Ars Judaica 2008 25 – managed to – managed to Gesamtkunstwerk – assisted by knowledge of architectural history – assisted by knowledge of architectural history 1 In the 1850s, a leading Viennese architect, Ludwig architect, Ludwig In the 1850s, a leading Viennese and the latest theory of coin a “pure” Jewish style. It was adopted throughout the following decades to contrast with the Christian edifices of the pedigreed revivalist styles. This was achieved by the decoration of these , which employed Moorish elements from and Italy as well as Byzantine ones, and through their composition of masses, which followed of rather than the human body – the the Temple Body of Christ being discernable in ecclesial cross-shaped architecture. The desire for better historical reliability attracted architects to new reconstructions of the Temple as their design models. These derived from the recent archaeological discoveries interpreted in light of critical this moment on, the Jewish communities faced politically Jewish communities faced politically this moment on, the either to adopt the and culturally stipulated options: their belonging local “national” style and thus convey strive for expression of the Jewish “other,” to and loyalty, The latter was or to make a reasonable compromise. of oriental and facilitated by a measured combination – an expression of western means. The Neo-Renaissance flee the political European humanism – at times helped values. However, predicament by appealing to universal Jewish pride, or universal the considerations of loyalty, only criteria for humanistic principles were not the a place of religious choosing a style for a . As framework for the veneration, it not only provided a as suggested “now,” liturgy and signified the “here” and the teleological by the Reform Jews, but often bore fundamental to meanings of “elsewhere” and “then,” oriental expression Judaism. Probably for this reason, the be it Progressive or prevailed in synagogue architecture, Orthodox. Förster,

The The Volksgeist Sergey R. Kravtsov Sergey and Its Applications in Architecture and Its Applications (1854–59), and Miskolc (1863). See Susanne (1854–59), and Miskolc (1863). See Susanne , ed. Jane Turner, vol. 11 (New York, 1996), 319. vol. 11 (New York, , ed. Jane Turner, Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple had a great impact on architecture. However, had a great impact on architecture. However, Dohány utca Zeitgeist At that time, history was largely perceived as a perceived as a At that time, history was largely other Viennese architects initiated a sharp stylistic shift around 1848. shift around 1848. architects initiated a sharp stylistic other Viennese (1854–58), Förster designed the synagogues of Vienna-Leopoldstadt (Christian Friedrich) Ludwig,” in “Förster, Kronbichler-Skacha, Dictionary of Art 1 1 Ludwig Christian Friedrich (von) Förster (1799–1863), together with I wish to express my profound gratitude Borský, to Eleonora Bergman, Maroš profound my I wish to express Rachel Kotlyar, Eugeny Klenovsky, Jarrassé, Dominique Jaroslav Judy Cardozo, their kind for Varzarevsky and Nelly Hanna Rosenzweig, Manekin, Ilia Rodov, research. advice and help with my The period from the mid-nineteenth century until the The period century until the from the mid-nineteenth I witnessed a peak of building War outbreak of World factors contributed activity in the Jewish world. Numerous for Jewish to the shaping of architecture commissioned Jewish society; needs: the disintegration of traditional in public life individuals’ success in becoming involved achieving full of European nations, without actually steps towards its incorporation; the Zionist dream and market with the rise fulfillment; the emergence of an art enhanced of the middle class; and an art and architecture and the ability by the vast knowledge of historical styles to construct new ones on their basis. the conception of necessary attribute of a nation, and of style as pertinent to the philosophic concepts and in German lands and in the Habsburg and Romanov and Romanov in German lands and in the Habsburg a timeless universal Empires Neoclassicism, believed to be architectural style, sufficed almost till the mid-nineteenth Enlightenment dogma was This rudiment of century. displaced by romantic historicism, which gave rise to a variety of new expressions, or styles, based on knowledge of the medieval heritage, adjusted to the climate, building materials, and traditions of the specific countries. From 26 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov known. in theprofessionalandpopularpress,becamewidely CharlesChipiezandGeorgesPerrot, 2 published in1887. reconstruction oftheTemple ofJerusalembyChipiez,first Georges Perrot(1832–1914),whichincludedatheoretical historian CharlesChipiez(1835–1901)andarchaeologist visual sourcewastheworkbyarchitectandarchitectural historiography togetherwiththeBible.Animportant Fig. 1. Liban restituésd’aprèsEzéchieletleLivre desRois measuring 56 the consentofSociétédesÉtudesJuivesasaprintingmasterpiece and anumberofnewillustrations.Itwaspublishedseparatelywith the Temple ofJerusalemincludedachapterontheHouseLebanon, I. Gonino,vol.1(London,1890).Thesectionofthebookdealingwith History ofArtinSardinia,Judaea,SyriaandAsiaMinor Sardaigne, Syrie,Cappadoce Égypte, Assyrie,Perse,Asiemineure,Grèce,Etrurie,Rome CharlesChipiez,TheTemple Ezekiel,general view, after ofJerusalem 1887, inCharlesChipiezandGeorges Perrot, 3

×

71 cm:idem, 2 Later, hisgraphicswerereproduced Le Temple deJérusalemetlaMaisonduBois- (Paris,1887),Englishtranslation:idem, Bois-Liban restitués d’après Ezéchiel et leLivre desRois Histoire del’artdansl’Antiquité, (Paris,1889). , trans.anded.by , vol.4: Judée, of theMediterraneanbasinandMesopotamia,thus involved inculturalexchangewithmostofthepeoples Phoenicians, theauthorsthought,unlikeJews,were the formsofhisnativePhoenicianarchitecture.The argued thatHiramofTyre, whobuilttheTemple, followed of idealismandreality,” restitution ofEzekiel’s vision(chapters40–42),“ablending 3 For instance, the reproductions werepublishedin:JulianZachariewicz, Forinstance,thereproductions 3 4 Chipiez and Perrot, Chipiez andPerrotpresentedtheirimageryasa Fish MarketinL’viv), (A FewWords aboutUnrealizedRestorationoftheSynagogueat “Kilka słówoniedoszłejrestauracyiSynagoginaplacuRybim weLwowie” [et al.],12vols.