivelyworseuntilZeusdestroysthemintheirturn. sorrow byday,orfromwastingawayandperishingnight.Althoughnotwholly ever bornintoit,forthepeopleofraceironhavenorespitefromtoiland others wereconsignedtoHades. all weretransferredtotheIslesofBlessed,orelseonlyaportionthemwhile text isambiguousonthematteroftheirultimatefate,failingtomakeclearwhether obliged toincludethematthispointandsointerrupthisschemeofdecline.Hesiod lived justbeforethebeginningofordinaryhumanhistory,poetevidentlyfelt predecessors inthebronzerace;sinceitwasagreedthatgreatheroesofepic Theban andTrojanWars,showedthemselvestobenoblerjusterthantheir Hesiod interposesthe leaving nonamebehind. destroyed asaresultoftheirownviolence,andpassedtothedankhouseHades flinty their weaponsandevenhousesweremadeofbronze.Powerful,aggressive ( brought abronzeraceintobeing,consistingofpeoplewhosprangfromash them fromtheearthtobecomeblessedspiritsinUnderworld. Routledge, Page70. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, golden age meliai Although Kronoswasnotmuchhonouredincult,hehadamostinterestingfestival, Before passingontothelastofhis - hearted, theydevotedthemselvestowarandslaughteruntilwereall , whichmightalsobeinterpretedasmeaningash ’ - is anexpressionofLatinorigin(from time atAthens(thoughnotallplaces),inthemonth of Hekatombeion, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, 30 ‘ god

daimones - like raceofheroes - festival, thisisnowdisputed.Itwascelebratedwell 31 Astothepresentage,Hesiodregretsthathewas ) whoroamtheearthdeliveringmortalsfrom ‘ metallic ’ races, towhichhehimselfbelongs, ’ saeculum aureum who foughtwithhonourinthe Robin Hard, - tree nymphs).Theirarmour,

’ s side,butlivedonlya ages © 2004 RobinHard, , evenifmodern , anambiguous 29 ’ Zeusthen 70 customary - trees 32 It ’ s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 ancient times. liberties, resembledtheKroniainsomenotablerespects,aswasrecognized Saturn Saturn (SaturnusorSaeturnus),anoldItaliandeitywhosefunctionsareobscure; Semitic godwhowasofferedhumansacrifices.TheRomansidentifiedhimwith Greeks frequentlyidentifiedhimwithunlovelyforeigndeitiessuchasMoloch,a Kronos inartshowhimasamajesticbutsorrowfuloldmanholdingsickle.The p. 240,orbyHeraklesagainsttheHydra,258).Therarerepresentationsof figures whohavenothingtodowithagriculture(e.g.byPerseusagainsttheGorgon, in thesuccessionmyth,andsicklesareusedforsimilarpurposesbyothermythical with Rheainconnection therearingofZeus implications formyth,above allbecausetheCretanKouretes,whowereassociated Kybele, whosecultfinally spreadthroughmuchoftheRomanEmpire.This had was identifiedwithboth Rhea andDemeter;wasoftenequated with goddess Kybele,whichentered theGreekworldfromAsiaMinor.TheGreatMother Mother (Meter)cametobestronglyinfluencedbythe cultofthePhrygianmother alone. Althoughdeeplyrootedinthenativetradition, theGreekcultofGreat and theAsianmainland,sometimesinconjunction with amalepartner,sometimes Mother, whowashonouredunderallmannerofnames inGreece,theAegeanislands Rhea couldeasilybeidentifiedwiththatveryoldand widelyworshippedpower,the origin. Asthemotherofgods(i.e.Olympian godsofthefirstgeneration), but thereisnoearlyevidencetosuggestthatshewas actuallyagoddessofCretan this shouldsometimeshavebeenregardedasRhea Since itwascommonlybelievedthatZeusbornin Crete,itisunderstandablethat Thaumasion inArcadiawhichwasclosedtoeveryone exceptherownpriestess. p. 81)wasdedicatedtothetwoofthem; Olympian Zeus,andatOlympia,whereoneofthesixaltarsTwelveGods(see her husband,asatAthens,whereshesharedatemplewithhimintheprecinctof Kybele, seebelow).Shewashonouredtosomeextent,however,inconjunctionwith who hadlittleplaceinGreekcult(exceptsofarasshecametobeidentifiedwith RHEA orRHEIA,theconsortofKronos,isagrandiosebutsomewhatvaguefigure Routledge, Page 71. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, where hehadunifiedthelocalpeopleandusheredinagoldenage. Saturnus (i.e.Kronos)hadruledatthefuturesiteofRomeduringhisexile, latere Latium, henceitsname(asthoughitwerederivedfromtheLatinword have soughtrefugeinItalyafterhewasdeposed,hidingfromZeus which representKronosandZeusasearlykings,isoftensaidto Briareos ashisguard. at theextremitiesofknownworld)withmanyfollowersaroundhimand picturesque taleinwhichhesleepsforeveranislandbeyondBritain(i.e. banishment toenablehimassumethisfunction. almost certainlyalaterinterpolation,explainthatZeusreleasedhimfromhis Some versesthatpurporttocomefromHesiod presents himinthisrole,withRhadamanthysashisassistant( Kronos, someauthorsmakehimthelordofthoseislands;Pindaralready resembled thosethatweresupposedtohaveprevailedundertheruleof Evidently becauseconditionsontheIslesofBlessed(seepp.114ff) Later authorshaveafairamounttosayaboutKronosafterhisdefeat. ’ s annualfestivaloftheSaturnalia,atwhichslavesweregrantedexceptional , tohide).Vergilalludesthistraditioninthe

The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, 35 InrationalisticaccountsofaEuhemeristicnature 37 andshehadasacredcaveonMt

’ s ’ s homeinthelatertradition; Works andDays Robin Hard, 34 Plutarchrecordsa Aeneid © paredros 2004 RobinHard, , sayingthat 36 , butare

71 ). 33

39 38 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 born PoseidoninArcadia,givingKronosafoaltoswallow inplaceofhim,see Arcadian legendofacomparablenatureinwhichshe issaidtohavehiddenthenew (especially inthePeloponnese,seep.76forexamples) andofAsiaMinor.Foran local versionsofthelatterstorytakeRheatomany cornersoftheGreekworld legends thatclaimedZeuswasbornandrearedin otherplacesapartfromCrete, relationship withKronosandherrescueofthenew Kybele inAsiaMinor(seep.219). (see below),cametobeconfusedorequatedwiththeKorybantes,attendantsof Routledge, Page72. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Much ofthemythologyRhea,orthodoxandunorthodox alike,hastodowithher Figure 3.1 Glyptothek. Rhea The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, - Kybele. Marblestatue,Romanperiod.NyCarlsberg

- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 mate withheraftershetriedtoescapefromhimbyturningintoamare. is explainedinoneversionofthestorythatKronosturnedhimselfintoastallionto nymph calledPHILYRA.Toaccountforthesemi for anoldtraditionclaimedthathefatheredtheCentaurCheironbyOkeanid the gods. 503), itisRheawhorestoreshimtolifeagainafterhehasbeenservedasameal in onequiteearlyversionofthestoryslaughterandrevivalPelops(seep. wants toinformDemeterofhisdecisionwithregardthefatePersephone; p. 102.Inthe established asthesupreme godthatwefeelnosurpriseatfindinghisname overseer ofoathsandjustice.FromthetimeHomer onwards,hewassofirmly from anearlyperiod,particularlyasaguardianofsuppliants andstrangersan sovereignty andlawproceedsfromhim;heisrepresented ashavingmoralconcerns in someway.Heistheprotectorofhousehold andsocialorder,all is hardlyadepartmentofnatureorhumanactivity withwhichheisnotconnected of fruits),Georgos(Farmer),andsoforth.Butheis so widelyworshippedthatthere winds), Astrapaios(Senderoflightning),Bronton(Thunderer), Epikarpios(Producer bear witness,suchasOmbriosandHyettios(Rainer), Ourios(Senderoffavourable never averyprominentaspectofhiscultornature. To allthisalongstringoftitles what dependssolargelyupontheweather,fertility ofthesoil,althoughthisis very characteristically,withthunderandlightning.Henceheisassociatedalso functions appeartobeconnectedwithrainandthereturnoffineweather,also, phenomena oftheskyor,moreaccurately,thoseatmosphere.Hisprimary of hisnameisapparently meaning corresponds tohim,suchasDyausinIndia,Iuppiter(i.e.pita,theaddition impossible. ManyIndo To attemptanythingmorethanthebriefestofsketchesZeusisobviously different birth,seep.554). wise andnoblebeing,inmarkedcontrasttomostoftheCentaurs(whowerevery Kronos andPhilyrainPindar called Philyridesattheendof transformation wasevidentlyalatefancyinspiredbytheetymology.Thoughalready transformed, andwasturnedintoalime shocked bythehybridappearanceofherchildthatsheprayedtoZeusbe while hewasroamingtheworldinsearchofinfantZeus,andPhilyraso according toHyginus,KronoshadintercoursewithPhilyraintheformofastallion the areainshametosettleThessaly,traditionalhomelandofCheiron. leapt upintheformofahorse(presumablybywaydisguise),whilePhilyrafled having intercoursewithPhilyraonanislandofthesamenameinBlackSea,and version recordedbyApollonius,hewascaught Routledge, Page73. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Rhea wasnottheonlymateofKronos,evenifshealoneisregardedashiswife, 41 ‘ father

Homeric HymntoDemeter ’ ) The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, in Italy,orTiwazamongtheGermanicpeoples.Therootmeaning ZEUS ANDHISEARLIERLIFE - European peopleshaveadivinefigurewhomoreorless

‘ bright ’ s odes. ’ , Theogony 45 and heisthegodofsky,orrather Inaccordancewithhisdivineorigin,hewasa , ZeussendsRheaashisenvoywhenhe - tree ( , Cheironisfirstdescribedasasonof in flagrante - philyra equine natureoftheiroffspring,it Robin Hard, inGreek).

