Ars Judaica 2010 81

14, no. 2 , took , took maskilim Historia Lwowskiej AJS Review maskilim (literally, “educated”), the “educated”), (literally, , traditionalist opponents of , traditionalist opponents of maskilim (History of the L’viv Progressive ) Progressive Synagogue) (History of the L’viv mitnagdim epowej Hasidim were considered by the 2 The array of Jewish groups included the adherents of the adherents of The array of Jewish groups included English translation has been published. see Majer Bałaban, from the Stadttempel of Vienna; Synagogi Post˛ (Autumn, 1989): 185. (L’viv, 1937), 30–40 (Polish); Marsha L. Rozenblit, “The Struggle over 1937), 30–40 (Polish); Marsha (L’viv, Religious Reform in Nineteenth-Century Vienna,” the Enlightenment, or loyal Habsburg subjects of the Mosaic faith. Many Jews of the Mosaic faith. Many Jews loyal Habsburg subjects by in promoting this move, inspired played active roles to as it contributed in their eyes the Enlightenment, other – However, the modernization of Jewish society. to hold fast to quite numerous – groups of Jews preferred This split led to their traditional beliefs and practices. and even more construction of Progressive, traditionalist, in Galicia specific identities in Jewish sacred architecture and Bukovina. Hasidim, and the the Hasidim. The enlightened Jews welcomed Austrian- the Hasidim. The enlightened Jews nineteenth century, German culture in the first half of the identity and gradually shifted towards a Jewish-Polish in a later period, especially after 1873, when the Polish the end Towards autonomy of Galicia was established. to assimilation resistance of the nineteenth century, and Zionism gained increased, and Jewish nationalism In Galicia, Reform popularity among educated Jews. Judaism, the movement preferred by the the shape of a moderate Progressive denomination. Its the shape of a moderate Progressive denomination. Its followers preached in German, later also in Polish, and and decorum in dignity, paid much attention to order, their liturgy. a harmful obscurantist sect. They followed their own a harmful obscurantist sect. They followed their own 2 2 the advice of their moderate followed brethren The Reformers in L’viv (Jews in (Jews in (Jewish (Jewish Sergey R. Kravtsov Sergey kehillot of Galicia and Bukovina and of Galicia znice murovane na ziemiach dawnej znice murovane na ziemiach dawnej . Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture Architecture in Synagogue Identities Jewish c gospodarcza na tle rozwoju demograficznego s´ . Zydzi na Rusi Czerwonej w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII Zydzi na Rusi Czerwonej w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII (Gates of Heaven: Masonry in the Lands (Gates of Heaven: Masonry Synagogues in the Lands 1 Bramy Nieba: Bó In Galicia and Bukovina, territories that fell under that fell under In Galicia and Bukovina, territories Defining the inferior status of Jewish communities by communities by Defining the inferior status of Jewish of the Old Commonwealth) (Warsaw, 1999), 58–61 (Polish). An 1999), 58–61 (Polish). An of the Old Commonwealth) (Warsaw, Rzeczypospolitej Ruthenia Rubra in the Sixteenth and the First Half of the Seventeenth Century: Economic Activity against the Background of Demographic 1975), 21–25 (Polish); Maria and Kazimierz Development) (Warsaw, Piechotka, wieku: Działalno´ Austrian rule during the late eighteenth century, the the century, Austrian rule during the late eighteenth meaning. The urban landscape lost much of its sacred power of the Christian clergy was now limited, and the monasteries – “parasitic” in the eyes of the new The traditional rulers – were stripped of their property. framework of Jewish self-government had been formally dismantled with the abolition of the self-governing authorities) in 1789. Now, Jews became Jews became self-governing authorities) in 1789. Now, 1 1 Maurycy Horn, The present article discusses how Jewish identities were discusses how Jewish identities were The present article the synagogue architecture of the constructed through of the Habsburg Empire – Eastern easternmost provinces – until the Galicia (hereafter Galicia) and Bukovina I. War World of the dominant means of architecture was an objective until its society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Catholic supremacy partition in 1772. In the urban space, height, and was emphasized by the dominant location, The clergy and refinement of churches and monasteries. of synagogues in burghers tried to prevent construction which Christian the town centers and on streets on they held their churches were located and where height and processions; they also limited synagogue design was tried to ensure that synagogues’ exterior unpretentious. 82 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov their liturgy, HasidimusedtheSephardi(Spanish)rite and influenceonJewishreligious andeverydaylife.In contemporaries bytheirunprecedented magnificence the traditionalJewishlifestyle andwhosecourtsamazed spiritual leaders,the Fig. 1. The of the walled city, TheGreatSynagogueofthewalled 1799–1801. fromsouth-east,between Photograph 1924and1931. National MuseuminL’v Fig 2.Projectofredoubt,theater, andhotel inL’viv, ar