(NewYork, 1901–06),12:90,92–93. Jewish PeoplefromtheEarliestTimes tothePresentDay Descriptive RecordoftheHistory, Religion,Literature, andCustomsofthe D. Eisenstein,“Temple, PlanofSecond,”in no. 5(1896):60–61,pls.I–VII(Polish); (Paris, 1889),pl.3 (Paris, History ofArt Czasopismo Techniczne 4 butnotanactualedifice.They Le Temple deJérusalemet laMaisondu , 200. Ost undWest The JewishEncyclopedia: A (Technical Magazine)14, (1901):730;Judah , eds.CyrusAdler Ars Judaica 2008 27 Jewish Jewish Le Temple de Le Temple (London, 1889), “Introduction.” . (Paris, 1889), pl. 4 and in 1901–06 it was still accepted and in 1901–06 it was still accepted History of Phoenicia 6 Jewish Encyclopedia However, at the end of the first decade at the end of the first decade However, 7 . See online resource: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2331/2331-8.txt See online resource: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2331/2331-8.txt (accessed on 16 Feb. 2008). throughout the Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple Encyclopedia as a reliable source for many articles in the 5 Ibid., 222–41, pls. I–V. 6 Rawlinson, George it “a great work,” of the twentieth century it lost its attraction with of the twentieth century it lost its attraction with the advance of archaeology in and growing awareness that “much confusion has been caused in the past by arrogant claims made on behalf of archaeology, and the unsuspecting reader has often assumed that the construction which writers have placed upon archaeological discoveries was as real and objective as the 7 See n. 3 above. Chipiez and Perrot were quoted in twelve articles 7 , Court of Israel, southern gateway from the southwest, 1887, in Charles Chipiez and Georges Perrot, Perrot, in Charles Chipiez and Georges , Court of Israel, 1887, southern from the southwest, gateway In 1889, a colleague considered In 1889, a colleague considered Jérusalem et la Maison du Bois-Liban restitués d’après Ezéchiel et le Livre des Rois le Livre et Ezéchiel d’après la Maison du Bois-Liban restitués Jérusalem et 5 The Temple of Jerusalem The Temple Charles Chipiez, it is legitimate to search throughout the region for the the region for the it is legitimate to search throughout patterns which might have been applied to the Jewish As a result of such an openhanded hypothesis, Temple. integrated elements of the reconstruction of the Temple Egyptian and Assyrian architecture in addition to recent archaeological findings in Palestine. The details included an pylons flanking the recessed face with a doorway, “Assyrian” embattled crowning ornament, the cavetto cornice, the palm ornament in low relief wreathing the the relief pomegranates at the upper parts of doorway, the pylons of the gate of the Court of Israel, and double scrolls of volutes in flanking colonnades (figs. 1–2). The proportions of the elevations were largely derived esthetic sense, in order to overcome from the architect’s vision and the lack of vertical measurements in Ezekiel’s disagreement between the descriptions of 1 Kings 6–7 and 2 Chronicles 3–4. Fig. 2. 28 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov 10 Eleonora Bergman, “Motywy jerozolimskie w architekturze idekoracji EleonoraBergman,“Motywyjerozolimskiewarchitekturze 10 CrawfordH.Toy, “Ezekiel,” 9 Museum Historical 46, destroyed in1941, photo: JózefEder, ca.1870,viewfromsoutheast,L’viv 8 Stanley A.Cook,“AnImportantArchaeologicalWork” [reviewof precious ‘finds’themselves.” Fig. 3. Eleonora BergmanandDominiqueJarrassé. impact hasalreadybeenmentionedinpublicationsby the latenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.This of theJewishcommunitiesinchangingcontext the impactofthisrepresentationinactualarchitecture Julian OktawianZachariewicz(1837–98)ofL’viv. struction oftheTemple insynagoguearchitecturewasby untrustworthy.” “the restorationofEzekiel’s temple[byChipiez]isprobably Britannica europejskiej 20th CenturySynagoguesinthePolish Lands),inJ Pertaining toJerusalemintheBuildingandDecoratingof19th XIXiXXwiekunaziemiachpolskich”(Motifssynagog naprzełomie (Cambridge, 1911),10:104. American JournalofTheology Hugues Vincent, The firstknownattempttoutilizeChipiez’s recon- Lewicki (?)andJohannSalzmann,TheTemple Synagogue,L’viv, in1911devaluatedthework,admittingthat (JerusaleminEuropeanCulture), eds.PiotrPaszkiewicz 9 Theaimofthepresentarticleistotrace Canaan d’aprèsl’explorationrécente 12,no.3(July1908):472. Encyclopaedia Britannica 8 Finally, the 10 Encyclopaedia erozolima wkulturze (Paris,1907)], , 11thed.,29vols. 11 The 1840– The projects. 1881–82, andcarriedoutanumberofimportant in 1877,electedasarector1877–78andagain of BuildingattheTechnical Academy, wasknighted where hebecameaprofessorandreceivedtheChair railway stations.In1872hereturnedtohisnativeL’viv, L’viv, słów”: 1896,inZachariewicz, 60–61, “Kilka pl.1fig. Fig. 4. Chernivtsi Institute inVienna, heworkedinVienna, Timi¸ Empire. AgraduateoftheImperialandRoyalPolytechnic representative ofthetoleranteliteinHabsburg Protestant Danishwoman,Zachariewiczwasanexemplary son ofanArmenianCatholicmarriedtoEvangelical 13 Among Zachariewicz’s worksinL’viv13 werethemainbuilding ofthe inUkraine,isthecapitalof Chernivtsi(GermanCzernowitz),today 12 Zachariewicz,“Kilkasłów”:passim.;onthispublication,seeBergman, 11 JulianZachariewicz, planofthefirstfloor, TheTemple Synagogue, Technical Academy(1874–77)andits chemical laboratories(1876), historical provinceofBukovina. Galicia, anautonomousland(from1872)intheHabsburgEmpire. L’viv, historicalLemberg,Lwów, Lvov, andLeopolis,wasthecapitalof “Motywy jerozolimskie,”446–57.Thepresent-dayUkrainiancityof Synagogues: ArchitectureandJewishIdentity and Tadeusz Zadro 13 Hispracticeinsynagoguearchitecturestarted 12 mainly, butnotexclusively, ondesigning ˙ zny (Warsaw, 1997),446–57;DominiqueJarrassé, (Paris,2001),210–11. soara, and Ars Judaica 2008 29 Julian Zachariewicz, proposed western elevation, The Temple The Temple elevation, proposed western Julian Zachariewicz, L’viv, 1896, in Zachariewicz, “Kilka słów”: 60–61, pl. 4 fig. 4 “Kilka 60–61, 1896, in Zachariewicz, słów”: L’viv, Julian Zachariewicz, proposed ground plan, The Temple Synagogue, ground plan, The Temple proposed Julian Zachariewicz, Fig. 6. Synagogue, L’viv, 1896, in Zachariewicz, “Kilka słów”: 60–61, pl. 5 fig. 6 “Kilka 60–61, 1896, in Zachariewicz, słów”: Synagogue, L’viv, Fig. 5. Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple

18 It (L’viv: (L’viv: 16 Allgemeine Allgemeine (History of the (History of the (Graz, 1887). 17 epowej 14 and erected under the the and erected under 15 Zachariewicz supplied Zachariewicz supplied 19 Lwów: Ilustrowany przewodnik Arkhitekturna spadshchyna Chernivtsiv Arkhitekturna spadshchyna Chernivtsiv , 143. Historia Lwowskiej Synagogi Post˛ (Architectural Heritage of Chernivtsi from the Austrian Der Tempel von Jerusalem und seine Maasse Der Tempel (1882): 48–49, pls. 28–33. Historia The architect claimed that he had conducted his workThe architect claimed that he had conducted Zachariewicz’s next commission from a Jewish con- next commission from a Jewish Zachariewicz’s L’viv Progressive Synagogue) (L’viv, 1937), 30 (Polish). The synagogue (L’viv, Progressive Synagogue) L’viv was totally destroyed by the Nazis in 1941 and the site became a public square. Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, 2001), 48, 55, 61, 71, 98, 100–101, 103, 112, Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, 114, 122–25, 273 (Polish); Igor Siomochkin, “Chernivets’kiy period Period Zakharevycha” (The Chernivtsi of Julian tvorchosti Yuliana in Creativity), Zachariewicz’s avstriys’koi doby Period) (Chernivtsi, 2003), 163–168 (Ukrainian). Bauzeitung the Banking Headquarters (1884), the Franciscan Nuns’ convent Nuns’ convent the Banking Headquarters (1884), the Franciscan the Baptist (1886), (1876–88), reconstruction of the churches of St John St Maria Magdalena (1889), and St Maria of the Snow (1888–92), the Savings Bank of Galicia (1891), studio of painter Jan Styka (1889), Julietka private Villa and a number of villas, including the architect’s (1891–93). See Jurij Biriulow, “in a spirit of style of Solomon’s .” Temple “in a spirit of style of Solomon’s gregation was the reconstruction of the Temple Synagogue of the Temple gregation was the reconstruction This house of worship of the of L’viv. in the Fish Market by was supposedly designed Progressive Community in 1840, master builder Lewicki supervision of architect Johann Salzmann in 1843–46. supervision of architect in Chernivtsi, where he designed a Moorish-style Temple Temple a Moorish-style where he designed in Chernivtsi, built by Community, for the Progressive Synagogue in 1873–78. contractor Josef Gregor was a Neoclassicist, centric, domed, and rusticated centric, domed, and rusticated was a Neoclassicist, the central structure, with a round prayer hall occupying as an equal- square section of the ground plan arranged 1890s, the con- armed cross (figs. 3–4). In the early modernizationgregation considered undertaking a general hall for board Synagogue, adding to it a of the Temple events. The meetings, weddings, and other community Exhibition of 1894 great boom around the All-Country and the design was promoted the start of renovation, commissioned from Professor Zachariewicz. He disclosed that his design was based on Chipiez’s based on Chipiez’s He disclosed that his design was monk Odilo publications and on a study by Bernardine (1849–1928). (Karl) Wolff 18 Zachariewicz, “Kilka słów”: 60. Wolff, 19 Odilo 17 Bałaban, 15 Personal information on Lewicki is scarce; his first name unknown. Bałaban, Majer 16 14 Julian Zachariewicz, “Israelitischer Tempel in Czernowitz,” 14 Julian Zachariewicz, “Israelitischer Tempel 30 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov to theTemple. into This spatialcomposition,introduced created thetripartitelongitudinal arrangementalluding new annexesbrokethecentricityofoldplanand was stillseenonthefaçadesofedifice(figs.6,7).The Temple Synagogue,anelementalientoChipiez’s imagery, monument tothe with itsNeoclassiciststyle,whichlargelyremainedas a west andeastoftheexistentbuildingcontrastedgreatly of theeasternextension.Theannexesplannedon of palmtreesandpomegranates,acavettocornice recessed centralfield,an“Assyrian”battlement,reliefs of Chipiez’s reconstruction,withitspylons flankingthe Zachariewicz’s projectincludedextensionsinthevein its groundplan,elevations,andcross-sections(figs.5–6). measurements oftheTemple andthesynagogue throughout geometry oftheStarDavidhadtodictateparticular of Solomon.InWolff’s andZachariewicz’s perception,the hence byPhoenicians–andthusappliedtotheTemple for aproportionalsystempreferredbyEgyptians–and borrowed fromWolff anideaofthehexagramasabase proximity betweenJewsandPhoenicians.Healso Chipiez’s andPerrot’s theorywithareflectiononracial Vormärz Fig. 7. epoch.Thecupolaoftheold Julian Zachariewicz, proposed southern elevation, JulianZachariewicz, TheTemple proposedsouthern Synagogue,L’viv, 1896, in Zachariewicz, “Kilka słów”:in Zachariewicz, 60–61, “Kilka pl. 7fig.9 20

a century”wascarriedout. “which didnotalterthefaceoftemplebelovedforhalf shortage offinancing,areducedversionreconstruction Asaresultofthe“fortunate”Solomon andHerod).” descendants oftheTemple onMtMoriah(thoseof thatthesynagoguesare“erroneously understood concerning thearchitect’s proposal,sofarasthelatter places andtimesfarremovedfromtheL’viv FishMarket. an exoticexpressionofZachariewicz’s designreferredto of Chipiez’s imagery. Inspiteofthiscontextualadjustment, rustication oftheoldstructureandresemblemasonry designed extensionshadtobecomplementarywiththe Zachariewicz inChernivtsi(figs.5,7).Thecladdingofthe synagogue architecturebyFörster, wasalreadyusedby 20 Wolff, 21 Bałaban, have beendifferent. reconstruction inthe1890sabout renewaloftheoldbuildingmay Synagogue. However, theopinionofpatronssynagogue reaching changestotheoriginal,veneratedappearanceofTemple in 1937,BałabanconsideredthatZachariewiczhadmadetoofar- The congregationapparentlyhadcertainreservations Der Tempel Historia , 143–44.Whencompletinghisbookonthesynagogue , 42–50,pls.I–III,V, VII,andVIII. 21 Infact,onlyafewelementsof Ars Judaicaa 2008 31

23 The Sha‘ar The Sha‘ar 25 (L’viv, 1937), (L’viv, epowej aq (1907–08), the Cairo Stock Exchange (1909, ul¯ Cattaui and Matasek designed a large Cattaui and Matasek designed a large 24 Historia Lwowskiej Synagogi Post˛ Lwowskiej Historia together with Ernest Jaspar), the Austro-Hungarian Hospital in Šubr¯ Maurice (1909–13); villas of Emmanuel Casdagli, Adolphe Cattaui Bey, Akhmed Khari Bey, J. Cattaui, Moise de Cattaui, Hassan Khari Bey, and Isaac Mosseri, Ibrahim Neguib Pasha, Eduard Matasek, Robert Vita Rolo, Saleh Sabet Pasha, and Aslan Zagdoun; cemetery mausoleums for Aslan Cattaui Bey and the Cattaui family in the Bassatine Jewish 147. “Dream and Reality,” Cemetery of Cairo; see Agstner, (1903, together with Max Herz), the “S” Building (1907–08), a German Protestant School in B¯ Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple Matasek was a Vienna-born Roman Catholic. He never Roman Catholic. He never Matasek was a Vienna-born in the office formally studied architecture. He apprenticed master builder Josef Matasek, and later worked of his father, Fellner and for the highly successful architects Ferdinand to Eduard Matasek moved Hermann Helmer in Vienna. Cairo in 1892. École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which he entered in 1893. École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which number of buildings in belle époque Cairo. ha-Shamayim Synagogue’s exterior followed Chipiez’s Chipiez’s exterior followed ha-Shamayim Synagogue’s “Egyptian” pylons flanking the The iconography closely. recessed central field, the “Assyrian” embattled edges, the recessed central field, numerous reliefs of palm trees and pomegranates, cavetto cornice, and the double scrolls , , ed. , ed. (Paris, (Paris, Synagogues plate between pp. 216 and 217 plate between (Tübingen, 1989), 249; Jarrassé, Kairo: Stadt und Architektur im Zeitalter des Stadt und Architektur im Zeitalter des Kairo: Les Architectes élèves de l’Ecole des Beaux-Arts Le Caire – Alexandrie architectures européennes It was designed by the architectural firm of The Temple Synagogue, L’viv, photograph of interior, ca. 1937, in Majer Bałaban, in Majer 1937, ca. photograph of interior, L’viv, Synagogue, The Temple 22 Fig. 8. Zachariewicz plausibly was the first, but not the but not the Zachariewicz plausibly was the first, 210–11. europaeischen Kolonialismus 2004), see Index, under Cattaoui. 