Orinthe 40 43 and Or Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 attended byhisfamiliar,theeagle. usually drapedfromthewaistdown,bearingasceptreorthunderbolt,both,and figure, avigorousmanintheprimeoflife,standingorsittingdignifiedattitude, he neverquiteloseshismajesty,andisconsistentlyrepresentedinartasastately Although hismythsincludemanythatareearlyandgrotesque,orlatefrivolous, used bythinkersofamonotheistictendencyaspracticallyequivalentto entrusted himtoher motherGaia tonourishand rear;so Gaia hidhim awaydeep town of Lyktos(tothe westofKnossos) when shewasdue to givebirth to Zeus,and giving hima stone toswallowinstead. According toHesiod,she went totheCretan Crete tosave himfrombeingswallowed byKronosandtricked herhusbandby connection withthesuccession myth(seep.68),inwhichRheahidhimaway in Something hasalready been saidaboutthecircumstancesofZeus inspiring object. powerful deitymightbe imagined asaformidableprotectionandawe enemy wearer asadefence,notonlyagainsttheweather butalsoagainstan was quitecommoninGreece.Asitofroughhide, itwouldserveits wooden orstonecult into moderntimesbyGreekpeasants,anditdoubtless clothedmanyancient hide withthehairon,formingafringe.Justsuchgarment hasbeenworn a fawn puts thisoutofcourt; can beinterpretedasathunder that waswornorwieldedbythegodofthunder,it oncearguedthatit Hesiodic fragment,itwasfashionedbyMetisforAthena. frequently fringedwithsnake attribute ofAthena,whocanoftenbeseenwearingitinvase Apollo ontwooccasions). falls, and itissuggestedthathewillshakeoverTroyonthedaycity tassels; men, anditwasbrighttobeholdshaggy Hephaistos gaveittohimasafearsomeobjectthatwouldcauseterrorin Aigiochos, theAigis inspire terrorinanenemyifitwereheldoutthehandandshaken. was notonlyapotentdefence,butmagicallypowerfulweaponthatwould worn asacorseletorservesortofshield;heldbygod,it Homer onwards,asafringedgarmentorpieceofarmourthatcouldbe him, aswehaveseen,bytheKyklopes. lightning thunderbolt wasshownasabiconicalobject,oftenhavingconventionalized assume thatitwasthespecialweaponofsky from theskywithlightning encouraged thethoughtthatsomeheavyandpointedmissilecamedown phenomena cametobeunderstood,thedestructivepoweroflightning former itneedonlybesaidthatbeforethetruecharacterofelectrical ancients noticedandmodernforestryhasprovedstatistically). widely inancientGreeceandisstruckveryfrequentlybylightning(asthe its longlife,butalsobytwoconspicuousfacts,namelythatitgrewvery oak, atreemarkedoutasappropriatenotonlybyitsbeautyandmajesty Zeus isoftenrepresented,inartandliteraturealike,asassociatedwiththe The aigis(oraegisinLatinform)isdescribed,byvariousauthorsfrom Two importantattributesofZeusarethethunderboltandaigis.Of 47 ’ itisusedmoreoftenbyhisfavouritedaughterAthena(andalso - 46 s blow;andadivineaegisaswornorbrandishedby animmensely skin. Initsorigin,thismysteriousobjectisnothingmore thanagoat - flashes attached,andsometimeswingsalso.Itwasfashionedfor althoughZeusshakesitatonepointtoinducepanicintheGreeks,

- bearer, isaregulartitleofZeus.Accordingtothe - objects representingZeus,fortheclothingofstatues aigis 48 simplymeansagoat Inthesubsequenttraditionitisprimarilyan

- flash; andwhatcouldbemorenaturalthanto - heads insuchimages.Accordingtoa - cloud, buttheplainmeaningofword

- fringed, withahundredgolden - skin, justas - god? InGreekart,Zeus 49 Assomething -

nebris paintings. Itis means 74 ’ Iliad birth in ‘ ’ God s - ’ , ’ . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 to beidentifiedwithoneofthevariousmountainsnearLyktosthatcontainMinoan inside herselfinaremotecaveonMtAigaion(otherwiseunknown,butpresumably entrusted himtohermotherGaianourishandrear;sohidawaydeep Routledge, Page74. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 kind. Adrasteia andIda,ortheIdaiannymphsHelikeKynosura,othersoftheir Adrasteia fedZeusonitsmilkalongwithsweethoneycomb;orelsehisnurseswere appears inCallimachus,Amaltheiawasthenameofgoatitself,andnymph fed himonmilkfromashe perhaps themostfavouredtradition,hewastendedbynymphAmaltheia,who on MtDiktetotheeast. tradition thecaveiseitherlocatedinMtIdacentreofCreteor,lesscommonly, holy caves). worship. who wasborn(andprobablydied)everyyearaprominentobjectofCretan youths ininitiationritualsandthelike(seep.219);itseemsthatadivinechild the dancesofKouretescanberelatedtosimilarperformedbyCretan sanctuaries inCretewereveryancientholyplacesdatingbacktotheMinoanperiod; ritual, andCretanritualatthat;excavationshaveshownthatafairnumberofcave the sea,andKouretesdancedaroundtree. a cradlefromtreesothathecouldbefoundneitherinheavennoronearth against theirshields. danced anoisywar hear theinfant fed bybeesorsuckledasowthelike. Zeus wasrearedduringhisinfancybyalocalnymphornymphs.Inwhat nurses into bears. Zeuslater commemorated concealed hispresence bytransforming himself intoasnake andhistwo search ofZeus andarrivedinCrete,but wasdeceivedbyhis son, who Charioteer (Auriga). heavens asCapella(the Goat), abrightstarintheconstellationof goat withanotherskin,revived itandmadeimmortal,placedinthe his aigis);andafterheduly wonhisvictory,hecoveredthebonesof that hewouldbevictorious ifheusedthehideofgoatasashield(i.e. came ofageandwaspreparing forhiswaragainsttheTitans,helearned Earth toconcealitfromtheirviewinoneofhercaves inCrete.WhenZeus the Titans,apparentlybecauseofitsradiantbrightness, thattheyasked said tohavebeenawondrouschildofthesun childhood. Inonesuchstory,thenanny cave. the anniversaryofZeus inside thecaveusedtoboilupataparticulartimeevery year,presumablyon (Laios, Kerkeos,KerberosandAigolios).Theauthor remarksthattheblood transformed themintovariousbirdsthatborethesame namesasthemselves that noonecouldbeallowedtodieinaplaceofsuchsanctity.Sohe Themis (asguardianofdivinelaw)hadnotrestrainedhimbyreminding thunderbolt aspunishmentfortheirsacrilegeiftheMoirai(Fates)and fractured andfellfromtheirbodies;Zeuswouldhavekilledthemwitha of Zeus,however,andthebloodthathadbeenshedathisbirth,theirarmour account ofitsapotropaicvaluealso).Whentheysawtheswaddling wearing fullarmour(toprotectthemselvesagainstthebees,andprobablyon thieves hadenteredthecavenonethelesstostealsomeofhoney, otherwise forbiddengroundtogodsandmortalsalike.Atonetimefour was inhabitedbysacredbeesthathadtendedtheinfantZeus,but in hisanthologyoftransformationmyths.Thecave(ofunspecifiedlocation) A curioustaleaboutZeus 53 Therewerealsovariouspicturesquetalesinwhichhewassaidtohavebeen The astronomicalliteraturealsoprovidessomeodd talesaboutZeus

50 Thisaccountispeculiartothe ’ s cries,someminorCretandivinities,theKouretes(seep.219), 55 - dance neartheentrancetocave,clashingtheirspears Orinaslightlydifferentaccount,Amaltheiahungtheinfant 51 58

Orinanother taleofthekind,Kronos setoffin - goat thatsheowned; ’ ’ birth, causingamassofflametoissuefromthe cave inCreteisrecordedbyAntoninusLiberalis 54 - goat thatnursedtheinfantZeusis TopreventKronosfrombeingableto

52 Theogony 56 orinanotherversionwhichfirst - Muchofthisisconnectedwith god Heliosthatsoalarmed , forinthesubsequent - 75 clothes ’ s - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page75. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, nurses intobears.Zeuslatercommemorated The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology,

Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 regard tohis why heshould havecometobecredited withmanymistressesand children.With cited manymore).Therewere ofcoursegoodreasons,religiousandmythological, Semele orAlkmene, he feelsforheratpresent, notevenforthewifeofIxion,orDanae,Europa, about tomakelovewithher, sayingthatheneverfeltsuchdesireforanyofthem as humorous passageinthe women, mortalanddivine,wascreditedwithamultitude ofchildren.Inarichly Zeus wasaprodigiouslyamorousgodwhoassociated withagreatmanyother liaisons withothergoddessesasaseriesofprevious marriages. Aseveryoneknows, said tohavehadamaritalrelationshipinanyproper sense, Hesiodpresentshismain complicated matter;foralthoughHeraistheonlygoddess withwhomZeuscouldbe In Hesiod little contactwiththeOlympiangods. regions. Poseidon thegreyseatobehishomeforever,andHadesmurkynether high Olymposincommon.Astheoutcomeoflot,Zeuswonbroadsky,and ancestral estate,thesky,seaandUnderworld,agreeingtoholdearth the threemalechildrenofKronos,castlotsformaindivisions first ofthesematterswasbrieflyandamicablyarranged:Zeus,Poseidon,Hades, divine order. a consort;andhewassubsequentlyobligedtoquellvariousrevoltsagainstthenew the conquereduniversebetweenhimselfandhisbrothers,toprovidewith above. AfterthedefeatofTitans,hehadtwoimportantaffairstosettle,divide When Zeuscameofage,hereturnedtoconfrontKronosandtheTitansasrecounted Routledge, Page 76. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, According toafamiliartalewhichisrecountedbyHomerbutnotHesiod,the that Zeushadbeenbornandrearedintheirland. impossible, evenifoneshouldwishit,tonumberallthepeopleswhoinsisted In reportingthisMesseniantale,Pausaniasremarksthatitwouldbe by NedaandIthome(theeponymoftheMessenianmountainthatname). conveyed theinfantZeustotheirownterritory,wherehehadbeenreared the mountain. the new had causedittospringforthattherequestofRheaenableherwash on LykaionandflowedwestwardsintoMessenia;itwasclaimedthatEarth that wasknownasKretea.Nedathenymphofriverrose nymphs, Neda,TheisoaandHagno,rearedhimonanareaofthemountain Mt Lykaion(animportantcentreforhiscult,seep.538),andthreelocal According toArcadiantradition,forinstance,Rheabroughthimbirthon been rearedinmainlandGreece(especiallythePeloponnese)orAsiaMinor. that timeonwards. Naxos whenhisfathercameinsearchofhim,andwasraisedtherefrom Ursa MajorandMinor). constellations oftheDragonandGreaterLesserBear(Draco the incidentbyplacingimagesofthreeanimalsinskyas There werealsonumerouslocaltraditionsinwhichZeuswassaidtohave 63 THE BRIDESOFZEUSANDORIGINS OFTHE Afterdescendingtohisinfernalrealm,Hadeslivedalifeapartandhad ’ s accountatleast,themaritalaffairsofZeuswere amuchmore -

born Zeus.Andtheothertwonymphswereeponymsofspringson 61 The Routledge Handbook ofGreekMythology, TheMesseniansclaimfortheirpartthattheKoureteshad 60 –

Iliad

among goddesses 59 OLYMPIAN GODS , Somesaidthathewasremovedtotheislandof 64 herecitesalistofhisconquests tohiswifeasheis

