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Identities, Ethnicities and Borderzones Identities, Ethnicities and Borderzones KJELL OLSEN IDENTITIES, ETHNICITIES AND BORDERZONES Examples from Finnmark, Northern Norway Orkana Akademisk © Kjell Olsen 2018 This book is published as Open Access under the copyright regulations of Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0. Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0 gives permission to copy and distribute the work in any medium or format, partially or fully, and to freely use the material for any purpose. Correct references to the work and authors must be applied, and include reference to the license, together with a specification of whether changes have been made. Reference to the original work can be provided in any reasonable manner, but can not suggest that the authors or the publisher endorse the third party or the third party’s use of the work. Any reuse of the material in this book may not infringe upon the rights of reuse by other parties. For a full description of the Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0 consult the following webpage: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode PDF: ISBN 978-82-8104-360-2 EPUB: ISBN 978-82-8104-361-9 HTML: ISBN 978-82-8104-362-6 XML: ISBN 978-82-8104-363-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33673/OOA20191 Kjell Olsen Identities, Ethnicities and Borderzones: Examples from Finnmark, Northern Norway Cover design: Trygve Skogrand / Passion&Prose Cover photograph: Saasemen / Shutterstock The cover photograph is not included in the CC BY 4.0 licence. Typesetting, layout and graphic design: Trygve Skogrand / Passion&Prose www.passionandprose.com Original edition: Orkana Akademisk 2010 Orkana forlag as, 8340 Stamsund ISBN 978-82-8104-1509 This book has been published with support from the project Multicultural Meeting Grounds. Ethnic Border Zones and Everyday Life in Northern Norway, Finnmark University College/The Research Council of Norway. www.orkana.no [email protected] CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................... 9 Chapter 1: The place and the problem ................................... 11 The place and the people ............................................... 17 Encountering the field .................................................. 20 Overview of the chapters ............................................... 25 Saami ethnic identity ................................................... 27 Ethnicity? ............................................................... 30 Discourse ................................................................ 35 Method .................................................................. 38 Chapter 2: The authority of the past: heritage preservation and identity as a whole life of struggle . 42 Heritage preservation in Norway ...................................... 45 The Kvens ............................................................... 48 Ethnic revitalisation .................................................... 49 The first story ........................................................... 54 Roles for resistance ..................................................... 56 A different story ........................................................ 61 Renaissance or struggle? ................................................ 71 Chapter 3: Ethnicity and representation in a ‘local’ museum ........... 77 A cultural borderland or a contact zone at the museum? ............. 81 The exhibition .......................................................... 83 Contesting and simultaneous stories . 88 Contesting narratives about the Saami ................................ 90 Concluding remarks .................................................... 93 Chapter 4: Making differences in a changing world ..................... 96 The Saami and the development of a collective Saami self-understanding ............................................... 98 The touristic image of ‘the Other’ .................................... 102 The Norwegian Saami in tourist brochures .......................... 105 The Saami sites along the road ........................................ 110 Concluding remarks ................................................... 114 Chapter 5: Heritage, religion and the deficit of meaning in institutionalized discourse . 117 Joik ..................................................................... 119 Joik as an Ethnic Symbol .............................................. 122 Deficit of Meaning .................................................... 125 Heritage in the Present: the Genealogical vs. the Organic Sense of History ...................................... 130 Conclusion ............................................................. 133 Chapter 6: Entering modernity: everyday symbols of identity ......... 135 Categories in everyday discourse ...................................... 137 Alta ..................................................................... 140 The choice of language in public meetings ........................... 148 The Saami flag in Alta ................................................. 156 Saami cultural competence, being indigenous ‘the ILO- way’, and the ontological difference of simple nationalism ................ 166 Conclusion ............................................................. 173 Chapter 7: When ethnic identity is a private matter .................... 175 Theoretical and empirical changes .................................... 178 The Alta Fjord area 40 years ago and today .......................... 181 The changed context .................................................. 184 Spheres of interaction ................................................. 190 Individual constraints and leakages between spheres ................ 200 Privatisation and vulnerability as consequences ...................... 205 Conclusion ............................................................. 208 Chapter 8: Identities in a borderzone ................................... 210 Power relations between dominant and everyday discourses ......... 212 Individual conscious attempts to create order in shifting contexts dominated by often contradictory usages .................. 218 Conclusion ............................................................. 222 Notes ........................................................................ 224 References ................................................................... 234 ACKNowLEDGEMENTS This book is the preliminary result of 20 years of living and working as an an- thropologist in Finnmark, Northern Norway. The chapters compiled here have originated at different times in this period; those that have been published else- where have been rewritten in order to contribute to a coherent whole. Together, they cover a period from the early 1990s to the first years of the next millenni- um; roughly, this equals the period from the founding of the Saami Parliament to the early days of the debate on the Finnmark Act, which was to put the ownership of 96 percent of the land in the county into new hands. During the process of land hand-over from the government to the Finnmark Estate, which was appointed to act on behalf of the people in Finnmark regardless of ethnic belonging, some identity processes have changed while others, as I will argue, have gained momentum. The book is a revised version of a dissertation submitted for the degree of Dr. Polit. at the department of Social Anthropology, the University of Bergen. During the process of producing this book, I have received invaluable help from many people. Firstly, I would like to thank the informants who spent time in discussion with me, and students at Finnmark University College who have listened to, and often corrected, my ideas. I would also like to thank my col- leagues at the Finnmark University College, in particular Stein R. Mathisen and Leif Selstad. Large parts of the dissertation were written while I was a visiting researcher at the Department of Anthropology, University of Waikato. Thanks to the staff there for their generous hospitality. Ørnulf Guldbrandsen was, for many years, an encouraging supervisor. In the work of turning the dissertation into a book I am also grateful to the late Robert Paine for his ex- cellent advice. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family for all their support during this work. Alta, November 2010 Kjell Olsen – 9 – Svalbard Severnaya Zemlya New Siberian Islands Greenland Queen Elizabeth Islands Novaja Zemlja Wrangel Island N U S S I F R U K C Aleutian Islands I P B G U K A F R M A I B G Berlevåg U S Honningsvåg K N K . S V G P A U S G T T . S L C Vardø T M S S K . S K N T I The Bermuda Islands Hammerfest L A C J . A B M I I . D TanaJ bru K P N B . G A Deanušaldi B T B L E W VadsøQ W S B B M D FINNMARK Kirkenes The Hawaiian Islands P R Lakselv S C R M I M T B J Leavdnja A O L S B F E N M I G H H C V G M AltaN C T P S Y U A V N B T E Guam E S Karasjok D M I T T G-B G N C G Kárášjohka S L C R V S TROMS C A E P S L R B C P F S C G F G L U S M M M K K S Galapagos Islands R C 'I G C P N G N E Kautokeino Guovdageaidnu B I T S T-L S IT P B Harstad A C M S Sortland Z B . D R C V F Cook Islands M . E G N Z M P . S T P­ B Narvik M New Caledonia T . B A Easter Island Svolvær Stamsund L S U S A C Røst A N Z S L C BODØ D H Fauske L R D R U K R Kerguelen Islands N P S K N I B Falkland Islands P R B G South Georgia C R A B L U S D Mo i Rana L S A H M F S L Sandnessjøen S R B South Orkney Islands C S V G M MosjøenSouth Shetland islands A S M G B S V C I T T Brønnøysund P
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