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UNESCO/IUBS/EUBIOS Bioethics Dictionary

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UNESCO/IUBS/EUBIOS Bioethics Dictionary UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Living Bioethics Dictionary version 1.3 UNESCO/IUBS/EUBIOS Bioethics Dictionary THIS IS A LIVING DICTIONARY AND IT WELCOMES COMMENTS FROM ALL Editor-in-chief: Darryl R.J. Macer AUTHORS*: DM= Darryl R.J. Macer, Eubios Ethics Institute, New Zealand and Japan, and University of Tsukuba, Japan; IP=Irina Pollard, Macquarie University, Australia; MP= Morgan Pollard, Southern Cross University, Australia; JA= Jayapaul Azariah, All India Association of Bioethics, India; FL=Frank Leavitt, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; MR=Michael Reiss, Institute of Education, University of London, UK; AG = Avi Gold, Israel; GK=Genoveva Keyeux, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia; RW= Rick Weisburd, University of Tsukuba, Japan. Edition 1.3: Eubios Ethics Institute, 15 November 2003 We want global feedback on this draft of the dictionary, as a freely accessible on-line dictionary. It is accessible through the Internet site to download as a MS Word file from Eubios Ethics Institute web site: <http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~macer/biodict.doc> Updates will be listed in a separate file with a list of undefined words. This is edition 1.3 and contains 600 more definitions to the 2002 edition. More of the following words will be defined, and further entries will be added. It is expected to then produce a hard copy, which will be distributed widely without profit. Please also note that the Dictionary is available on the EubiosCD, available from Eubios Ethics Institute, including 1500+ papers, reference materials and 19 books (US$200). Eubios Ethics Institute <http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~macer/index.html> The suggested way to use the dictionary will be to download the file to your own computer. We hope that you will contribute to this global living dictionary project, so that we can better understand the terms we use. This dictionary is more than bioethics for biologists, or any other field, it is multidisciplinary and cross-cultural. Help us make it better! This edition contains close to 4000 entries, and you can use it for your personal or educational use. It is copyrighted for commercial uses to Eubios Ethics Institute. We welcome additional words, and comments on existing entries. Please Email these to the editor in chief, Email: [email protected], with the subject line "Bioethics Dictionary". Mail address: Prof. Darryl Macer, Eubios Ethics Institute, P.O. Box 125, Tsukuba Science City, 305-8691, Japan. The responsibility for each entry rests with the authors, and it does not imply that these are the views of UNESCO, IUBS, Eubios Ethics Institute, or any other coauthor. Its origin comes from the members of the IUBS Bioethics Committee. We will be Copyright 2003 Eubios Ethics Institute 1 UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Living Bioethics Dictionary version 1.3 adding more words, including some description of influential bioethicists, in the future, we welcome your suggestions. *Less than 50 definitions is acknowledged as a contributor, which so far includes: AB= Alireza Bagheri MD, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Japan; AZ= Aliza Zeidman MD, Deputy Head, Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel; BP= Barbara Prainsack, Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Waehringerstra_e 28, 1090 Vienna, Austria; DR= Derek Roberts; HM=Huw Morgan; JW=Jenny Wilkinson; MN=Mary Ann Chen Ng; MV= Mike Vandeman; PC= Prof. Carlo Petrini, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italia; PW=Peter Whittaker; RNS= R.N. Sharma, Pune, India; SG=Shimon Glick MD, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; SG2 = Dr Steven Gilbert Director, Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders (USA). VT= Verena Tschudin, Ph.D., 26 Cathcart Road, London SW10 9NN, UK; Editor, Nursing Ethics. Further Acknowledgements: Irina Pollard acknowledges the help with the Aboriginal definitions and for learning about Aboriginality from Mr. Stephen Williams, Aboriginal Wiradjuri elder and Jenny Heller, lecturer in the Eora Centre for Aboriginal Studies. Copyright 2003 Eubios Ethics Institute 2 UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Living Bioethics Dictionary version 1.3 AAT or alpha-1-antitrypsin: A protein which in deficiency causes a lung disease called emphysema, due to altered regulation of the enzyme. AAT can be produced through genetic technology in the milk of sheep, by transfer of the human gene to the sheep. One sheep made to produce AAT is called Tracy. (JA) ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missile. ABNORMALITY: Something that is not the normal. This term is used in the debate over fetal diagnosis in the selection of embryos or fetuses that have a trait that will cause disease. (See PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS). (DM) ABORIGINAL. Original inhabitants of those parts of the world that were conquered and colonized with an overwhelming thrust aside of these populations to relatively isolated regions. These peoples are now called aboriginals, and are still found in many parts of the world: America (see AMERINDIAN), Australia (see AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL and Torres Straight Islander peoples), Guinea (Papuans), New Zealand (Maoris), etc. The natural admixture with the new settlers has been partially or totally absent, leaving a native community virtually untouched in biological and cultural terms. (See also AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL & INDIGENOUS) (GK) ABORTION: The spontaneous or deliberate termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus has been born, or is viable outside the womb. Should be restricted to refer to the termination of a pregnancy after implantation of the embryo into the mother. Many countries have laws restricting access of mothers to abort their fetus. Some countries prohibit abortion outright, other countries allow for a range of conditions affecting the mother, and/or for fetal indications. Spontaneous abortions in the first trimester are due in 50% of the cases to chromosomal abnormalities (26% are due to trisomies, 10% to X monosomies, and the rest to triploidies, tetraploidies, or structural abnormalities). Moral issues have been extensively discussed for several millenium without resolution. (DM, FL, GK) ABORTION ON DEMAND: Readily available legalized abortion, including abortion for personal or social reasons. (DM) ABORTION IN JUDAISM: An extremely early Jewish source, the Mishna, (Tractate Ohalot not only allows abortion, but requires it when in cases when pregnancy threatens the life of the mother. The crucial issue according to the Mishna, is that "Her life is more important than its life." Among current authorities, there is no debate about the fact that abortion is sometimes permitted and required. The only debate is over the specific circumstances in which abortion would be indicated. The more strict, inspired by the writings of the late Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, allow for abortion only when the life of the mother is in clear and certain danger. More liberal orthodox rabbis, inspired by the views of Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg, allow for abortion when the mother's life is in probable but not certain danger, when her health although not her life is in danger, when her mental although not her physical health is in danger, and even when the mother is a married woman who became pregnant because of an extra-marital relationship. (FL) ABSTRACT THOUGHT: A general concept, as opposed to a thought about a particular individual. PLATO (q.v.) and his followers believed that while an Copyright 2003 Eubios Ethics Institute 3 UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Living Bioethics Dictionary version 1.3 imagination or memory about an individual object or person might contain palpable characteristics like colour, sound, taste, smell or tactile feeling, abstract thoughts are totally spiritual with no palpable content. But David HUME (q.v.) claimed that he had never experienced any such "spiritual and refined perceptions", and that all of his thoughts were really only particular images which might nonetheless be used in one's thinking to represent a large class of things. (In thinking about all dogs, for example, I might already have an image of a particular dog in my mind.) Abstract thinking is really the same as thinking in generalizations, not thinking about "this particular cancer patient", for example, but thinking about "all (or most) cancer patients". Thinking in generalizations, or "epidemiologically", is a characteristic of Western conventional medicine. A new treatment is not accepted to replace an old one unless it works better in a "statistically significant" percentage of the tested population. Some Asian medical systems, like Ayurvedic and Chinese, are much more individualistic, and the doctor will prescribe a treatment only after observing many different characteristics of the individual patient. This makes it difficult to carry out conventional clinical trials on Asian medicine. Medical genetics, which is learning to spot genetically determined differences in patients' responses to drugs and environmental influences, may however cause a "paradigm shift" and make scientific but individualized medicine possible. (FL) ABUSE: (Latin abuti 'to waste'). 1. the intentional or unintentional misuse of substances, drugs, equipment, programs and so forth 2. to physically or verbally attack or maltreat another; for example, an abused person is an individual who has been harmed by another person or situation. (See CHILD ABUSE; DRUG ABUSE; ELDER ABUSE). (IP) ABUSE OF THE ELDERLY: See ELDER ABUSE. ACCELERATING PACE OF CHANGE: Technological
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