–

Demeter orLeto(andhecould have 62

Robin Hard, © 2004 Robin Hard, 76 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page76. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 were madetocorrelateallthevariouslegends(andsuchattemptsclearly goddesses asthefatherofdifferentchildren,problemsarosesoonattempts several suchgoddessesinthelegendsofdifferentareas,orlinkedtoavariety she waslaterclassedasamortalheroine,seep.170).Butoncehepairedwith like DemeterandSemele(whowasoriginallyaThraciangoddessofthiskind,evenif example, itisunderstandablethatheshouldhavebeenpairedwithearth some atleastforculticandreligiousreasons.Sincehewasthemalesky Or withregardtohisloveaffairsgoddesses,heevidentlycamebelinked contributed tothedivineorderinsomewaycouldbefittinglyregardedashischildren. Olympian deitieswhowerenothisbrothersorsisters;andlessertoo divine children,forinstance,hewasthoughttobetheonlysuitablefathergreat within himself. intercourse withMetisandthenswallowinghersoastobringtheirchildbirthfrom perform anequivalentaction,andsucceededinsomesenseatleastbyhaving Hera broughtHephaistostobirthasafatherlesschild(seep.79)thathesetout poem intheHesiodiccorpus(possibly threatening sonwasneverconceived. time fromhisownbody,emerginghead(seefurtheronp.181),andthe their advicewhileshewaspregnantwiththefirstchild.SoAthenabornindue alerted ofthisperilbyGaiaandOuranos,heswallowedMetisinaccordancewith father, andthenasonwhowoulddisplacehimasrulerofgodsmortals.Onbeing children, firstadaughter,Athena,whowouldbealmostaswiseandstrongher wife, butthiswasadangerousunionbecauseshefatedtobeartwoexceptional in theorderwhichtheyarepresentedthatpoem. mark onthesubsequenttradition,itwillbeconvenienttoconsidervariousunions definitive marriagetoHera;andeventhoughthisschemeseemshaveleftlittle mistresses arepresentedassixwiveswhomhehadtakenbeforehisfinaland if theywereborntomortalmothers.Inthe exceptions, wouldacquiredivinestatusiftheirmothersweregoddesses,orbemortal had asinglewife,Hera,butfatheredmanyillegitimatechildren,who,withcertain recognized thoughsubordinateplaceinthefamily.ItwasthusacceptedthatZeus own ideas,whichtoleratedsuchirregularitiesandgavechildrenarisingfromthema gods asfollowingthesamepractice;latterwasmoreinaccordancewiththeir for theGreeksthemselveswerealwaysmonogamousandnaturallyrepresentedtheir been gravelyunfaithfultohislegitimatequeen.Theformersolutionwasimpossible, very early).Hemusteitherberepresentedaspolygynous,orsupposedtohave Routledge, Page 77. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Zeus tooktheOkeanid itself. Inthesecondplace, the swallowingofMetiscanbeseen course, heswallowstheprospective motherofthechildratherthan danger byasimilarruse to thatattemptedbyhisfather?Inthiscase,of came toknowlikewisethatasonofhiswoulddisplace him,butremovedthe Zeus, whatcouldbemorenaturalthantoimagine a storyinwhichZeus from beingswallowed;sincethecycleofdisplacement cametoanendwith swallowed hischildrenatbirth,butwasfoiledbecause Zeuswassaved one ofhischildren(justashehaddisplaced ownfather),Kronos the successionmyth.Knowingthathewasindanger ofbeingdisplacedby difficulty. Thesavagemotifoftheswallowingwasevidently recycledfrom The variouselementsinthismythcanbedisentangled withoutanygreat 66

The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, Metis , thepersonificationofcunningwisdom,ashisfirst 65 Orinaratherdifferentversionfromanother Melampodeia Theogony

77 - goddesses - god, for Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 After swallowinghisfirstwife,ZeusmarriedtheTitan that thepairfirst madelovebeforethebanishment ofKronos. that shewashis firstchoiceratherthan his last,anditisevenimplied inonepassage tradition, Zeusmarriedhis sister holy islandofDelos. married toHeraatthetime oftheirconception.Thedivinetwinswerebornon the jealousy ofHera(seep.188), itwasmorecommonlyassumedthatZeusalready most subsequentaccountsoftheirbirthpresent motherasavictimofthe and Phoibe.SheboretwogreatOlympiangodstohim, ArtemisandApollo. these preliminarywivesofZeuswashiscousin special relianceonmemorybeforetheinventionof writing.Thesixthandlastof preserves thememoryofpastbutalsobecause thepoethimselfhadtoplace above all,Mnemosynewasanobviousmotherfor them, notonlybecausepoetry 6 who borehimasetofninedaughters,theMuses, willbeconsideredin consort afterDemeterwastheTitan of Kore(theMaiden),otherwiseknownasPersephone(seepp.125ff). important washisnextunionwiththecorn of daughters,theCharitesorGraces(seefurtheronp.208). Zeus accordance withtheauthorityofZeus. p. 27),butarenowreclassifiedinsofarastheyapportiongoodandilltomortals have encounteredalreadyasdaughtersofNightalongwithothersinisterpowers(see world, theHorai(Seasons,seefurtheronp.208),andMoiraiorFates,whomwe two setsofchildrenwhocontributedintheirdifferentwaystotheordering another aspectofhisruleasthepersonificationlawandrightorder.Sheborehim ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, (seepp.204ff). As hisseventhandlastwife inHesiod can beexplainedhowZeushimselfcameto pregnant withthisappropriatechildatthetimewhenshewasswallowed,it presides overallmannerofcrafts;andifitisassumedthatMetiswas Metis asagoddesswhoisnotedforherpracticalwisdom( present storywithgoodeffect.ForAthenabearsanobviousaffinityto in veryancienttimesasanindependentmyth;butitcouldbedrawnintothe probability, thestoryofbirthAthenafromheadZeusoriginated cunning wisdomthatsherepresents,asisfittingforthechiefgod.Inall as asortofallegory;forbyingestingher,Zeustakespossessionthe the gatheringsofgodsandmortals. Homeric epicscreditherwithaspecialroleasgoddesswhopresidesover succeeded aspresidingdeityatDelphibeforethearrivalofApollo. powers likehermotherGaia,whomsheissometimessaidtohave toward himtolistenhiswordsofwisdom. of thelaterHomericHymns,shesitsbesidehimashisconfidante,leaning him toplottheoutbreakofTrojanWarinanearlyepicaccount;one consort, anadviserwhowarnshimnottocourtThetis(seep.52)andhelps account. bore theHoraitohim;Moiraiareclearlynotchildrenofhersinthis that shewasbroughtuptoOlymposbytheMoiraibecomehisbrideand A fragmentfromPindardescribesThemisasthefirstwifeofZeus,saying ’ third wife, 68 SheisusuallypresentedasanassociateofZeusratherthana Eurynome 74 The Routledge Handbook ofGreek Mythology, SincetheMuseswereoriginallygoddessesofmusic andpoetry

, wasanOkeanidlikehisfirst;sheborehimasingleset Hera 67 Mnemosyne 71 . 76

’

Itisindicatedplainlyenough inthe s account,orashisonlywife intheusual - goddess Leto 69 ‘ Sheisgiftedwithprophetic , thepersonificationofMemory, pregnant Demeter , adaughteroftheTitansKoios Robin Hard, Themis ’ 77 with Athena. , whichledtothebirth Asthe © 2004 RobinHard, , whorepresents 72 metis Rathermore

78 73 70 ) and Hisnext The

75 Chapter Since Iliad Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page78. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 other sources,includingtheHomericepics,Hephaistosisoftenregardedasan intercourse withherhusband. of Zeus,shebroughtforth Ares functions andmythswillbeexaminedin of him.Shewasprimarilythegoddessmarriageandmarriedwomen;hernature, no connectionwithhim.Inmattersofcult,indeed,sheremainedlargelyindependent be linkedtoZeusashislegitimatespouse,eventhoughshewouldoriginallyhavehad all theGreekgoddesses,anditisthusunderstandablethatsheshouldhavecometo great goddessofArgossincetimeimmemorial,Herawasperhapsthemostaugust retard thebirthofHerakles(seep.248). Apollo andArtemis(seepp.188 was saidtohavedetainedEileithuiaonOlymposwhenLetoduegivebirth in whichHerasetsouttohinderthebirthofillegitimatechildrenZeus;for easing childbirth,shemakeshermostsignificantappearancesinmythtwostories EILEITHUIA ismentionedquiteofteninconnectionwithherpositivefunction Herakles, toenablehimkillahatedenemyofhisfamily(seep.288).Although and accordingtoatalefromEuripides,sheoncerejuvenatedIolaos,nephewof to performminorservicesforherfellowOlympians,instanceasacupbearer; share intheeternalyouthofimmortals(seep.286).Shewasotherwiseavailable that shemarriedHeraklesafterhewasraisedtoOlymposasagodandsocame appearance inmyth.OnlyasinglestoryofanynoteisrecordedforHEBE,namely only toaverylimitedextentinthecaseofHebe;neitherthemmakesmuch bloom ofyouthandthegoddesschildbirth.Bothgoddessesappearincult,though connected withthelifeofwomen,beingrespectivelygoddesswhopersonified minor significance,areveryappropriatechildrenforagoddesswhowasintimately or half metal ordinary childofZeusandHera. Hera borethreechildrentoZeusastheoffspringoftheirmarriage,namely childbirth. Romans equated EileithuiawithLucina orIunoLucina,theirgoddess of two majorgoddesseswho concernedthemselveswithchildbirth.The plural. mother ofadivinechild,quite ontheCretanmodel. with hernon explanation byanystandards). conjunction withhimbecause Sosipolis (SaviouroftheState),anddecidedto worship Eileithuiain snake haddisappearedintotheground.Theycalled thenewgod Eleians raisedatempletothechildatspotwhere theythoughtthatthe causing themsuchalarmthattheyturnedandfled. After theirvictory,the of thearmy;andwhenArcadiansadvanced,he changedintoasnake, fight forElis.Takingheratword,theauthorities laid himnakedinfront he washerownsonandthatadreamhadordered tohandhimover woman approachedtheEleiancommanderswithababy,andtoldthemthat expecting acounter the followinglegend.Onacertainoccasionlongago,asEleianswere with adivinechildcalledSosipolis.Theoriginofthiscultwasexplainedby At OlympiaintheprovinceofElis,Eileithuiawashonouredconjunction and - working willbeconsideredin - Homer andsubsequentauthors sometimesrefertoEileithuiaiinthe brother, Ares,thegodofwar.HebeandEileithuia,twodeitiesrelatively 82 Eileithuia ThenameEileithuiaalso appearsasatitleofHeraandArtemis,

- Greek nameandCretanorigin,appearshereasthe divine ; andasacounter - attack fromaninvadingarmyofArcadians,alocal Hephaistos 78 Suchistheaccountin 79 – ‘ 9), andtohaveinstructedherortheEileithuiai Thecharacterandmythsofthisgodfire she hadbroughthimintotheworld 81 Chapter 6 ThereseemslittledoubtthatEileithuia, - Chapter 5 miracle tothebirthofAthenafromhead

asasonofherveryownwithoutprior , aswillthoseofhismurderousbrother .