zaddikim . , whoproclaimedfidelityto chitect Mörz, 1784. Central Historical Archives Historical chitect inL’vi 1784. Central Mörz, ofUkraine Ashkenazi rite,perceiving itasancientandhencethe and eighteenthcenturies.The circles andpenetratedeastern Europeintheseventeenth with LurianicKabbalah,which originatedinSephardi in ordertoreconciletheirancestralAshkenazicustoms mitnagdim v followedtheir iv Ars Judaica 2010 83 In such In such 6 (Oxford, 1999), 541. L’viv’s (Oxford, 1999), 541. L’viv’s (Proceedings of West Ukrainian Ukrainian (Proceedings of West The interior layout of The interior layout of 7 22 (1854), 271. Dictionary of Architecture ) as an assembly hall rather than a fortification, see James Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish ridotto Stevens Curl, Italian Reduta was designed and built, along with a hotel and theater, by the by the Reduta was designed and built, along with a hotel and theater, city architect Mörz unknown), in the (or Mörtz, whose first name is “Do istorii teatral’nykh Vuitsyk, see Volodymyr Castrum Square of L’viv; (On the History of Theater Buildings in L’viv), budynkiv u L’vovi” Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsii Visnyk Institute for Conservation) 14 (2004), 171–72 (Ukrainian); Vuitsyk, “Budivel’nyi rukh,” 123–24. center of Bukovina. For the construction date of the synagogue, see Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums Similar upper-tier oculi were constructed in the Great Similar upper-tier The same architectural device – oculi above tall round- The same architectural device – oculi 7 7 Czernowitz in German, was the administrative The city of Chernivtsi, the tall round-headed windows to let more daylight into into to let more daylight windows the tall round-headed those forms, echoed hall. The oculi, the prayer 1784 at the built in or the Redoutensaal, of the Reduta, burnt down in 1848 and which L’viv, Castrum Square of Redoutensaalen, public century, (fig. 2). In the eighteenth for dancing and musical events, were assembly halls used in German-speaking lands. especially popular Synagogue of Chernivtsi in 1853. halls, the upper register of square, round, or oval windows of square, round, or oval windows halls, the upper register additional or merely provided gallery, lit the musicians’ featured elegant oval oculi, of L’viv daylight. The Reduta the synagogue were less playful, being but the windows of size, and rhythm delicately emphasized round; their shape, magnitude in relation to the neighboring the synagogue’s by the latest dwellings. Thus, Baroque forms, tempered uniformity, building regulations promoting Neoclassicist of L’viv. survived in the synagogue architecture this synagogue followed the “Polish” four-pier scheme, scheme, four-pier this synagogue followed the “Polish” the On the exterior, slightly increasing its central bay. the oculi, and a edifice combined late Baroque features, portico- mansard roof with a Neoclassical monumental The oculi only gave like vestibule containing the staircase. section, women’s light to the upper floor of the two-story that gave and thus remained a mere plaster decoration being evenly a measure of consistency to the structure, on the building ditributed over other facades elsewhere (fig. 5). headed windows – was introduced into another Ashkenazi the Great Suburban Synagogue of L’viv. house of prayer, This revered synagogue was built in 1624–32, probably and and , 241 , 241 reduta Danzig, between Danzig, between , the four- , ed. Isadore Twersky , ed. Isadore Twersky bimah . As each religious group . As each religious the synagogue was attached the synagogue was attached 5 shtiblekh Memoirs of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Together with its traditionalist Ashkenazi Ashkenazi with its traditionalist Together 4 and smaller These religious and ideological divisions could divisions could and ideological These religious 3 kloizn East and West: Aspects of Modern Jewish History East and West: (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 7. Ukrainian geographic names are given as primary ones, while alternative names are mentioned in notes. Second Half of the in the XVIII stolittia” (Building Activity in L’viv Eighteenth Century), European Jewish Society during the 19th Century,” in European Jewish Society during the 19th Century,” (L’viv, 2001), 116–17 (Ukrainian). (L’viv, to a block of apartment buildings; it consequently to a block of apartment buildings; it consequently matched their height, and acquired regulated street facades. Another novelty was the oculi pierced above liturgy, it retained a number of customary architectural number of customary architectural it retained a liturgy, the late sixteenth features, coined in the region from to the eighteenth centuries: the central the prayer hall, and pier and nine-bay interior layout of divided the the tripartite division of its walls. Pilasters by tall round- synagogue facades into even bays, pierced also featuredheaded windows on three sides. The synagogue the construction law some design novelties resulting from of every project of 1780, which demanded confirmation by the Police Directorate: 4 4 the present Hereafter, German: Lemberg, Russian: L’vov. Polish: Lwów, druhoi polovyny 5 “Budivel’nyi rukh u L’vovi Vuitsyk, Volodymyr 3 3 See Israel Bartal, “The Image of Germany and German Jewry in East An early synagogue constructed in L’viv under Austrian under Austrian An early synagogue constructed in L’viv walled city (1799– rule was the Great Synagogue of the 1801, fig. 1). Baroque Survival and Revival true one. pursued its own ideals and customs, which were reflected and customs, which were reflected pursued its own ideals worship, one may speak of diverse in their houses of sacred architecture of Galicia and identities in Jewish for self-expression increasingly Bukovina. The initiative than from the emerged from the Jews themselves, rather host society. hardly exist side by side in the same synagogue building. building. the same synagogue side by side in hardly exist prayed in two rites seldom the followers of the Therefore, the “great” synagogue. Usually, the same “great” communal while the Ashkenazi place of prayer, synagogue remained the the Progressive congregation, and served a “Temple” own houses of study and prayer: the Hasidim built their bigger 6 6 For the definition of “redoubt” (equivalent to the Polish 84 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov State ArchivesState ofL’viv Region designbyCross-section, reconstruction Michael Gerl,1870. Fig. 3. TheGreatSuburbanSynagogueofL’viv, 1624–32. south-west (photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2004) Fig. 5. National MuseuminL’viv from south-west, in1870.Photograph 1921.reconstructed Fig. 4. The Great Synagogue of Chernivtsi, 1853. View from 1853.View TheGreatSynagogueofChernivtsi, TheGreatSuburbanSynagogueofL’viv, 1624–32, Ars Judaica 2010 85

Halyts’ka Halyts’ka 12 14 . Zółkiew. Zółkiew. which which 13 Ohel Yesharim Maor ve-Shemesh the 10 and the 11 and a rabbi’s house within a house within a and a rabbi’s , 290–94. beit midrash Bramy Nieba , 45. Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish (The Halich Gate) 34–35 (1997): 7 (Ukrainian) (Gelston (The Halich Gate) 34–35 (1997): 7 (Ukrainian) (Gelston Brama was “great” as name). The Ohel Yesharim misspells the architect’s “Batei a communal one, but comparatively small in size; see Zohar, kneset,” 461. The Polish name of the suburb is Bogdanówka. Synahohy Nathanson and R. Mordechai Ze’ev Segal Ettinger. The Great Synagogue of Belz. Photograph from south-east, before The Great Synagogue of Belz. Photograph from south-east, before Much more integral usage of Baroque forms was forms was Much more integral usage of Baroque 12 Zohar, “Batei kneset,” 454; Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova,” 7; Boyko, 7; Boyko, “Batei kneset,” 454; Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova,” Zohar, 12 Belza. Zhovkva in Polish: Belz in Polish: Bełz; in Yiddish: 13 11 Joseph Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova” (Synagogues of L’viv), (Synagogues of L’viv), Joseph Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova” 11 14 Piechotka, 14 (Light and Sun, Ps. 74:16; 1903, by Salomon Riemer). (Light and Sun, Ps. 74:16; 1903, by Fig. 7. I. IS PAN War World (1886, by Leonard Warchałowski), had been constructed in 1692 with its nine-bay layout, had been constructed in 1692 with its nine-bay layout, an attic wall and tall round-headed windows (fig. 8). The synagogue of Belz stood apart from the town center, The synagogue of Belz stood apart from the town center, surrounded by a The fenestration scheme made these structures identifiable The fenestration scheme made these structures with their as Jewish, and established visual affiliation “great” predecessors. (1834–43, fig. 7): made at the Great Synagogue of Belz it replicated the Great Synagogue of Zhovkva, (Tent of the Upright, Prov. 14:11) of the Bohdanivka 14:11) of the Bohdanivka Prov. of the Upright, (Tent suburb (1902, by Jan Ertel), ) in ) in kloizn Here, Here, , 165–66. 8 Journal of the Society Synahohy , Part 1, ed. Nathan M. Gelber adashim Synagogue in L’viv, 1841–44. adashim Synagogue in L’viv, (Synagogues of L’viv) (L’viv, 2008), 2008), (L’viv, (Synagogues of L’viv) . (Sabbath Observers) Synagogue (Sabbath Observers) Synagogue 64, no. 3 (September, 2005): 319–24. 64, no. 3 (September, synagogues of L’viv, including the including the synagogues of L’viv, Synahohy L’vova mitnagdic the Mefarshei ha-Yam of Lwia Street vicinity of Lwia Street vicinity the Mefarshei ha-Yam Shomrei Shabbat 9 The Jakub Glanzer, or the Belz H The Jakub Glanzer, Towards the end of the nineteenth and during the the end of the nineteenth and during the Towards synagogue referred to a halachic commentary (1828) by R. Yosef Shaul synagogue referred to a halachic commentary (1828) by R. Yosef Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora: A Memorial Library of Countries and Communities; Poland Series, Lvov Volume (, 1956), 458 (Hebrew); Oksana Boyko, 72–73 (Ukrainian); Sergey R. Kravtsov, “Juan Bautista Villalpando and “Juan Bautista Villalpando 72–73 (Ukrainian); Sergey R. Kravtsov, Sacred Architecture in the Seventeenth Century,” of Architectural Historians 10 Region, col. 2, reg. 2, file 204. The name of the of L’viv State Archives 8 8 Oksana Boyko, by Giacomo Medleni. It was reconstructed by architect by architect by Giacomo Medleni. It was reconstructed Michael Gerl as late as 1870 to accommodate an extra (figs. 3, 4). floor for small groups of worshipers Fig. 6. Reconstruction design by Włodzimierz Podhorodecki, 1912. State Archives of 1912. State Archives WłodzimierzReconstruction Podhorodecki, design by Region L’viv the function of the oculi changed to that of lighting the that of lighting the the function of the oculi changed to upper oculi as at prayer rooms. Apparently, upper-floor and both the walled the “great” synagogues of Chernivtsi had become recognizable signs of city and suburb of L’viv simply functional an Ashkenazi synagogue, rather than hall. devices meant to illuminate the prayer twentieth centuries, this feature became popular among the smaller barbers’ (1878), 9 9 “Batei kneset ve-‘kloizen’” (Synagogues and Zeev Zohar, 86 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov 15 Oksana Boyko,“HebreiBelzataistoriyapostannyasynahoh”(Jews of and thefollowersof founded bythe the “great”synagogueoftown,Belzwas traditional Fig. 8. of GalicianHasidism. the emergingBelzdynasty, andsoonbecamethecenter (Belz andLandofBelz),vol.1(Belz, 2004),104–6(Ukrainian). Belz andHistoryoftheErectionSynagogues), in The Great Synagogue of Zhovkva, 1692. View fromsouth-west TheGreatSynagogueofZhovkva, (photo: 1692.View Sergey Kravtsov, 2006) shulhoyf