1869–1911,” in (Cairo, 2001), 146–49. Mercedes Volait 23 Edmond Delaire, Edmond 23 22 Mohamed Scharabi, Mohamed 22 Chipiez’s imagery had been implemented in the building: Chipiez’s in the interior of the “Assyrian” embattled edge is evident (fig. 8). the prayer hall in a photograph of 1937 iconography in only one, to try to utilize Chipiez’s is found in architectural practice. Another application the Sha‘ar ha-Shamayim Synagogue in Adly Street, Cairo (figs. 9, 10). Maurice Joseph Cattaui (Cattaoui, Cattawi, Cattavi, 1874– ?) and Eduard Matasek (1867–1912) in 1899, and built in 1902–04. Cattaui belonged to a respected Egyptian Jewish family which traces its roots back to the eighth century. He had studied architecture at Atelier Lambert of the 24 Reality: Austrian Architects in Egypt “Dream and 24 Rudolf Agstner, 25 Beside the Sha‘ar ha-Shamayim Synagogue, they designed Credit Foncier 32 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov Moses. Themeaningofthe edificeunfoldsinanintricate recollections wentasfarback asthetimesofbiblical by thescienceofarchaeology, andtheJewish-Egyptian the eclecticismofitshistoricalquotationswas“approved” Assyrian andJewishelements.Yet, itwasconsistent,since Egyptian societyanddeclaringitsJewishothernessbythe perceived asdualpurpose:complimentarytothehost elements. Thiskindofarchitecturemighthavebeen fashionable ArtNouveau,chargedwithretrospective the Jewishidentityofedifice.Theoverallstylewas and Tablets oftheLawrepeatedonfaçade emphasize ThereliefsofaShieldDavid borrowed fromthismodel. of volutes(missinginZachariewicz’s drawings)were Fig. 9. Synagogue, Cairo,1899–1904,photo: Sergey R.Kravtsov, 2008 Maurice J. Cattaui and Edward Matasek, TheSha‘arha-Shamayim Matasek, andEdward J.Cattaui Maurice these Cairosynagoguesaredomed. Chipiez’s iconographyinsynagogue architecture.Bothof 26 Mourad El-Kodsi, 1926–31. Designed intheearly1900s,itwasconstructedonly in the MosheDar‘iSynagogueofKaraitecommunity. was notuniqueinCairo.Itpartiallyrepeated in and theJewisheschatological“elsewhere”“then.” dialogue betweentheEgyptian“here,”“now”and“once” (Hebrew). yehudiyim be-Mi 1987), 105–6,photographonp.112,pl.7a;Yoram Meital, The designoftheSha‘arha-ShamayimSynagogue 26 Thiswasprobablythelatestoccurrenceof . zrayim The KaraiteJewsofEgypt,1882–1986 (JewishSitesinEgypt)(Jerusalem, 1995),81 (Lyons, NY, Atarim Ars Judaica 2008 33 120 120 Erik Tichý, Erik Tichý, (120 Years of the of the (120 Years cin, 2004), 45–49 cin, 2004), 45–49 Jiˇ the battlefield of Hradec the battlefield of Hradec ˇ at the School for Casting at the School for Casting Ceskoslovenské His curriculum vitae His curriculum vitae 27 The new synagogue at Hradec re a kameníky, 1884–2004 re a kameníky, 28 rice in 1890–95 and in 1897–1929, and headed headed rice in 1890–95 and in 1897–1929, and rice (1906). He published theoretical articles on folk (1906). He published theoretical articles on folk rice rické Školy pro sochaˇ cin, and an obelisk to Czech nationalist politician František Ladislav cin, and an obelisk to Czech nationalist politician František Ladislav (Czech). School for Casting and Sculpture, 1884–2004) ( let Hoˇ the monument “Batteries of the Dead” at Králove, military memorials at Kolin, Probluz, and Kbelnice near Jiˇ Rieger at Hoˇ architecture and funerary art. He taught and Sculpture in Hoˇ this school from 1905 till his retirement in 1929. See Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple under Habsburg rule (fig. 11). Králove, on the corner of Pospíšilova and presents the architect as one interested in historically and ideologically charged work. ri Fiedler, ri Fiedler, (Yearbooks of the Secondary of the Secondary (Yearbooks interior, view towards northeast, photo: Sergey R. Kravtsov, 2008 R. Kravtsov, northeast, view towards Sergey photo: interior, (, 1991), 78–80; Jarrassé, (Prague, 1991), 78–80; Jarrassé, ricich Maurice J. Cattaui and Edward Synagogue, Cairo, 1899–1904, Matasek, The Sha‘ar ha-Shamayim rice) (1905), 6–7 (Czech); Jiˇ Hypothec Bank in the same city. He designed He designed Hypothec Bank in the same city. Fig. 10. , 210–11. Prior to construction of the synagogue, a prayer , 210–11. Prior to construction of the synagogue, a prayer redni kamenické školy v Hoˇ cniky stˇ Shortly after the Cairo Sha‘ar ha-Shamayim episode, Jewish Sights of Bohemia and Moravia Synagogues house at hall existed in 1888–1905 in the courtyard of the rabbi’s Rokytanského St 67 (ibid.). Hradec Králove (German: Königgrätz) is today in the . 1882–87 and then was employed by architect Achill Wolf of Prague in on construction of the School for Sculpture in Hoˇ Roˇ 28 University acquired his professional training at the Technical Weinzettel Chipiez’s reconstruction was used by a Christian architect, Chipiez’s he (1862–1930), in a synagogue Václav Weinzettel designed and built in 1904–05 at Hradec Králove, then 27 34 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov lotus decorationwascombined withacentralEuropean toppingthestreetcorner.of Chinesepagoda Theoriental arch ofaSassanidsilhouetteatthefirstfloorandkind oriental elementsinArtNouveautaste,addingapointed symmetrical reliefsofapalmtree.Weinzettel processedthe field, the“Assyrian”battlement,cavettocornice,and scheme, withitspylonsflankingtherecessedcentral Armady streets,employsChipiez’s imageryinitsfaçade Fig. 12. L’udovít Oelschläger Boskó, Synagoguein TheNew Orthodox andGejzaZoltán Fig. 11. Václav Weinzettel, Králove, SynagogueinHradec 1904–05, Košice, 1926–27, photo: MarošBorský,2007 photo: EmmanuelDayan, 2007 at HradecKráloveisanexample ofArtNouveauinits statement oftheJewishpresence inthecity. Thesynagogue been addedforurbanandarchitecturaleffect,aclear wasmerelya have beenborrowedfromZacharievicz’s design,wherethe with alanternaboveitsentrancesection.Thiscouldhardly the tinroof.Anoticeablepartofbuildingisadome folk zigzagpatternrepeatedinstuccoonthefaçadeand in Vormärz reminder; rather it could have reminder;ratheritcouldhave