Theogony atleast;butin ’ ( 79 a lame - child Hebe 80 , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page79. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 than mightbeinferredfromthescantmentionofherinworksmainpoets. There arevariousindicationsthatsuggestthanshewasonceofgreaterimportance she arrivesonOlymposafterbeingwoundedinbattlebyDiomedes(seep.461). between ZeusandDione;shecomfortsconsolesAphroditeinthe daughter ofZeusinhispoems,andhemustthereforehaveknowntheunion with Zeus.ButHomerreferstoherasthemotherofAphrodite,whoisindubitablya daughters ofOkeanos, (which wouldimplythatshewasagoddessofsomeeminence),andthenamongthe first amongthedeitieswhoarepraisedinprocessionalsongsofMuses Hesiod during thearchaicperiodand wasfirmlyestablishedontheGreekmainlandby mythological considerations.ThecultoftheTwelve GodsoriginatedinAsiaMinor twelve principalgods,anideathatwasderived from culticratherthanstrictly The genealogiesoftheOlympiangodsaresummarized in generation ifshewasthedaughterofZeusandDione asintheHomericaccount. described above,aswascommonlyassumed;or shebelongedtothesecond Aphrodite Semele, daughterofKadmos,andMaia, of Atlas,respectively.Asfor the heroicera,Zeusfathered whether hewasasonofZeusandHeraor Hera alone.Andfinally,during to himasoneofhischildrenbyHera. head, and children ofZeusinthenextgeneration,namely away fromOlymposinhisundergroundrealm.Fourmajorgodswerebornas Poseidon belonged tothefirstgenerationaschildrenofKronosandRheawere for thepresent,majorOlympianscanbedividedintothreegroups.Thosewho see p.67),andHephaistos,ifhewasachildofHeraalone.IfAphroditeisleftaside sea children ofhis,withthepossibleexceptionAphrodite,ifshewasbornfrom gods. Aswasremarkedabove,thesewereeitherbrothersandsistersofZeusorelse even callherDione. the latertraditionsometimesrefertoAphroditeasDionaie(i.e.daughterofDione)or daughter ofDione;thislatterrelationshipisneverreflectedincult,althoughpoets of Aphrodite(seep.67)largelysupplantedtheaccountin grander figurebynumberingheramongtheTitans. nymph ofDodonaforunderstandablereasons,whileApollodorusmakesherafar the consortofZeusNaios(ofrunningwater). Dodona inEpirus,thesiteofanancientoracleZeus,whereshewashonouredas the formofDiosingenitive).Inclassicaltimes,shewasamajorgoddessonlyat name seemstobenomorethanafeminineequivalentofthatZeus(whichtakes goddesses whoattendedLeto The Routledge, Page80. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, There isoneconsortofZeus,possiblytheoldestall,whonottobefoundin From theclassicalperiodonwards,itwascommonly believedthattherewere At thispoint,itmaybeusefultotakestockoftheoriginsmainOlympian - foam thatsurroundedtheseveredgenitalsofOuranos(asinHesiod Homeric HymntoApollo ’ s list,namelyDIONE.Althoughsheismentionedtwiceinthe , and Apollo , shewasthefirst Hestia and The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology,

83 Artemis . AlthoughHadesalsobelongedtothisgeneration,helivedfar itisnowheresuggestedthatshehasanyspecialconnection - born oftheOlympiansifshewasinmanner ’ s childbearing; , histwinchildrenbyLeto,and includesher,forinstance,amongtheforemost Dionysos Hephaistos and 85 anditisitselfsignificantthather 86 Hermes PherecydesdescribesDioneasa Athena 87 alsobelongstothisgeneration, Hesiod Robin Hard, Table 1 , whowasbornfromhis bytwomortalwomen, ’ s accountoftheorigin Iliad Ares . ©

2004 RobinHard, thatmadehera , whowasborn Zeus 80 Iliad Theogony ’ s account, , when Hera

84 , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 connection withthecultofTwelveGodsinotherlocalities.Thefollowinggods mythological pointofview.AvarietyothergodswerelistedamongtheTwelvein are otherwisethedeitieswhowouldberegardedasprincipalOlympiansfroma 139), isincludedinthelistwhileDionysosabsent;butthosewhoarenamedit who enjoyedacertainprecedenceincultbutwasofnoimportancemyth(seep. Aphrodite, Hermes,Athena,HephaistosandHestia. Rome, ranasfollows:Zeus,Hera,Poseidon,Demeter,Apollo,Artemis,Ares, The canoniclistoftheTwelve,asestablishedatAthensandlatertransferredto altar thatwasraisedtothemintheAthenianagorabyyoungerPeisistratos. they werehonouredatsixaltars,andHerodotusThucydidesbothmentionan fifth centuryBC;PindarreferstothecultofTwelveGodsatOlympia,where go immensedistancesinverylittletime,transform though finiteandcorporeal,weremuchlesslimitedthan thoseofmortals;theycould in the suffer painandbenefitfromtheattentionofahealer (asdoesAresononeoccasion speech. Norcouldtheydiefromwoundssufferedin fights orbattles,buttheycould year forbreakinghissolemnoath(seep.49),andso losehisvitalityandpowerof according toHesiod,agodwouldsinkintocomaif he shouldbedeprivedofitfora question oftheirdyingiftheyshouldbedeprived oftheirpropernourishment; bloodless andarecalledimmortals blessed gods,fortheyeatnobreadnordodrink shiningwine,andaretherefore ‘ by HomerinconnectionwithawoundsufferedAphrodite,whichcausedthe they wereimmunetoageanddecay.Thisaspectoftheirphysiologyissummedup fluid, ichor,thereforeranthroughtheirveinsratherthanordinaryhumanblood,and bearing someresemblancetohoneyanda nourished byspecialdivinefood,nectarandambrosia,whichcanbepicturedas infancy. Althoughtheyneededfoodanddrinktosustaintheirbodies,were more youthfulasthetraditionevolved,andalessergod,Eros,evenregressedinto mature andmajestic.Theimageofagodwasnotalwaysfixed;Dionysosbecame maturity; somewereimaginedasbeingyouthfulinappearance,othersmore pp. 144and162),buttheydevelopedgrewnofurtherafterreachingtheirproper to growup(eveniftheyweresometimeswonderfullyprecocious,seeforinstance capacities thandoesourown.Theywerebornasaresultofsexualactivityandhad enjoyed aformofbodilyexistencethatimposedlesserrestraintsbyfarontheir were immortalandunageing(thoughnotimmunetotemporaryharm),thatthey life. Theydifferedfrommortals,however,intworespectsaboveall,thattheirbodies comparable tohumanbeingsintheiremotionsanddesiresfamilysocial as gloriousbeingswhowerehumanintheiroutwardappearanceandbroadly counterparts intheNearEast,makingdueexceptionforEgypt,theywereimagined are includedinthedivinegenealogies,mostlyasdescendantsofPontos).Liketheir divinities andnature river Hera, Athena,Hermes,Apollo,theCharites(Graces),Dionysos,Alpheios(a were honoured,forinstance,atthesixaltarsOlympia:ZeusOlympios,Poseidon, Routledge, Page81. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, divine bloodofthegoddess The greatgodsoftheGreekswerefullyanthropomorphic,evenifsomelesser - god ofthearea,seep.42),KronosandRhea. Iliad ), andtheycouldberenderedinsensible.Andmorebroadly, theirpowers, The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, - spirits hadanimalfeatures(andsomethoroughgoingmonsters ’ to flowout, ’ . 91 Sincetheywereimmortal,therecouldbeno ‘ ichor, suchasrunsthroughtheveinsof

90 - drink respectively;andadivine

ItwillbenotedthatHestia, Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, 81 88 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 other godsandgoddessesgraspedoneendofagoldencordhetheother,they rebelling againsthisrule.Inastrikingpassageinthe threats wouldusuallysufficetodeterthemfromopposinghiswill,letalone against hisownrule.SincehewassomuchstrongerthantheotherOlympiangods, After winningpowerbyrevoltingagainstKronos,Zeushadtosuppressafewrevolts actually beingpresent. very faroff,hearinheavenprayersmadeonearth,orevenhelpharmwithout themselves atwillandaltertheappearanceofpersonsorobjects,seethingsfrom war againstZeusandthenewrulinggods;afurther two successiveoccasions,themonstrousTyphonandraceofGiants,tomake whole. Inthefirstplace,Gaiabroughtforthbeingsofenormoussizeandpoweron outside theOlympiancircle,andweredirectedagainstorderasa commonly agreed,however,thatalltheseriousrevoltsagainstZeuscamefrom which theyattemptedtoforcetheirwillonZeusatsomestageintheconflict.Itwas the the GreekcauseinTrojanWar,andoftenclashwithZeusonthataccountwithin tradition orsimplyinventedit.Sincethedeitiesinquestionwereardentsupportersof them. summoned thehundred overpower Zeusandtiehimup,butwerefoiledbythepromptactionofThetis,who does report,however,thatHera,AthenaandPoseidonhadonceplannedto cord aroundapeakofOlympos,leavingeverythingdanglinginmid could haulthemallupalongwiththeearthandseabesides;hethentie would beunabletodraghimdownfromOlympos,whereashe,ifhesethismindit, Routledge, Page82. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Iliad 93 Thereisnowayoftellingwhetherthepoetdrewthisstoryfromprior Figure 3.2 itself,itiscertainlypossiblethattheremayhavebeenanancienttalein The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, Typhoeus.Bronzerelief:shieldbandpanelfromOlympia.