zaddik . (synagoguecourtyard).Thoughbuiltas R.ShalomRoke’a 15 Thesynagogue’s congregation . zaddik sawthemselvesasthe h (1779–1855)of . Belz iBelz’kazemlya

triumphal archesforgreeting theemperor(1892–94),to . Itfoundabroad range ofusesinL’viv, from half ofthenineteenthcentury fromwesternandcentral intoGaliciaandBukovinainthesecondintroduced old-fashioned Baroquesurvivalstylefortheirsynagogue. ha-Dat political work,publicationofthenewspaper municated thisviewbyvariousmeans:communaland true guardiansofJewishfaithandtradition.Theycom- The Neo-Baroque,orBaroquerevivalstyle,was (Voice oftheHoldersFaith),andbyusingan Kol Ma hzikei . Ars Judaica 2010 87 In In of of

(In the (In the 20 admor Historia Lwowskiej Historia Lwowskiej Be-sod yesharim ve-‘eda: pirkei ha-historiah ve- Initially, it followed the Ashkenazi the Ashkenazi it followed Initially, 19 , 29. (Belz the New). It was built by a childless (Belz the New). It was built by a childless as the sectarianism was not welcomed by by as the sectarianism was not welcomed Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish epowej 21 . Zydaczów; Yiddish: Zidichov. Zydaczów; Yiddish:

rabbi), the title of a Hasidic rabbi. Reconstruction was carried out in 1912 by Polish Reconstruction was carried out in 1912 by Polish . Hadashim 22

In 1912, the Neo-Baroque style was chosen for was chosen for In 1912, the Neo-Baroque style 21 Polish: 21 zikhronot min ha-gdullah be-kehillot Yisrael be-Galiziah – Lvov zikhronot min ha-gdullah be-kehillot Yisrael Synagogi Post˛ Council of the Upright and in the Assembly: Chapters from the History and Memories of the Magnificence of the Jewish Communities in 1969), 102–9; Bałaban, (Bnei Braq, Galicia – L’viv) merchant, Jakub Glanzer, in 1841–44, as his private in 1841–44, as his private merchant, Jakub Glanzer, possession (fig. 6). renovation of the largest Hasidic synagogue of L’viv, called of L’viv, renovation of the largest Hasidic synagogue Belz be seen as a Neo-Baroque development of the older and of the older and be seen as a Neo-Baroque development from the Great more restrained saw-tooth forms known 10). Synagogue of Zhovkva (figs. 7, 8, and Zhydachiv, the twentieth century, Hasidic formal control over this Hasidic formal control over this the twentieth century, synagogue ended and it came under the auspices of the although it retained its Sephardi communal authority, rite. rite, despite Glanzer’s esteem for the Hasidic rite, despite Glanzer’s the authorities: they preferred to deal with one Jewish with one Jewish the authorities: they preferred to deal the divisions within group. After the official approach to the congregation Jewish community became less negative, the changed the liturgy to the Sephardi rite and, finally, synagogue was taken over by the Hasidim of Belz. 22 Zeev Fischer-Schein, 22 Busk: toldot Busk: toldot Its two- 17 Lwów: Ilustrowany Lwów: Ilustrowany The Old Synagogue of Sokal, late 17th–early 18th eighteenth century, western extension western of late 19th The Old Synagogue of Sokal, century, late 17th–early 18th eighteenth (our master, teacher, and and teacher, (our master, Its construction, Its construction, and Belz, the later and Belz, the later 16 18 Fig. 10. IS PAN Photograph 1931. from north-west,before century. . Hasidim within the com- and adonenu morenu ve-rabbenu mitnagdim (L’viv: Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, 2001), 64 (Polish). Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, (L’viv: (Busk: History of Its Jews) (Tel Aviv, 1962), 40 (Hebrew). Aviv, (Busk: History of Its Jews) (Tel after The Great Synagogue of Bus’k, date of the synagogue (after 1881), see Nathan M. Gelber, date of the synagogue (after 1881), see Nathan M. Gelber, yehudehah przewodnik 20 A contraction of 20 extensions acquired a wavy, sinuous skyline, which might extensions acquired a wavy, story western annex, crowned with a high and exotically shaped parapet wall, concealed the traditionalist nine-bay prayer hall. In synagogues at Sokal’ 16 Polish: Busk. 16 On conflict within the Jewish community of Bus’k, and the construction 17 18 Polish: Sokal. 18 “Batei kneset,” 466–68; Jurij Biriulow, Zohar, 19 the aristocratic Sapieha and Potocki palaces (1868 and palaces (1868 and the aristocratic Sapieha and Potocki an opera house 1889–90, respectively), a casino (1897), buildings of (1895–1900), and the numerous apartment to synagogues, the prosperous bourgeois. It was applied similarity of too. For a number of reasons, including formal attributes and long periods of construction, in a number of Baroque survival and revival overlapped new structures, the new Galician synagogue buildings. In were applied to the imported plasticity and dynamism This was traditional Baroque forms of some synagogues. extensions, evident mostly in the treatment of synagogue as at the Great Synagogue of Bus’k. Fig. 9. View Postcard from south-west. 1881. begun in 1866, progressed slowly because of disagreement begun in 1866, progressed slowly because between the munity, and was finished only after 1881 (fig. 9). munity, 88 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov usable past. their customsandfoundarchitecturalpatternsin and establishing theidentityofmanytraditionalist,Hasidic, roles insynagoguearchitectureofGaliciaandBukovina, attic wall. “great” synagoguesofL’viv –andagracefulBelz-related round-headed windows–amotifborrowedfromtwo with richBaroquedecoration,andoculiabovethe 23 Boyko, Czasopismo Techniczne SynagoginaplacuRybimwe Lwowie,” słów oniedoszłejrestauracyi “Kilka designbyreconstruction JulianZachariewicz, 1896,inZachariewicz, Fig. 11. Bethhaus” (German-IsraeliteHouseofPrayer)reveals The Neoclassicistsynagoguecalled“Deutsch-israelitisches Neoclassicism Baroque designer. aprominentNeo- Podhorodecki, architect Włodzimierz and LiliaOnyszczenko-Szwec, ˛ collaboration withsculptorPiotrWójtowicz); seeRomanaCiel of thebankerEdwardLandauat19 Sykstuska St.inL’viv (1911–12,in wastheNeo-Baroqueapartmentbuilding Baroque workbyPodhorodecki Synagogi Post˛ Synagogue anditspresidentin1898–1904.SeeBałaban, others, byDr. JacobDiamand,theboardmemberofProgressive Thus, theBaroquesurvivalandrevivalplayedpersistent mitnagdic TheTemple Synagogue,L’viv, architect Lewicki, 1840–46, Synahohy epowej communitieswhichsoughtcontinuityof , 134–41.Podhorodecki’s designwassigned,among 14,no.5(1896):60–61pl.6,fig.7 23 , 142–44,180–82,234.Themostremarkable Neo- Podhorodecki suppliedthesynagogue Podhorodecki Detal architekturymieszkaniowej Historia Lwowskiej atkowska mitnagdim enlightened circles,hewashatedbybothHasidimand assimilation toofficiateinthecity. Favoredwithin adherent ofReform,JewishEnlightenment,andGerman invited R.AbrahamKohn(1807–48),arigorous the Biedermeierelegance. of thesynagogue’s domeanditsapse’s roofboreatouchof partnership withAloisPichl),thoughthesinuousskyline in L’viv, theSkarbekTheater(1837–42,designedin not differgreatlyfromthatofanotherworkbySalzmann centralized domedmass(fig.11).ItsNeoclassiciststyledid L’viv’s synagoguelookedimpressiveduetoitsmonumental, bimah synagogues followedtheReformpattern,inwhich featuring askylitovalprayerhall.Intheirlayout,both Seitenstettengasse (1824–26,byJosefKornhäusel), ontheStadttempel attheVienneselargely modeled token ofintegrationintocontemporarysociety. then foundsuitablefortheendsofReformJudaismas a became theofficialnorminMetternich’s Austria,andwas by theEnlightenmentasa“universal”and“timeless”style, under thesupervisionofarchitectand It wasdesignedin1840byacertainLewickianderected city’s oldestCatholicChurch,St.JohntheBaptist(1260). suburb, outsidetheformalJewishquartersandcloseto located inthemidstofOldMarketSquare ’s German-IsraeliteHouseofPrayerwashighlyvisible, synagogues ofthePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth, official JohannSalzmannin1843–46. synagogue onthoseofVienna andPrague. thenewcommittee proclaimeditsintentiontomodel since thelatenineteenthcenturycalledProgressive style andlocation,theGerman-IsraeliteHouseofPrayer, committee, whichwascomprisedofwealthy changes undergonebyGalicianJudaism.Itsbuilding 27 Biriulow, 26 Ibid., 30. 25 Ibid., 25. 24 Bałaban, 28 See DominiqueJarrassé, wasshiftedtowardstheTorah ark.Ontheexterior, Nineteenth andTwentieth Century)(Gda´ Lwowa XIXiXXwieku (Paris, 2001),138. as“German,ignorant,andnon-kosher.” Historia LwowskiejSynagogiPost˛ Lwów , 30. (DetailsofDwellingArchitectureinL’viv, 27 Synagogues: ArchitectureandJewish Identity Neoclassicism,oncechosen epowej 26 nsk, 2006),167–68(Polish). Itsinteriorwas 25 , 30–40. Baudirektion Unlikethe maskilim 28 24 Inits The ,