Ars Judaica 2008 35 (Architect– 33 (Bratislava, 2007), 46, 84–85, 123. Dubinsky graduated from the Dubinsky graduated from the 34 (Architect), 40 (1909): 395–96, pl. 49 (Russian). Synagogues in : Architecture, History, Meaning Synagogues in Europe: Architecture, History, Zodchiy Mikhail Dubinsky, plans, competition design, plans, competition Mikhail Dubinsky, in Lalewicz, “Otzyv komissii”: 395–96, pl. 49 in Lalewicz, “Otzyv komissii”: The Choral Synagogue, Kharkiv, 1909, third prize, The Choral Synagogue, Kharkiv, (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 94. Architektory–stroiteli Peterburga–Petrograda nachala XX veka Century), builders of Petersburg–Petrograd in the Early Twentieth exhibition catalogue (St Petersburg, 1982), 57 (Russian); Marian S. Lalewicz [Lialevich], “Otzyv komissii sudey po konkursu proektov zdaniia khoralnoy sinagogi v g. Khar’kove (Opinion of the Jury on the Competition Proposal for Building of the Choral Synagogue in Kharkiv),” Landscape of a Lost Community Fig. 14. One more application of Chipiez’s idea occurred idea occurred One more application of Chipiez’s 34 33 Carol H. Krinsky, Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple processed in a provincial version of the style. the Art Deco style. processed in a provincial version of replacing, source, It further departed from Chipiez’s with projecting for instance, the recessed façade fields amalgamated extensions. The “Assyrian” battlement characteristic of with the motif of the “Polish” attic wall, otherness of synagogues. Despite the emphasized the Middle-Eastern flavor Polish, eastern European Jewry, persisted in its overall expression. in Imperial Russia in 1909. It was proposed by a Jewish in Imperial Russia in 1909. It was proposed by a Jewish architect, Mikhail Khaimovich Dubinsky (1877–?) in his which he design for the Choral Synagogue at Kharkiv, submitted under the motto “Israel” for the competition and won the third prize. , 60,000; see 29 € (History of the (History of the ze . Architektúra & Urbanizmus 395–96, pl. 49 cnosti Matana” (Success of the Matana The imagery of the Temple was was The imagery of the Temple ech spoleˇ Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: A Memorial Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: A Memorial then in Czechoslovakia and now in then in Czechoslovakia and now in 32 Divrei yemei kehillat Koshi , 8 (Apr. 2007): 11 (Czech). , 8 (Apr. 30 Maskil Mikhail Dubinsky, façade, competition design, façade, competition Mikhail Dubinsky, in Lalewicz, “Otzyv komissii”: The Choral Synagogue, Kharkiv, 1909, third prize, The Choral Synagogue, Kharkiv, Probably the latest example of Chipiez’s influence in the Probably the latest example of Chipiez’s It was designed by a non-Jewish, Budapest-educated It was designed by a non-Jewish, Budapest-educated Fig. 13. Community), Blanka Rozkošná, “Úspˇ library. In 2006, its façade was restored at the cost of some library. Community of Košice), (Bnei Brak, 1991), 19 (Hebrew). Study of Košice, Prešov and Bardejov,” 38 (2004): 124; idem, 31 30 Kaschau in German and Kassa in Hungarian. Schlanger, Jehuda 31 post-Habsburg realm was the New OrthodoxSynagogue in Košice (fig. 12), the Slovak Republic. The local Orthodox Jewish the Slovak Republic. The local Orthodox Jewish community comprised many immigrants who had left War Poland in the hope of escaping the calamities of World I. 29 Shortly after World War II, the building was used as an academic II, the building was used as an academic War 29 Shortly after World ethnic central European version, a structure friendly with ethnic central European version, a structure motifs, borrowed notits cultural environment. Its oriental with the local folk only from Chipiez, were interwoven of the epoch. ones and adjusted to the regional style and native architect L’udovít Oelschläger in association association Oelschläger in and native architect L’udovít with Gejza Zoltán Boskó, and built by contractor Hugó Kaboš in 1926–27. 32 Maroš Borský, “Jewish Communities and Their Urban Context: A Case 36 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov Russian architects. competitions pavedhiswaytotheeliteofcontemporary Dubinsky’s successfulparticipationinarchitectural 36 Dubinsky participatedincompetitionsfortheexhibitionhallof 36 35Vadim ansambl’peterburgskoyneoklassiki G.Bass,“Gorodskoy classicism.” “classicizing ArtNouveautomodernized works –notes,atthattimethearchitectevolvedfrom St Petersburg.AsVadim Bass–aresearcherofDubinsky’s 1909–11, aswelltheNikolayevskayaNavalAcademyin architect. Hedesignedanumberofresidentialhousesin already duringhisstudieswasmentionedasatalented Imperial AcademyofArtinStPetersburg1904,and Dubinsky’s project: also followedtheconventionalscheme(fig.14). commonplace. Thetripartitelongitudinalcomposition by Dubinsky, wasnolongeraninnovation,butrathera enhancements toChipiez’s Alowcupola,used model. the façade,andoctagonalcentralwindowareDubinsky’s The Egyptianlotuscolumns,rectangulargutterspiercing out byBassinothercontemporaryworksthearchitect. masses whichdepartfromthecenter, adevicepointed increasing proportionsgeneratethedynamismof are doubledoneithersideoftheentrance,andtheir and treatmentofdetailswereinnovative.Thepylons concept ingeneral,thoughthecompositionofmasses design forthesynagogue’s façadefollowedChipiez’s proves Bass’s observation(figs.13,14).Thepublished Agricultural Museum(1914,together withAlekseyZ.Grinberg,second first prize),theTuchkov BuianCompound (1912,firstprize),the (1912,firstprize),theContractHouseinKiev Zheleznovodsk Imperial AcademyofArt(1910,thirdprize),theMudCureClinicin diplomas/bass/diplom.htm (accessed28Oct.2007). [unpaged]; publishedoninternet:http://www.archi.ru/publications/ 1912–13]), MAthesis,RussianAcademyofArt,StPetersburg,2000, of 1900–10:OntheExampleTuchkov Buian[Competitionsof 1912–1913 gg.)”(UrbanEnsembleoftheStPetersburgNeoclassicism 1900–1910-kh gg.:NaprimerezastroykiTuchkova Buiana(konkursy intermixture of the Egyptian and Assyrian influences intermixture oftheEgyptianandAssyrianinfluences century. Atributehasbeenpaidtothesuggestionsof of archaeologists-conservatorsthemid-nineteenth The façadeispresentedinastyleofacademicpathos The competition’s jurywrotethefollowingabout Dubinsky’s projectfortheKharkivChoralSynagogue 36 35