- THE REVOLTOFTYPHON handed Briareos(seep.67)upfromtheseatointimidate Iliad Robin Hard,

, heboaststhatifallthe © 2004 RobinHard, - air. 82 92 Homer Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 been quicktorespondthethreat. formidable monsterthathemightwellhavesucceededinhisrevoltifZeushadnot bore himtoTartarosasthelastofherprimordialchildren,andhewassucha order single adversaries ofZeus,forhewassoimmenselystrongthatcouldthreatenthedivine TYPHON (Typhaoninepic)orTYPHOEUSwasthemostterribleofthese between thegodsandGiants,whichisnotmentionedinHesiod attempted tostormOlympos. revolt wasmountedthereafterbytheAloadai,twogiganticsonsofPoseidonwho initial exchanges,andstruck atTyphonandlashedhimburnedhismany and theTitansfarbelow in Tartaros.ZeusleaptdownfromOlymposafter these world toshake,causingevenHadestrembleinthe subterraneanlandofthedead, as Typhonpouredforthflame,untiltheearth,sea and skybegantoboil,the and Typhon.Risingupagainstthemonsterinallhisstrength, Zeusthunderedmightily and fireflashedfromhiseyes. and hehadwingsalloverhisbody,foulhairsprang fromhisheadandcheeks, mountain, andcouldreachouttotheeastwest withhisoutstretchedarms; such monstroussize(sothemythographerstates) thatherosehigherthanany reached uptohisheadwhenfullyextendedandemitted violenthisses.Hewasof heads sprangfromhisarms,andthattheserpent from Typhon these serpent full andmemorableifmuddledinplaces,thereseemstobesomeconfusionbetween 364, ortheGiantsinlaterportrayals).InApollodorus are quiteoftenimaginedasbeingserpent are chthonicbeingsthatemergefromcrevicesinearth,earth and torsoalowerbodyformedfromtwoormoreserpent paintings, whichgenerallydepictTyphonasacompositebeingwithhumanhead springing fromhisthighs. many heads,andheisalsoequippedwithwingshasenormousdragon poem byNicander(secondcenturyBC),hehasagreatmanyarmsinadditiontohis complete norprecise.Inthenextliteraryportraitofhim,fromaprosesummary Although eloquentinitsclumsyfashion,thisearliestdescriptionofTyphonisneither Routledge, Page83. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, In theearlyaccountbyHesiod,issueissettled singlecombatbetweenZeus The mythofTyphonwasalmostcertainlyearlieroriginthanthatthewar mountains echoed. wonder tohear,andsometimeshewouldhisslikeasnakeuntilthehigh relentless initsvalour,andsometimeslikethoseofyelpingpuppies,a bellowing bull,proudinitsuntamedfury,andsometimeslikethoseofalion, comprehensible tothegods,andatothertimessoundslikethoseofa of unspeakablesound,foratonetimetheyutteredwordsthatwouldbe around. Inallhisdreadfulheadstherewerevoicesthatsentfortheverykind wondrous headsflashedfire,andfireblazedfromeveryheadasheglared heads withdarkflickeringtongues,andtheeyesbeneathbrowsofthese from hisshoulderssprangahundredserpent Strength layinhishands,andthefeetofmightygodwereuntiring; - handedly. AccordingtoHesiod(whousesbothformsofhisname),Gaia ’ ’ s shouldersinthe s tails,asfoundinartisticimages,andtheserpent The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, 94

95 Thewingscanbefoundatanearlierperiodinvase

Theogony

- ; forwearetoldthatahundreddragon tailed (asinthecaseofKekrops,seep. ’ ’ ’ s coilsfrombeneathhisthighs s heads,terribledragon description ofTyphon,whichis Robin Hard, - born menormonsters ’ s tails.Sincesnakes ’ © s headsthatspring 2004 RobinHard, ’ s 83 Theogony

’ s coils ’ s ’ s - . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 anger atthefateofTitans,andbroughtforthTyphonasafurtherdangerto hostile intent.AccordingtoApollodorus,GaiabroughtforththeGiantsfirstofallin wished togivebirththisthreateningmonster,nordoeshestatethatshedidsowith explain whyGaia,whowasotherwisewell and beneficialwindsthatwerebroughtforthbyEos(seep.48).Hesioddoesnot crops. and allthefierceharmfulwindsthatbringdangertosailorsdamage the worldaboveapartfromhisprogeny,namelyoffspringbyEchidna(seep.62) completed hisvictorybyhurlinghimdowntoTartaros. heads, forcinghimdowntothegroundasamaimedandhelplesswreck;hethen from heaveninachariot,he hurledthunderboltsatTyphonandpursued back intoZeus,whosoon recovered hisvigourandreturnedtothefray.Descending Hermes andAigipan(Goat dragon Delphyne,whowas formedhalflikeasnakeandbeautifulmaiden. tendons insideinabear Cilicia anddepositedhiminacavethere(theCorycian cave),hidingthesevered to cutthetendonsfromhishandsandfeet.Hethen carriedhimthroughtheseato face; butTyphonenvelopedZeusinhiscoils,wrested thesicklefromhim,andusedit pursuing thewoundedmonstertoMtKasioninSyria, hegrappledwithhimfaceto from adistance,andthenstrikingathimwithanadamantine sickle( Zeus wasobligedtoconfrontTyphononhisown,first peltinghimwiththunderbolts concealed themselvesbytransforminginto animalsofvariouskinds.So hisses andscreams,thegodsweresoterrifiedthat they fledtoEgypt,where launched anattackagainstheavenitself,hurlingflaming rocksandemittingfearsome narrative beforeconsideringcertainelementsinfurtherdetail.WhenTyphon that includesmostofthesenewelements,itwillbeconvenienttosummarizehis into hisstory,mainlyfromtheeast.SinceApollodorusprovidesacompositeaccount In post gods aftertheGiantsweredefeatedbythem(seefurtheronp.90). Routledge, Page 84. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, struck Typhondownwithathunderbolt. from them;butshethenhadsecondthoughtsandinformedZeus,who as instructed,inCiliciaAsiaMinor,andthemonstrousTyphonwasborn generate abeingwhowoulddepriveZeusofhispower.Heraburiedthem semen andtoldhertoburythemintheground,sayingthattheywould her toapproachKronos,whogavetwoeggssmearedwithhisown scholia, GaiacomplainedtoHeraaftertheslaughterofGiants,prompting a dangertomortals. about thesubsequentlifeofmonster,merelyobservingtwicethatitwas him totheDelphianshe being whoresembledneitherthegodsnormortalmen,andsheentrusted Zeus wasstrongerthanKronos.ShegavebirthinduetimetoTyphon,a should bearachildonherownthatwouldbeasmuchstrongerthanZeus the groundwithherhandandprayedtoEarth,SkyTitansthatshe birth withoutherinvolvement(i.e.fromhishead).Inanger,shestruck because shewasfuriousthatherhusbandshouldhavebroughtAthenato in whichHeraissaidtohavebroughthimbirthasafatherlesschild The 98 - Hesiodic accountsofTyphon ThesenoxiouswindsofTyphoeanoriginaredistinguishedfromthedivine Homeric HymntoApollo The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, ’ s skin;andheappointedafellow 100 - Pan) managedtostealtendons, however,andfittedthem AccordingtoastrangeaccountfromtheHomeric - dragon tobereared.Thepoettellsusverylittle offersadifferentaccountofTyphon ’ s career,manynewfeaturesareintroduced 101 -

disposed towardZeus,shouldhave

97 Robin Hard, Nothingwasleftofhimin - monster asguard,theshe © 99 2004 RobinHard,

harp

’ s origin 84 e ). After - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 odes, asisreported. origin thanonemightsupposeifPindardidindeedrecountitinofhisprocessional burying himunderMtEtna. time forth.HethenfledoverseastoSicily,whereZeuscompletedhisvictoryby shed somuchblood( Zeus; butZeushurledthembackathimbymeansofathunderbolt,causingto Thrace (ornowBulgaria),hewasstillstrongenoughtohurlentiremountainsat him ofsomehisstrength.WhenpursuedonwardtoHaimon,amountain deceived himintoeatingthe him toMtNysa(ofuncertainlocation,seep.172),wheretheMoirai(Fates) scholars account (seep.62),lived inacavebeneaththeearth states correspondinglythat Echidna,amonsterwhoborechildrentoTyphon in his also interpretedasreferringtosomemountainscalled theArima); Homer statesthathelayinthelandofArimoi ( which maywellhavebeenhisoriginalhomeland.In a passingreferenceinthe closely associatedwithAsiaMinor,especiallythesouth Although Apollodorus myth. himself intoacrow,thebirdthatwasmostcloselyassociatedwithhiminGreek falcon identified withtheEgyptiangodHorus, and elsewhere, point. SoApollo,forinstance,whohappenstobecomparedahawkinthe Greek godinnativemythorcult,somuchthebetter,butthatisnotessential Egyptian god.Iftheanimalinquestionhassomeconnectionwithrespective said tohavetransformedthemselvesintotheanimalformassociatedwiththat identified withspecificEgyptiangodsinaccordanceacceptedtradition,andare ox, andsoforth. Egypt, Apollointoahawk,Hermesanibis,Artemiscat,Hephaistos panic apartfromZeus,andtheyturnedthemselvesintoanimalsontheirarrivalin the earliestversiontohavesurvived,asascribedNicander,allgodsfledina provide amythicalexplanationforthetheriomorphicnatureofEgyptiangods.In the mythwasnaturallymuchalteredwhentheyadapteditfortheirownpurposes,to pursuer Horusandhadnointerestintheoriginalsignificanceoftransformations, pursued byHorus.SincetheGreeksidentifiedTyphonwithSethratherthan and hisfollowersweresaidtohavetransformedthemselvesintoanimalswhen Routledge, Page 85. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The ignominioustaleoftheflightandtransformationgodswasearlier the stars. ingenious disguisethatheplacedanimageoftheresulting goat his forequartersintothoseofagoat;andZeuswas soimpressedbyhis threw himselfintotheNile,turninghishindquarters into thoseofafishand myth. AfterfleeingtoEgyptalongwiththeothergod,goat a mythical explanationfortheoriginofCapricorn,aconstellationrepresenting A furtherdetailisaddedtothestoryinastralmythologyprovidea 107 ’ ‘ s head.OvidneglectsthepointinhislaterversionbysayingthatApolloturned goat

- fish 108 105 ’

The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, turnshimselfintoafalconinthepresentmythbecausehewas 104 a MesopotamianmonsterthathadnocounterpartinGreek 103 haima ’ Thebasicpatternisobviousenough:theGreekgodsare narrative takesTyphonintootherareasbesides,hewas most ItwasinspiredbyanEgyptianmythinwhichthegodSeth 102 ) thattherangebelowwasknownasHaimonfrom ‘

ephemeral fruits

106 whowasrepresentedasafalconorwith ’ ( otherwise unknown),whichrobbed ein Arimois Robin Hard, - eastern provinceofCilicia, ein Arimoisin , aphrasethatwas © 2004 RobinHard, - - footed Pan 109 fish among andHesiod 85 . 110 - range in Most Iliad Iliad , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 him ofhisheartandeyes;buthewentontofatherasonwhomarriedthedragon Illuyanka. Inthatmyth,theStorm is aparallelintheHittitetaleofstrugglebetweenStorm was surelytakenoverfromNearEasternmythology;ithasbeenobservedthatthere important partinApollodorus remarks thathewasrearedinthe Cilicia wasTyphon tradition. Itseemstohavebeenwell ideas wereapparentlybasedonconjectureratherthandirectevidencefromtheearly somewhere inAsiaMinor; of HellenisticandlatertimesbelievedthattheArimoiwereapeoplewholived the sixthcenturyBC. at allfortherevoltuntilfirstartisticrepresentations appearinthesecondhalfof to havemadeinhelpingdefeattheGiants). Hesiod against thegods(exceptperhapsinalatesectionof thepoemprobablyaddedafter as martialbeings,thereisnoindicationinthe AD, isthefirstauthortostatethisexplicitly. (like theSpartoiatThebes,seep.296);Claudian,aRoman poetofthefourthcentury whether thepoetmeanttosuggestthattheysprangup fromthegroundfullyarmed conforms withtheusualportrayaloftheminarchaic worksofart.Itisnotclear wore gleamingarmourandcarriedlongspearsin theirhands,anaccountthat severed genitalsofOuranos. by Gaiaintheveryearliesttimesfromdropsofbloodthatfelltoground born astheirGreeknameimplies;accordingtothe mighty conflictknownasGigantomachy( GIANTS (Gigantes),whoweredefeatedbythegodswithaidofHeraklesin The othermajorrevoltagainstZeusandtheOlympianorderwaslaunchedby p. 166). was buriedunderit(seep.86),orthattheforgeofHephaistoslocatedin offered fortheflameandsmokeofEtna,someclaimedthatGiantEnkelados volcano whichwasstillactiveinantiquity). the islandofPythekousai(i.e.Ischia,offNaples,whichcontainshotspringsanda to analternativetraditionfirstrecordedbyPherecydes,ZeusburiedTyphonunder the after streams offire. that heisburiedunderthevolcanoandcausesitseruptionsbybreathingforth ancient featureofhislegend.Pindarandthe for asecondtimeandkilledhim. Storm daughter andrecoveredthestolenhearteyeswithhiswife Routledge, Page86. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Typhon - god wasthenrestoredtohisoriginalcondition,hesetoutagainstthedragon ’ s time,whichseemstoreferthecontributionthat Herakles wassupposed