Ars Judaica 2010 89

, 33 Allgemeine Allgemeine maskilim was adopted was adopted The contemporary The contemporary 30 Allgemeine Bauzeitung Rundbogenstil The Sefer zikkaron le-Drohobych, Boryslaw ve-hasvivah 29 Under the influence of Its design became widely known due Its design became widely known due 32 31 (1840): 205–58, plates 349–53. Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina Galicia and of Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish The Great Synagogue in Drohobych, 1844–63. View from west 1844–63. View from west The Great Synagogue in Drohobych, Bauzeitung Michael Gelber, ed., Michael Gelber, (Memorial to the Jews of Drohobycz, Borysław and Surroundings) (Tel ground plan appears on the 1959), 31 (Hebrew). The synagogue’s Aviv, detailed map of Drohobych in 1855, see Central Historical Archives of col. 186, reg. 10, file 494, fol. 10. Ukraine in L’viv, 32 [Albert] Rosengarten, “Die neue Synagoge in Cassel,” 32 33 Polish: Drohobycz. For the synagogue’s construction date, see Nathan construction date, see Nathan Drohobycz. For the synagogue’s Polish: 33 by Jewish architect Albert Rosengarten for a synagogue for a synagogue by Jewish architect Albert Rosengarten constructed in Kassel in 1836–38. and construction methods. Hübsch proposed this style and construction methods. this style Hübsch proposed for any function for every kind of building in Germany, or religious affiliation. Jewish reviewer praised it as an apt conjunction of apt conjunction of Jewish reviewer praised it as an “occidental” layout “oriental,” Byzantine style with the of Roman basilica. to its publication in the Viennese to its publication in the Viennese Fig. 13. 2006) Kravtsov, Sergey (photo: this pattern was adopted in Galicia for the Great this pattern was adopted in Galicia for the Great Synagogue of Drohobych as early as 1844–63 (fig. 13). Proposed by an educated minority, and being a German and being a German Proposed by an educated minority, enlightened design, it was well suited to the situation in the community of Drohobych, where the “oriental” of 1840 (fig. 12).