40 Baruch Ben-Yehuda, 2 LetterfromJosephBarsky, 8Feb.1908.Tel42 Aviv MunicipalArchives, Adolf Friedemann,“JuedischeKunstinPalaestina,” 41 curriculum vitaesubmittedin1925totheAssociationof School. and thearticleidentifiesBarskyasapupilofBezalel Schatz, thefoundingdirectorofBezalelArtSchool, published drawing(fig.15)wassignedbyBarskyandBoris West façade intheGerman-Jewishculturalreview Gymnasium, Temple wasnotasynagogue,butschool:theHerzliya under theinfluenceofChipiez’s reconstructionofthe classicism. even ifprocessedinthespiritofasmartlymodernized Chipiez’s ideasasanoutdatedandmisplacedconcept, Thus, Dubinsky’s seniorcolleagueswroteironicallyabout in 1909–10. built bycontractorYosef EliyahuChelouche(1870–1934) report totheA training. Written inperfectRussian,Barsky’s professional gymnasium project,didnotofferitsstudentsarchitectural some threeyearsbeforeBarskystartedhisworkonthe professional experiencewasdifferent.Bezalel,established gymnasium wasdesignedbyJosephBarsky(?–1943) ofTelschool inthefirstneighborhood Aviv. The his originintheRussianEmpire. (Burial Society)ofHaifa. 1-2a/510. (19 May1911):452. (TelGymnasia “Herzliya”) Aviv, 1970),55,59(Hebrew). 39 The date ofJosephBarsky’s deathisrecordedbythe 39 In continentalEurope,theterm“gymnasium”denotedaschoolthat 38 Lalewicz,“Otzyvkomissii”:395. 37 curved outlinesofthehall. damage totheintegrityofimpressioncausedby history, butitdoesconsiderasdeservingofnotethe this styletoRussiansoil,whereJewryhasitsown not examineanycloserrelevanceorirrelevanceof along theancientPhoeniciancoast.Thejurydoes A building erected by the Jewish community in Palestine A buildingerectedbytheJewishcommunityinPalestine , madeBarskyfamousintheJewishworld.The was preparatorytostudyattheuniversities. and thirdprizes);seeVadim ansambl’.” G.Bass,“Gorodskoy 41 However, historicalevidencesuggeststhathis 40 38 Publicationofasketchthegymnasium’s inA huzat Bayitbuildingcommitteebetrays . Sippurah shelha-gimnasya“Her huzat Bayit,thefirstHebrewsecondary . 37 42 Indeed,Barsky’s . zliyya Ost undWest He . ” (TheStoryof vra Kadisha Ost und 39 and 11 Ars Judaica 2008 37 ydów ydów “Ukr- Ż

ska, “Kuratorium ska, “Kuratorium ydowskiej gminie ydowskiej gminie ń Ż Visnyk instytutu Visnyk Kwartalnik Historii ydowskiej przy ż ska St 37 (1928), all in L’viv (the street ska St 37 (1928), all in L’viv ń (Bulletin of the West Ukrainian Institute for (Bulletin of the West 11 (1911): 452 Another participant in the project was Józef was Józef Another participant in the project 44 Ost und West , 93, 106, 174, 200, 225; Zofia Borzymi [Feiwl] Kassler and Stanisław Olszewski), the Byblos Paper Factory [Feiwl] Kassler and Stanisław Olszewski), the Byblos Paper Factory (1926–28), residence in Pełczy 45 The influence of Chipiez’s reconstruction of the Temple reconstruction of the Temple The influence of Chipiez’s names refer to the period before 1939); conservation of synagogues: the (1925), the Old Synagogue in Jazlivets’ (1929), Synagogue in L’viv TaZ and the in Drohobych (1930s); documentation of perished in the Holocaust. See Biriulow, Jewish art since 1925. Awin Lwów wyznaniowej we Lwowie (Commission for Preservation of Jewish wyznaniowej we Lwowie (Commission for Preservation of Jewish Art of the Jewish Community of L’viv),” opieki nad zabytkami sztuki Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple Awin (1883–1942 or 1943), an architect, architectural 1943), an architect, architectural (1883–1942 or Awin artist from and historian and theoretician, photographer, L’viv. projects – the Hebrew gymnasium and the national school projects – the Hebrew gymnasium and education of arts – rather than stressing the architect’s Barsky had other companions and experience. Moreover, in addition to Schatz on the Herzliya Gymnasium project. in 1908 on the basis The building estimate was calculated us as Friedland from of a project by an architect known to . is visible in the drawing of the southeastern elevation elevation is visible in the drawing of the southeastern field between of the gymnasium (fig. 15), with its recessed the pylons, battled edge, and wall clocks instead of the pomegranates inserted in the horseshoe niches in the (Jewish History Quarterly) 214 (2005): 158 (Polish); Oksana Boyko, (Jewish History Quarterly) 214 (2005): 158 (Polish); Oksana Boyko, (Synagogue Avina synagoga: Rekonstruktsiya Yozefa “Yazlivets’ka Reconstruction by Józef Awin),” at Yazlitets’: zakhidproektrestavratsiya” Conservation) 15 (2005): 92–98 (Ukrainian). . Holim Hospital was begun Holim Hospital was begun Hence, public emphasis on in Adolf Friedemann, “Juedische Kunst in Palaestina,” Kunst in Palaestina,” “Juedische in Adolf Friedemann, 43 Joseph Barsky, façade, preliminary design, The Hebrew Gymnasium in Jaffa (later ), ca. 1909, Aviv), façade, preliminary in Jaffa (later Tel design, The Hebrew Gymnasium Joseph Barsky, Fig. 15. career included construction of the Technion in after plans by in Haifa after plans by career included construction of the Technion [Alexander] Baerwald (1911–14), a mosque, a school, and a park in (1914–18), Damascus under the guidance of [Gedalia] Wilbuschewitz employment as a city engineer of Haifa (1918), houses of [Tuviah] Dunia and [Samuel] Itzikowitz and many other private and public structures in Haifa in the postwar years, first prize in the competition Galim planning of the Bat Aviv, for the Bank Hapoalim building in Tel neighborhood in Haifa and construction of about twelve houses there (1919). (1918), and teaching civil engineering at the Technion which may be attributed with certainty to this project. Słowackiego St 2 and 4 (1910s), the Splendid Hotel (1912), a number of houses in Konopnickiej Street (1911–14, together with Ferdynand 43 43 further document, Barsky’s CZA, file J116/24. According to the same 44 record See CZA, KKL2/137, KKL2/138. I have not found any graphic dwelling houses in Sykstuska St 14 (1911), works include 45 Awin’s Architects in Eretz Israel testifies that he graduated from he graduated from Architects in Eretz Israel testifies that in 1900. That same the Architectural College in Odessa examination for he successfully passed the entrance year, Arts and embarked the St Petersburg Imperial Academy of In 1906 on his studies in its Architectural Department. and left for Palestine Barsky graduated from the Academy, In 1908–09, he designed and built a few the next year. construction of the residences in Jerusalem; in addition, Diskin Orphanage and Bikur to his statement, in there based on his plans. According the construction of 1910 Barsky designed and supervised as well as the first Aviv, the Herzliya Gymnasium in Tel houses in the neighborhood. the relationship between Barsky and the Bezalel School, the relationship between Barsky and the Bezalel School, though undisputable, gave prominence to the two Zionist 38 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov to Barsky’s primaryproject. Gymnasium thatwaspublishedin1910ledtoalterations nineteenth century. at bestashistoricist,rootedintheconventionsoflate Dubinsky. ThestyleofBarsky’s projectcanbespecified