- effects ofthethunderboltsthatwerehurledagainsthimbyZeus.According ’ s connectionwithEtnawasfairlyoldevenifitcouldnothavebeenavery 114 The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, Apollodorusseemstobeexceptionalinascribingtheeruptions ’ s homeland,forthepoetreferstohimas

THE REVOLTOFGIANTS 111 ’ 116 buteveniftheywereright,asislikelyenough,their narrative. 113 Hesioddescribesthemaspowerfulwarriorswho - god wasinitiallydefeatedbyIlluyanka,whorobbed

- ‘ established byPindar renowned Ciliciancave 112 Gigantomachia 115 117 Apollodorus 118 Othermythicalexplanationswerealso EventhoughtheGiantsarepresented Prometheus Bound Thereisindeednoproperevidence Theogony Theogony Robin Hard, ’ ). TheGiantswereearth story ofthestolensinews thattheyeverrevolted ’ ‘ s timeinanycasethat Cilician Typhoeus

, theywereconceived ’ - that playssuchan god andthedragon © ’ 2004 RobinHard, alreadymention s aid.Whenthe 86 ’ , and ’ s - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Routledge, Page87. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Figure 3.3 Pergamon. Pergamon TheBattleoftheGodsandGiants.AdetailGreatAltar The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, - Museum, Berlin.

Robin Hard, © 2004 RobinHard, 87 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 It seemslikelythatthemainfeaturesofstoryGiants variants) from thelatertradition.Anelement thatwascertainlyold is which wasconstructedmainly fromearlymaterialbutalsocontainsafewstories (or artistic andliteraryrecord, itsoonbecomesevidentthatthisisacompositeversion the conflict.Ifindividual motifsfromhisnarrativearecheckedagainsttheearliest Vesuvius inItaly. regions, suchasArcadiaorthePhlegraean(Fiery)plain intheneighbourhoodofMt Sicily. SomeHellenisticandlateraccountstransfer theentireconflicttoother ranged furtherabroad,aswewillsee,tothesouthern Aegeanandasfaraway to theenemybytryingstormOlympos;andspecific duelsweresaidtohave Phlegrai intheoriginalstory,accountsweredeveloped inwhichtheytookthebattle it). AlthoughtheGiantsseemtohaveconfronted godsontheirhomegroundof some ofthehinterlandChalkidikeweresometimes alsoreckonedtobepartof westernmost peninsula,Pallene(althoughtheadjoining peninsulaofSithoniaand Phlegra orPhlegrai,thetraditionalhomeofGiants, wasusuallyidentifiedwiththe the Chalkidikewithitsthree Troy. destruction totheGiantsatPhlegraiashewasreturningfromhiscampaignagainst on theplainofPhlegrai;andHesiodic with hisarrows,includingtheirking,Porphyrion,astheywereconfrontingthegods more thanamortalhero).PindarmentionsthathebroughttheGiantstoground on theassistanceofHerakles(duringperiodhisearthlylifewhenhewasno location ofthebattleanditsmostsurprisingfeature,namelythatgodshadtocall earliest literaryallusionsrevealnothingaboutthecontentoflegendapartfrom Titanomachy asaviolentsubjectbestavoidedinafter remark byXenophanes(bornc.570),whomentionstheGigantomachyalongwith explain; andthepopularityofstoryinthisperiodisalsoindicatedadisapproving the artisticrecordfromsixthandfifthcenturieswouldotherwisebehardto century BCandcametobeacceptedascanonic.Therichnessconsistencyof established inanearlyepicaccountwhichwaswidelyfamiliarbythesixth Routledge, Page88. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Apollodorus isthefirstauthor toprovideafullsurvivingaccountoftheprogress of this revisionistmyth. reference toErymedoninthe thrown intochains,usinghistheftoffireasapretext. Eurymedon downtoTartarosandorderedthatPrometheusshouldbe a son.WhenZeuscametolearnofthisaftermarryingher,hehurled she wasstilllivingathomewithherparents,andborePrometheustohimas Hellenistic poetEuphorion,HerawasrapedbytheGiantEurymedonwhile in thecaseofKyklopes,seep.66).Accordingtoataleascribed away overthesea,werenecessarilysameasHesiod gods; norcanweassumethattheseGiants,whoseemtohavelivedfar suppose thatthelatterstoryhasanythingtodowitharevoltagainst himself andhispeople(inunstatedcircumstances). Eurymedon onceruledtheoverbearingGiantsbutbroughtdestructionon as beingswhoareakintothegods;andthird,wetoldthatacertain wild tribesoftheGiants described asbeing to havebeenverylargeandwerecertainlyviolent(seep.494),are Laistrygonians, someadversariesofOdysseusintheremoteseaswhoseem Homer alludestoGigantesonthreeoccasionsinthe 122 OnmapsoftheAegean,moststrikingfeatureitsnorthernshorelineis 123 The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology,

‘ not likemen,butGiants ’ ‘ prongs are bracketedwiththePhaeaciansandKyklopes Odyssey ’ , the peninsulasofPallene,SithoniaandAthos. Catalogue musthaveinspiredtheinventionof reportslikewisethathebrought ’ ; 119 Robin Hard, in anotherpassage, - dinner recitations. Thereisnoreasonto ’ 120 s (anymorethan Odyssey © Theobscure 2004 RobinHard,

’ 88 revolt was . The ‘ 121 the The Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 myths andfolkloreofmanylands;wehavealreadyseenthatZeushadtorelyonthe kings) havetodependonaninferiorachievetheirvictoriescanbefoundinthe fate oftheGiantswassealed. and Moonnottoshineuntilhehadpluckedtheherbhimself.Fromthatmoment, even bythismortalhelper;butZeusspoiledherplanorderingDawnandtheSun circumvent itbysearchingforaherbthatwouldpreventhersonsfrombeingkilled from Troy(seep.276).NowGaiatoowasawareofthisoracle,andtriedto of Cosatthetime,havingbeendriventherebystorm summoned theaidofgreatestmortalheroes,Herakles,whowasonisland could bekilledbythemunlessamortalallywaspresenttofinishoff;soAthena the involvementofHerakles.ThegodsknewfromanoraclethatnoneGiants likewise ineverysucceeding case,godswouldbringGiantstotheground as specialhelperofthegods wasobligedtofinishhimoffwithoneofhisarrows; and surely havesufficedtokill theGiantinordinarycircumstances,Herakleshis role him withathunderboltas he wastearingatthegoddess Hera, butZeusdistractedhimbyinspiringwith alustforHeraandthenstruck After thedeathofAlkyoneus,Porphyrionlaunched an attackagainstHeraklesand We mustnowtracethestorytoitsconclusionasrecounted inApollodorus the landonadviceofAthena,andwasthenabletoputhimdeath. the hero Although theGiantbegantorecoverhisstrengthwhenhewasbroughtgodby who killshimwithoutanyimmediatedivineassistanceatthebeginningofbattle. on hisnativesoil.InApollodorus Pindar andAristophanes on thisoccasion). (and couldthusbesaidtohaveearnedtheirdivinestatusbyservicesthegods Herakles andDionysos, of Hellenisticorigin,thegodshadtoseekhelptwo Hundred Routledge, Page 89. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, The mostdangerousoftheGiantswerePorphyrion(whoisalreadysingledoutby creeping uponhimwithhiscluborswordinhand. catches Alkyoneusbysurprisewhileheislying asleep ontheground, Argos. at theIsthmusofCorinthasherowasdriving cattleofGeryoneusto another versioninwhichAlkyoneusattackedHerakles andhiscompanions specifying thathewasa describes Alkyoneusasaherdsmanwhowashugemountainwithout version inwhichtheincidentwasdetachedfromgeneralconflict.Pindar Herakles episode isplacedinthehomelandofGiantsandassociatedwith he haddestroyedtwelvechariotsbyhurlingahugerockatthem.Sincethe with Telamonandotherallies.Heraklesshothimdown,thoughnotbefore Herakles atPhlegraiastheherowasreturningfromhisTrojancampaign to dowiththeGigantomachy.AccordingPindar,Alkyoneusconfronted with himwassometimespresentedasaseparateincidentwhichhadnothing conflict byrustlingthecattleofsun There wasatraditionthatclaimedAlkyoneusprovokedtheentire ’ - s arrowsinhisnativePallene,Heraklesdraggedhimbeyondthefrontiersof Handers todefeattheTitans.Inanalternativeaccountwhichwasprobably 130 ’ Inaversionthatisknownonlyfromvase Trojan expeditionasusual,thiswaspresumablyasecondary

The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, 125 126 whohadbothbeenfatheredbyZeusonmortalmothers ), andAlkyoneus,whowasimmortalaslonghefought 124 Gigas ’ Thismotifoftheessentialhelperinwhichgods(or narrative, AlkyoneusisthefirstvictimofHerakles, . 129 Thescholiatothepassagerecord - god Helios. - winds ashewassailingback Robin Hard, ’ 128 s robes.Althoughthiswould ‘ demi