, ed. (January 5, (January 5, Allgemeine Allgemeine (Karlsruhe, 1828), (Karlsruhe, 1828), The Dictionary of Art , proposed by German Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums Rundbogenstil In welchem Style sollen wir bauen? Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, was derived neither from Enlightenment was derived neither from Enlightenment (1840), 205–58, pl. 350 Synagogue in Kassel, Albert architect main façade, Rosengarten, 1839): 11–12. (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 313–16. Gemeinde-Anstalten,” Jane Turner, vol. 27 (New York, 1996), 334–36. vol. 27 (New York, Jane Turner, passim; Michael J. Lewis, “Rundbogenstil,” in 31 “Kassel, 1. November [1838]. Neue Synagoge. Land-Rabbinat. Land-Rabbinat. “Kassel, 1. November [1838]. Neue Synagoge. 31 30 Carol H. Krinsky, Carol H. Krinsky, 30 29 Heinrich Hübsch, 29 classicist doctrine nor from historicist revivalism, but as classicist doctrine nor from historicist revivalism, but as an adjustment to the German climate, building materials, architect and theoretician Heinrich Hübsch (1795–1863) The in the third decade of the nineteenth century. Rundbogenstil The early developments of the movement which would which would The early developments of the movement the Baroque soon dismiss Neoclassicism and overshadow in the 1840s. This survival style, surfaced in Galicia trend started with the Rundbogenstil 1836–38, in [Albert] Rosengarten, “Die neue Synagoge in Cassel,” 1836–38, in [Albert] Rosengarten, in Cassel,” neue Synagoge “Die Bauzeitung was purposefully alienated from Synagogue or the Temple, which were situated the traditionalist synagogues of L’viv, whether inside or in the midst of the Jewish quarters, outside the walled city. Fig. 12. 90 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov 36 On historyoftheGreatSynagogueinStryi,demandsHasidim, 35 Polish: Stryj. decorative components may have stood fortheSephardi, decorative componentsmayhavestood with a a fireof1886(fig.14). 34 On relationsinthecommunityofDrohobychseeGelber, Ashkenazi andSephardi(Hasidic)parties. couldstandforthedisparateand “occidental”modes Postcard north-west. Fig. 14. as wasthecaseinsynagogueofStryi, horseshoe arches,ortrefoil,cusped,andpointed cases, theroundarchesweretransformedintoMoorish in Galiciansynagoguearchitecture.Inanumberof Rundbogenstil traditionalist brethern. which the in thearchitectureoftheirsingleGreatSynagogue, basilicas. Thus,thecommunityforgedaunifiedidentity older nine-bayscheme,onlyremotelyresemblingRoman geograficzny KrólestwaPolskiegoiinnych krajówsłowia´ see BronisławChlebowskiandWładysław Walewski, eds., 77 (Hebrew).Onthefireof1886 andsubsequentreconstruction, and Avigdor Rotfeld,eds., ShimonRosenberg, and theresultingAshkenazirite,seeNatanKodish, Galicia) (Jerusalem,1980),162–63(Hebrew). yehudiyyim le-minhivvasdamve-adle-aharsho‘atmil Holocaust ofWorld War II),vol.2: the JewishCommunitiessinceTheirEstablishmentanduntilafter ha-shniyah Weiss eds., le-Drohobych During thesecondhalfofnineteenthcentury, The Great Synagogue in Stryi, reconstructed ca.1886,viewfrom reconstructed TheGreatSynagogueinStryi, Rundbogen (TheBookoftheCommunities,Poland:Encyclopaedia maskilim Pinkas ha-kehillotPolin:en 72;Dnt ˛ , 27–28;DanutaD archedbandsunderwentsignificantchange exterior, itsinteriorlayoutemployed an foistedtheirculturaltasteon Sefer Stryj 36 Inthiscompilation,theoriental abrowska, AbrahamWeiss, andAharon (TheStryiBook)(Tel Aviv, 1962), . z Gali iklopedyah shelha-yishuvimha- . z iah Ha-mizra 35 remodeled after after remodeled nskich 34 Sidebyside (Geographical hemet ha-olam . hit . Sefer zikkaron (Eastern Słownik Galician-Jewish identity. initially aniconofGermanness,wasadaptedtorepresent was familiarwithIslamicarchitecture. and polychromeeffectsofByzantinearchitecture;Förster acquainted withandenthusiasticaboutthebrickwork oppressive apparatusofthestate. form ofNeoclassicismwasrejectedasasymbolthe called “theViennese Renaissance.” a versionofthenewstyle,whichHansenpretentiously Theophilus vonHansen(1813–91),managedtocreate 1851) andin-lawsLudwigvonFörster(1797–1863) representatives ofRomanticHistoricism,thepartners(till Romantic Historicism; Neoclassicism withanewtrend,calledinlaterliterature a newgenerationofViennese architects.Theyreplaced The revolutionarySpringofNations1848promoted Romantic Historicism the literally Spanish,rite.Byaddinganorientalaspectto and railwaystationstoGreek-Catholicchurches. which wereusedforarangeofpublicedifices,frombarracks in theByzantineandrelatedArabwayofbuilding,” villa, managedto“expresstheromantic,andadoptforms hired byBaronAdolfPereirain1846–47todesignhis made itdissimilartootherapplicationsofthe Sephardi ritesinthesamesynagogue,andconcomitantly theconflictbetweenAshkenaziand visually overrode community anditsarchitectachievedtwogoals:they 38 Inge Podbrecky,38 “Austria,Architecture,1848–c.1890,”in 37 Wagner-Rieger,Renate 40 40 Renate Wagner-Rieger andMara Reissenberg, 39 Stefan Muthesius,“[untitledreview]:RenateWagner-Rieger and Mara Thus themeaninganddesignof Rundbogenstil 1971), 95–102. (Warsaw, 1890),434(Polish). Dictionary ofthePolishKingdomandOtherSlavicCountries),vol.11 Society ofArchitecturalHistorians Epoche, vol.4SectionVIII)(Wiesbaden, 1980),” Reissenberg, ed., of Art 1980), 33. Wiener Ringstrasse, BildeinerEpoche,vol.4SectionVIII)(Wiesbaden, Vienna: ArtandArchitecture , ed.JaneTurner, vol.2(NewYork, 1996),786–87;RolfToman, Theophil vonHansen , thatwas Wiens Architekturim19.Jahrhundert 37 atthistime,thedoctrinal

occidental byitsorigins,the (Cologne,1999),162. , 42,no.1(Mar. 1983):80–81. (Die Wiener Ringstrasse,Bildeiner 38 39 Theoutstanding Hansenwaswell 40 Theophil vonHansen Thepartners, Rundbogenstil Rundbogenstil The Journalofthe The Dictionary (Vienna, , , (Die Ars Judaica 2010 91 Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish Inwalidenhaus in L’viv (1855–60, fig. 16). Like another (1855–60, fig. 16). Like another Inwalidenhaus in L’viv seminal structure of Romantic Historicism, the Viennese Hall (1869–83, by Friedrich von Schmidt), which Town combined Flemish, Italian, and German references in its and Förster’s overall Gothic Revival design, Hansen’s projects eagerly employed details from the Habsburgs’ with the addition of historical domains, and Italy,

Allgemeine Bauzeitung However, in the post-1848 projects Hansen and in the post-1848 projects Hansen and However, The Waffenmuseum in Vienna, main façade, Theophilus von Hansen, 1852–56 (photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2007) Kravtsov, Sergey Hansen, 1852–56 (photo: in Vienna, main façade, Theophilus von The Waffenmuseum 41 Königstetten im Tullnerboden nächst Wien,” nächst Wien,” Königstetten im Tullnerboden (1849): 107. English translation of the quote by Rudolf Klein. Förster employed their style in such imperial projects as Förster employed their style in such imperial projects as (1852–56, fig. 15), and the in Vienna the Waffenmuseum 41 [Ludwig von Förster], “Die Baron Pereira’sche Willa aus der Herrschaft Willa [Ludwig von Förster], “Die Baron Pereira’sche 41 thus poetically expressing their client’s Sephardi Jewish Sephardi Jewish thus poetically expressing their client’s roots. Fig. 15. 92 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov the JewishadaptationofRomanticHistoricism. and inDohányStreetBudapest(1854–59)exemplify synagogues intheLeopoldstadtVienna (1856–58) in centralVienna (1857),orasynagogue.Förster’s Churchof Gumpendorf(1849),theGreekOrthodox of theirclients,includingtheEvangelicalcommunity style wascapableoffine-tuningtosuittheidentities the AustrianEmpire. Romanic Historicismthusbecameamulti-facetedstyleof their tripartitecomposition of masses,whichfollowedthe Byzantine andRomanesque components,andthrough with Moorishelementsfrom SpainandItalyaswell was achievedthroughdecorating thesesynagogues facets fromtheBalkansandelementsofRomanesque. Due toitssyntheticnature,Förster’s andHansen’s Fig. 16. TheInvalidenhaus inL’viv, Theophilusvon Hansen,1855–60(photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2007) 44 This 43 42

43 Ludwig Förster, “DasIsraelitischeBethhausinderWiener Vorstadt 42 For theprogramofViennese Town Hall,seeAnthonyAlofsin, architecture, which had passed from God toAdam,Cain, architecture, whichhadpassedfromGod architectural theoryalreadyemphasizedthecontinuity of them totheprecedingconcepts.Seventeenth-century Historicism maybevirtuallyreconstructedbycomparing ofJesus. the crucifiedbody on plans, whichatthetimewerethoughttobemodeled comparisons betweensynagoguesandcruciformchurch sequences attheTemple ofJerusalem.Thisavoidedany 44 44 Rudolf Klein, Leopoldstadt,” and ItsAftermath,1867–1933 When BuildingsSpeak:Architecture as LanguageintheHabsburgEmpire The theoreticalfoundationsofAustrianRomantic The GreatSynagogueofBudapest Allgemeine Bauzeitung (Chicago,2006),20–23. (1859):14–16pls.230–35. (, 2008), passim. (Budapest,2008),passim. Ars Judaica 2010 93