by Zachariewicz,Weinzettel, CattauiandMatasek, after suchcupolaswereusedinthedesignofsynagogues a cupolathatbecamehumdruminthiskindofdesign nineteenth century. Thecentralaxiswasemphasizedwith already testedinsynagoguearchitecturefromthemid- addition toChipiez’s reconstruction.Thiselementwas 46 Nineteenth-century Europeanarchitectsusedthistermtodesignate 46 Bramantian windows a pointedarch,similarlytoWeinzettel’s design.The upper partofthepylons.Theentranceistreatedas professional credo: essay thataccompaniedthispublicationexplainedAwin’s easily discerntheirdistinctivedifferencefromthe and tombstones,evenwithalittleexperience,will synagoguesa bigcityandthelittle-townwooden One whoattentivelyviewstheoldghettohousesin of Italianarchitecturewascombined withMoorishandByzantineforms. Donato Bramante(1444–1514).In Romantic Historicismthiselement Such windowswereknownfromLombardianstructuresascribedto grouped round-headedwindows,separatedbyslendercolumns. However, Awin’s proposalforthedesignofHebrew 46 abovetheentrancewereBarsky’s Fig. 16. 47 OskarAleksandrowicz’s Józef Awin, façade, preliminary design,TheHebrewGymnasiuminJaffa,ca.1909, JózefAwin, façade,preliminary in Almanach ˙ Zy dowski , ed.LeonReich (L’viv, 1910)[unpaged] 8 OskarAleksandrowicz,“Donaszychilustracji”(About OurIllustrations), 48 wished tobeoriginalandinventive. style, andevenin[…]Moorishsincethearchitect in styleandtaste,rarelyGothi [in Austro-]andabroad,mostoftenlacking other buildingserectedforJewishpurposesathome deliberations arewhenwerecallthesynagoguesand will easilyunderstandhowvaluabletheseeffortsand gymnasium inJaffabasedonpurelyeasternmotifs.We prototypes. ThuswehavegotaprojectoftheHebrew it hasalotincommonwiththedecorationofthose andaltered,nonetheless downplayed; itismodernized silhouette ofabuilding.Thedecorationassuchis layout, andharmoniouscompositionofmasses forms. Aboveall,hestrivesforintegrity, appropriate refers totheseverytraditions,nottheofficialandbanal were subjected.Forhealthy, revitalizingmotifs,Awin unique regulationstowhicheveninthisfieldtheJews adaptation oftheseformstotheneedsandsometimes is, however, muchoriginalityininterpretation and general structuraldemandsdictatedbyclimate;there of thelocalshapesprevails,tosaynothingabout surroundings. Obviously, relatednesstoandinfluence in ibid.,245(Polish). 1910), platesarenotpaginated(Polish). 47 Almanach Ż ydowski (TheJewishAlmanac),ed.LeonReich(L’viv, c andaRenaissance 48 Ars Judaica 2008 39 Ost und Ost und Barsky Barsky 54 Awin’s visual and verbal visual and verbal Awin’s , eds. Aliza Cohen-Mushlin and Harmen 52 , 55. Ben-Yehuda erroneously identifies this erroneously identifies this , 55. Ben-Yehuda Sippurah Art in Zion: The Genesis of Modern National Art in Jewish Art in Zion: The Genesis of Modern National Art in Jewish (New York, 2005), 2–4. (New York, 53 publication and the actual edifice. Synagogenarchitektur in Deutschland vom Barock zum ‘Neuen Bauten’: Synagogenarchitektur in Deutschland vom Barock zum ‘Neuen Bauten’: West drawing as the “first proposal for the façade of the gymnasium building,” although it is definitely an intermediate variant between the 1981), 488; Simon Paulus, “Wilhelmshaven, Synagoge Börsenstrasse,” Synagoge Börsenstrasse,” 1981), 488; Simon Paulus, “Wilhelmshaven, in Dokumentation zur Ausstellung Thies (Braunschweig, 2001), 96–97. Palestine As evidenced by the reworked version of the façade of the façade As evidenced by the reworked version 53 Dalia Manor, Manor, Dalia 53 Ben-Yehuda, 54 Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple and pointed pediments above the windows, lesenes, windows, lesenes, and pointed pediments above the of protruding recessed framings of the openings, instead overwhelming use ones and the severity achieved by the affiliation architect’s of “raw” stone – all these reflect the with “Nordic” architecture. which appeared in a later publication (fig. 17), narratives clearly belonged to National Romanticism, Romanticism, narratives clearly belonged to National of Jewish national versatile in the 1900s for construction Ahad Ha’am and art as envisioned by its ideologists objectives in and for the Bezalel School’s Martin Buber, particular. accepted some of Awin’s proposal and as a result introduced accepted some of Awin’s windows, the pointed pediments above the upper-floor replaced some of the protruding archivolts with recessed framings (fig. 18). Thus the architectural rendering of the gymnasium became the fruit of a collaboration between

50 The The (Hamburg, (Hamburg, 51 Synagogen in archives of the Herzliya Gymnasium archives In his opinion, In his opinion, 49 (Cambridge, 2000). Joseph Barsky, façade, the updated design, The Hebrew Gymnasium in Jaffa, ca. 1909, Joseph Barsky, Fig. 17. National Romanticism and Modern Architecture in National Romanticism and Modern Architecture in 44 (1909): 4–5 (Polish). Awin’s design for the Hebrew Gymnasium illustrates for the Hebrew Gymnasium illustrates design Awin’s synagogues in Germany, such as the Westend Synagogue in Frankfurt Synagogue in Frankfurt such as the Westend synagogues in Germany, a.M. (1907–10), Darmstadt (1904–06), Essen (1911–13), and (1914–15). See Harold Hammer-Schenk, Wilhelmshaven Deutschland: Geschichte einer Baugattung im 19. und 20 Jh. Germany and Scandinavian Countries Wschód 52 Awin’s style is close to that seen in a number of the contemporary style is close to that seen in a number of the contemporary 52 Awin’s curvilinear pointed gables above the central entrance curvilinear pointed gables above the central entrance 49 naszej kulturze “O estetycznej” (On Our Esthetic Culture), Józef Awin, 5. 50 Ibid.: 51 Barbara Miller Lane, Awin himself displays anti-historicist pathos in his 1909 anti-historicist pathos in his 1909 himself displays Awin article on “Jewish aesthetic culture.” genuine Jewish art existed for centuries in a state of in a state of genuine Jewish art existed for centuries “barbarian” breach great isolation in the ghetto, and the second half of the of the traditional boundaries in the of “everything nineteenth century caused an upsurge if or Gothic, or, conventionally stylized […] in Baroque instead of “good very religious, then Moorish,” all this eternal tradition.” systematic development based on our Thus Awin rejects the “conventional” historicist con- rejects the “conventional” Thus Awin inherently Jewish, structs for the sake of an immanent, tradition. his aesthetic manifesto (fig. 16). His style belongs to the National Romanticist trend popular in northern Europe, mainly in Germany and Scandinavia. 