’ version. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 of invisibility(seep.240)tohidehimselffromsight,felledanotherGiant,asdid so creatingthelittleislandofNisyrosnotfartosouth;Hades,whoworecap the Aegean,PoseidonbrokeacorneroffislandofCosandhurleditdownonhim, Giant, Pallas,tousehisskinasashield;whilepursuingtheGiantPolybotesthrough fleeing EnkeladosbyhurlingtheislandofSicilyontophim,andflayedanother divine blacksmith,peltedMimaswithmissilesofred torches respectively,againsttwootherGiants,EurytosandKlytios;Hephaistos,the right; DionysosandHekateusedtheirculticemblems,thethyrsosflaming Giant Ephialtesinconjunction,ApolloshootinghimthelefteyeandHerakles Since ApollowasaconsummatearcherlikeHerakles,thetwoofthemattacked in theirvariousways,leavingitforHeraklestodealthedeath Trojan Warratherthaninthe earliesttimessoonaftertheTitanomachy. at theGigantomachywouldimplythatittookplacein theheroicerasoonbefore her adviceonmorethanoneoccasion),and,inthesecond place,Herakles Zeus againstKronosandtheTitans(inApollodorus presents certaindifficultiesbecause,inthefirstplace, Earthhadpreviouslyassisted order. greater andshebroughtTyphontobirthprovidea furtherthreattotheOlympian Olympian godsjustastheTitanshadbeenbefore them, Earth were childrenofhers);andwhentheGiants defeatedbyZeusandthe brought theGiantstobirthbecauseshewasangered bythefateofTitans(who earth Giants areoftendepictedwithserpent boulders astheirusualweapons.Andfinally,fromtheHellenisticperiodonwards, who dressinanimalskinsorsimpletunics(orareevennaked)anduserocks representation appearsinwhichtheGiantsaredepictedaswildandprimitivebeings impious violenceratherthanexceptionalsize. 320) inAeschylus mortal iscalleda full modernsenseoftheword.Itissignificantinthisrespectthatwhenanordinary match themselvesagainstthegods,theywerenotoriginallyimaginedasgiantsin Although theymustobviouslyhavebeenverylargeandpowerfulifwereto occasionally wieldrockswhennecessitydemands,asdoHomericwarriors). warriors whoweararmourandahelmetfightwithlanceorsword(or images fromthesixthcenturyBC,theyaregenerallyportrayedashandsomehoplite origin. of EnkeladoswithitsmoredistantsettinginthewestwasapparentlyHellenistic originated inepicsinceitcanbefoundsixth deposited onthem,thatinwhichPolybotesisburiedunderNisyrosprobably paintings andliterarysources. narrative, heappearsasanadversaryoftheGiants,especiallyMimas,invase they layclosetodeathontheground. Zeus attackedotherswiththunderbolts,whileHeraklesshoteveryoneofthemas Artemis; theMoirai(Fates)broughttwoopponentsdownwithbronzecudgels;and Routledge, Page90. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, In Apollodorus The Giantswerepicturedindifferentwaysatperiods.Intheearliest - 136 born beings,andaswhollygiganticinstature. 133 Althoughthisnarrativeordersthevariousconflicts intoatidypattern,it

’ The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, ’ gigas account oftheearliesthistoryworld,Earthis said tohave Seven againstThebes inearlyGreekliterature,asisthebrutalKapaneus(seep. 132 OfthetwostoriesinwhichGiantshaveislands ’ s coilsforlegs,aswouldbeappropriate 131 , thewordissuggestiveofrecklessor AlthoughAresisomittedfromthis - 134 century vase Inthefifthcentury,analternative 135 ’ account asinHesiod

90 ’ ’ s, through presence - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Two giganticsonsofPoseidoncalledtheALOADAI(orAloadsinAnglicizedform) Apollodorus saysoftheGiants),nothingisactuallystatedonmatter. narrative thatGaiabroughtTyphontobirthinangeratthefateofTitans(as invited Zeustobecomethenewruler.AlthoughonemightinferfromHesiod Titans havebeenbanishedfromtheupperworldbutbeforegodsformally the revoltofTyphontoperiodimmediatelyfollowingTitanomachy,after The the Aloadai,forinstance,and didhetakethatactionspecificallytoprevent they werestopped. suggested inlateraccountsthattheAloadaiactually piledupthemountainsbefore northern Thessaly,andOlymposwasthenextgreat mountaintothenorth.Itis Pelion andOssawerethetwogreatestmountainsof Magnesia, thecoastaldistrictof learned fromherthatshehad which tellshowOdysseusmettheshadeofIphimedeiainUnderworldand and Typhonbeforethem. Hellenistic origininwhichtheAloadaiaredescribedasearth seawater aloneintheoriginalstory.Thereisalsoanalternativeaccountof her. her lap,untilthesea sea tradition, IphimedeiafellinlovewithPoseidonandusedtomakerepeatedvisitsthe According toApollodorus,whoseaccountmaywellhavebeendrawnfromtheearly extramarital liaisonbetweenhiswifeIphimedeiaandthegreatgodofseas. Thessalian heroofAioliddescent(seep.410),theywerereallytheproductan threaten todoso.AlthoughtheywerenamedaftertheirputativefatherAloeus,a were thelastbeingstomountamajorrevoltagainstOlympianorder,oratleast Routledge, Page91. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Homer Their legendmaybestbeapproachedthroughtheearliestaccountin - 139 shore, whereshewouldscoopwaterfromtheseawithherhandsandpouritinto beard. their templesandcheekswereclothedwith the bloomofayoung forth [i.e.Apollo]destroyedthembothbeforethedown blossomedbeneath growth; butthesonofZeuswhomLetobeautiful tressesbrought would haveaccomplisheditiftheyhadreachedthefullmeasureoftheir its wavingforestsontoOssaenablethemscaletheheavens;andthey gods onOlympos.TheydesiredtopileOssaOlymposandPelionwith two ofthemthreatenedtoraisethedinfuriousbattleagainstvery fourteen feet]across,andninefathoms[overfiftyinheight;the famous Orion.Atnineyearsofagetheywerecubits[i.e.about nurtured bythegrain god slept withPoseidonandsogivenbirthtotwosons,whowerebutshort Theogony Shewouldpresumablyhavebecomepregnantthroughcontactwiththe - like Otosandfar ’ s narrativetellsuslessthan wemightwanttoknow.HowdidApollokill 141

, whichmakesnoreferenceofcoursetoarevolttheGiants,dates The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, THE ALOADAIANDTHEIRREVOLT 142 - god emergedfromhisrealmonedayandhadintercoursewith

140 - - giving earth,andthemosthandsomebyfarafter TheirindividualnameswereOtosandEphialtes. famed Ephialtes,thetallestmenwhowereever

2004 RobinHard, 137 91

lived, Odyssey

138 ’ s , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 were punishedfortheirmisbehaviourinHades,bybeingtiedback attempting torapeArtemis.Aninterestingdetailisaddedhere,namelythatthey deer betweenthem,withthesameconsequence,todivertthemwhiletheywere on Naxos. well havebeenquiteancient,sincePindaralreadymentionsthattheymettheirdeath hunting between themwhiletheywereouthunting,causingtokilloneanotherwiththeir death onNaxosbymeansofadeception.Forsheturnedherselfintodeerandran unwelcome advancestoHera,andOtosArtemis,provokingArtemiscausetheir theirs intheamatorysphere.Accordingtousualstory,Ephialtesmade them fromstormingheaven?Laterauthorslinktheirdeathtomisguidedactionsof In theHesiodicpoems,he advanced theinterestsofmortalsintwospecific The mythofPrometheuswas alteredanddevelopedsignificantlyastimeprogressed. considerable measureofsuccess, evenifhehadtopayaheavypenaltyafterwards. and byresortingtosubterfuge ratherthantheuseofforce,heachieved a manner ofTyphonandthe Giants,buttobringbenefitsandjusticethehuman race; of hiscousinZeusnotinthehopegainingpower onhisownaccount,afterthe PROMETHEUS, asonoftheTitanIapetos(seep.49), revoltedagainsttheauthority anything todowiththeoriginalstoryofAres asked themtowatchoverhim; angered theAloadaibykillingyoungAdonis(seep.199)afterAphroditehad incident. Forwhatitisworth,Homer before launchingtheirattackonheaven,orwhetherthiswasawhollyseparate know whethertheAloadaitookthisactiontoremovewar for hiscruelimprisonmentwaswearinghimdown matter toHermes;hethenstoleAresawaywhenwasalreadygreatlyweakened, perished, iftheirstepmother,theall a bronzejarforthirteenmonths; Iliad were tormentedforeverbythescreechingofowl. tale thatOtosshareshisnamewithaspeciesofowlinGreek;perhapsthebrothers to acolumnonwhichscreech Routledge, Page 92. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Another fragmentofthelegendAloadaicanbetracedbackasfar was worshippedatMylasainCaria. coast, andOtoshadyetanothergraveonCrete. times; buttheirgravescouldalsobeseenatAnthedon ontheBoeotian were buriedonNaxos,wheretheyhonouredinhero battle intheirisland the island;theyeventuallyquarrelled,however,andkilledoneanotherin sailed insearchofthematthebiddingtheirfather,andseizedcontrol mother andsisterPankratis(orPankrato)wereabductedtoNaxos,they to haveinauguratedthecultofMusesonMtHelikon. were saidtohavefoundedAskra,thehome The Aloadaiwerealsocreditedwithmoreconstructiveachievements.They , whichtellshowtheyoncetiedupAres,thegodofwar,andimprisonedhimin - spears astheytriedtohitthedeer. 144 Hyginusoffersaratherdifferentversion,statingthatApollosent The RoutledgeHandbook ofGreekMythology, - ZEUS ANDPROMETHEUS kingdom. 147 - owl wasseated. ‘ butitseemsmostunlikelythatthiswouldhavehad and thereAres,insatiateofwar,wouldevenhave 149 - beautiful Eereboia,hadnotbroughtnewsofthe Itwasstatedinthisconnectionthatthey ’ s ancientcommentatorsexplainthatAreshad 151

143

’ imprisonment. Insomeformatleast,thisstorymay - town ofHesiodinBoeotia,and 145 Itmayberelevanttothislatter ’ 150 . 146 Robin Hard, Iphimedeiaforherpart Itwouldbeinterestingto

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 arrangement, whichseemstoworkthedisadvantageofgods,Hesiodoffers would bewrappedinfatandburnedonthealtarforgods.Toexplainthis the fleshandoffalofvictimswouldbeeatenaftersacrificewhiletheirbones share thevictimwiththemwithoutmeetingfacetoface.AccordingGreekcustom, relationship wasestablishedinwhichmortalswouldsacrificeanimalstothegodsand story inthe punishment andreconciledwithZeus.WewillstartHesiod even thecreatorandsaviour)ofhumanrace,waseventuallyfreedfromhis tradition fromAeschylusonwards,hewasthegeneralbenefactor(andsometimes respects aloneandsufferedforhisactionseverafterwards,whileinthelater and Days suggestion thatPrometheuswasfreedfromhisbonds asinmostlateraccounts. exploit thatwaspermittedbyZeusbecauseitwouldbring glorytohisson,thereisno released fromthisspecifictormentwhenHerakles shot theeagle(seep.271),an to gnawathisliver,whichgrewafresheachnight. Althoughhewaseventually him boundtoapillarwithunbreakablebonds,andsent aneagleagainsthimeachday that menwhodosowillfaceamiserableoldage. ever since.Toavoidmarriagebringsnobenefiteither,sinceZeushasalsoensured with someardouronthemiseriesthatwomenandmarriagehavebroughttomen is leftunnamed,Hesiodsaysnothingabouthersubsequentlife,butsimplyexpatiates snare formen.Inthepresentaccountfrom gods, whowonderedatthesightofher,realizingthatshewouldbeanirresistible Hephaistos an embroideredveil,andadornedherwithgarlandsagoldencrownof her frommoistenedearthatZeus creation ofa everlasting torment.Asman mortal men(fortherewerenowomenasyet)andbyconsigningPrometheusto Zeus respondedtothissecondprovocationbyimposingapunishmenton a relativeoftheBritishcow from heaveninthedry,pithystalkofafennel race ofmortals.ButPrometheuscametotheiraidonceagainbystealingsomefire gods toreceivetheworseshareatanimalsacrificeseverafterwards. told thatZeusreachedforthemoreappealingportioninanycase,condemning tries tosafeguardthewisdomofZeusbysayingthathewasnotreallyfooled,weare unappetizing, andconcealedthebonesunderalayerofshiningfat.Althoughpoet then coveredthefleshandentrailswithox killed anox,cutitup,andseparatedthefleshentrailsfrombones;he settled thedisputetoadvantageofmortalsbyworkingadeceptiononZeus.He earliest timesatMekone(laterSicyon),Prometheus,forsomeunexplainedreason, the followingstory.Whengodsandmortalshadquarrelledovermatterin Routledge, Page93. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Hesiod offersamoredetailedaccountofthemyth thefirstwomaninhis Zeus wassoangeredbythedeceptionthathewithheldgiftoffirefrom When godsandmortalsceasedtomeetdirectlyeattogether,anew . Thecentreofinterestinthisversionisratherdifferent, sincethepoetis ’ Theogony workmanship. Shewasthenbroughtbeforeanassemblyofmenand ‘ beautiful evil The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, .