(1851). Jehuda ben Halevy German Architectural Theory and the Search for German Architectural Theory and the Search for Wren’s “Tracts” on Architecture and Other Writings on Architecture and “Tracts” Wren’s (Cambridge, 1995), 65–66. Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish In the decades following Förster’s and Hansen’s and Hansen’s In the decades following Förster’s (Cambridge, 1998), 128–29. Modern Identity innovations, Romantic Historicism penetrated Bukovina by the buildings were designed and Galicia. Chernivtsi’s architects Josef Hlávka (1831–1908) Vienna-educated and Julian Zachariewicz (1837–98). Hlávka adjusted the new style to the Orthodox church of Sts. Basil, Gregory, and John Chrysostom, and to the Orthodox Metropolitan residence (1864–73, fig. 17), using remote Byzantine, the modern Jewish identity as “other,” though related to co- the modern Jewish identity as “other,” existent national identities and, in Jewish eyes, co-equal. 45 Lydia M. Soo, Lydia 45 46 Mitchell Schwarzer, 46 47 See, for instance, Heinrich Heine’s poem See, for instance, Heinrich Heine’s 47 y, and John Chrysostom Josef in Czernivtsi, architect y, In the In the 45 This feeling This feeling 47 Structures built Structures built 46 The Metropolitan Church of Sts. Basil, Gregor The Metropolitan of Sts. Church Fig. 17. 2004) Kravtsov, Sergey 1864–73 (photo: Hlávka, by Romantic Historicists expressed opposing ideas: they by Romantic Historicists expressed opposing ideas: they emphasized historicity and the mutual relatedness of cultures and architectural schools. In the mid-nineteenth of culturally a feeling of a shared cultural destiny, century, of tradition and historically interwoven East and West, and future, was poetized and romanticized. not only helped to formulate the “Moorish” (supposedly not only helped to formulate the “Moorish” (supposedly Jewish) version of Romantic Historicism, but it also shaped and Seth, to the Babylonians and Egyptians, Phoenicians and Seth, to the Babylonians and Egyptians, and Jews, and then to the Greeks and Romans. second half of the eighteenth century, the culmination the culmination second half of the eighteenth century, of the classical architectural canon in ancient Greece was deemed absolute. In German Neoclassicist theories, the Greek canon stood for the expression of the entire development of world architecture. 94 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov Jews ofChernivtsi,theconstructionplanswerejoyfully design wasenthusiasticallyacceptedbytheenlightened of God.” andimageto “excludeanyimitationofhumanebody a tripartitelongitudinallayout,reiteratinghisdesire Förster, hecombinedmostlyMoorishdecorationwith details. employed Gothic,Romanesque,andArmenianmedieval of theApostlesPeterandPaul(1869–75,fig.18)he 50 Julian Zachariewicz,“IsraelitischerTempel in Czernowitz,” 49 Ibid., 57. 48 Dagmar Redl,“PomizhVidnem iChernivtsiamy:Dostanovlennia Romanian features. Romanesque, Gothic,Renaissance,Moorish,andregional the sanctuaryofJerusalemTemple. of opensky, andthusofacourtyard,which preceded to Jewisharchitecture,andattributeditameaning the architectclaimthatcupolawasashapealien Synagogengasse withitsGreatSynagogue. edifice placedclosetothecitycenter, farawayfrom Chernivtsi (1873–78,figs.19,20),amonumental to theTemple oftheJewishProgressiveCommunity about itsmeaning. this cupolainhisarticleof1882,butremainedsilent explained varioustechnicalmatterswhendiscussing feature whichFörsterhadneverusedinsynagogues.He 53 Zachariewicz stated:“Abyzachowa´ 52 Ibid. 51 Ibid., 49. apse] witharelevantportal,placed ontheoppositesideofcupola presenter [Zachariewicz]designsthe entrancetothesanctuary[i.e., keep theexistingcupola,which Jewishstylecannotendure,the temple whilereconstructingthesynagogue, and,ontheotherhand,to by dziedziniecdlawiernych”(InordertopreservefeaturesofSolomon’s której stropwedługprojektumana´ głównego po stronie przeciwnej wn˛ głównego postronieprzeciwnej dzisiejszegowej´ portalem,umieszczonym naprzeciw odpowiednim restauracyi bó Bauzeitung Rychlo (Chernivtsi,2003),55(Ukrainian). Architektonische ErbeinCzernowitzderÖsterreichischenPeriode Historicist ArchitectureintheImperialandRoyalMonarchy), (Between Vienna andChernivtsi:OnEstablishmentInfluenceof i vplyvuistorychnoiarkhitekturytsisars’ko-korolivs’koimonarkhii” nie znosistyl Zachariewicz introduced acupolaintohisTemple,Zachariewicz introduced a 49 51 ZachariewiczappliedFörster’s stylisticconcept , 47(1882):48–49pls.28–32. zydowski, projektujeprelegentwej´ . znicy, zdrugiejza´ . 52 48 Onlyinhisstatementof1896did IntheArmenianCatholicChurch s stronyocali´ sladowa´ tz ouy ijc o ou ˛ kopuły.etrza kopuł Miejscepod c cechy´ c strop nieba, przedstawiał c stropnieba,przedstawiał ou ˛ c kopuł w ˛ swi 53 Zachariewicz’s scie dosanktuariumz atyni Salomonaprzy 50 sne ˛ e istniej Following c˛ ac Allgemeine , ed.Petro a, której scia Das a, design tooearly, ca.1850. now asuburbofChernivtsi.Hasidictraditiondatesits Friedmann, sonofR.IsraelRuzhyn(fig.21)inSadhora, the synagogue[…],alittlepieceofOrient.” a gorgeousedifice,andnearby–magnificentcupolaof Metropolitanresidence, before youreyes:the[Orthodox] “Would youliketoseeacornerofByzantium?Hereitrises praised thecityofChernivtsiinfollowingwords: Karl EmilFranzos,anassimilatedJewish-Germanwriter, is tobefoundintheNew regime. religions harmoniouslycoexistundertheenlightened empire embracingbothEastandWest, inwhichdiverse standing RomanticHistoricismasastylecreatedforan comment givesusanadditionalcluetowardsunder- the Christianchurchesparticipatedinitsinauguration. greeted, andcontributionsflowedinfreely;clergyofall of themagnificentSadhoraHasidiccourtwithitsregal meaning ofitsstyleoscillatesbetweentheuniqueidentity forthebranchsynagogueinChortkiv.as amodel The in Chernivtsi,and1881,whentheSadhora necessary fortheMetropolitanresidencebecameavailable technicalcapabilitiesrests between1864,whenmodern 57 Even, Itzhak 56 Yiddish: Sadagora. 55 Karl Emil Franzos, 54 Herman Sternberg,“ZurGeschichtederJudeninCzernowitz,” A remarkablerenditionofRomanticHistoricism 1962), 32. Geschichte derJudeninBukowina Nineteenth andEarlyTwentieth Centuries)(Warsaw, 2004), 36(Polish). Trend inArchitectureofCentral-EasternEuropeanSynagoguesthe Europy (Polish); EleonoraBergman, Year), 29 styczniar.b.” (ReportonMeetingHeldJanuary29oftheCurrent d. courtyard forthebelievers);see“Sprawozdaniezezgromadzeniaodb. according totheproject,hasstandforsky, wouldrepresentthe from theactualmainentrance.Thespaceundercupola,which, archives disprovedhisauthorship oftheSadhora of architecture.However, thepresentauthor’s enquiryintoHansen’s 1850, onlytheleadingViennese thiskind architectscouldproduce Court: MemoriesandStories)(NewYork, 1922),84–85(Yiddish). In further study. project either. Authorshipandprecisebuilding dateofthis Klenovský’s studiesindicatethatHlávka was notconnectedtothis Czasopismo techniczne rdooWcone I apc ˛ Srodkowo-Wschodniej wXIXinapocz ' Funem rebenshoif:zikhroinesunmaises Aus Halb-Asien 57 Kloiz Areliableconstructiondate (Technical Magazine)14,no.5(1896):58 Nurt maureta´ ofR.Avraham Ya‘akov (Berlin,1901),252. , ed.HugoGold,vol.2(Tel Aviv, atku XXwieku nski warchitekturzesynagog kloiz (FromaRabbi’s served 55 Kloiz This (TheMoorish kloiz . Jaroslav 54 56

await Ars Judaica 2010 95 Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish The Temple Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect Julian Zachariewicz, Julian Zachariewicz, Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect The Temple Fig. 20. 1894. Nationalbibliothek, 1873–78. Photograph from south-west, Vienna , 47 (1882): pl. 29 Armenian Catholic Church in Czernivtsi, interior of the , architect Josef Hlávka, 1869–75 (photo: Vladimir 1869–75 (photo: in Czernivtsi, Josef Hlávka, Armenian interior Catholic Church of the cupola, architect Fig. 18. 2007) Levin, Allgemeine Bauzeitung Allgemeine The Temple Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect Julian Zachariewicz, Julian Zachariewicz, Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect The Temple