40 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov relating toitsconstruction: concept ofthebuildinganddecision-makingprocess (Baruch Lejbowicz,1894–1990)wrotein1970aboutthe of itsteachersfromthemid-1920s,BaruchBen-Yehuda Empire. Jewish architectsfromRussiaandtheAustro-Hungarian reached forthesky, andmorelightentered through giving moreprominenceto thetwotowersthat were made:theproposeddomewasdeleted,thus the formoffaçade,andindeedmanychanges opinion. Apparently, therewasmuchcriticism of then printedandsenttovariousexpertsfortheir thought theplanforfaçadewassubmittedand according tothisproposal;aftermuchresearchand Barsky wascommissionedtodrawup[aplan] apertures, wasmostpleasing,andarchitectJoseph of Jerusalem,withitssmalltowersandnarrow The ideaofmakingthebuildinglooklikewalls Gymnasiumgraduateof1914,andoneA Herzliya Fig. 18. The Hebrew Gymnasium in Jaffa, built in 1910, razed in1962,apostcardsignedby TheHebrewGymnasiuminJaffa,built1910,razed JosephBarsky, 1925,CZA is alsoprovidedinthespeechdeliveredthatsameday by 57 Ibid., 58. 56 Ibid., 371. 55 Ibid., 55. Temple.” at thetimethatitsshapewasderivedfromof symbolic contentofthebuilding:“aboutwhichitwassaid Further oninthetext,Ben-Yehuda mentionsapurported calendar. the DestructionofTemple accordingtotheHebrew the NinthofAv, whichwasthe1,841stanniversaryof Av 5669 intheHebrewcalendar),justonedayafter of thegymnasiumwaslaid:28July1909(10Menahem from Chipiez,butalsotothedatewhencornerstone mosque-like lookofthestructure. style; afewarcheswerestraightenedtoreducethe removed, whichweremoreArabthanJewishin their windows;themanyornamentationswere 57 56 Animportantcluetothemeaningofedifice Thismayrefernotonlytothevisualquotation 55 Ars Judaica 2008 41 (Tel Aviv, 1970), 371 Aviv, (Tel . zliyya” school’s centenary. It was designed by Sefi Goldenberg, Meir Buchman, It was designed by Sefi Goldenberg, Meir centenary. school’s Goldenberg. and Yuval The underlying meaning of the ancient Temple rebuilt Temple The underlying meaning of the ancient 61 61 gate on the The old façade was commemorated in the new metal Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Applications in Architecture Its Applications Chipiez and Charles by Reconstruction of the Temple seems invariable, though no contemporaneous narratives seems invariable, though no contemporaneous are known. The from Cairo, Hradec Králove, and Košice finely tuned to the oriental expression of the edifices was whether in Bohemia, ideologies of particular communities, not everywhere Egypt, Palestine, or Slovakia. But Their were architects’ intentions met enthusiastically. the distance professional conventions, including science, especially established between architecture and uniformly accepted throughout the were not history, period Whereas for Zachariewicz under discussion. Wolff’s imagery, the scientific provenance of Chipiez’s theory verified proportioning system, and the racial the relevance of his design (the project was rejected for and for project other reasons), for the jury of Dubinsky’s comparatively short period of time from 1894 to 1931. short periodcomparatively 1894 to 1931. of time from of the constant application these years, Throughout source left the other parameters the iconographical dependent on the cultural of architectural expression project by Zachariewicz, the moment. In the pioneering with the utmost reverence in relation source was treated underlying meaning, and the design to its scientific value, subject to fluid stylistic changes: from itself. The latter was of Cattaui historicism, to the Zachariewicz’s unknown architect of the Moshe and Matasek, the to the “modernized Dar’i Synagogue, and Weinzettel, the oriental style married to classicism” of Dubinsky, by and to the Art Deco National Romanticism by Barsky, Oelschläger and Boskó. Sippurah shel ha-gimnasya “Her shel ha-gimnasya Sippurah

59 The modern approach The modern approach 60 61 in Baruch Ben-Yehuda, Ben-Yehuda, in Baruch Yeshayahu Bickel and Lea Ginzburg, façade, The Herzliya Gymnasium in Tel Aviv, ca. 1962, Aviv, façade, The Herzliya and Lea Ginzburg, Gymnasium in Tel Bickel Yeshayahu Fig. 19. The founders of the gymnasium conceived it as gymnasium conceived it as The founders of the 58 The original building was razed in 1962 to make way to make way The original building was razed in 1962 for construction of the Shalom Meir Tower. The modern Tower. for construction of the Shalom Meir building of the Herzliya designed on a Gymnasium was by Ben-Yehuda new site, and it was explicitly stipulated that the old façade and other graduates of the gymnasium the new structure. be quoted in the main elevation of Bickel Yeshayahu This demand was met by architects rejected by the and Lea Ginzburg (fig. 19), but vigorously presented The historicist concept Municipality. Aviv Tel opposed by a strict “fell on dry rock. It was by Ben-Yehuda schools of doctrinarianism taught in the architectural but not in the school Belgium, Switzerland, and Denmark, of though of Ahad Ha‘am […]” prevailed, and the old façade of the gymnasium was not gymnasium was not prevailed, and the old façade of the repeated in the new structure. 58 Ibid., 56. 58 Ibid., 59 the main façade of the gymnasium faced southeast. Factually, 374. 60 Ibid., The history of the reconstruction of the Temple by by The history of the reconstruction of the Temple Chipiez quoted in actual architecture was limited to a the precursor of a greater fulfillment in national education. fulfillment in national education. the precursor of a greater hopes in the fact that the gymnasium They expressed their Mediterranean shore facing Jerusalem was located on the and the envisaged Hebrew University. the gymnasium board member Menachem Shenkin (1871– Menachem Shenkin board member the gymnasium a precursor gymnasium as who saw the 1925). Shenkin, school, called it “a little sanctuary” of the Hebrew high commonly applied to synagogues. (Ezek.11:16), a term of the coming generations the “heroes He foresaw that in of from the gymnasium to the mounts Israel” will march Israel. 42 Ars Judaica 2008 Sergey R.Kravtsov Perrot asascientifictheory;itwascastoffbyarchaeologists architects abandonedthereconstructionbyChipiezand architecture, butnotofhistoricism.However, notonlythe tradition (Awin), bothclearlycharacteristicofmodern impression (Dubinsky’s jury)andanintuitivesenseof thought wasreplacedbycriteriafortheintegrityof the lattercases,scientificfoundationforarchitectural Awin thehistoricistspeculationswereunacceptable.In generation. and unworthyofperpetuationintheeyesnew message oftheTemple rebuilt,becamemeaningless As aresult,theedifices,whichonceborepowerful for thedepreciationofparticularhistoriographyitself. historical scienceasabasisforarchitectureandsecondly, bond withitsmeaningbroken,first,fortherejectionof as well.Thus,thevisualsourcewasdevaluated,and