General Introduction to English Linguistics contains the following sub-disciplines for you to be engaged with • pragmatics the study of speaker meaning • semantics the study of word and sentence meaning • syntax the study of the structure of sentences • morphology the study of words • phonetics and the study of speech phonology sounds RP GA Word Received General Pronunciation American Go [gəʊ] [goʊ] No [nəʊ] [noʊ] Crow [krəʊ] [kroʊ] comparison [kəmˈpærɪsn] [kəmˈperɪsn] Promotion [prə'məʊʃn] [prə'moʊʃn] Romantic [rəʊ'mæntik] [roʊ'mæntik] https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=NdJQdt3xkFQ&feature=emb_logo How Are British English and American English Different? https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_contin ue=3&v=PNgojiIuXQg&feature=emb_logo British vs American Accents https://learningapps.org/display?v =pw6os619j16 British English versus American English pronunciation and wording / lexis https://learningapps.org/dis play?v=pm90g0znv19 Translate from British to American English and vice versa [ˌvaɪsɪ'vɜːsə] https://learningapps.org/dis play?v=pt2s8quba17 Translate from British to American English Grammar and vice versa https://learningapps.org/dis play?v=pd4kkji5c17 British versus American English spelling Varieties of English The international spread of English, Regional variation. The regional accents of English speakers show great variation across the areas where English is spoken as a first language. There are many identifiable variations in pronunciation, usually deriving from the phoneme inventory of the local dialect, of the local variety of Standard English between various populations of native English speakers. Varieties of English Local accents are part of local dialects. Any dialect of English has unique features in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The term "accent" ['æks(ə)nt] describes only the first of these, namely, pronunciation. See also: List of dialects of the English language. E.G. Brummie ['brʌmɪ] 1) informal a native or inhabitant of Birmingham, England 2) of or relating to Birmingham accent ['æksənt] 1) the characteristic mode of pronunciation of a person or group, esp one that betrays social or geographical origin 2) the relative prominence of a spoken or sung syllable, esp with regard to stress or pitch Compare: pitch I 28), stress 3) a mark (such as [' ], [ˌ ], ´ or `) used in writing to indicate the stress or prominence of a syllable. Such a mark may also be used to indicate that a written syllable is to be pronounced, esp when such pronunciation is not usual, as in turnèd 4) any of various marks or symbols conventionally used in writing certain languages to indicate the quality of a vowel, or for some other purpose, such as differentiation of homographs See: acute, grave, circumflex 5) (in some languages, such as Chinese) any of the tones that have phonemic value in distinguishing one word from another accent ['æksənt] 6) rhythmic stress in verse or prose 7) music a) stress placed on certain notes in a piece of music, indicated by a symbol printed over the note concerned b) the rhythmic pulse of a piece or passage, usually represented as the stress on the first beat of each bar See also syncopation 8) mathematics either of two superscript symbols indicating a specific unit, such as feet (′), inches (″), minutes of arc (′), or seconds of arc (″) 9) a distinctive characteristic of anything, such as taste, pattern, style, etc 10) particular attention or emphasis an accent on learning 11) a strongly contrasting detail a blue rug with red accents [æk'sɛnt] [æk'sɛnt] (verb, transitive) 12) to mark with an accent in writing, speech, music, etc 13) to lay particular emphasis or stress on • Etymology: via Old French from Latin accentus, from ad- to + cantus chant , song. The Latin is a rendering of Greek prosōidia a song sung to music , the tone of a syllable prosody ['prɒsədɪ] 1) the study of poetic metre and of the art of versification, including rhyme, stanzaic forms, and the quantity and stress of syllables 2) a system of versification 3) the patterns of stress and intonation in a language • Etymology: from Latin prosōdia accent of a syllable, from Greek prosōidia song set to music , from pros towards + ōidē , from aoidē song ; see ODE Derived words: prosodic [prə'sɒdɪk] ; prosodist Varieties of English Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over the intonation and phonemic inventory from their mother tongue into their English speech. For more details see Non-native pronunciations of English. Among native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents, such as Pennsylvania Dutch English, are easily identified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the regions identified below; for example, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city of Manchester such as Bolton, Oldham and Salford, each have distinct accents, all of which form the Lancashire ['læŋkəʃɪə] accent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be noticed even by a non-local listener. There is also much room for misunderstanding between people from different regions, as the way one word is pronounced in one accent (for example, petal in American English) will sound like a different word in another accent (for example, pearl in Scottish English). ] Varieties of English Great Britain On the British Isles there are some local varieties of English, which developed from Old English local dialects. There are six groups of them: Lowland /Scottish/, Northern, Western, Midland, Eastern, Southern. The local population uses these varieties in oral speech. Only the Scottish dialect has its own literature /R. Berns/. https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/maps- page-02/ Varieties of English Great Britain Accents and dialects vary widely across the United Kingdom; as such, a single "British accent" does not exist, but someone could be said to have an English, Welsh, or Scottish accent although these all have several different sub-types. Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Cockney is one of the most famous British accent. Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Cockney is probably the second most famous British accent. Cockney English refers to the accent or dialect of English traditionally spoken by working-class Londoners. • Non-rhoticity • Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these sounds like “trep” and “cet.” • Trap-bath split • London vowel shift • Glottal Stopping • L-vocalization • Th-Fronting Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Scottish English is spoken in the country of Scotland. • Rhotic, with trilled or tapped r’s. • Glottal stopping of the letter t when in between vowels. • has no /ʊ/, instead transferring Scots /u/ Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Welsh English refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. • Usually non-rhotic. • In northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised [ɫː] • Some dialect words imported from the Welsh language. Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Geordie ['dʒɔːdɪ] refers to both the people and dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, in Northeast England. • The foot-stut merger • Non-rhoticity • Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables • T-glottalization Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Northern England English is a group of related dialects in cities like Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool. • The foot-stut merger • Non-rhoticity • do not have the trap–bath split Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Midlands English divides into East Midlands and West Midlands, but there are no much differences between them. • The foot-strut merger • is firmly rhotic • In some areas, words like "roof" and "root" are pronounced with the FOOT vowel /ʊ/ Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects West Country (Southwest British) refers to a large swath of accents heard in the South of England, starting about fifty miles West of London and extending to the Welsh border. • Rhoticity • /aɪ/, as in guide or life, more precisely approaches [ɒɪ] or [ɑɪ] • /aʊ/, as in house or cow, more precisely approaches [æy] or [ɐʏ] • The trap-bath split's Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects Estuary English is an accent derived from London English which has achieved a status slightly similar to “General American”. • Non-rhoticity • Wholly-holy split • T-glottalisation • L-vocalisation Varieties of English England There is considerable variation within the accents of English across England. Two sets of accents are spoken in the West Country, Cornish (primarily in South Cornwall) and West Country - the counties of Devon, Somerset ['sʌməset(ʃə)] / ['sʌməsɪtˌ - ˌsɛt], Gloucestershire ['glɒstəˌʃɪəˌ -ʃə], Bristol ['brɪstl], Dorset (not as common in east Dorset), Wiltshire (again, less common in eastern Wiltshire), and also in East Cornwall ['kɔːnwɔːl]. Varieties of English England The accents of Northern England are also distinctive including a range of variations: Northumberland, County Durham, Teesside, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, Cumbria, Lancashire with regional variants in Bolton, Burnley, Blackburn, Manchester, Preston, Fylde, Liverpool and Wigan, Yorkshire is also distinctive, having variations between the North Riding of Yorkshire, West Riding of Yorkshire and East Riding of