Fig. 19. in Tempel 1873–78, southern “Israelitischer façade, in Julian Zachariewicz, Czernowitz,” 96 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov Hager is lessknown.ItwasfoundedbyR.Mena compare theSadhora feature ofthesethreesynagogues. SeveralHasidicstories symmetrical extensionsflanking theporch,isacommon bunch. “Moorish style”wasnolongerattractiveforthisHasidic the orientalexpressionofSadhorawasomitted;that is, sacred buildingsinneighboringCernivtsi. lifestyle andSephardirite,itscompetitionwithother Fig. 21. Chortkiv (fig.22). kloiz Jan MarcinCie Between 1881and1885thePolishrailwayengineer, Freidmann inVyzhnytsia (fig.23). the An unusualT-shaped groundplan,formedby The Sadhora admor of R.Israel’s son,R.DavidMosheFriedmannat KloizofR.Avraham Ya’akov fromsouth-west, Friedmann, 1860s–80s.Photograph ca.1914. Sadhora, Nationalbibliothek, Vienna

( Zema . toanarchpriest. h . Zaddik, 1830–84), a . ´ s likowski (1842–1927),constructedthe Kloiz 59 Thehistoryofthesecondreplica Kloiz wasreplicatedatleasttwice. totheJerusalemTemple, and 61 Theseaccountsprobably son-in-law of R. Israel son-in-law ofR.Israel 60 Inbothreplicas, 58 hem Mendel . 62 The T-shaped Temple layoutoftheHerodian hasbeenknownto 61 Even, 60 Romanian:Vijnit They maywellrefertotheshapeof reflect morethanthemessianicfervorofnarrators. 59 Aleksander CzołowskiandBohdanJanusz, 59 58 On thelifestyleofSadagoracourt,seeDavidAssaf, (Middot 4:7). “The sanctuarywasnarrowbehindandwideinfront” Templethe descriptionofHerodian intheMishnah: of Oppyck: translation oftheMishnaictractate MiddotbyEmperorConstantine European theologiansandarchitects since1630,duetotheLatin called CzortkówinPolish. Władysław Konopczy´ The LifeandTimes ofRabbiIsraelRuzhin in 1926), 177(Polish);Walerian Charkiewicz,“Cie´ Tarnopolskiego Polski SłownikBiograficzny Funem rebenshoif Masek 62 (HistoryandMonumentsofTernopil Province)(, , a; Yiddish: Vizhnitz. _ et midotmi-Talmud Bavlihocest,Talmudis Babylonici nski, vol.4(Cracow, 1938), 69–70.Chortkivis , 3,83,153. (PolishBiographicDictionary),ed. Przeszło´ (Stanford,2002),271–72. kloiz s´ slikowski JanMarcin,” c izabytkiwojewództwa , whichevokes The RegalWay: Ars Judaica 2010 97 The The 65 tograph Postcard from south-west. . hem Mendel Hager of Vizhnitsa, by unknown unknown of Vizhnitsa, by hem Mendel Hager Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish The Israelite Hospital, Lviv, 1898–1902, architect Kazimierz Kazimierz 1898–1902, architect The Israelite Hospital, Lviv, Kloiz of R. Mena A restrained oriental style for the Progressive Synagogue Fig. 24. photograph from early twentieth view from Kleparowska Street, Mokłowski, Historical Museum L’viv century. Fig. 23. Pho 19th century. late architect, structure was plainly plastered, no brickwork was exposed, and masonry lattice imitated a jali. The centers of round- headed openings and niches were elevated above their The imposts to imbue the edifice with oriental flavor. most exotic elements of the synagogue, its four tall turrets in the third largest Galican city, Ivano-Frankivs’k, was Ivano-Frankivs’k, was in the third largest Galican city, architect, Wilhelm proposed by a well-known Viennese Stiassny (1842–1910), in 1894–95 (fig. 25). . Zanna (Leiden, (Leiden, 1 (1974): 16–27. (History of the Progressive (History of the Progressive JJA , 88. . zydowski we Lwowie” (The Jewish Hospital in zydowski we Lwowie” (The Jewish Hospital in (The Third City in Galicia: Stanisławów and Its (The Third City in Galicia: Stanisławów and Its epowej w Stanisławowie [L’viv] 108 (1902): 4 (Polish). [L’viv]

Synagogues of Europe Trzecie miasto Galicji. Stanisławów i jego architektura w okresie miasto Galicji. Stanisławów i jego architektura w okresie Trzecie 64 Wschód Kloiz of R. David Moshe Friedmann in Chortkiv, architect Jan Marcin architect in Chortkiv, Moshe Friedmann Kloiz of R. David The Jews of L’viv, by contrast, felt comfortable by contrast, felt comfortable The Jews of L’viv, 63 Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Jews the Jews the end of the nineteenth century, Towards codex Middoth sive De mensuris templi, unà cum versione Latina, additis, codex Middoth sive De mensuris templi, unà cum versione Latina, additis, præter accuratas figuras, commentariis, quibus tota templi Hierosolymitani illustrantur variaque Scripturæ S. loca structura ... explicatur, 1630). European Jews referred the Mishnah for drawing plans and 1630). European Jews referred the Mishnah for drawing plans and see Rachel Wischnitzer, in Jerusalem even earlier; sections of the Temple “Maimonides’ Drawings of the Temple,” Synagogue in Stanisławów) (Stanisławów, 1939), 19–45 (Polish); Synagogue in Stanisławów) (Stanisławów, Komar, autonomii galicyjskiej 2008), Architecture in the Period of Galician Autonomy) (Cracow, 125–28 (Polish). L’viv), L’viv), Dzieje synagogi post˛ ´likowski, 1881–85. Photograph from south-west. Postcard 1881–85. Photograph from south-west. ´likowski, of many central European countries shied away from shied away from of many central European countries otherness stand the “Moorish” style, which made their out. with this style well into the twentieth century. It was It was century. with this style well into the twentieth Kazimierz applied by Polish architect and theoretician Hospital in Mokłowski (1869–1905) to the Israelite (1898–1902). The perspective of St Anna Street L’viv this structure focused on the exotic cupola of the hospital; dominated the skyline of the neighborhood (fig. 24). The “pure Moorish style” aroused the admiration hospital’s the historian Majer of a contemporary Jewish reviewer, Bałaban. Fig. 22. Cies 63 Krinsky, Krinsky, 63 64 Majer Bałaban, “Szpital 64 65 Polish: Stanisławów. For its Progressive Synagogue, see Leon Streit, Streit, For its Progressive Synagogue, see Leon Polish: Stanisławów. 65 98 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov location outsidethehistoricalJewishquarters. dominated theskyline,andaccentuatedsynagogue’s crowned withcantedoniondomesandStarsofDavid, by CharlezChipiez. fromtheimageofTemplemodel createdin1887 definition oftheJewishstyle.Zachariewiczderivedthis of L’viv, heproposed amorehistorically-basedandstricter statement of1896. Gothic, Roman,etc.”conventionalstylesinhispublic it inarandominventorygroupingtogether“Moorish, public. Onceitsdevotee,Zachariewiczpejorativelylisted among professionalarchitects,ratherthantheJewish by theclient.Noconvincing contemporaryaccount styles. Zachariewicz’s bolddesignwas,however, rejected built inamixtureofancient EgyptianandAssyrian author GeorgesPerrot,the Temple couldhavebeen Dissatisfaction withthe“Moorish”styleemerged Henryk Podd˛Henryk Fig. 25. 67 ForthereconstructionofTemple 68 AccordingtoChipiezandhisco- Temple SynagogueinIvano-Frankivs’k, architect Stiassny, Wilhelm 1894–95,viewfromsouth-east.Photograph ebski, 1933.ISPAN 66 68 Sergey R.Kravtsov, “Reconstruction oftheTemple byCharlesChipiez 67 “Sprawozdanie zezgromadzenia”(note53above), 58. 66 The Temple occupiedthe plotofaGreek-CatholicChurch,dismantled Jewish architectureofGaliciainthe1900s;thismovement A newtrend,NationalRomanticism,emergedinthe National Romanticism culturally constructedpresent. the congregation,whichemphasizedpoliticallyand too sharplywiththeprogressiveself-identificationof suppose thatthehistoricistandexoticexpressionbroke explains thecommunity’s retreat,butwemayreasonably and ItsApplicationsinArchitecture,” Quarterly) 1(1995):18(Polish). Kwartalnik ArchitekturyiUrbanistyki in 17thand18thCenturies:SpatialCompositionItsSymbolism), ijegosymbolika”(Stanisławów XVII-XVIII wiekach:układprzestrzenny in 1815;seeSergiejR.Krawcow(SergeyKravtsov),“Stanisławóww (ArchitectureandUrbanBuilding AJ 4(2008):25–42. Ars Judaica 2010 99 The details that Awin that Awin The details 73 , ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, 1910) [unpaged] (L’viv, , ed. Leon Reich Polska architektura sakralna w poszukiwaniu stylu (The Jewish Almanac), ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, (The Jewish Almanac), ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, (Architect) 40 (1909): 395 pl. 33–34 (Russian). . Zydowski