’ - ( parsley whosestemscontainaslow kalon kakon ’ s priceforthestolenfire,Zeusarranged ’ order, andAthenaclothedherinsilveryrobes ), thefirstwoman.Hephaistosfashioned - plant ( ’ s stomachtomakethatportionlook Theogony 153 narthex AsforPrometheus,Zeushad Robin Hard, , inwhichthefirstwoman , i.e. - burning whitepith). © ferula communis ’ 2004 RobinHard, s accountofhis 152

93 Works 154

, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 some earthandwatertogethertofashionayoungwoman whowasasbeautiful first womantobringtroublemen. away fire;andwhenhethenstolesomefireforthebenefit ofmortals,Zeussentthe him (presumablyoverthesacrifices,althoughthisisnot stated),provokinghimtohide benefactions weretoblameasinthe work wouldhavebeensufficienttoprovideforawhole year.Prometheusandhis they weresupposedtohaveenjoyedintheearliest times (seep.69),whenaday primarily concernedtoexplainwhymenlivealifeoftoilaftertheeasethat Routledge, Page94. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, Figure 3.4 © Tate, London2003.

The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology, Pandora , byHarryBates(1891).Marble,ivoryandbronze.

’ s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 did heunderstandwhathaddone. from Zeuslestitshouldbringharmtomen.Onlyafterwards,whenwastoolate, her asawifeeventhoughhehadbeenwarnedbyPrometheusnevertoacceptgift her toEpimetheus(Afterthought),thefoolishbrotherofPrometheus,whoaccepted presenting hertomenasagiftandaffliction. named herPANDORA( taught herallmannerofguileanddeceit,grantedthegiftspeech.He jewellery; theHorai(Seasons)crownedherwithspringflowers;andHermesfinally (Graces) andPeitho(asthepersonificationofamorouspersuasion)deckedherwith work andweaving;Aphroditebestowedgraceallureonher;theCharites as theimmortalgoddesses.Athenadressedandadornedher,taughtherneedle compounded theoffenceby conferringallkindsofbenefitsonhumanbeings. mortals, Prometheuswontheenduringhostility ofZeus,andsubsequently with anewrace. of humanbeingsafterhisrisetopower,butwanted eliminatethemtoreplace defeat theTitans,helaterfelloutwithhimwhenZeus notonlyignoredtheinterests described asasonofGaia)hadhelpedZeustopower byadvisinghimonhowto Zeus whogrudgestheirveryexistence.Foralthough Prometheus(whoishere and thatatonetimehehasevensavedthemfrombeing destroyedbyatyrannical (which containsverylittleaction)thathehasbrought manyotherbenefitstomortals, his theftoffireasinHesiod about Zeus his servicesasablacksmith,althoughheisfarfromenthusiasticaboutthetaskor north (apparentlynottheCaucasus).Hephaistoshasaccompaniedthemtoprovide Prometheus forwardtobechainedarockatsomeunspecifiedplaceinthefar begins asKratosandBia(MightForce),tworuthlessagentsofZeus,bring Aeschylus (butmayhavebeenwhollyorpartiallyofdifferentauthorship).Thedrama until the Zeus possessestwournsfromwhichhecandispenseillsorblessingstomortals. from fableorfolklore;arelatednotioncanbefoundinthe mortals asapalliative. if shewastoliveamongmortals),thissurelymeansthathopeisbereservedfor logical atthispoint(forHopeshouldproperlyhavebeenallowedoutwithalltheevils lid ofthejarbeforeElpis(Hope)couldflyout.Evenifnarrativeisnotentirely she hadbroughtitwithherfromthegods.ThroughwillofZeus,replaced sickness andotherills.Hesiodsaysnothingabouttheoriginofjar;presumably first time;foruntilthatmoment,menhadlivedontheearthfreefromtoiland with her,causingahostofevilsanddiseasestobereleasedamongmortalsforthe married hercousinDeukalion(seep.402). bore himadaughter,Pyrrha,thefirstwomantobebornbynaturalprocess,who accepting thewomanfromZeus. human race.The of Epimetheus,thismarriageisthemeansbywhichPandoraintroducedinto Routledge, Page95. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, For significantdevelopmentsinthemythologyofPrometheus,wehavetowait After arrivingamongmortals,Pandoraopenedthelidofagreatjarthatshehad Prometheus Bound ’ s mannerofrule. 163 Theogony The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, Bydaringtoopposehisintentandchampiontheinterests of 159 Thismotifofthejarevilswaspresumablyborrowed pan stateslikewisethatEpimetheusbroughtharmtomenby 161 , atragedyofthefifthcenturyBCthatisascribedto ’ , all, s version, TheimmediatecauseofPrometheus 158 d ItisstatedinthelatertraditionthatPandora 157 o ra Ratherstrangelyinviewofthedivinestatus 162 , gifts)becausealltheOlympianswere

butwelearninthecourseofplay 156 ZeusnoworderedHermestotake Robin Hard, Iliad © , whichstatesthat 2004 RobinHard, ’ punishment is 95

160

- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 Knowing thatPrometheuswasinpossessionofsuchasecret,ZeussentHermesto see p.52),shewouldbearhimasonwhobemorepowerfulthanhisfather. his motherhadtoldhimthatifZeusfatheredachildbycertain(i.e.Thetis, cruel revenge,PrometheushadtheadvantageoverZeusinonecrucialrespect,that over thesacrificesisconspicuouslyabsent.AlthoughZeushadpowertoexacta that raisehumanbeingsfromastateofnature. the miningoftreasuresearth;inshort,heintroducedorinventedallarts moreover, andwritingmedicine,theinterpretationofdreamsomens, able toreapandsowattherightseasons;heinventedartofnumberforthem, yoke andbridle,tocrosstheseasonsailingships,readheavenssoasbe He taughtthemhowtomakehousesfrombricksandwood,submitanimalsthe remarkable smell,whichresembled thatofhumanflesh. that wasleftoverwhen Prometheus hadcreatedthehumanrace,hence their Phocis, twoclay have wishedtoactastheirchampion.According a localtraditionatPanopeusin first appearsintheHellenisticperiod; The ideathatPrometheuscreatedthefirsthumanbeings bymouldingthemfromclay mother inthe Okeanid calledHesione(althoughHerodotusidentifies hiswifeasAsia,whois The corrupt, wecannottellwhowasnamedasDeukalion in theCentralGreektradition(seep.403). Epimetheus fatheredDeukalionandPyrrharespectively,whoformedthefirstcouple genealogy whichfirstappearsintheHesiodic race, buttheancestorofpartorallit,evenitscreator.Accordingtoa Herakles, andalsothattheCaucasuswassiteofhispunishment. commonly acceptedinthesubsequenttraditionthatPrometheuswassetfreeby is abrutaltyrantinthe motivated bysomethingmorethanself refusing torevealthesecretinpreviousplay,hischangeofheartwaspresumably bear asonwhowouldsurpasshisfather;butsincehehadbeensostubbornin in thecourseofplaybyrevealingthatThetiswasgoddesswhofatedto chains, asisindicatedinthetitleofplay.PrometheusmusthaveappeasedZeus the oldaccountbyHesiod;andhethenproceededtoreleasePrometheusfromhis with Prometheushimself.Heraklesarrivedatsomestageandshottheeagle,asin being inTartaros),itwouldseemthattheyhadbeenreleasedfromTartarosalong was formedfromhisfellowTitans(whoarementionedinthe suffering thepainfulattentionsofabove mountains oftheCaucasus,wherePrometheuswasnowtieddownand was thefirstinseries).Theactionof were the Tartaros. face ofeverythreat,andthe him afterhewasenchainedtoforcerevealit;butremaineddefiantinthe Routledge, Page96. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, It wasoftensaidthatPrometheusnotmerelythebenefactorofhuman This playwasapparentlythefirstinatrilogyofwhichsecondandthirdplays Prometheus Bound 166 Prometheus Unbound

Theogony - coloured rocksthatcouldbeseentherewereformed fromtheclay The RoutledgeHandbookofGreek Mythology, , andvariousothernamesaresuggestedinlatersources). Prometheus Bound andAcusilausagreethatPrometheuswasmarried toan Prometheus Bound and Prometheus theFire 171 - interest alone.ItcouldwellbethatZeus,who thiswouldatleastexplainwhyheshould 169 - , agreedtochangehisways. mentioned eagle;andsincethechorus Sincebothoftherelevantsourcesare Prometheus Unbound endswithhimbeinghurleddownto 164 Catalogue Hesiod 172 ’ Robin Hard, s motherinthe

Catalogue 96 167 Itwas 165 170 as . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:09 29 Sep 2021; For: 9780203446331, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203446331.ch3 at theAcademy. festival ofthePrometheia,andtherewasanaltartohimasFire 165) presidedovermetal all, whileHephaistos(anothergodwhowasespeciallyhonouredatAthens,seep. fire thatweresoimportanttocity;hewasthoughtpresideoverpotteryabove came toacquireanewanddistinctivemoralroleastheirbenefactordefender. he wassometimesrepresentedastrickingZeustotheadvantageofhumanbeings, non Routledge, Page97. ISBN: 0-415-18636-6, It hasbeenplausiblysuggestedthatPrometheusoriginatedasatricksterfigureof Prometheus washonouredincultatAthensparticular,asapatronofthearts - moral characterwholikedtopithiswitsagainstthoseofZeus,andthatbecause 173 The RoutledgeHandbookofGreekMythology,