nski, Zodchiy . Zydowski (Polish in the Quest for National Style) Almanach Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina and Galicia of Architecture Synagogue in Identities Jewish z, 2000), 152 (Polish). Almanach 74 1910), 245. in Kharkiv),” narodowego (Łód´ and Architecture” (forthcoming). in The Old Cemetery Synagogue in L’viv, reconstruction design by Józef reconstruction design by The Old Cemetery Synagogue in L’viv, 72 Cf. Krzysztof Stefa´ 72 on Jewish Art 38–39; idem, “Józef Awin “Reconstruction”: Kravtsov, 73 74 Oskar Aleksandrowicz, “Do naszych ilustracji” (About Our Illustrations), during his studies at the Royal Polytechnic University University Polytechnic studies at the Royal during his 26). in 1906–07 (fig. of Munich Fig. 26. ca. 1910, in Awin, employed in 1909 to represent “a synagogue in a Polish in a Polish “a synagogue in 1909 to represent employed oculi above round-headed windows town” showed the characteristic of synagogues of L’viv (fig. 27), which were by steep mansard roof, appreciated from 1801, and a Polish. This theoretical proposal was Mokłowski as truly details. It bore local “Jewish” features, free of any oriental from which revitalizing motifs” seen as “the healthy, opinion, could in Awin’s the new Jewish architecture, be born.

69 . znicach drewnianych w znicach drewnianych w The Jewish party 72 Szyszko-Bohusz, like Szyszko-Bohusz, like 71 (Folk Art in Poland) (1903), (Folk Art in Poland) (1903), , 352–53. Kilka słów o dawnejszych bo Sztuka ludowa w Polsce Sztuka ludowa Another Polish architect and theorist, Alfred Alfred Another Polish architect and theorist, 70 (Few Words on Old Wooden Synagogues in Poland) (Cracow, Synagogues in Poland) (Cracow, on Old Wooden (Few Words Polsce 1903), vol. 3, 5–6 (Polish); Kazimierz 1895), vol. 1, 5, 13; ibid. (Cracow, Mokłowski, 324–443. proektov zdaniia khoralnoy sinagogi v g. Khar’kove (Opinion of the proektov zdaniia khoralnoy sinagogi v g. Khar’kove (Opinion of the Jury on the Competition Proposal for Building of the Choral Synagogue other Polish architects, sought “the native style” which native style” which other Polish architects, sought “the of architecture – would reinstate the Polish character had allegedly been including that of Polish Jews – that lost under the partition of the country. to this discourse was represented by the L’viv architect architect the L’viv to this discourse was represented by who recognized (1883–1942), and theorist Józef Awin style from the the necessity for construction of a Jewish though with some modifications. According local legacy, due to its nearly to him, the legacy survived in the ghetto by a Jewish total isolation, and it could be revivified architect owing to his subconscious ethnic affiliation, but without slavish application of historicist details. projects that proposed the use of raw stone Some of Awin’s cladding were close to the German National Romantic was able to absorb this style style of the 1900s. Awin 70 Mokłowski, 70 69 Mathias Bersohn, 69 Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), proposed Polish Baroque Polish Baroque Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), proposed even for as an ideal pattern for synagogue architecture, a “Choral” Progressive synagogue. was related to the growing national awareness of the of the national awareness to the growing was related By that Empire. the Austro-Hungarian peoples inhabiting intention had expressed their of architects time, a number architecture into the Polish to integrate synagogue In this regard, a modestnational curriculum. attempt by Mathias Bersohn (1823–1908) Jewish-Polish art historian of the old woodento define some features synagogues as by met with harsh criticism original Jewish characteristics Mokłowski, who saw these structures the aforementioned of Polish architecture. exclusively as monuments According to Mokłowski, the wooden synagogues were the woodenAccording to Mokłowski, synagogues were saw manors; he Polish noblemen’s only surrogates of as genuine Polish the steep multi-tiered roofs of both attic walls elements, unlike the imported Italianate and seventeenth and sunken roofs of the late sixteenth century. 71 Marian S. Lalewicz (Lialevich), “Otzyv komissii sudey po konkursu Marian S. Lalewicz (Lialevich), “Otzyv komissii sudey po konkursu 71 100 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov Zydowski . Fig. 27. architecture ofGaliciaandBukovinahasledfromthe Constructing Jewishidentitiesinthesynagogue AsynagogueinaPolish town, architect JózefAwin, 1909,in , ed.LeonReich (L’viv, 1910)[unpaged] Almanach

continuity. these referencesgainedauthorityandpromoted of Jerusalem.Borrowedfromsynagoguetosynagogue, architecture wereexplicatedbyreferencestotheTemple milieu. ExclusivelyJewishcomponentsofsynagogue various degreesofintegrationintothePolishorAustrian nominations, forsignsofmutualcompromise,and looked forcleardistinctionsbetweenseparateJewishde- follow establishedcanonsforrelatedcongregations;it the sharedpast.Synagoguearchitecturetendedto ofthehostnations,emphasizing with thegloriousperiods Progressive congregationsassociatedtheirarchitecture Vienna. Thetraditionalistgroupsandthelessrigorous Stadttempel, theProgressivesynagogueofmetropolitan their“German-JewishHouseofPrayer”onthemodeled destinations. TheProgressiveJewsinGalicianL’viv present backtomeaningfulhistoricalandgeographical